Define Different Rules of Translation from Urdu to English.
OR from English to Urdu.
Be faithful to the original: Preserve the meaning, style,
and grammaticality of the original text.
Use idiomatic expressions: Use expressions that are
common in the target language to convey the same
meaning.
Be aware of cultural differences: Consider the cultural
norms and practices of both languages.
Be aware of syntax differences: Urdu and English have
different syntax, so don't try to impose English structure on
the translation.
Be aware of verb inflection: Urdu verbs inflect according
to the noun phrase's gender, name, and person.
Be aware of tense: The tense of a sentence is
determined by the sequence and form of the auxiliary
verbs.
Be aware of script: Urdu is written in the Nastaliq script,
which can be difficult to read and write.
Avoid offensive language: Avoid using offensive
language in the translation.
Avoid uncommon words: Avoid using uncommon words
just to appear sophisticated.
Short and brief: The translation should be short and brief
To the point: It should be to the point rather than complex
Easy and Simple: It should give the reader a clear
understanding.
Use proper grammatical structures: Use proper
grammatical structures in the translation
Discuss General Reading Techniques / Ways / Methods /
Strategies / Approaches
General reading skills refer to the foundational abilities that enable a person to read, understand,
and interpret written text effectively. These skills are essential for all types of reading, whether
for learning, work, or leisure. Below are the key general reading skills:
1. Decoding – The ability to recognize and understand written words by breaking them
down into sounds (phonics) and meaning.
2. Fluency – Reading smoothly and accurately at an appropriate speed, with proper
expression and minimal hesitation.
3. Vocabulary Knowledge – Understanding the meaning of words and phrases, including
recognizing synonyms, antonyms, and contextual meanings.
4. Comprehension – The ability to understand, interpret, and make sense of what is being
read. This includes recognizing the main idea, details, and underlying themes.
5. Attention and Focus – Maintaining concentration while reading to fully grasp and
process the information.
6. Inference and Interpretation – Drawing conclusions, making connections, and
understanding implied meanings beyond the literal text.
7. Retention and Recall – Remembering and retrieving information from the text for later
use, whether for study, discussion, or application.
8. Scanning and Skimming – Quickly locating specific information (scanning) or getting a
general idea of the content (skimming) without reading every word in detail.
9. Critical Thinking and Analysis – Evaluating the content, questioning the author's
arguments, and forming independent opinions about the material.
10. Text Structure Awareness – Recognizing how different types of texts are organized,
such as paragraphs, headings, bullet points, or narratives, to aid understanding.
11. Context Clue Usage – Using surrounding words, sentences, and prior knowledge to
determine the meaning of unfamiliar words or concepts.
12. Active Engagement – Interacting with the text by making connections, predicting
outcomes, and questioning ideas to enhance understanding and retention.
These general reading skills form the foundation for effective reading and can be applied to any
type of written material, whether fiction, non-fiction, academic, or professional texts
