Chapter 5

PROJECT
MANAGEMENT

1
Self check Exercise
 Define project cost management

 Explain project cost management processes

 Describe tools and techniques for cost estimate

 Explain about EVM

2
 What Is Project Quality Management?
 The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines
quality as the totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its
ability to satisfy stated or implied needs

 Other experts define quality based on

◦ Conformance to requirements: meeting written specifications
◦ Fitness for use: ensuring a product can be used as it was intended
 Project quality management ensures that the project will satisfy the
needs for which it was undertaken, stated needs/requirements

3
 Project Quality Management Processes
1. Quality planning: identifying which quality standards are
relevant to the project and how to satisfy them

2. Quality assurance: evaluating overall project performance to

ensure the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards

3. Quality control: monitoring specific project results to ensure

that they comply with the relevant quality standards while
identifying ways to improve overall quality

4
 Quality and Grade
What is Quality and Grade?
► Grade is “a category or rank given to entities having the same functional
use but different requirements for quality”

► Low quality is always a problem; low grade may not be.

o Software product may be of high quality (no obvious bugs, good
manual) and low grade (a limited no. of features)
o Software product may be of low quality (many bugs, poorly organized
user documentation) and high grade (numerous features)
5
 Modern Quality Management
 Modern quality management concepts compléments
modern Project management.
 Both discipline recognize the importance of:
 requires customer satisfaction
 prefers prevention to inspection
 recognizes management responsibility for quality
6
 1. Quality Planning
► Involves identifying which quality standards are relevant to the
project and determining how to satisfy them.
► Implies the ability to anticipate situations and prepare actions to
bring about the desired outcome.
► Key part of the project planning process
► Important to prevent defects by:
▪ Selecting proper materials.
▪ Training and indoctrinating people in quality.
▪ Planning a process that ensures the appropriate outcome.

7
 Quality Planning cont…
 It is important to design in quality and communicate important factors
that directly contribute to meeting the customer’s requirements
 Design of experiments helps identify which variables have the most
influence on the overall outcome of a process
 All project stakeholders must work together to balance the quality,
scope, time, and cost dimensions of the project
 Project managers are ultimately responsible for quality management
on their projects
 Many scope aspects of software projects affect quality.

8
 Quality Planning cont…
 Important scope aspects of IT projects that affect quality include:
 Functionality: degree to which a system performs its intended function
 Features: system’s special characteristics that appeal to users
 System outputs: screens and reports the system generates
 Performance addresses: how well a product or service performs the
customer’s intended use
 Reliability: ability of a product or service to perform as expected under
normal conditions
 Maintainability: ease of performing maintenance on a product

9
 2. Quality Assurance
 Quality assurance includes all the activities related to
satisfying the relevant quality standards for a project
 Another goal of quality assurance is continuous quality
improvement
 Important inputs for performing quality assurance are the
quality management plan, process improvement plan,
quality metrics, quality control measurements, and
project documents.
10
 Quality Assurance cont…
 Benchmarking can be used to generate ideas for quality
improvements
 An important tool for quality assurance is a quality audit.
 Quality audits is a structured review of specific quality
management activities help identify lessons learned that
can improve performance on current or future projects

11
 3. Quality Control
 One of the main goals of quality control is to
improve quality
 The main outputs of quality control are
 Acceptance decisions
 Rework
 Process adjustments
 Some tools and techniques include
 Pareto analysis
 Quality control charts
 Testing
12
Pareto Analysis
Pareto analysis involves identifying the
vital few contributors that account for the
most quality problems in a system
Also called the 80-20 rule, meaning that
80% of problems are often due to 20% of
the causes
Pareto diagrams are histograms that help
identify and prioritize problem areas
13
Sample Pareto Diagram

14
 Quality Control Charts, Six Sigma,
and the Seven Run Rule
 A control chart is a graphic display of data that illustrates
the results of a process over time.
 It helps prevent defects and allows you to determine
whether a process is in control or out of control
 The seven run rule states that if seven data points in a
row are all below the mean, above the mean, or increasing
or decreasing, then the process needs to be examined for
non-random problems

15
Sample Quality Control Chart

16
 Reducing Defects with Six Sigma
 Organizations worldwide use Six Sigma principles to improve quality,
decrease costs, and better meet customer needs.

The Six Sigma Way authors, Peter Pande, Robert Neuman, and Roland
Cavanagh, define Six Sigma as:
 A comprehensive and flexible system for achieving, sustaining, and
maximizing business success.
 Six Sigma is uniquely driven by close understanding of customer needs,
disciplined use of facts, data, and statistical analysis, and diligent attention to
managing, improving, and reinventing/renewing business processes.
17
 Reducing Defects with Six Sigma
 Projects that use Six Sigma principles for quality control normally
follow a five phase improvement process called DMAIC.

 DMAIC is a systematic, closed-loop process for continued

improvement that is scientific and fact based.

 The core tool to the Six Sigma approach is the DMAIC roadmap
(phase of the DMAIC improvement process) which is a more
scientific method for project development
18
 Reducing Defects with Six Sigma
 Define: This step is used to figure out or define the problem/
opportunity, process, and customer requirements
 Measure: Measures are defined in terms of defects per opportunity,
measure degree of defect.
 Analyze: Examine process details to find improvement opportunities.
 Improve: Generate solutions and ideas for improving the problem.
 Control: Track and verify the stability of the improvements and the
predictability of the solution.

19
Reducing Defects with Six Sigma

20
Testing
 Many SW professionals think of testing as a
stage that comes near the end of SW product
development

 Testing should be done during almost every

phase of the SW product development life
cycle

21
Testing tasks in the
software development
life cycle

22
Types of Tests
 Unit testing is done to test each individual component
(often a program) to ensure it is as defect free as
possible
 Integration testing occurs between unit and system
testing to test functionally grouped components
 System testing tests the entire system as one entity
 User acceptance testing is an independent test
performed by the end user prior to accepting the
delivered system

23
Gantt Chart for Building Testing into a
Systems Development Project Plan

24
Improving Software Project Quality
Several suggestions for improving quality
for Software projects include:
 Leadership that promotes quality
 Understanding the cost of quality
 Focusing on organizational influences and
workplace factors that affect quality
 Following maturity models to improve quality

25
 Leadership
 It is most important that top management be quality-minded.

 A large percentage of quality problems are associated with

management, not technical issues
Top management must take responsibility for creating,
supporting, and promoting quality programs
Leadership provides an environment conducive or helpful to
producing quality

26
The Cost of Quality
The cost of quality is

 the cost of conformance or delivering products

that meet requirements and fitness for use

 the cost of nonconformance or taking

responsibility for failures or not meeting quality
expectations

27
Cost Categories Related to Quality
The Cost of Quality category codes are the
following:
1) Prevention Costs
2) Appraisal Costs
3) Internal Error Costs
4) External Error Costs
5) Measurement and test equipment costs

28
1. Prevention Costs
Prevention costs are investments made
ahead of time in an effort to ensure
conformance to requirements.
Examples include activities such as
orientation of team members, training, and
the development of project standards and
procedures.

29
2. Appraisal Costs
Appraisal costs are costs incurred to
identify defects after the fact.
Examples include activities such as walk-
throughs and testing.

30
3. Internal Error Costs
Internal error costs are the costs of
rework and repair before delivery to a
customer.
An example is fixing faults detected
during internal testing.

31
 4. External Error Costs
External error costs are the costs of rework
and repair after delivery to a customer.
One example would be rework and repair
resulting from acceptance testing.
Another example would be the actual costs
incurred during warranty support.

32
5. Measurement and Test Equipment Costs

Measurement and test equipment costs

include capital cost of equipment used
to perform prevention and appraisal
activities

33
 ISO 9000
 An international set of standards for quality management.
 Applicable to a range of organisations from
manufacturing to service industries.
 ISO 9001 applicable to organisations which design,
develop and maintain products.
 ISO 9001 is a generic model of the quality process that
must be instantiated for each organisation using the
standard.

34
ISO 9000 certification
Quality standards and procedures should be
documented in an organisational quality
manual.
An external body may certify that an
organisation’s quality manual conforms to
ISO 9000 standards.
Some customers require suppliers to be ISO
9000 certified although the need for
flexibility here is increasingly recognised.
35
Software quality attributes

Safety Understandability Portability

Security Testability Usability
Reliability Adaptability Reusability
Resilience Modularity Efficiency
Robustness Complexity Learnability

36
Many thanks

37