BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
CLASS - 11
CHAPTER – 1: BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
Laws of Chemical combinations:
i) Law of conservation of mass
ii) Law of definite proportion
iii) Law of multiple proportion
iv) Gay Lussac’s law of combining gaseous volumes
v) Avogadro’s Law
(i) Law of conservation of mass (Antoine Lavoisier):
It states that matter can neither be created nor be destroyed. So, the total mass of reactants
and products are equal.
(ii) Law of constant composition or Law of definite proportion (Joseph Proust):
It states that a given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements
by weight and it does not depend on the method of its preparation.
(iii) Law of Multiple proportion (John Dalton):
It states that if two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses
of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element, are in the ratio of
small whole numbers.
(iv) Gay Lussac’s Law of combining gaseous volume:
It states that when gases react, they do so in volume which bears a simple whole number
ratio to each other and to the volume of the products (if gaseous), provided the
temperature and pressure of the reactants and the products remain constant.
(v) Avogadro’s Hypothesis:
Under similar conditions of temperature & pressure, equal volumes of all gases contain
equal number of molecules.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory:
• Matter consists of indivisible atoms.
• All the atoms of a given element have identical properties including identical mass.
Atoms of different elements different mass.
• Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine in a fixed ratio.
• Chemical reactions involve reorganization of atoms. These are neither created nor
destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Limitations:
• Could explain laws of chemical combination based on weight but not on volume; no
explanation for the Gay Lussac’s law.
• Failed to explain why the atoms of different elements differ in mass, size and valency.
• Could not give explanation as to why the atoms of the same or different elements combine
to form molecules.
• The theory failed to explain the nature of the binding forces in atoms and molecules which
account for the three states of matter, i.e., solid, liquid and gases.
Page 1 of 7
BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
Modern approach:
• Atom is no longer indivisible (presence of subatomic particles)
• All atoms of an element may not have same atomic mass (isotopes of an element)
• Atoms of different elements may have same atomic mass (Ca and Ar – isobars)
• Atoms may or may not combine in simple whole no. ratio. (E.g. sucrose: C12H22O11)
Atomic weight:
The atomic weight of an element is pure number which indicates how many times the weight
of one atom of the element is heavier than 1/12th part of the weight of a carbon−12 atom.
Molecular weight:
The molecular weight of an element or a compound is pure number which indicates how many
times the weight of one molecule of the element or compound is heavier than 1/12th part of the
weight of a carbon−12 atom.
Note:
• Average atomic mass = weighted average of all the isotopes of a particular element in
nature. E.g. Average atomic mass of Cl35 (75%) & Cl37 (25%) = 35.5.
• Concept of mole: number of units present in a substance as there are atoms in 12g of C-12
isotope.
• Avogadro number: Number of atoms present in 12g of C-12 isotope or, number of
elementary units in one mole of a substance i.e., 6.022 x 1023.
• Molar mass – mass of one mole of a substance. It is numerically molecular mass expressed
in grams.
• Molar volume – volume occupied by one gram mole of a gas at a specific temperature and
pressure. At S.T.P. it is equal to 22.4 L or 22400 mL
Empirical and molecular formula:
Empirical formula – It is the simplest whole number ratio of various atoms present in a
compound.
Molecular formula − It shows the exact no. of different types of atoms present in a molecule
of the compound.
Example: In an organic compound; C = 48%, H = 8%, N = 28%. Considering O as the 4th
element, calculate empirical formula of the compound.
Solution: Total % of C, H and N = (48 + 8 + 28) = 84%
∴% of O = (100 – 84) = 16%
Atomic Atomic ratio Simplest whole no.
Element % mass Gram atoms molar ratio ratio
C 48 12 48/12 = 4 4 4
H 8 1 8/1 = 8 8 8
N 28 14 28/14 = 2 2 2
O 16 16 16/16 = 1 1 1
So, Empirical formula: C4H8N2O
Note:
• n x Empirical formula mass = Molecular mass.
Page 2 of 7
BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
Section − A
Competency Based Questions (CBQs)
1. The smallest particle that can take part in chemical reactions is ————–.
(a) Atom (b) Molecule
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these.
2. Formation of CO and CO2 illustrates the law of ————–.
(a) Law of conservation of mass (b) Law of Reciprocal proportion
(c) Law of Constant Proportion (d) Law of Multiple Proportion
3. The mass of an atom of carbon is ————–.
(a) 1g (b) 1.99 x 10-23 g
(c) 1.99 x 1023g (d) 1/12g
4. The analysis of a sample of a covalent compound showed that it contained 14.4% hydrogen
and 85.6% carbon by mass. What is the empirical formula for the compound?
(a) CH (b) CH2
(c) CH3 (d) C2H3
5. Which of the following weigh 32g?
(a) 2 mol oxygen molecules (b) 1 mol oxygen atoms
(c) 1 mol CO molecules (d) 22.4L oxygen molecules (STP)
6. A compound contains, by mass, 40.0% carbon, 6.71% hydrogen, and 53.3% oxygen. A 0.320
mole sample of this compound weighs 28.8 g. The molecular formula of this compound is:
(a) C2H4O2 (b) C3H6O3
(c) C2H4O (d) CH2O
7. Mass % of C in CO2 is
(a) 0.034 (b) 27.27
(c) 3.4 (d) 28.7
8. Which one of the following will have the largest no. of atoms?
(a) 1g Au (b) 1g Na
(c) 1g Li (d) 1g Cl2
9. A The number of potassium atoms in 2 moles of potassium ferricyanide is
(a) 36.13 × 1023 (b) 6.02 × 1023
(c) 24.08 × 1023 (d) 2 × 1023
Page 3 of 7
BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
10. The Elements X, Y combine to form two compounds as XY and X2Y. Find the atomic weight
of X and Y, when the weight of 0.1 moles of XY is 10g and 0.05 moles of X2Y is 9g.
(a) 60, 40 (b) 80, 20
(c) 30, 20 (d) 20, 30
11. According to the Law of Conservation of Mass., Which of the following reactions is not
correct?
(a) 2Mg(s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO(s) (b) C3H8(g) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + H2O (g)
(c) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) (d) P4(s) + 5O2(g) → P4O10 (s)
12. Which one will have maximum numbers of water molecules?
(a) 18 molecules of water (b) 18 grams of water
(c) 1.8 grams of water (d) 18 moles of water
13. Calculate the number of oxygen atoms in 50 g of CaCO3
(a) 6.033 × 1023 atoms (b) 9.033 ×1023 atoms
(c) 8.033 × 1023 atoms (d) 3.033 × 1023 atoms
14. % of Se in peroxidase anhydrase enzyme is 0.5% by weight. (At. wt. of Se=78.4) then
minimum molecular weight of that enzyme is
(a) 1.568 × 103 (b) 15.68
(c) 2.136 × 104 (d) 1.568 × 104
15. The limiting reactant in a chemical reaction is
(a) used up earlier and completely (b) controls the yield of reaction
(c) gives the least amount of product (d) All of these
16. How many litres of oxygen at STP is required to burn 60g ethane?
(a) 22.4 L (b) 11.2 L
(c) 22.4 × 7 L (d) 8.5 L
17. Number of valence electrons in 4.2 gm of N3− ion is
(a) 4.2 NA (b) 0.1 NA
(c) 1.6 NA (d) 3.2 NA
18. If the Avogadro number NA is changed from 6.022 × 1023 mol-1 to 6.022 × 1020 mol-1 ,this
would change:
(a) the ratio of chemical species to each (b) the ratio of elements to each other in a
other in a balanced equation. compound
(c) the mass in units of grams (d) the mass of one mole of carbons
Page 4 of 7
BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
19. Number of iron atoms in 100g Haemoglobin if it contains 0.33% Fe. (Atomic mass Fe= 56)
(a) 0.035 × 1023 (b) 35
(c) 3.5 × 1023 (d) 7 × 108
20. What is the mass % of C in CO2?
(a) 0.034 (b) 27.2
(c) 3.4 (d) 28.7
Section B
Each of these questions contain two statements, Assertion and Reason. Each of these questions
also has four alternative choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You haveto select one
of the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) given below.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a correct explanation for assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
1. Assertion: Equal moles of different substances contain same number of constituent particles.
Reason: Equal weights of different substances contain the same number of constituent
particles.
2. Assertion: One atomic mass unit is defined as 1/12th of the mass of one carbon – 12 atom.
Reason: Carbon-12 isotope is the most abundant isotope of carbon and has been chosen as
standard.
3. Assertion: The empirical mass of ethene is half of its molecular mass.
Reason: The empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio of various atoms
present in a compound.
4. Assertion: 1 mole of sulphuric acid contains 32 g each of sulphur and oxygen element.
Reason: 1 mole of sulphuric acid represents 98 g of the species.
5. Assertion: 1 Avogram is equal to 10 amu.
Reason: Avogram is reciprocal of Avogadro number.
6. Assertion: The ratio by volume of gaseous reactants and products is in agreement with their
molar ratio.
Reason: Volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the number of moles of a gas.
Page 5 of 7
BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
7. Assertion: The compounds NaCl and CaO do not exist as discrete molecules.
Reason: For a substance that does not exist as discrete molecule, the formula weight and the
molecular weight are identical.
8. Assertion: In a chemical reaction sum of the masses of reactants and products remains
unchanged.
Reason: According to the law of conservation of mass, matter can neither be created nor be
destroyed.
9. Assertion: Magnesium metal burns in air to give a white ash. When this ash is treated with
water, the odour of ammonia can be detected.
Reason: Mg burns in air to form MgO and Mg3N2. It is the Mg3N2 which on hydrolysis
gives NH3.
10. Assertion: Combustion of 16 g of methane gives 18 g of water.
Reason: In the combustion of methane, water is one of the products.
Section C
1. Calculate the number of water molecules present in a drop of water (volume 0.0018 mL) at
room temperature? Ans: 6.022 × 1019
2. A 400 mg iron capsule contains 100mg of ferrous acetate, (CH3COO)2Fe. Find the percentage
iron present in the capsule. Ans: 8%
3. Chlorophyll, the green colouring matter of plants, contains 2.68% of magnesium by mass.
Calculate the number of magnesium atoms in 3.00 g of chlorophyll. [Atomic mass of
magnesium = 24.3 g] Ans: 1.98×1021
4. A colourless crystalline compound has the following percentage composition. Sulphur 24.24%,
Nitrogen 21.21%, Hydrogen 6.06% and rest is Oxygen. Determine the empirical formula of
compound. If the molecular mass is 132. What is the molecular formula of the compound?
Ans: SN2H8O4
5. 10g of a sample of potassium chlorate gave on complete decomposition 2.24 litre of oxygen at
N.T.P .What is the percentage purity of the sample? Ans: 81.66%
6. 3 g of H2 react with 29.0 g of O2 to yield water
a. Which is the limiting reagent? Ans: H2
b. Calculate the maximum amount of water that can be formed. Ans: 27 g
c. calculate the amount of one of the reactants which remains unreacted? Ans: 5 g O2
7. How many moles of magnesium phosphate will contain 0.25 mole of oxygen atoms? Ans: 0.03125
8. A sample of calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate weighed 2.21 g and is ignited to
constant weight of 1.152 g. Find the composition of mixture. Ans: 1.189, 1.022
Page 6 of 7
BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
9. A mixture of formic acid and oxalic acid is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid. The gas
produced is collected and on treatment with KOH solution the volume of the solution decreases
by 1/6th. Calculate the molar ratio of the two acids the original mixture. Ans: 4:1
10. 3 g of HCl is present per litre of gastric juice produced in human body. If a person produces 2.5
litres of gastric juice per day, then how many antacid tablets are required to neutralize HCl
produced per day. [Assume that each tablet contains 400mg of Al(OH)3] Ans: 14
Page 7 of 7
