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State Politics and
Public Policy in
Eastern Africa
A Comparative Perspective

Edited by
Gedion Onyango
 State Politics and Public Policy in Eastern Africa

“A welcome focus on public policy and policy challenges from an extraordinarily

diverse set of authors. Essays also cover topics of democratization, public sector
reform, conflict, colonial legacies, and the impact of global and international forces
on politics and policy in African countries. The editor stresses the themes of grow-
ing policy ownership in African states since 2000 and cross-national differences
that reflect variations in degrees of state consolidation and political institutional-
ization. It is rare to find such substantive breadth in a single volume.”
—Catherine Boone, Professor of Comparative Politics, London School of
Economics and Political Science, UK

“This book builds on the rich and rigorous academic tradition established by,
among others, Joel Barkan, John Okumu, and Goran Hyden to lend insights into
regional political and socioeconomic trends. The book brings young and emerging
scholars to examine diverse governance, social protection, public sector reforms
and regional integration themes. More pertinent, the book competently incorpo-
rates contemporary issues of growing concern such as climate change, terrorism,
science, and technology. I highly recommend it to academics, students, and lay
audiences.”
—Gilbert M. Khadiagala, Jan Smuts Professor of International Relations,
University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa

“This book brings to life African politics and public policy. It highlights key differ-
ences in political systems based on two key elements—State capacity and legiti-
macy. The first connotes state formation and building processes and subsequent
policy responses. Legitimacy highlights accountability, transparency and policy-
making. Its approaches comprise historical and institutional perspectives.
Historically, it maps policy legacies in Africa, reflecting the context and how they
have evolved over the recent decades. The institutional perspective focuses on
African states and how it has evolved in addressing various policy issues like social
cohesion and welfare. The textbook is ideal for undergraduate and postgraduate
students and practitioners interested in African politics and policymaking
dynamics.”
—Ishtiaq Jamil, Professor, Department of Administration and Organization
Theory, University of Bergen, Norway
“With a point of departure in the region’s increased political confidence, this vol-
ume offers a refreshing perspective on state-formation and policy-formulation in
Eastern Africa. Without neglecting the many policy challenges, a common thread
in the chapters is the political stability and economic growth, which the Eastern
African countries have experienced in the new century. Contributions from a vari-
ety of very accomplished researchers, primarily based in the region, tackle a series
of important policy issues using a much needed political lens. This is no small
achievement, and I highly recommend the volume to scholars and students of
Eastern Africa.”
—Anne Mette Kjær, Professor, Department of Political
Science, Aarhus University, Denmark

“This book is perhaps the most comprehensive coverage of politics and public
policy in a single African region. Scholars with diverse academic and national back-
grounds have addressed the problem of a dearth of readings in contemporary
African politics and public policy. Each contribution lays bare the centrifugal forces
that have perennially undermined the institutionalisation of the African state’s
politics and public policy. Gedion Onyango has aptly blends case studies into a
comparative framework, finding an appropriate nexus between the unique and the
common. This book is a must-read for those interested in the interaction between
politics and policy in Africa.”
—Philip O. Nying’uro, Associate Professor of Comparative
Politics and Area Studies, Department of Political Science
& Public Administration, University of Nairobi, Kenya

“This book is as insightful as it is needed. A genuinely comparative volume that

adopts a public policy focus, the chapters included enabling readers to learn about
everything from military rule to power sharing and climate change. An important
contribution on Eastern Africa with implications well beyond the region”
—Nic Cheeseman, Professor of Democracy and Director of the
Centre for Elections, Democracy, Accountability and Representation
(CEDAR) at the University of Birmingham, UK.
 Gedion Onyango
Editor

State Politics and

Public Policy in
Eastern Africa
A Comparative Perspective
Editor
Gedion Onyango
Department of Political Science and Public Administration
University of Nairobi
Nairobi, Kenya
Firoz Lalji Institute for Africa
London School of Economics and Political Science
London, UK

ISBN 978-3-031-13489-0    ISBN 978-3-031-13490-6 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13490-6

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2023
Open Access Chapters 16 and 20 are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
For further details see licence information in the chapter.
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
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known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
­publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to
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 To
Emily
and
The kids:
Amor and Mich
 Foreword

Policy and politics are conventionally viewed as two separate fields. The
former inspired by the discipline of economics and is foremost about opti-
mising choices; the latter, drawing more from sociology, is about legiti-
mate allocations. This distinction makes sense in the study of already
institutionalised political systems, notably mature democracies. The
broader parameters that determine choice are stable and respected by pol-
icy actors. The situation is different in political systems that are still in flux
either because society is undergoing transformation or because the mode
of governance is contested. Here policy is shaped by politics in ways that
are often unpredictable. Optimisation is compromised in the interest of
such concerns as political stability and social order.
African countries belong to this latter category. Policy goals and politi-
cal objectives collide. Efforts by the international donor community to
develop governance to make policymaking more effective have yet to pro-
duce their stated aim. This does not mean that there is a lack of progress.
African countries have matured in the last twenty years by showing that
they can produce their own policy agenda and establish participatory
forms of governance. There is still variation among the countries: some
have been quite successful in making the transition, others are still strug-
gling. There is a will in government circles and a demand for more democ-
racy among citizens. This bodes well for the future.
This volume is addressing the many issues that Africa’s transition is rais-
ing and what it means for policymaking. It covers a wide range of policy
areas and shows both the constraints and the opportunities that countries
face as they try to move on. The focus on Eastern Africa is important

vii
viii FOREWORD

because the sub-region has many features that need to be fully researched
in a comparative manner. To be sure, countries differ in many respects—
for example, South Sudan is very different from Kenya and the Democratic
Republic of Congo from Ethiopia. The editors and authors are not afraid
of tackling this variety and producing a volume that is rich in empirical
detail and bold in theorisation.
There is a general lack of good textbooks that cover policymaking in
Africa. This book is filling a sizable void and should be of interest to schol-
ars of policy and politics, especially those in Eastern and Southern Africa.

Goran
Gainesville, FL, USA Hyden
 Acknowledgements

This book is part of an ongoing collaborations between the Center for

Public Authority and International Development (CPAID) and University
of Nairobi, Kenya, where the Editor is Co-Investigator and Lecturer, respec-
tively. CPAID is hosted at Firoz Lalji Institute for Africa (FLIA), London
School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).

ix
 Contents

Part I Conceptualising State Politics in Africa   1

1 Towards
 the Africa We Want! The Changing State Politics
in Africa  3
Gedion Onyango

2 State
 Politics and Public Policy in Africa: A State
Transformation Perspective 21
Gedion Onyango

3 Divergent
 Identity and State Formation in Eastern Africa:
Legitimacy and Policy Performance 53
Redie Bereketeab

4 The
 “Boomerang Effect”: Lessons Learned from Power
Sharing in Kenya and Zimbabwe 75
Matthijs Bogaards

xi
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xii Contents

Part II State Formation and Politics of Consolidation in

Eastern Africa  97

5 Secessionist
 Claims and State-Building: The Emergence
and Trends in Eastern Africa 99
George Katete

6 Ethio-Sudanese
 Relations: Revisiting Civil Wars,
Refugeeism and Foreign Policy in Eastern Africa119
Alemu Asfaw Nigusie

7 Confronting
 Terrorism and Violent Extremism in Eastern
Africa137
Mumo Nzau

8 The
 People’s Defence Forces (Military) and State-
Building Politics in Eastern Africa157
Musambayi Katumanga

9 The
 Past and Present of Public Sector Reforms in Eastern
Africa183
Peter Wanyande and Nangidi V. Okumu-Ojiambo

10 Imperilled
 Welfare States of Eastern Africa: A
Comparative Analysis of the Policy Legacies of Taxation
Politics in Kenya and Uganda207
Lyla Latif

Part III Politics of Participation: Crafting Public Policy and

Citizenship Spaces 229

11 Social
 Cohesion, Politics and Governance in East Africa:
Evidence from Afrobarometer Surveys231
Paul Kamau
 Contents  xiii

12 Politics
 of Social Protection: The Visible, Invisible and
Ignored Citizens255
Winnie V. Mitullah and Logan Cochrane

13 How
 and Why Women Legislators Miss Out on
Legislative Leadership Roles: Gender Equality Policies
and Legislative Influence in Kenya279
Zedekia Sidha, Taji Shivachi, and Justine Mokeira Magutu

14 Civil
 Society Organisations’ Policy Entrepreneurship
Roles in Kenya and Uganda’s Housing Policies305
Justine Mokeira Magutu

15 Science
 and Technology and Development in Eastern
Africa—From Rhetoric to Actions: Citizens’ Agency in
the Implementation of STIs Policies325
Bitrina Diyamett

16 Climate
 Governance in Eastern Africa: The Challenges
and Prospects of Climate Change Adaptation Policies347
Raphael Mulaha Kweyu, Shilpa Muliyil Asokan, Ronald
Boniphace Ndesanjo, Joy Apiyo Obando, and Madaka
Harold Tumbo

Part IV Regional Integration, Development Cooperation and

Public Policy in Eastern Africa 371

17 Intergovernmentalism
 Versus State-Centrism in Supra-­
national Governance: The Eastern Africa Economic
Integration in Perspective373
Henry Amadi

18 Is
 the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) a
Friend or Foe of East African Development?393
Julius Kiiza
xiv Contents

19 A
 Governance Discourse in China’s Development Finance
Assistance in Eastern Africa415
Oscar M. Otele

20 The
 Evolution of the Political Dimension of EU
Co-operation with Eastern Africa435
Liisa Laakso

Index453
 Notes on Contributors

Henry Amadi, PhD is a lecturer at the Department of Political Science

and Public Administration, University of Nairobi, where he teaches Public
Administration, Political Sociology and International Relations. He has a
PhD in Political Science from Leipzig University (Leipzig, Germany) and a
Master of Arts in International Relations from the University of Nairobi
(Nairobi, Kenya). His articles have appeared in journals and book chapters.
Some of his recent works include “Agricultural Stake-holders and Policy-
making in Kenya: The Bates-­ Lipton Hypothesis Revisited,” Journal
of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 3 (10), (2019) pp. 20–40; “The
Governance of Concessionary Assets: A Review of the Partnership Between
Kenya and the Rift Valley Railways Consortium,” In S.N. Nyeck (Ed),
Public Procurement Reform and Governance in Africa, New York: Palgrave,
2019; “Emerging Procurement Laws and Women Empowerment: Assessing
the Costs and Benefits of the Privatisation of the Telecommunications
Sector in Kenya” WAGADU, Vol. 13, winter 2015, pp. 141–167
Shilpa Muliyil Asokan, PhD is a senior researcher at the Nordic Africa
Institute. Her research specialisation is in climate change and sustainable
development, specialising in climate change adaptation, climate resilience
and integrated water resources management. She has research experience
in climate and water in Africa, South Asia, Lower Mekong Region, the
Aral Sea and the Mediterranean.
Redie Bereketeab, PhD is Associate Professor of Sociology and a senior
researcher at the Nordic Africa Institute (NAI) in Uppsala, Sweden. His
articles have appeared in African Studies, African Studies Review, African

xv
xvi NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

and Asian Studies, Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, African Journal of

International Affairs, and South African Journal of International Affairs.
His recent books include Self-Determination and Secession in Africa: The
Postcolonial State (2016), National Liberation Movements as Government in
Africa (2019), and Alternatives to Neoliberal Peacebuilding and Statebuilding
in Africa (2021). His recently published articles include “State Legitimacy
and Government Performance in the Horn of Africa,” African Studies,
2020; “Education as an Instrument of Nation-Building in Post-Colonial
Africa,” Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, 2020; and “Peacebuilding in
Africa: Popular Progressive Versus Neoliberal Peacebuilding” (2021). His
research interests span the fields of political sociology, development sociol-
ogy, and African studies and include state-building, nation-building, iden-
tity, nationalism, conflict, peacebuilding, and development.
Matthijs Bogaards, PhD is Associate Professor of Political Science at the
Central European University (CEU) in Vienna, Austria. He is also an asso-
ciate research fellow at the Institute of African Affairs at the German
Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) in Hamburg, Germany. In
2015, Matthijs Bogaards was the Van Zyl Slabbert visiting professor at the
University of Cape Town, South Africa. Matthijs Bogaards has been teach-
ing and studying comparative politics for over two decades, specialising in
African politics, ethnic conflict, power-sharing, consociationalism, and ter-
rorism. He has published widely in international political science journals.
Logan Cochrane, PhD is an associate professor at HBKU and an adjunct
associate professor at Hawassa University. Over the last fifteen years, he
has worked in Afghanistan, Benin, Burundi, Canada, the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South
Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda.
Bitrina Diyamett, PhD is a researcher and a consultant in science, tech-
nology and innovation (STI) policy, with experience of over 25 years. She
is currently an Executive Director of the Science, Technology and
Innovation Policy Research Organization (STIPRO), an independent
think tank based in Tanzania. Dr Diyamett is also a member of many pro-
fessional organisations and task forces in STI—nationally, regionally and
internationally. Currently, among others, she is a member of the Council
for the UN Technology Bank for Least Developed Countries; a member
of the Technical Advisory Group for the AUDA-NEPAD Policy Bridge
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xvii

Tank; and board member for the African Network for Economics of
Learning, Innovation and Competence Building Systems (AfricaLICS).
Academically, Bitrina—basically a natural scientist—holds a Master’s
Degree in Science and Technology Policy from Lund University, Sweden,
a degree obtained in 1993. She also has a PhD in Development Studies,
focusing on innovation and development, from the University of Dar es
Salaam—a degree obtained in 2010.
Paul Kamau, PhD is an associate research professor at the Institute for
Development Studies (IDS) University of Nairobi. He holds a PhD in
Development Studies (UoN), MSc. in Economics (UZ) and BA in
Economics (UoN). He teaches and conducts research in Development
Economics, Regional Integration and Trade, Global Value Chains,
Industrial Development, Political Economy Analysis, Informal Sector and
Human Development. Among the many research projects that Prof.
Kamau is currently engaged in include Afrobarometer Surveys, where he
is the National Investigator in Kenya; Access to Justice among poor and
vulnerable groups in Kenya; Solar—electronic waste management;
Devolution, citizen engagement and service delivery in Kenya, etc. He is
also the country team leader for the World Economic Forum—Global
Competitiveness Report in Kenya. He is also the country director for the
Advanced Masters in International Development (AMID) programme, a
collaborative training programme between University of Nairobi and
Radboud University, Netherlands.
George Katete, PhD is a lecturer at the Department of Political Science
and Public Administration, University of Nairobi, Kenya. Dr Katete
undertook consultancy for the African Union and the UNDP on the sta-
tus and dimensions of peace and development in the East Africa region—
generating the Eastern Africa regional report in 2014. He cooperates with
academics within Kenya and at the international levels in joint research
and participation in conferences to disseminate knowledge and exchange
programmes beneficial for capacity development. He has participated in
numerous international and local conferences, where he presented theo-
retical and policy-relevant papers that inspire knowledge and progress. Dr
Katete researched the role of state and non-state actors in peace and
­development in the East and Horn of Africa nations (Sudan, South Sudan,
Kenya, Ethiopia and Uganda) in peace processes in Sudan after the end of
the second civil war. He has won various academic grants.
xviii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Musambayi Katumanga, PhD is an associate professor at the Department

of Political Science, University of Nairobi, where he lectures in political
theory, strategic, and security studies. He is also a research fellow with
SIGLA, Stellenbosch Military Academy, South Africa.
Julius Kiiza, PhD is Associate Professor of Political Economy of
Development and Public Policy in the Department of Political Science at
Makerere University, Uganda. He holds a BA (Honors) degree from
Makerere University; a First-Class Master of Public Policy from the
University of Sydney (Australia); and a PhD in Government from the same
University. Julius did his post-doctoral research at the University of
Cambridge Centre for African Studies (in Good Governance and Human
Rights). He is actively researching the resurrection of economic national-
ism and industrial policy in the current era of disruptive digital technolo-
gies associated with the Fourth Industrial Revolution. He researches the
righting of resource-curse wrongs, with specific reference to the political
economy of neo-extractivism in the oil and gas sector. Julius also has a
keen interest in scholar-­activism, defined as conducting research for real-
world public policy and socio-economic transformation.
Raphael Mulaha Kweyu, PhD is a lecturer in Geography Department at
Kenyatta University. He has a PhD in Environmental Governance and
Management. He gives lectures on physical and environmental geography.
His research interests are climate change adaptation, indigenous knowl-
edge in natural resource conservation and environmental conflict media-
tion. He also has interests in geographical information systems and
qualitative methods.
Liisa Laakso, PhD is chair of the Human Rights Committee of the
Council of Finnish Academies. She has acted in different national and
international positions of trust, including the Finnish Government’s
Research and Innovation Council. Before joining the Nordic Africa
Institute (NAI), she served as the Rector of the University of Tampere and
as the Dean at the University of Helsinki, Faculty of Social Science. She
was nominated for a professorship at the University of Jyväskylä in 2004 in
Development and International Cooperation. Her research interests cover
Africa, world politics, democratisation, international development policies
and crisis management policies of the European Union. Her research at
the Nordic Africa Institute focuses on academic freedom and the profile of
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xix

political science discipline in African universities and its impact on African

politics.
Lyla Latif is a Tutorial Fellow at the University of Nairobi, School of
Law. She comes from a mixed legal practitioner and academic background;
she has worked with governments, law firms, NGOs, think tanks and uni-
versities in Africa, Germany, Israel, the UK and the USA. She has advised
the Future Generations Commissioner for Wales, UNCTAD, European
Commission’s Directorate for Research and Innovation, WHO, the
Kenyan and German Parliaments and several NGOs. Lyla holds a first-­
class LLB and LLM in Public Finance and Financial Services Law from the
University of Nairobi and an MA in Development and Governance from
the University of Duisburg Essen in Germany. She has trained with
Muenster University and Leiden Law School on International Taxation
and Rights Litigation with Georgetown Law, USA.
Justine Mokeira Magutu, PhD is a lecturer at the Department of
Political Science and Public Administration, University of Nairobi. She
obtained her Doctorate in Public Administration from the University of
South Africa. She holds a Master of Public Administration from California
State University, Hayward, and a Bachelor of Arts degree from the
University of Nairobi. She has extensive teaching experience of over ten
years at both postgraduate and undergraduate levels in public administra-
tion, human resource management and gender studies. Dr Magutu has
vast work experience in public administration, having worked in an admin-
istrative capacity with the government of Kenya and the University of
Nairobi for over twenty years. She published articles in peer-reviewed
journals in public administration and human resource management.
Winnie V. Mitullah, PhD is a research professor based at the Institute
for Development Studies, University of Nairobi. Her discipline is in politi-
cal science and public administration, specialising in policy, institutions,
and governance, particularly provision and management of urban services,
informality, social protection, and identity. She has researched, taught,
consulted and collaborated with several academic colleagues across coun-
tries and continents, governments, the private sector, the UN, and other
local and international agencies. Her recent publication is an edited
Routledge volume on Social Protection and Informal Workers in Sub-­
Saharan Africa: Lived Realities and Associational Experiences from Kenya
and Tanzania.
xx NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Ronald Boniphace Ndesanjo, PhD is a lecturer at the Institute of

Development Studies, University of Dar es Salaam. He holds a PhD in
Natural Resource Assessment and Management. His research interests are
in environment, livelihoods and sustainable development; climate change
impacts, vulnerability and adaptation; natural resource governance and
politics.
Alemu Asfaw Nigusie is an assistant professor at the Department of
Political Science and International Studies, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia.
His research interests include migration and forced displacement gover-
nance (including refugees and IDPs), political economy, and identity poli-
tics. He is doing his PhD on refugee flow, state response, and North–South
cooperation in Africa, with a particular reference to the Ethiopian State.
His latest publication includes Migration Frameworks in Africa: Nature,
Dynamics and Challenges. In Gedion Onyango, ed. Routledge Handbook
of Public Policy in Africa. (2022), pp: 574–584.
Mumo Nzau, PhD is a Consultant Researcher, Policy Advisor, and
Strategist on National Security, Defence and Foreign Relations, and
Conflict Analysis and Governance. He holds a PhD in Political Science
from the State University of New York at Buffalo, where he was under the
Fulbright Scholarship. Dr Mumo Nzau has served in various national,
regional and international Think Tanks and related Consultancy Tasks in
these areas of specialisation. He teaches at the University of Nairobi, the
United States International University (USIU), Catholic University of
Eastern Africa (CUEA), the National Defence College (NDC, Kenya), the
Defence Staff College (Westwood Park—Karen), the Police Staff College,
the International Peace Support Training Centre (ISPTC) and at the
Foreign Service Academy (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), among others;
and supervises graduate research including Master’s Thesis and Doctoral
Dissertations. Dr Mumo Nzau’s work have appeared in many publica-
tions, and to date, he has six authored and co-authored books and at least
60 book chapters and peer-reviewed journal articles in his areas of
specialisation.
Joy Apiyo Obando, PhD is an associate professor in the Department of
Geography at Kenyatta University. Her research interests focus on water-
shed management, global environmental change, and food and water (in)
security, particularly in drylands, from a physical geography perspective.
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xxi

Nangidi V. Okumu-Ojiambo is a lecturer at the Department of Social

Sciences and Development Studies, Catholic University of Eastern African.
She is also a legal and social researcher and consultant. She has worked in
senior positions, among them, the Commission for the Implementation of
the Constitution, Kenya; a member of National Government Committee on
the transition to devolved Government; the TaskForce on Devolved
Government and Building Bridges to a United Kenya Advisory Taskforce
on devolution in the country; and currently consults for several organiza-
tions including government at both levels and non-governmental organiza-
tions. She has Certificates in Legislative Drafting from the Kenya School of
Law, Arbitration and Mediation from the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators,
Corporate Governance from Centre for Corporate Governance. Ms.
Nangidi continues to be involved in extensive work on devolution research
and implementation process and monitoring and evaluation of the devolu-
tion reforms in the country specifically on legal, socio-­economic, and politi-
cal perspective. She has a Bachelor of Science degree (Political Science and
Economics). She is currently pursuing her PhD in Social Transformation
(Governance) at the Institute of Social Transformation, Tangaza University
College.
Gedion Onyango, PhD is a Researcher at Firoz Lalji Institute for Africa,
London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom, and
a Lecturer of Public Policy, Public Administration and Comparative
Politics at the Department of Political Science and Public Administration,
University of Nairobi, Kenya. His other research roles include Researcher
Fellow with Afrobarometer, East Africa, and Co-Investigator with the
Centre for Public Authority and International Development (CPAID),
London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). Gedion is also
an associate editor for the Evidence and Policy Journal. Besides authoring
several articles in international peer-­reviewed journals, Gedion has edited
other books, including: Routledge Handbook of Public Policy in Africa
(2022); Governing Kenya: Public Policy in Theory and Practice. London:
Palgrave Macmillan (2021), co-­edited with the Distinguished Emeritus
Prof. Goran Hyden, and Public Policy and Technological Transformations
in Africa: Nurturing Policy Entrepreneurship, Policy Tools and Citizen
Participation, London: Palgrave Macmillan (2023).
Oscar M. Otele, PhD is a lecturer at the Department of Political Science
and Public Administration at the University of Nairobi. He holds PhD in
International Politics from Shandong University, China. His research
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it with a Becoming Piety, Seriousness, and Humiliation under their
present Suffering, should be unjustly Censured; or have their very
Calamity imputed unto them as a Crime? It is an easie thing, for us
to fall into the Fault of, Adding Affliction to the Afflicted, and of,
Talking to the Grief of those that are already wounded. Nor can it be
wisdom to slight the Dangers of such a Fault. In the mean time, We
have no Bowels in us, if we do not Compassionate the Distressed
County of Essex, now crying to all these Colonies, Have pity on me,
O ye my Friends, Have pity on me, for the Hand of the Lord has
Touched me, and the Wrath of the Devil has been therewithal turned
upon me. But indeed, if an hearty pity be due to any, I am sure, the
Difficulties which attend our Honourable Judges, do demand no
Inconsiderable share in that Pity. What a Difficult, what [50] an
Arduous Task, have those Worthy Personages now upon their
Hands? To carry the Knife so exactly, that on the one side, there
may be no Innocent Blood Shed,[140] by too unseeing a Zeal for the
Children of Israel; and that on the other side, there may be no
Shelter given to those Diabolical Works of Darkness, without the
Removal whereof we never shall have Peace; or to those Furies
whereof several have kill'd more people perhaps than would serve to
make a Village: Hic Labor, Hoc Opus est! O what need have we, to
be concerned, that the Sins of our Israel, may not provoke the God
of Heaven to leave his Davids, unto a wrong Step, in a matter of
such Consequence, as is now before them! Our Disingenuous,
Uncharitable, Unchristian Reproaching of such Faithful Men, after all,
The Prayers and Supplications, with strong Crying and Tears, with
which we are daily plying the Throne of Grace, that they may be
kept, from what They Fear, is none of the way for our preventing of
what We Fear. Nor all this while, ought our Pity to forget such
Accused ones, as call for indeed our most Compassionate Pity, till
there be fuller Evidences that they are less worthy of it.[141] If Satan
have any where maliciously brought upon the Stage, those that have
hitherto had a just and good stock of Reputation for their just and
good Living, among us; If the Evil One have obtained a permission
to Appear, in the Figure of such as we have cause to think, have
hitherto Abstained, even from the Appearance of Evil: It is in Truth,
such an Invasion upon Mankind, as may well Raise an Horror in us
all: But, O what Compassions are due to such as may come under
such Misrepresentations, of the Great Accuser! Who of us can say,
what may be shewn in the Glasses of the Great Lying Spirit? Altho'
the Usual Providence of God [we praise Him!] keeps us from such a
Mishap; yet where have we an Absolute Promise, that we shall every
one always be kept from it? As long as Charity is bound to Think no
Evil, it will not Hurt us that are Private Persons, to forbear the
Judgment which belongs not unto us. Let it rather be our Wish, May
the Lord help them to Learn the Lessons, for which they are now put
unto so hard a School.
VI. With a Great Zeal, we should lay hold on the Covenant of God,
that we may secure Us and Ours, from the Great Wrath, with which
the Devil Rages. Let us come into the Covenant of Grace, and then
we shall not be hook'd into a Covenant with the Devil, nor be
altogether unfurnished with Armour against the Wretches that are in
that Covenant. The way to come under the Saving Influences of the
New Covenant, is, to close with the Lord Jesus Christ, who is the All-
sufficient Mediator of it: Let us therefore do, that, by Resigning up
our selves unto the Saving, Teaching, and Ruling Hands of this
Blessed Mediator. Then we shall be, what we read in Jude 1.
Preserved in Christ Jesus: That is, as the Destroying Angel, could not
meddle with such as had been distinguished, by the Blood of the
Passeover on their Houses: Thus the Blood of the Lord Jesus Christ,
Sprinkled on our Souls, will Preserve us from the Devil. The Birds of
prey (and indeed the Devils [51] most literally in the shape of great
Birds!) are flying about. Would we find a Covert from these Vultures?
Let us then Hear our Lord Jesus from Heaven Clocquing[142] unto
us, O that you would be gathered under my wings! Well; when this
is done, Then let us own the Covenant, which we are now come
into, by joining ourselves to a Particular Church, walking in the Order
of the Gospel; at the doing whereof, according to that Covenant of
God, We give up Our selves unto the Lord, and in Him unto One
Another, While others have had their Names Entred in the Devils
Book; let our Names be found in the Church Book, and let us be
Written among the Living in Jerusalem. By no means let, Church
work sink and fail in the midst of us; but let the Tragical Accidents
which now happen, exceedingly Quicken that work. So many of the
Rising Generation, utterly forgetting the Errand of our Fathers to
build Churches in this Wilderness, and so many of our Cottages
being allow'd to Live, where they do not, and perhaps cannot, wait
upon God with the Churches of His People; 'tis as likely as any one
thing to procure the swarmings of Witch crafts among us.[143] But it
becomes us, with a like Ardour, to bring our poor Children with us,
as we shall do, when we come our selves, into the Covenant of God.
It would break an heart of Stone, to have seen, what I have lately
seen; Even poor Children of several Ages, even from seven to
twenty, more or less, Confessing their Familiarity with Devils; but at
the same time, in Doleful bitter Lamentations, that made a little
Pourtraiture of Hell it self, Expostulating with their execrable Parents,
for Devoting them to the Devil in their Infancy, and so Entailing of
Devillism upon them! Now, as the Psalmist could say, My Zeal hath
consumed me, because my Enemies have forgotten thy words: Even
so, let the Nefarious wickedness of those that have Explicitly
dedicated their Children to the Devil, even with Devilish Symbols, of
such a Dedication, Provoke our Zeal to have our Children, Sincerely,
Signally, and openly Consecrated unto God; with an Education
afterwards assuring and confirming that Consecration.
VII. Let our Prayer go up with great Faith, against the Devil, that
comes down in great Wrath. Such is the Antipathy of the Devil to our
Prayer, that he cannot bear to stay long where much of it is: Indeed
it is Diaboli Flagellum, as well as Miseriæ Remedium; the Devil will
soon be Scourg'd out of the Lord's Temple, by a Whip, made and
used, with the effectual fervent Prayer of Righteous Men. When the
Devil by Afflicting of us, drives us to our Prayers, he is The Fool
making a Whip for his own Back. Our Lord said of the Devil in Matt.
17. 21. This Kind goes not out, but by Prayer and Fasting. But,
Prayer and Fasting will soon make the Devil be gone. Here are
Charms indeed! Sacred and blessed Charms, which the Devil cannot
stand before. A Promise of God, being well managed in the Hands of
them that are much upon their Knees, will so resist the Devil, that
he will Flee from us. At every other Weapon the Devils will be too
hard for us; the Spiritual Wickednesses in High Places, have
manifestly the Upper hand of [52] us; that Old Serpent will be too
old for us, too cunning, too subtil; they will soon out wit us, if we
think to Encounter them with any Wit of our own. But when we
come to Prayers, Incessant and Vehement Prayers before the Lord,
there we shall be too hard for them. When well-directed Prayers,
that great Artillery of Heaven, are brought into the Field, There
methinks I see, There are these workers of Iniquity fallen, all of
them! And who can tell, how much the most Obscure Christian
among you all, may do towards the Deliverance of our Land from the
Molestations which the Devil is now giving to us. I have Read, That
on a day of Prayer kept by some good People for and with a
Possessed Person, the Devil at last flew out of the Window, and
referring to a Devout, plain, mean Woman then in the Room, he
cry'd out, O the Woman behind the Door![144] 'Tis that Woman that
forces me away! Thus the Devil that now troubles us, may be forced
within a while to forsake us; and it shall be said, He was driven away
by the Prayers of some Obscure and Retired Souls, which the World
has taken but little notice of! The Great God is about a Great Work
at this day among us: Now, there is extream Hazard, lest the Devil
who by Compulsion must submit unto that Great Work, may also by
Permission, come to Confound that Work; both in the Detections of
some, and in the Confessions of others, whose Ungodly deeds may
be brought forth, by a Great Work of God; there is Hazard lest the
Devil intertwist some of his Delusions. 'Tis Prayer, I say, 'tis Prayer,
that must carry us well through the strange things that are now
upon us. Only that Prayer must then be the Prayer of Faith: O where
is our Faith in him, Who hath spoiled these Principalities and Powers,
on his Cross, Triumphing over them!
VIII. Lastly, Shake off, every Soul, shake off the hard Yoak of the
Devil. Where 'tis said, The whole World lyes in Wickedness; 'tis by
some of the Ancients rendred, The whole World lyes in the Devil.
The Devil is a Prince, yea, the Devil is a God unto all the
Unregenerate; and alas, there is A whole World of them.[145]
Desolate Sinners, consider what an horrid Lord it is that you are
Enslav'd unto; and Oh shake off your Slavery to such a Lord. Instead
of him, now make your Choice of the Eternal God in Jesus Christ;
Chuse him with a most unalterable Resolution, and unto him say,
with Thomas, My Lord, and my God! Say with the Church, Lord,
other Lords have had the Dominion over us, but now thou alone
shalt be our Lord for ever. Then instead of your Perishing under the
wrath of the Devils, God will fetch you to a place among those that
fill up the Room of the Devils, left by their Fall from the Ethereal
Regions. It was a most awful Speech made by the Devil, Possessing
a young Woman, at a Village in Germany, By the command of God, I
am come to Torment the Body of this young Woman, tho I cannot
hurt her Soul; and it is that I may warn Men, to take heed of sinning
against God. Indeed (said he) 'tis very sore against my will that I do
it; but the command of God forces me to declare what I do;
however I know that at the Last Day, I shall have more Souls than
God himself. So spoke that horrible Devil! But O that none [53] of
our Souls may be found among the Prizes of the Devil, in the Day of
God! O that what the Devil has been forced to declare, of his
Kingdom among us, may prejudice our Hearts against him for ever!
My Text says, The Devil is come down in great Wrath, for he has but
a short time. Yea, but if you do not by a speedy and through
Conversion to God, escape the Wrath of the Devil, you will your
selves go down, where the Devil is to be, and you will there be
sweltring under the Devils Wrath, not for a short Time, but World
without end; not for a Short Time but for Infinite Millions of Ages.
The smoke of your Torment under that Wrath, will Ascend for ever
and ever! Indeed, the Devil's time for his Wrath upon you in this
World, can be but short, but his time for you to do his Work, or,
which is all one, to delay your turning to God, that is a Long Time.
When the Devil was going to be Dispossessed of a Man, he Roar'd
out, Am I to be Tormented before my time? You will Torment the
Devil, if you Rescue your Souls out of his hands, by true
Repentance: If once you begin to look that way, he'll Cry out, O this
is before my Time, I must have more Time, yet in the Service of
such a guilty Soul. But, I beseech you, let us join thus to torment
the Devil, in an holy Revenge upon him, for all the Injuries which he
has done unto us; let us tell him, Satan, thy time with me is but
short, Nay, thy time with me shall be no more; I am unutterably
sorry that it has been so much; Depart from me thou Evil-Doer, that
would'st have me an Evil-Doer like thy self; I will now for ever keep
the Commandments of that God, in whom I Live and Move, and
have my Being! The Devil has plaid a fine Game for himself indeed,
if by his troubling of our Land, the Souls of many People should
come to think upon their ways, till even they turn their Feet into the
Testimonies of the Lord. Now that the Devil may be thus outshot in
his own Bow, is the desire of all that love the Salvation of God
among us, as well as of him, who has thus Addressed you. Amen.

H AVING thus discoursed on the Wonders of the Invisible World, I

shall now, with God's help, go on to relate some Remarkable
and Memorable Instances of Wonders which that World has given to
ourselves. And altho the chief Entertainment which my Readers do
expect, and shall receive, will be a true History of what has
occurred, respecting the Witchcrafts wherewith we are at this day
Persecuted; yet I shall choose to usher in the mention of those
things, with

A Narrative of an Apparition which a Gentleman in Boston, had of his

Brother, just then murthered in London.

I T was on the Second of May in the Year 1687, that a most

ingenious, accomplished and well-disposed young Gentleman, Mr.
Joseph Beacon, by about Five a Clock in the Morning, as he lay,
whether Sleeping or [54] Waking he could not say, (but judged the
latter of them) had a View of his Brother then at London, altho he
was now himself at our Boston, distanced from him a thousand
Leagues.[146] This his Brother appear'd unto him, in the Morning
about Five a Clock at Boston, having on him a Bengal Gown, which
he usually wore, with a Napkin tyed about his Head; his
Countenance was very Pale, Gastly, Deadly, and he had a bloody
Wound on one side of his Fore-head. Brother! says the Affrighted
Joseph. Brother! Answered the Apparition. Said Joseph, What's the
matter Brother? How came you here! The Apparition replied,
Brother, I have been most barbarously and injuriously Butchered, by
a Debauched Drunken Fellow, to whom I never did any wrong in my
Life. Whereupon he gave a particular Description of the Murderer;
adding, Brother, This Fellow changing his Name, is attempting to
come over unto New-England, in Foy, or Wild; I would pray you on
the first Arrival of either of these, to get an Order from the Governor,
to Seize the Person, whom I have now described; and then do you
Indict him for the Murder of me your Brother: I'll stand by you and
prove the Indictment. And so he Vanished. Mr. Beacon was
extreamly astonished at what he had seen and hear'd; and the
People of the Family not only observed an extraordinary Alteration
upon him, for the Week following, but have also given me under
their Hands a full Testimony, that he then gave them an Account of
this Apparition.
All this while, Mr. Beacon had no advice of any thing amiss attending
his Brother then in England; but about the latter end of June
following, he understood by the common ways of Communication,
that the April before, his Brother going in haste by Night to call a
Coach for a Lady, met a Fellow then in Drink, with his Doxy in his
Hand: Some way or other the Fellow thought himself Affronted with
the hasty passage of this Beacon, and immediately ran into the Fire-
side of a Neighbouring Tavern, from whence he fetched out a Fire-
fork, wherewith he grievously wounded Beacon in the Skull; even in
that very part where the Apparition show'd his Wound. Of this
Wound he Languished until he Dyed on the Second of May, about
five of the Clock in the Morning at London. The Murderer it seems
was endeavouring an Escape, as the Apparition affirm'd, but the
Friends of the Deceased Beacon, Seized him; and Prosecuting him at
Law, he found the help of such Friends as brought him off without
the loss of his Life; since which, there has no more been heard of
the Business.
This History I received of Mr. Joseph Beacon himself; who a little
before his own Pious and hopeful Death, which follow'd not long
after, gave me the Story written and signed with his own Hand, and
attested with the Circumstances I have already mentioned.

B UT I shall no longer detain my Reader, from his expected

Entertainment, in a brief account of the Tryals which have
passed upon some of the Malefactors lately Executed at Salem, for
the Witchcrafts whereof they stood Convicted. For my own part, I
was not present at any of them; [55] nor ever had I any Personal
prejudice at the Persons thus brought upon the Stage; much less at
the Surviving Relations of those Persons, with and for whom I would
be as hearty a Mourner as any Man living in the World: The Lord
Comfort them! But having received a Command so to do, I can do
no other than shortly relate the chief Matters of Fact, which occur'd
in the Tryals of some that were Executed, in an Abridgment
Collected out of the Court-Papers, on this occasion put into my
hands. You are to take the Truth, just as it was; and the Truth will
hurt no good Man. There might have been more of these, if my Book
would not thereby have swollen too big; and if some other worthy
hands did not perhaps intend something further in these Collections;
for which cause I have only singled out Four or Five, which may
serve to illustrate the way of Dealing, wherein Witchcrafts use to be
concerned; and I report matters not as an Advocate, but as an
Historian.
They were some of the Gracious Words inserted in the Advice, which
many of the Neighbouring Ministers, did this Summer humbly lay
before our Honorable Judges, We cannot but with all thankfulness,
acknowledge the success which the Merciful God has given unto the
Sedulous and Assiduous endeavours of Our Honourable Rulers, to
detect the abominable Witchcrafts which have been committed in
the Country; Humbly Praying, that the discovery of those mysterious
and mischievous wickednesses, may be Perfected. If in the midst of
the many Dissatisfactions among us, the Publication of these Tryals
may promote such a Pious Thankfulness unto God, for Justice being
so far executed among us, I shall Rejoice that God is Glorified; and
pray, that no wrong steps of ours may ever sully any of his Glorious
Works. But we will begin with,
A Modern Instance of Witches, Discovered and Condemned in a
Tryal, before that celebrated Judge, Sir Matthew Hale.[147]

I T may cast some Light upon the Dark things now in America, if
we just give a glance upon the like things lately happening in
Europe. We may see the Witchcrafts here most exactly resemble the
Witchcrafts there; and we may learn what sort of Devils do trouble
the World.
The Venerable Baxter very truly says, Judge Hale was a Person, than
whom, no Man was more Backward to Condemn a Witch, without
full Evidence.
Now, one of the latest Printed Accounts about a Tryal of Witches, is
of what was before him, and it ran on this wise. [Printed in the Year
1682.] And it is here the rather mentioned, because it was a Tryal,
much considered by the Judges of New England.
I. Rose Cullender and Amy Duny, were severally Indicted, for
Bewitching Elizabeth Durent, Ann Durent, Jane Bocking, Susan
Chandler, William Durent, Elizabeth and Deborah Pacy. And the
Evidence whereon they were Convicted, stood upon divers particular
Circumstances.
[56] II. Ann Durent, Susan Chandler, and Elizabeth Pacy, when they
came into the Hall, to give Instructions for the drawing the Bills of
Indictments, they fell into strange and violent Fits, so that they were
unable to give in their Depositions, not only then, but also during the
whole Assizes. William Durent being an Infant, his Mother Swore,
that Amy Duny looking after her Child one Day in her absence, did at
her return confess, that she had given suck to the Child: (tho' she
were an Old Woman:) Whereat, when Durent expressed her
displeasure, Duny went away with Discontents and Menaces.
The Night after, the Child fell into strange and sad Fits, wherein it
continued for Divers Weeks. One Doctor Jacob advised her to hang
up the Childs Blanket, in the Chimney Corner all Day, and at Night
when she went to put the Child into it, if she found any Thing in it
then to throw it without fear into the Fire. Accordingly, at Night,
there fell a great Toad out of the Blanket, which ran up and down
the Hearth. A Boy catch't it, and held it in the Fire with the Tongs:
where it made an horrible Noise, and Flash'd like to Gun-Powder,
with a report like that of a Pistol: Whereupon the Toad was no more
to be seen. The next Day a Kinswoman of Duny's, told the
Deponent, that her Aunt was all grievously scorch'd with the Fire,
and the Deponent going to her House, found her in such a
Condition. Duny told her, she might thank her for it; but she should
live to see some of her Children Dead, and herself upon Crutches.
But after the Burning of the Toad, this Child Recovered.
This Deponent further Testifi'd, That Her Daughter Elizabeth, being
about the Age of Ten Years, was taken in like manner, as her first
Child was, and in her Fits complained much of Amy Duny, and said,
that she did appear to Her, and afflict her in such a manner as the
former. One Day she found Amy Duny in her House, and thrusting
her out of Doors, Duny said, You need not be so Angry, your Child
won't live long. And within three Days the Child died. The Deponent
added, that she was Her self, not long after taken with such a
Lameness in both her Legs, that she was forced to go upon
Crutches; and she was now in Court upon them. [It was
Remarkable, that immediately upon the Juries bringing in Duny
Guilty, Durent was restored unto the use of her Limbs, and went
home without her Crutches.]
III. As for Elizabeth and Deborah Pacy, one Aged Eleven Years, the
other Nine; the elder, being in Court, was made utterly senseless,
during all the time of the Trial: or at least speechless. By the
direction of the Judge Duny was privately brought to Elizabeth Pacy,
and she touched her Hand: whereupon the Child, without so much
as seeing her, suddenly leap'd up and flew upon the Prisoner; the
younger was too ill, to be brought unto the Assizes. But Samuel
Pacy, their Father, testifi'd, that his Daughter Deborah was taken
with a sudden Lameness; and upon the grumbling of Amy Duny, for
being denied something, where this Child was then [57] sitting, the
Child was taken with an extream pain in her stomach, like the
pricking of Pins; and shrieking at a dreadful manner, like a Whelp,
rather than a Rational Creature. The Physicians could not conjecture
the cause of the Distemper; but Amy Duny being a Woman of ill
Fame, and the Child in Fits crying out of Amy Duny, as affrighting
her with the Apparition of her Person, the Deponent suspected her,
and procured her to be set in the stocks. While she was there, she
said in the hearing of Two Witnesses, Mr. Pacy keeps a great stir
about his Child, but let him stay till he has done as much by his
Children, as I have done by mine: And being Asked, What she had
done to her Children, she Answered, She had been fain to open her
Childs Mouth with a Tap to give it Victuals. The Deponent added,
that within Two Days, the Fits of his Daughters were such, that they
could not preserve either Life or Breath, without the help of a Tap.
And that the Children Cry'd out of Amy Duny, and of Rose Cullender,
as afflicting them with their Apparitions.
IV. The Fits of the Children were various. They would sometimes be
Lame on one side; sometimes on t'other. Sometimes very sore;
sometimes restored unto their Limbs, and then Deaf, or Blind, or
Dumb, for a long while together. Upon the Recovery of their Speech,
they would Cough extreamly; and with much Flegm, they would
bring up Crooked Pins; and one time, a Two-penny Nail, with a very
broad Head. Commonly at the end of every Fit, they would cast up a
Pin. When the Children Read, they could not pronounce the Name
of, Lord, or Jesus, or Christ, but would fall into Fits; and say, Amy
Duny says, I must not use that Name. When they came to the Name
of Satan, or Devil, they would clap their Fingers on the Book, crying
out, This bites, but it makes me speak right well! The Children in
their Fits would often Cry out, There stands Amy Duny, or Rose
Cullender; and they would afterwards relate, That these Witches
appearing before them, threatned them, that if they told what they
saw or heard, they would Torment them ten times more than ever
they did before.
V. Margaret Arnold, the Sister of Mr. Pacy, Testifi'd unto the like
Sufferings being upon the Children, at her House, whither her
Brother had Removed them. And that sometimes, the Children (only)
would see things like Mice, run about the House; and one of them
suddenly snap'd one with the Tongs, and threw it into the Fire,
where it screeched out like a Rat. At another time, a thing like a
Bee, flew at the Face of the younger Child; the Child fell into a Fit;
and at last Vomited up a Two-penny Nail, with a Broad Head;
affirming, That the Bee brought this Nail, and forced it into her
Mouth. The Child would in like manner be assaulted with Flies, which
brought Crooked Pins, unto her, and made her first swallow them,
and then Vomit them. She one Day caught an Invisible Mouse, and
throwing it into the Fire, it Flash'd like to Gun-Powder. None besides
the Child saw the Mouse, but every one saw the Flash. She also
de[58]clared, out of her Fits, that in them, Amy Duny much tempted
her to destroy her self.
VI. As for Ann Durent, her Father Testified, That upon a Discontent
of Rose Cullender, his Daughter was taken with much Illness in her
Stomach and great and sore Pains, like the Pricking of Pins: and then
Swooning Fits, from which Recovering, she declared, She had seen
the Apparition of Rose Cullender, Threatning to Torment her. She
likewise Vomited up diverse Pins. The Maid was Present at Court, but
when Cullender look'd upon her, she fell into such Fits, as made her
utterly unable to declare any thing.
Ann Baldwin deposed the same.
VII. Jane Bocking, was too weak to be at the Assizes. But her
Mother Testifi'd, that her Daughter having formerly been Afflicted
with Swooning Fits, and Recovered of them; was now taken with a
great Pain in her Stomach; and New Swooning Fits. That she took
little Food, but every Day Vomited Crooked Pins. In her first Fits, she
would Extend her Arms, and use Postures, as if she catched at
something, and when her Clutched Hands were forced open, they
would find several Pins diversely Crooked, unaccountably lodged
there. She would also maintain a Discourse with some that were
Invisibly present, when casting abroad her Arms, she would often
say, I will not have it! but at last say, Then I will have it! and closing
her Hand, which when they presently after opened, a Lath-Nail was
found in it. But her great Complaints were of being Visited by the
shapes of Amy Duny, and Rose Cullender.
VIII. As for Susan Chandler, her Mother Testified, That being at the
search of Rose Cullender, they found on her Belly a thing like a Teat,
of an Inch long; which the said Rose ascribed to a strain. But near
her Privy-parts, they found Three more, that were smaller than the
former. At the end of the long Teat, there was a little Hole, which
appeared, as if newly Sucked; and upon straining it, a white Milky
matter issued out. The Deponent further said, That her Daughter
being one Day concerned at Rose Cullenders taking her by the Hand,
she fell very sick, and at Night cry'd out, That Rose Cullender would
come to Bed unto her. Her Fits grew violent, and in the Intervals of
them, she declared, That she saw Rose Cullender in them, and once
having of a great Dog with her. She also Vomited up Crooked Pins;
and when she was brought into Court, she fell into her Fits. She
Recovered her self in some Time, and was asked by the Court,
whether she was in a Condition to take an Oath, and give Evidence.
She said, she could; but having been Sworn, she fell into her Fits
again, and, Burn her! Burn her! were all the words that she could
obtain power to speak. Her Father likewise gave the same Testimony
with her Mother; as to all but the Search.
IX. Here was the Sum of the Evidence: Which Mr. Serjeant Keeling,
[148] thought not sufficient to Convict the Prisoners. For admitting
the Chil[59]dren were Bewitched, yet, said he, it can never be
Apply'd unto the Prisoners, upon the Imagination only of the Parties
Afflicted; inasmuch as no person whatsoever could then be in Safety.
Dr. Brown, a very Learned Person then present, gave his Opinion,
that these Persons were Bewitched. He added, That in Denmark,
there had been lately a great Discovery of Witches; who used the
very same way of Afflicting people, by Conveying Pins and Nails into
them. His Opinion was, that the Devil in Witchcrafts, did Work upon
the Bodies of Men and Women, upon a Natural Foundation; and that
he did Extraordinarily afflict them, with such Distempers as their
Bodies were most subject unto.
X. The Experiment about the Usefulness, yea, or Lawfulness whereof
Good Men have sometimes disputed, was divers Times made, That
tho' the Afflicted were utterly deprived of all sense in their Fits, yet
upon the Touch of the Accused, they would so screech out, and fly
up, as not upon any other persons. And yet it was also found that
once upon the touch of an innocent person, the like effect follow'd,
which put the whole Court unto a stand: altho' a small Reason was
at length attempted to be given for it.
XI. However, to strengthen the Credit of what had been already
produced against the Prisoners, One John Soam Testifi'd, That
bringing home his Hay in Three Carts, one of the Carts wrenched the
Window of Rose Cullenders House, whereupon she flew out, with
violent Threatenings against the Deponent. The other Two Carts,
passed by Twice, Loaded, that Day afterwards; but the Cart which
touched Cullenders House, was Twice or Thrice that Day overturned.
Having again Loaded it, as they brought it thro' the Gate which
Leads out of the Field, the Cart stuck so fast in the Gates Head, that
they could not possibly get it thro', but were forced to cut down the
Post of the Gate, to make the Cart pass thro', altho' they could not
perceive that the Cart did of either side touch the Gate-Post. They
afterwards, did with much Difficulty get it home to the Yard; but
could not for their Lives get the Cart near the place, where they
should unload. They were fain to unload at a great Distance; and
when they were Tired, the Noses of them that came to Assist them,
would burst forth a Bleeding; so they were fain to give over till next
morning; and then they unloaded without any difficulty.
XII. Robert Sherringham also Testifi'd, That the Axle-Tree of his Cart,
happening in passing, to break some part of Rose Cullenders House,
in her Anger at it, she vehemently threatned him, His Horses should
suffer for it. And within a short time, all his Four Horses dy'd; after
which he sustained many other Losses in the sudden Dying of his
Cattle. He was also taken with a Lameness in his Limbs; and so
vexed with Lice of an extraordinary Number and Bigness, that no Art
could hinder the Swarming of them, till he burnt up two Suits of
Apparel.
[60] XIII. As for Amy Duny, 'twas Testifi'd by one Richard Spencer
that he heard her say, The Devil would not let her Rest; until she
were Revenged on the Wife of Cornelius Sandswel. And that
Sandswel testifi'd, that her Poultry dy'd suddenly, upon Amy Dunys
threatning of them; and that her Husbands Chimney fell, quickly
after Duny had spoken of such a disaster. And a Firkin of Fish could
not be kept from falling into the Water, upon suspicious words of
Duny's.
XIV. The Judge told the Jury, they were to inquire now, first, whether
these Children were Bewitched; and secondly, Whether the Prisoners
at the Bar were guilty of it. He made no doubt, there were such
Creatures as Witches; for the Scriptures affirmed it; and the Wisdom
of all Nations had provided Laws against such persons. He pray'd the
God of Heaven to direct their Hearts in the weighty thing they had in
hand; for, To Condemn the Innocent, and let the Guilty go free, were
both an Abomination to the Lord.
The Jury in half an hour brought them in Guilty upon their several
Indictments, which were Nineteen in Number.
The next Morning, the Children with their Parents, came to the
Lodgings of the Lord Chief Justice, and were in as good health as
ever in their Lives; being Restored within half an Hour after the
Witches were Convicted.
The Witches were Executed; and Confessed nothing; which indeed
will not be wondred by them, who Consider and Entertain the
Judgment of a Judicious Writer, That the Unpardonable Sin, is most
usually Committed by Professors of the Christian Religion, falling into
Witchcraft.
We will now proceed unto several of the like Tryals among ourselves.
[149]

FOOTNOTES:
[113] Written in 1692.

[114] Notwithstanding the extraordinary Familiarity

of our Author with the Devil, he does not as yet
pretend to have seen him, although he must have
been in Everybody's Way. About twenty Years
later, according to De Foe, he had become quite
scarce, insomuch that few could pretend to have
seen him; and hence People became somewhat
credulous about the Existence of his Majesty, "as if
nothing but seeing the Devil could satisfie them
there was such a Person; and nothing is more
wonderful to me, in the whole System of Spirits,
than that Satan does not think fit to justify the
Reality of his Being, by appearing to such in some
of his worst Figures, and tell them in full Grimace
who he is."—Essay on Apparitions.

[115]The appearing of the Devil in the Shape of a

black Man, or a Man in black is the old Story
imported from England. See Examination and
Confession of Christian Green, Wife of Robert
Green of Brewham, Co. Somerset, printed in
Sadducismus Triumphatus, ed. 1726, P. 306.

[116]It is not so remarkable that some should

have destroyed themselves under such
Circumstances, as that the greater Part of them
did not so perish.

[117]This is not a Whit behind the far-famed Story

of "The Devil and Dr. Faustus."

[118]Church Difficulties were so common, that it is

not quite certain to which the Author has
Reference; though it seems likely he refers to the
Troubles in the Time of Mr. Nicholet.—See Felt,
History of ii, Salem, 587-8.

[119]This was indeed a Dilemma; but it may now

seem exceeding strange that learned Judges had
not adopted the only safe Course at such a Time,
and simply to have done nothing. They appear to
have been as much amazed and out of their Wits
as the poor Sufferers; and to find Relief proceeded
to shed their Blood, and to shout thereupon that
they "had been fairly executed!"

[120] How the Judges could have read these

Admissions of a "snarled Business" into which no
one could pretend to see, and to "declare their
singular Approbation thereof," it is difficult to
comprehend, upon any other Grounds than as
expressed in the last Note. They were indeed as
blind as any in the "Buffet."

[121]By these "Ty-dogs" the Author probably had

Reference to Cerberus. Writers on Mythology do
not mention, as I remember, that their Monster
was ever turned loose to worry Mankind.

[122]There was a Line of Swedish Monarchs of the

Name of Biorn. The first of the Name began to
reign about 829 of the present era.
[123] When these Wonders were written, the
Paradise Lost had been published twenty-five
Years. The Author must have been very familiar
with it, yet I have not met with any Reference to
Milton in any of his Writings.

[124] It may be Difficult for some to comprehend

wherein the Devil was blamed; for, according to
the Text he goes no further than he is commanded
or permitted to go by a Power whereby he was
fully and completely controlled.

[125] "The pious Bishop of Norwich." He was a

Cotemporary of the weak King James, and his
Companion on one of his Excursions into Scotland.
He was mild and temperate compared with Laud
and others of his Time. He was born in Leicester
about 1574, and died in Norfolk in 1656, in the
82d Year of his Age. He appears not to have been
much behind Dr. Mather in speaking of the
"damned Brood" of Witches. His Works are even
now held in much Repute by many, and were
collected and published in three heavy Folios,
1647-62.

[126] The Reader may perhaps find all he will care

to know respecting the Suffolk Witches in
Hutchinson's Historical Essay, 79, et sequen.
second Edition. But Suffolk furnishes but a small
Portion of England infected by Witchcraft, and Mr.
Hutchinson's Work has not the hundredth Part of
them.

Witchcraft may be said to have been on the

[127]
Wane in Old England when this of 1692-3 began in
New England. Indeed there is no Comparison, as
to the Extent of the Delusion between the two
Countries.

[128] If he is such a knowing Devil as was

generally supposed, he certainly must have known
to a certainty the Success he was to meet with
before setting out.

[129] It is hardly to be inferred from the

Sentiments here expressed, that the Author was
among the most earnest of his blind Advocates for
extreme Measures against those accused.

[130] Not a good Translation, but the Sense is

sufficiently apparent. Voltaire has the same in
Substance in one of his "Letters concerning the
English Nation." A Condition not peculiar to any
Country.

[131] The Time of Henry III was from 1574 to

1589.

[132] Those who are familiar with the Works of

Erasmus may verify the Story. He may have been,
and probably was, like the Rest of the learned
World, a Believer in such Nonsense. The great
Poet who has contributed to his Immortality in the
following Lines may not have heard of the above
Story:

"At length Erasmus, that great injured Name,

(The Glory of the Priesthood and the Shame!)
Stem'd the wild Torrent of a bar'brous Age,
And drove those holy Vandals off the Stage."
[133] There was about this Time a Society
established in England expressly for the
"Reformation of Manners," and a small octavo
Volume was issued under its Auspices, setting
forth the Objects and Necessity for such a Society.
In it the Plantations are remembered.

[134] The Author does not seem to remember that

he has elsewhere said with much Emphasis, that
"this remote Part of the Earth" was the Devil's own
Territory, that he was undisturbed here before the
white People came and that he did not expect to
be disturbed here.

[135] This was Mr. Samuel Clarke or Clark (as he

indifferently wrote his own Surname), and his
Father's Name was Hugh Clark. The Life spoken of
is in the Martyrology by the Son, a Work not now
often referred to, but one abounding with
interesting and curious biographical and historical
Information, having intimate Connection with the
Founders of New England, and containing a good
deal concerning many of them. See his Lives,
appended to the Martyrology, Page 127, et seq.
Folio, 1677. I have often had Occasion to refer to
his various Works.

[136] There appears to have been some Mystery

about that Perfume of Brimstone, if indeed
"Metaphor" be left out of the Account, as the
Author says it is to be. One might be led to
suppose that the Circumstance which happened at
Oxford in 1577, was of the Character of that in the
Text, as alluded to by Hutchinson, in his Historical
Essay concerning Witchcraft, Page 38, but on
Reference to his Authority, a Parallel is hardly
warranted. The Story will be found fully related in
Camden's Reign of Elizabeth, 237, Ed. 1675.

[137] In that curious Poem entitled The Sorceress,

are the following Lines, among others, on "The
Spell:"

"Rust of the Gibbet, and Bone of the Dead,

I mingle and into the Teakettle throw,
Root of Skunk-cabbage and Rattlesnakes Mead,
And Leaves pluck'd at Midnight from Juniper
bough.
Charm break the Rest
Of the Parsun distrest,
From his Eyes let the Blessing of Slumber depart;
Lucifer aid me
And Night overshade me,
Spirit of Beelzebub, lend me thine Art." &c.

[138] A vast Number of Books had been published

previous to our Author's Time upon Magic, and
Astrology. A principal Writer on these Subjects was
Dr. John Dee. His Diary was published by the
Camden Society in 1842. See also William Lilley's
Hist. of his Life and Times.

[139] This most uncharitable Assertion is a

complete Contradiction of what has before been
asserted. He had already made poor New England
bad enough, but this seems to place her in a
perfectly hopeless Condition. Not many Pages back
the Author cautioned the World lest it should not
do Justice to New England, by believing her worse
than Old England. A disordered Brain will always
drive a Pen at random.
[140] An Idea reminding one of the Case of the
Jew in the Merchant of Venice. Unfortunately for
the poor accused Wretches, there was no Daniel
to sit in Judgment, and to see that no Blood was
taken with the Pound of Flesh.

[141]This certainly does not exhibit the Author as

a "principal Ringleader" in those Persecutions. A
Remark similar has been made to a previous
Passage in the Text, of a like Purport. And
frequent parallel Passages may be found.

[142] This is the French Form of what we now

write Clucking. The Verb to cluck is well known,
and in frequent Use where Hens are raised, but to
employ it as the Doctor does cannot but excite
Ridicule.

[143]Allowing this to be a just Conclusion it is

remarkable that the Devil did not set his Witches
at Work in the Beginning in the Colony of
Plymouth; there were repeated Complaints to the
Commissioners of the United Colonies, that various
Towns in that Colony had neglected Ministers and
Churches altogether; while from the County of
Essex we hear of no such Complaints.

[144]Additional Particulars respecting this Woman

may be seen in Dr. I. Mather's Prevalency of
Prayer, published in Connection with his Relation.
See Early Hist. New England, 275.

[145]Many, no Doubt, will think it strange that the

Author did not count himself in. Had he done so
he assuredly would have lost no Credit with his
Readers now, nor probably by those in future.
[146]This Mr. Beacon does not appear to have
belonged to Boston. He was probably a casual
Resident at that Time.

[147] We are told by Bishop Burnet (the Father of

our Governor Burnet), that Judge Hale was born at
Alderly in Gloucestershire, the first of November,
1609, and died on the 25th of December, 1676. In
the Life of Sir Matthew, appended to his
Contemplations, is given one of the most
interesting Pieces of Biography extant. In
Accordance with one of his Sayings he was buried
in the Church-yard of Alderly, and not in the
Church, as was in his Time the prevailing Custom
—that Saying was: "The Churches were for the
Living, and the Church-yards for the Dead." In the
Bishop's Life of him will be found a particular
Account of his Family. After the great Fire of
London he was one of the principal Judges that
sat in Clifford's Inn, to regulate the Affairs
between Landlord and Tenant, growing out of that
Desolation. And with Sir Orlando Bridgman he
rendered great Service in accommodating
Differences which otherwise would long have
retarded the rebuilding of the City. Whereas its
"sudden and quiet building is justly reconed one of
the Wonders of the Age." He was made "Lord
Chief Justice of England," May 18th, 1671, which
Office he resigned but a few Months previous to
his Death, owing to his Infirmity. He lamented the
rigorous Proceedings against the Nonconformists,
though the adherent to the established Church;
and used to say, "Those of the Separation were
good Men, but they had narrow Souls, who would
break the Peace of the Church, about such
inconsiderable Matters, as the Points in Difference
were." There does not appear to be taken any
Notice of the Trials of Witches by Burnet in his Life
of the Judge. It may be sufficient to say, that, like
our Judges, Sewall and Stoughton, he was a
Believer in Witchcraft, because there was Evidence
of its Existence in the Bible! He was a timid Man,
and this Timidity would not allow him so much as
"to sum up the Evidence" in the Trial above given,
and thus was the Case submitted to the Jury, who
speedily gave in their Verdict of Guilty. There can
be no Doubt but if Sir Matthew Hale had lived until
the End of the New England Trials, he would, like
Judge Sewall, have repented of his Course.

[148] Spelt Keyling in the Life of Hale, whom he

(Hale) succeeded as Lord Chief Justice, without
taking his good Sense with him.

[149]There is different, and somewhat more of a

common Sense Account of this Trial in
Hutchinson's Essay, Pp. 139-157, Chap. viii.
 I.
THE TRYAL OF G. B.
At a Court of OYER and TERMINER,
Held in Salem, 1692.

G LAD should I have been, if I had never known the Name of this
Man; or never had this occasion to mention so much as the first
Letters of his Name. But the Government requiring some Account of
his [61] Trial to be inserted in this Book, it becomes me with all
Obedience to submit unto the Order.
I. This G. B.[150] was Indicted for Witch-craft, and in the prosecution
of the Charge against him, he was Accused by five or six of the
Bewitched, as the Author of their Miseries; he was Accused by Eight
of the Confessing Witches, as being an head Actor at some of their
Hellish Randezvouzes, and one who had the promise of being a King
in Satan's Kingdom, now going to be Erected: He was accused by
Nine Persons for extraordinary Lifting, and such feats of Strength, as
could not be done without a Diabolical Assistance. And for other
such things he was Accused, until about thirty Testimonies were
brought in against him; nor were these judg'd the half of what might
have been considered for his Conviction: However they were enough
to fix the Character of a Witch upon him according to the Rules of
Reasoning, by the Judicious Gaule, in that Case directed.
II. The Court being sensible, that the Testimonies of the Parties
Bewitched, use to have a Room among the Suspicions or
Presumptions, brought in against one Indicted for Witchcraft; there
were now heard the Testimonies of several Persons, who were most
notoriously Bewitched, and every day Tortured by Invisible Hands,
and these now all charged the Spectres of G. B. to have a share in
their Torments. At the Examination of this G. B. the Bewitched
People were grievously harassed with Preternatural Mischiefs, which
could not possibly be dissembled; and they still ascribed it unto the
endeavours of G. B. to Kill them. And now upon his Tryal of one of
the Bewitched Persons, testified, that in her Agonies, a little black
Hair'd Man came to her, saying his Name was B. and bidding her set
her hand unto a Book which he shewed unto her; and bragging that
he was a Conjurer, above the ordinary Rank of Witches; That he
often Persecuted her with the offer of that Book, saying, She should
be well, and need fear nobody, if she would but Sign it; But he
inflicted cruel Pains and Hurts upon her, because of her denying so
to do. The Testimonies of the other Sufferers concurred with these;
and it was remarkable, that whereas Biting was one of the ways
which the Witches used for the vexing of the Sufferers; when they
cry'd out of G. B. Biting them, the print of the Teeth would be seen
on the Flesh of the Complainers, and just such a Set of Teeth as G.
B's would then appear upon them, which could be distinguished
from those of some other Mens. Others of them testified, That in
their Torments, G. B. tempted them to go unto a Sacrament, unto
which they perceived him with a Sound of Trumpet, Summoning of
other Witches, who quickly after the Sound, would come from all
Quarters unto the Rendezvouz. One of them falling into a kind of
Trance, afterwards affirmed, that G. B. had carried her into a very
high Mountain, where he shewed her mighty and glorious Kingdoms,
and said, He would give them all to her, if she would [62] write in his
Book; but she told him, They were none of his to give; and refused
the Motions; enduring of much Misery for that refusal.
It cost the Court a wonderful deal of Trouble, to hear the
Testimonies of the Sufferers; for when they were going to give in
their Depositions, they would for a long time be taken with Fits, that
made them uncapable of saying anything. The Chief Judg asked the
Prisoner, who he thought hindred these Witnesses from giving their
Testimonies? And he answered, He supposed it was the Devil. That
Honourable Person, then repli'd, How comes the Devil so loathe to
have any Testimony born against you? Which cast him into very
great Confusion.[151]
III. It has been a frequent thing for the Bewitched People to be
entertained with Apparitions of Ghosts of Murdered People, at the
same time that the Spectres of the Witches trouble them. These
Ghosts do always affright the Beholders more than all the other
spectral Representations; and when they exhibit themselves, they
cry out, of being Murdered by the Witchcrafts or other Violences of
the Persons who are then in Spectre present. It is further
considerable, that once or twice, these Apparitions have been seen
by others, at the very same time that they have shewn themselves
to the Bewitched; and seldom have there been these Apparitions,
but when something unusual or suspected, have attended the Death
of the Party thus Appearing. Some that have been accused by these
Apparitions accosting of the Bewitched People, who had never heard
a word of any such Persons ever being in the World, have upon a
fair Examination, freely and fully confessed the Murthers of those
very Persons, altho these also did not know how the Apparitions had
complained of them. Accordingly several of the Bewitched, had given
in their Testimony, that they had been troubled with the Apparitions
of two Women, who said, that they were G. B's two Wives, and that
he had been the Death of them; and that the Magistrates must be
told of it, before whom if B. upon his Tryal denied it, they did not
know but that they should appear again in the Court. Now, G. B. had
been Infamous for the Barbarous usage of his two late Wifes, all the
Country over. Moreover, it was testified, the Spectre of G. B.
threatning of the Sufferers, told them, he had Killed (besides others)
Mrs. Lawson and her Daughter Ann.[152] And it was noted, that
these were the Vertuous Wife and Daughter of one at whom this G.
B. might have a prejudice for his being serviceable at Salem Village,
from whence himself had in ill Terms removed some Years before:
And that when they dy'd, which was long since, there were some
odd Circumstances about them, which made some of the Attendents
there suspect something of Witchcraft, tho none Imagined from
what Quarter it should come.
Well, G. B. being now upon his Tryal, one of the Bewitched Persons
was cast into Horror at the Ghost of B's two Deceased Wives then
appearing before him, and crying for Vengeance against him.
Hereupon seve[63]ral of the Bewitched Persons were successively
called in, who all not knowing what the former had seen and said,
concurred in their Horror of the Apparition, which they affirmed that
he had before him. But he, tho much appalled, utterly deny'd that he
discerned any thing of it; nor was it any part of his Conviction.
IV. Iudicious Writers have assigned it a great place in the Conviction
of Witches, when Persons are Impeached by other notorious
Witches, to be as ill as themselves; especially, if the Persons have
been much noted for neglecting the Worship of God. Now, as there
might have been Testimonies enough of G. B's Antipathy to Prayer,
and the other Ordinances of God, tho by his Profession, singularly
Obliged thereunto; so, there now came in against the Prisoner, the
Testimonies of several Persons, who confessed their own having
been horrible Witches, and ever since their Confessions, had been
themselves terribly Tortured by the Devils and other Witches, even
like the other Sufferers; and therein undergone the Pains of many
Deaths for their Confessions.
These now testified, that G. B. had been at Witch-meetings with
them; and that he was the Person who had Seduc'd, and Compell'd
them into the snares of Witchcraft: That he promised them Fine
Cloaths, for doing it; that he brought Poppets to them, and Thorns
to stick into those Poppets, for the Afflicting of other People; and
that he exhorted them with the rest of the Crew, to Bewitch all
Salem Village, but besure to do it Gradually; if they would prevail in
what they did.
When the Lancashire Witches were Condemn'd I don't remember
that there was any considerable further Evidence, than that of the
Bewitched, and than that of some that confessed. We see so much
already against G. B. But this being indeed not enough, there were
other things to render what had already been produced credible.
V. A famous Divine recites this among the Convictions of a Witch;
The Testimony of the party Bewitched, whether Pining or Dying;
together with the joint Oaths of sufficient Persons that have seen
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