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Chapter 3 Lecture Rock Cycle
Magma
Earth Science Sedimentary rock
Fourteenth Edition, Global Edition Crystallization
Metamorphism
Igneous rock
Metamorphic rock
Rocks: Materials Weathering, transportation,
of the Solid Earth and deposition Melting
Sediment Magma
Jennifer Mangan Lithification
James Madison University
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Rock Cycle
Weathering, transportation, and
deposition
Sediment
Lithification
Sedimentary rock
Metamorphism
Metamorphic rock
Melting
Magma
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Rock Cycle Igneous Rocks
• Earth as a system: the rock cycle • Form as magma cools and crystallizes
– Full cycle does not always take place due to “shortcuts” – Rocks formed inside Earth are called plutonic or
or interruptions intrusive rocks
– Rocks formed on the surface
• For example, Sedimentary rock melts • Formed from lava (a material similar to magma, but without
gas
• For example, Igneous rock is metamorphosed • Called volcanic or extrusive rocks
• For example, Sedimentary rock is weathered
• For example, Metamorphic rock weathers
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Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks
• Crystallization of magma • Classification is based on the rock’s texture and
mineral components
– Ions are arranged into orderly patterns
– Texture: Size and arrangement of crystals
– Crystal size is determined by the rate of cooling
• Types of igneous textures
• Slow rate forms large crystals (coarse) – Fine-grained – fast rate of cooling
– Coarse-grained – slow rate of cooling
• Fast rate forms microscopic crystals (fine)
– Porphyritic (two crystal sizes) – two rates of cooling
• Very fast, instant rate forms glass (very fine) – Glassy – very fast rate of cooling
– Vesicular – contains hole left by gas bubbles
– Pyroclastic – fragmented; produced by consolidation of
volcanic fragments
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Igneous Textures: size, shape, arrangement Igneous R.: Granitic vs. Basaltic Compositions
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Igneous Rock Classification Chart
Igneous Rock
Classification Chart
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Igneous Rocks
Igneous Rock • Naming igneous rocks
Classification
Chart
– Granitic rocks
• Composed almost entirely of light-colored silicates –
quartz and feldspar
• Also referred to as felsic: feldspar and silica (quartz)
• High silica content (about 70 %)
• Common rock is granite
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Granite and Granitic Rock Igneous Rocks
• Naming igneous rocks
– Basaltic rocks
• Contain substantial dark silicate minerals and calcium-rich
feldspar
• Also referred to as mafic: magnesium and ferrum (iron)
• Common rock is basalt
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Basaltic Lava Igneous Rocks
• Naming igneous rocks
– Other compositional groups
• Andesitic (or intermediate)
• Ultramafic
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Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks
• Form from sediment • Economic importance
(weathered products) – Coal
– Petroleum and natural gas
• About 75 % of all rock – Sources of iron and aluminum
outcrops on the continents
• Classifying sedimentary rocks
• Used to reconstruct much of – Two groups based on the source of the material
• Detrital
Earth’s history
• Chemical
– Clues to past environments
– Provide information about
sediment transport
– Often contain fossils
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Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks
• Detrital Sedimentary
Rocks • Chemical sedimentary
– Material is solid particles rocks
– Classified by particle size – Derived from material that
was once in solution and
– Common rocks include
precipitates to form sediment
• Shale (most abundant)
• Directly precipitated as the
• Sandstone result of physical processes,
• Conglomerate or
• Through life processes
(biochemical origin)
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Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks
• Chemical sedimentary • Common chemical
rocks sedimentary rocks
– Derived from material that – Limestone – the most
was once in solution and abundant chemical
precipitates to form rock
sediment – Microcrystalline quartz
• Directly precipitated as (precipitated quartz)
the result of physical known as chert, flint,
processes, or jasper, or agate
• Through life processes – Evaporites such as
(biochemical origin) rock salt or gypsum
– Coal – compressed
plant material
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Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks
• Sedimentary rocks are produced through lithification • Features of sedimentary rocks
(compaction, cementation) – Fossils
• Traces or remains of prehistoric life
– Loose sediments are transformed into solid rock
• Are the most important inclusions
– Lithification processes
• Help determine past environments
• Compaction
• Used as time indicators
• Cementation by
• Used for matching rocks from different places
– Calcite
– Silica
– Iron Oxide
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Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks
• “Changed form” rocks • Metamorphism
• Produced from preexisting – Takes place where preexisting rock is subjected to
temperatures and pressures unlike those in which it
– Igneous rocks formed
– Sedimentary rocks
– Other metamorphic rocks – Degrees of metamorphism
• Exhibited by rock texture and mineralogy
• Low-grade (e.g., shale becomes slate)
• High-grade (obliteration of original features)
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Metamorphic Grade Metamorphic Rocks
• Metamorphic settings
– Contact or thermal metamorphism
• Occurs near a body of magma
• Changes are driven by a rise in temperature
– Regional metamorphism
• Directed pressures and high temperatures during mountain
building
• Produces the greatest volume of metamorphic rock
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Metamorphic Rocks Confining Pressure
• Metamorphic agents
– Heat
– Pressure (stress)
• Confining pressure – from burial
• Differential stress – occurs during mountain building
– Chemically active fluids
• Mainly water and other volatiles
• Promote recrystallization by enhancing ion migration
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Differential Stress Metamorphic Rocks
• Metamorphic textures
– Foliated texture
• Minerals are in a parallel
alignment
• Minerals are
perpendicular to the
compressional force
– Nonfoliated texture
• Contain equidimensional
crystals
• Resembles a coarse-
grained igneous rock
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Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks
• Common metamorphic • Common metamorphic
rocks rocks
– Foliated rocks
– Nonfoliated rocks
• Slate
• Marble
– Fine-grained
– Parent rock is limestone
– Splits easily
– Large, interlocking
• Schist calcite crystals
– Strongly foliated – Used as a building
– “Platy” texture stone
– Types based on – Variety of colors
composition • Quartzite
(example: mica schist) – Parent rock – quartz
• Gneiss sandstone
– Strong segregation of – Quartz grains are fused
silicate minerals
– “Banded” texture
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Resources from Rocks and Minerals Resources from Rocks and Minerals
• Types of deposits include
• Metallic mineral resources – Vein deposits in fractures or bedding planes, and
– Gold, silver, copper, mercury, lead, etc. – Disseminated deposits which are distributed throughout
the rock
– Concentrations of desirable materials are produced by
• Igneous processes
• Metamorphic processes
– Most important ore deposits are generated from
hydrothermal (hot-water) solutions
• Hot
• Contain metal-rich fluids
• Associated with cooling magma bodies
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Metallic Resources Energy Resources: Fossil Fuels
• Coal
– Burns energy stored by plants millions of years ago
– Air pollution
– Surface scarring
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