Mathematics
Grade 11 • Unit 7: The Central Limit Theorem
LESSON 7.1
Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean
(when the Variance is Known)
Table of Contents
Introduction 1
Test Your Prerequisite Skills 2
DepEd Competency 3
Objectives 3
Warm-Up! 3
Learn about It! 4
Let’s Practice 6
Check Your Understanding 11
Key Points 12
Bibliography 13
Mathematics
●
Grade 11 • Unit 7: The Central Limit Theorem
Lesson 7.1
Sampling Distribution of the Sample
Mean (when the Variance is Known)
Fig. 1. Conducting a Survey
Introduction
Research has played an important role in the improvement of civilization. A lot of essential
questions such as “what is the average life expectancy of a person?” and “what is the average
height of a person?” can be answered through the use of research.
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Grade 11 • Unit 7: The Central Limit Theorem
However, it is often difficult to conduct a survey among every member of the population,
especially when the population comprises the entire country. It is impractical and difficult to
conduct a survey among everyone in the country just to know their height. In such instances
that you need to conduct a research about a population with a lot of members, you can apply
statistics to make the process easier. This is the time when the study of the sampling
distribution of the sample mean comes in handy.
In this lesson, you will learn how to determine the sampling distribution of the sample mean
when the variance is known.
Test Your Prerequisite Skills
Before you get started, answer the following items on a separate sheet of paper. This will help
you assess your prior knowledge and practice some skills that you will need in studying this
lesson. Show your complete solution.
1. Solve for the following combinations.
a. 5 𝐶2
b. 8 𝐶3
c. 7 𝐶4
2. Solve for the mean of the following sets of numbers.
a. 19, 15, 13, 18, 19
b. 6, 7, 8, 4, 10, 2, 9, 1, 14, 5
c. 21, 25, 26, 28, 27, 29, 30, 35, 19, 31
d. 91, 84, 91, 74, 85
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Mathematics
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Grade 11 • Unit 7: The Central Limit Theorem
DepEd Competency
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to define the sampling distribution of
the sample mean for normal population when the variance is: (a) known
(M11/12SP-IIIe-1).
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to do the following:
● Correctly describe the sampling distribution of the sample mean.
● Accurately compute the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the
sampling distribution of the sample mean.
Warm-Up!
Getting Closer to the Mean!
Materials
● none
Instructions
1. This activity will be done in groups, then as a class.
2. Divide your class into four groups, with equal members per group.
3. For every member of the group, think of any integer from 1 to 5. Get the mean of
the numbers for each group.
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Mathematics
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Grade 11 • Unit 7: The Central Limit Theorem
a. The mean of the first group will be 𝑥̅1 .
b. The mean of the second group will be 𝑥̅2 .
c. The mean of the third group will be 𝑥̅3 .
d. The mean of the fourth group will be 𝑥̅4 .
4. Obtain the mean of the entire class. Name the mean as 𝜇.
5. Compare 𝜇 with 𝑥̅1 , 𝑥̅2 , 𝑥̅3 , and 𝑥̅4 . What can you observe?
Learn about It!
In gathering data, it is sometimes impractical to obtain data from every member of the
population. This is why you just get data from a representative of the population, which is a
sample. In Warm Up!, the entire class is considered a population and each group represents
a sample. You may have noticed that the mean of the population is different from the mean
of the sample. This variation makes it difficult to determine how far the sample mean 𝑥̅ is
from the population mean 𝜇.
The sample mean varies from sample to sample. These sample means can be written as a
distribution, which is called the sampling distribution of the sample mean.
Essential Questions
In what instances can you apply the sampling distribution of the sample
mean?
The sampling distribution of the sample mean shows all possible samples from the
population, along with their sample means. The sampling variability shows how the sample
mean varies from sample to sample. It makes it difficult to know how far a given sample mean
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Mathematics
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Grade 11 • Unit 7: The Central Limit Theorem
𝑥̅ is from the population mean 𝜇. However, there are several relationships that can be
observed between the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean,
and the mean and variance of the population.
If the population is normally distributed, then the sampling distribution of the sample mean
is also normal with mean 𝜇𝑋̅ equal to the population mean 𝜇.
𝜇𝑋̅ = 𝜇
Moreover, the variance 𝜎𝑋̅ 2 of the sampling distribution of the sample mean is equal to the
population variance 𝜎 2 divided by the sample size 𝑛.
𝜎2
𝜎𝑋̅ 2 =
𝑛
By taking the square root of the variance, you can obtain the standard deviation. Thus, the
standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean 𝜎𝑥̅ is the population
standard deviation 𝜎 divided by the square root of the sample size 𝑛.
𝜎
𝜎𝑋̅ =
√𝑛
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean, which is also called
the standard error, is used to measure the accuracy with which the sample represents the
population. The formula varies if the sample size is a significant fraction of the population
size. For this lesson, it is assumed that the sample size is not large enough compared to the
population size.
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Mathematics
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Grade 11 • Unit 7: The Central Limit Theorem
Essential Questions
What is the relationship between the mean and standard deviation of the
sampling distribution of the sample mean and the population mean and
standard deviation?
Let’s Practice
Example 1
A group of students took an aptitude test. The scores have a normal distribution. Its
population mean is 𝜇 = 90 with variance 𝜎 2 = 9. Determine the mean and standard deviation
of the sampling distribution of the sample mean of the scores with a sample size of 36.
Solution
Step 1: Determine the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean.
The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean is equal to the
population mean.
𝜇𝑋̅ = 𝜇
𝜇𝑋̅ = 90
Thus, the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean is 90.
Step 2: Determine the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample
mean.
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Mathematics
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Grade 11 • Unit 7: The Central Limit Theorem
Use the formula for the variance of a sampling distribution of the sample
mean of a normally distributed population. Then take its square root to get
the standard deviation.
𝜎2
𝜎𝑋2̅ =
𝑛
9
𝜎𝑋2̅ =
36
3
𝜎𝑋̅ =
6
1
𝜎𝑋̅ =
2
𝜎𝑋̅ = 0.5
Thus, the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean
is 0.5.
Try It Yourself!
The population mean of a normally distributed set of data is 150 and its variance is
15. Determine the mean and standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the
sample mean with a sample size of 24.
Example 2
The sampling distribution of the sample mean with sample size 𝑛 = 25 from a normally
distributed population has mean 𝜇𝑋̅ = 100 with standard deviation 𝜎𝑋̅ = 6. Determine the
population mean and population standard deviation.
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Mathematics
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Grade 11 • Unit 7: The Central Limit Theorem
Solution
Step 1: Determine the population mean 𝜇.
Since the given population is normally distributed, the mean of the sampling
distribution of the sample mean is equal to the population mean.
Thus, 𝝁 = 𝝁𝑿̅ = 𝟏𝟎𝟎.
Step 2: Determine the population standard deviation 𝜎.
𝜎
Since the given population is normally distributed, 𝜎𝑋̅ = .
√𝑛
𝜎
𝜎𝑋̅ =
√𝑛
𝜎
6=
√25
𝜎
6=
5
𝜎 = 30
Thus, the population standard deviation is 𝟑𝟎.
Try It Yourself!
The sampling distribution of the sample mean with sample size 𝑛 = 64 from a normally
distributed population has mean 𝜇𝑋̅ = 250 with standard deviation 𝜎𝑋̅ = 10. Determine the
population mean and population standard deviation.
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Mathematics
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Grade 11 • Unit 7: The Central Limit Theorem
Example 3
Given a normally distributed population with variance 𝜎 2 = 60, determine the sample size
such that the sampling distribution of the sample mean has a standard deviation 𝜎𝑋̅ = 2.
Solution
Step 1: Determine the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean.
The variance is the square of the standard deviation.
Thus, 𝜎𝑋̅ 2 = (𝜎𝑋̅ )2 = 22 = 4.
Step 2: Determine the sample size 𝑛.
Use the formula for the variance of a sampling distribution of the sample mean
of a normally distributed population.
𝜎2
𝜎𝑋̅ 2 =
𝑛
𝜎2
𝑛=
𝜎𝑋2̅
60
𝑛=
4
𝑛 = 15
Thus, the sampling distribution of the sample mean has a standard deviation
𝜎𝑋̅ = 2 if the sample size is 𝟏𝟓.
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Mathematics
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Grade 11 • Unit 7: The Central Limit Theorem
Try It Yourself!
Given a normally distributed population with variance 𝜎 2 = 90, determine the sample size
such that the sampling distribution of the sample mean has a standard deviation 𝜎𝑋̅ = 3.
Real-World Problems
Example 4
The grades of students in a certain university follow a normal distribution with mean 𝜇 = 2.51
and standard deviation 𝜎 = 1.00. Determine the mean and standard deviation of the sampling
distribution of the sample mean of the students’ grades with a sample size of 225.
Solution
Step 1: Determine the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean.
Since the grades are normally distributed, the mean of the sampling
distribution of the sample mean is equal to the population mean.
Thus, 𝝁𝑿̅ = 𝝁 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟏.
Step 2: Determine the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample
mean.
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Mathematics
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Grade 11 • Unit 7: The Central Limit Theorem
𝜎
Since the grades are normally distributed, 𝜎𝑋̅ = .
√𝑛
𝜎
𝜎𝑋̅ =
√𝑛
1
𝜎𝑋̅ =
√225
1
𝜎𝑋̅ = ≈ 0.07
15
Thus, the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean
of the students’ grades is approximately 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕.
Try It Yourself!
The heights of students in a certain school follow a
normal distribution with mean 𝜇 = 155 cm and
standard deviation 𝜎 = 10 cm. Determine the
mean and standard deviation of the sampling
distribution of the sample mean of the students’
grades with a sample size of 100.
Check Your Understanding
A. Solve the following.
1. Given a normally distributed set of data with 𝜇 = 32 and 𝜎 = 10, what is the
mean and standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean
with a sample size of 25?
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Mathematics
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Grade 11 • Unit 7: The Central Limit Theorem
2. Given a normally distributed set of data with 𝜇 = 50 and 𝜎 = 5, what is the mean
and standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean with a
sample size of 4?
3. Given a normally distributed set of data with 𝜇 = 60 and 𝜎 2 = 12, what is the
mean and standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean
with a sample size of 4?
B. Determine the population mean 𝜇 and population standard deviation 𝜎 given the
following information about the sampling distribution of the sample mean of a
normally distributed population.
1. 𝜇𝑋̅ = 105, 𝜎𝑋̅ = 10, 𝑛 = 90
2. 𝜇𝑋̅ = 1, 𝜎𝑋̅ = 0.1, 𝑛 = 4
3. 𝜇𝑋̅ = 20, 𝜎𝑋̅ = 2, 𝑛 = 50
C. Given a normally distributed population with standard deviation 𝜎 = 135, determine
the sample size such that the sampling distribution of the sample mean has a
standard deviation 𝜎𝑋̅ = 9.
Key Points
• The sampling distribution of the sample mean is the probability distribution of the
sample mean from all possible samples of a population.
• If a population is normally distributed, then the mean of the sampling distribution of
the sample mean is equal to the population mean.
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Mathematics
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Grade 11 • Unit 7: The Central Limit Theorem
• The variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean, also called the
sampling variability, shows how the sample mean varies from sample to sample.
• The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean, also
called the standard error, is used to measure the accuracy with which the sample
represents the population.
Bibliography
Batanero, Carmen and Manfred Borovcnik. Statistics and Probability in High School. USA:
Springer, 2016.
Khan, Salman. “Central Limit Theorem.” Khan Academy. Retrieved 27 July 2019 from
https://bit.ly/2YzqSgQ
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