Paper 1 Reading and Use of English (1 hour 30 minutes) cs For questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A,B, C or D) best fis each gap. There isan exemple at the beginning (0). Example: 0 A opening B release © outbreak D delivery oA BSD HYPE | Several weeks before the (0)... of @ new film, oF the (1)... of a new product, the marketing magicians G0 into overdrive. They whet the appetites of potential consumers with an advertising (2)... that convinces the target market that what they are promoting is a must see, have or do entity. This is accomplished By using | hype, which despite having negative ()......., mast invariably succeeds in boosting sales. Given that hype is (4) known to involve both exaggeration and falsification, itis rather interesting that people are so readily hoodwinked by the marketing strategists’ representations. Itis as if they want to believe the illusion will somehow create a peak of happiness to revive their fla-lining emotions. Whether that joy is real or imaginary is of little (5)... since the stimulation that occurs in the brain i, to al intents and (6) wu.» the same. So, itis not merely a case of hype footing the consumer time and (7)... » but one in which it signposts a way to escape the drudgery of daily routine, As such, hype guides consumers to a product that may (8) their needs and consumer behaviour gives credence to the existence of hype. Itis a symbiotic relationship, 1A exposure B launch publicity D entry 2 A procedure B_ operation © campaign D. scheme 3 A connotations B_ meanings interpretations nuances 4 A fully B widely € totally D largely 5 A. consequence B influence © difference D_ association 6 A reasons B causes explanations D_ purposes 7 A over B. beyond © again D away 8 A achieve B fulfil € complete D attainPaper 1 Reading and Use of English For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers in CAPITAL LETTERS. Example: [O]1|T joreteie y etee Py b - 0) vrei us Is widely accepted that (9) two individuals process sensory stimuli in exactly ‘the same way. However, seeing musical melodies in colour, or tasting caramel when someone mentions the name Richard (10) ‘our processing of such stimuli to a whole new level. (11) this sounds odd, it might be exactly what happens when the recipient of the stimulus is a synesthete, a person whose processing of sound, for example, is not confined (12) hearing it alone. In an effort to gain an understanding of (13) the condition of synesthesia arises, scientists have performed brain scans on synesthetes listening to music. They discovered that their subjects’ brain activity was quite different from (14) .....menn Of the vast majority. There was significantly more activity in a synesthete’s brain during sensory stimulation, (15) raises an important question. Does a synesthete’s brain allow (16) .n.n.n..mne an enhanced perception of the world, or is it simply perceiving something that exists only in the mind? i c «Paper 1 Reading and Use of English For questions 17-24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers in CAPITAL LETTERS. Example ojotRy [afi [nfajelely Bayesian mathematics (0) .ORIGINALLY. . derived as a formula to refine beliefs in the eighteenth ORIGIN century, Bayers’ rule has finally achieved (17) among ACCEPT mathematical communities worldwide. However, its course from the time of its derivation to the present day has been far from plain sailing, even after it underwent (18) .. su by the French mathematician, MODIFY Laplace, in the late 1700s to make it suitable for scientific applications. This is because the theorem has been criticised by (19)... as being STATISTICS subjective. Consequently, until fairly recently those who have used it have done $0 (20) enn and have had their work questioned. CONTROVERSY Nowadays, there is no such doubt about Bayesian maths, which has been hailed by mathematicians as bringing (21)... vw to otherwise CLEAR (22) csounnu data, particularly in cases where information is scarce MEAN and there is a high degree of (23) . ssn in the outcome. Indeed, CERTAIN its (2a) and flexibility have become so widely recognised USE that its applications include sorting spam from email, decoding DNA and updating data for robotic cars. TEST 3 46Paper 1 Reading and Use of English For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the ‘word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. Here is an example (0). Example: Ho wil only be included in the toam ithe passes a fines test. subject His inclusion in the team : a fmess test [0] is subject to his passing 25. There is no doubt that Lucy will agree with the president's point of view. saying It ssummnantnineinuinmnanninaseninnennancn if with the president's point of view. 25. It was only his full cooperation that led to the burglars’ arrest. would Had he not w» arrested. 27 The town council have decided not to delay building a wall round the park. ahead The town council have made .... .. the building of a wall round the park. 28 The manager said nothing about salaries being reduced during his speech. mention During his speech, the manager made in salaries. 29. You can't give her orders! right You . vou her What to do! 30. It was far from obvious why they began to argue fiercely. apparent There was begin arguing fiercely 4aTEST3 Paper 1 Reading and Use of English You are going to read an extract from a mountaineer's account of climbing Annapurna in the Himalayas. For questions 31-86, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text On May 23, 1950, four of us slept in a tiny camp, completely lost in the snow and ice, and deafened by the roar of avalanches at 19,350 feet on Annapurna, We were in Camp Il, which was the second in a series of supply camps we were setting up to launch our final attack on the great mountain When we woke at nine o'clock the next morning, it was already very hot in spite of the great height and the tents were suffused with golden light. Stil, it was hard work to get our frozen boots on as they were just like blocks of wood. | poked my head out of my tent to witness a clear blue sky and magnificent views worthy of any picture postcard. A wonderful chain of peaks and ridges encircled us at a height of 23,000 feet, while immediately above us there was an enormous ice face, bristling with ice towers, or seracs, seamed with crevasses that sparkled in the sun. Far above, so high that | had to tilt my head backwards to see it, was Annapurna’s resplendent summit. It was such a dazzling and menacing world that my eyes became lost in its immensity. | inspected the next section we had to attack with a degree of anxiety. It was so disproportionate, on such a different scale from that of our puny resources. While planning our next move, I had to take into ‘account the rather sketchy equipment at our disposal {and allow for the time factor as the dreaded monsoon from India was forecast to arrive on June 5, giving Us only ten days to establish the rest of our supply ‘camps, reach the summit and return. The four of us, Louis Lachenal, Gaston Rebuffat, Marcel Schatz and |. roped up as fast as possible. When we put our feet in the snow, they were numbed by the cold, but the air was so warm that we were soon forced to take | off our eidercown jackets. The gigantic wall of snow | and ice above us seemed to tower higher and higher as we pushed forward and to our left a ridge of bare ice caused us to marvel at its transparent blueness. im ATTACK ON ANNAPURN We had been moving for about an hour when we reached the foot of the great central couloir (a deep, wide channel worn by falling rock) running towards the summit. It wasaspot fraught with dangerasevery block of ice, snow or rock that fell from the upper slopes would inevitably hurtle down this funnel, But what worried me more was what lay beyond, where thousands of tonnes of a titanic flood appeared to be frozen in indescribable confusion. The nearer we got to this wall, the steeper it seemed to become, Seracs crashed down it with hideous din, and the rumbling of avalanches kept us all on edge. For a moment there was no snow or ice coming down the couloir, but for some minutes while we crossed it, we would be exposed. Lachenal went first and, in turn, each of us followed in his tracks under the watchful eyes of the others. Fortunately, we all reached the other side safely. Although we were out of breath, we dared not stop as the slope had become so steep that the snow no longer held firm. The first party rapidly cut some tiny steps barely large enough for our crampons. The ice was smooth and compact like glass, and split off with a sharp noise beneath the axe. The chips broke off cleanly, went flying down into space and disappeared before causing tiny avalanches. We continued to move over to the right under the seracs, and a rickety snow-bridge brought us to a platform where we were at last able to take a breather. At our feet lay the plateau where we had set up Camp II: we only managed to spot the microscopic tents by following the tracks of our ascent. Higher up, the next part of the route did not inspire encouragement, as just one hundred and fifty feet above our heads, ‘the way was barred by a huge vertical wall of ice. We could not see a way round it, either to the left or to the right. If we were unable to find a quick way past |. | this barrier. 76Paper 1 Reading and Use of English Schatz and | went on the attack. We sank into the snow my foot out above the snow. Then | planted my ice-axe Up to our waists and the ice beneath it made us slide as high up as | could before pulling on it to free the other down the steep slope. Iseized hold of one foot with both foot. | slipped and came back to my original position. My hands and using my other knee as a fulcrum, | brought heart thumped and I felt weak as | gasped for ar. 31 At Camp Il, the writer Ahad to do some repairs to his footwear. B suddenly realised how sheer the mountain face was. was in awe of his surroundings. D__ took the opportunity to photograph the views. 32 When the climbers left Camp Il, they ‘A believed their climbing gear would fail. B feared it would be their last climb. C set off with a sense of urgency. D had reservations about the quality of the ice. 33 In order to cross the central couloir, the climbers ‘Ahad to create a narrow path they could follow. B stayed as far away from the ledge as possible. € needed to focus on one spot to avoid becoming dizzy. D were forced to take a calculated risk. After the climbers had crossed the snow bridge, they were A. able to gauge their progress. B bombarded by chunks of ice. C tempted to call off the climb, D_ relieved they could rest properly on the platform How could the unfinished sentence (line 76) best be completed? Awe would have to send for superior equipment. B our supplies would run out prior to our return. we would not reach the summit and get back before the storm hit. D__we might be struck by falling rock or ice. In this extract, what appeared to make the climbers most nervous? threatening noises altitude sickness slippery slopes the depth of the snow onepPaper 1 Reading and Use of English You are going to read an extract from an article. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one that fits each gap (37-43). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. On thin ice TE cee SCEPC Few animals cause as much controversy among conservationists, scientists and politicians as the polar bear. Is it doomed or doing well? James Farr reports. eS Ee It is September 2064 and a pilot of the Arctic Bear Protection Squad (ABPS) is preparing for a flight, Loaded ‘onto his helicopter is 12,000 kg of bear chow, which he's transporting from Iqualit to the wild east coast of Baffin Island, There it will be dumped to feed an estimated 100 polar bears that became stranded seven months earlier when the sea-ice broke up and are now beginning to starve, Its Norwegian name - isbjorn, or ice bear ~ is much more appropriate as this species relies mainly on ice to find its prey. Seals are its main targets, and they are caught in variety of ways: waiting by their breathing holes; stalking them across ice and swimming up to them on ice floes. ‘Think of the polar bear in these terms and everything else makes sense. 37 (at ] ‘Some people will probably respond to this hypothetical scenario with alarm ~ is it really possible that, in 50 years time, the largest carnivore on Earth will be able to su only with human intervention? Others may consider it ‘optimistic - we'll be lucky if there are any meaningful populations of polar bears left in the wild in five decades. a By the early 1970s, the polar bear population worldwide had probably fallen to 10,000 to 15,000 animals, a situation sufficiently alarming to warrant action from the range countries: Canada, Denmark, Norway, the USA and the USSR, The international treaty they all signed up to regulated hunting to such a degree that four decades later, the population has swelled by around $0 per cent. “The authorities aren't ready for what happens when 100 bears in poor condition show up on their coastlines,” he says. ‘What are they going to do? Feed them’ Take other ‘action? Or will they just do nothing?’ There is even a suggestion that ‘controlled reduction’ of the population, or taking individuals into a 200 could be the most humane ‘ways of dealing with the problem. a _ ‘Some of the best areas for sea-ice in the High Aretic are likely to hold considerable reserves of natural gas,’ York says. “We are trying to get in early and make sure that ‘management regimes are in place that allow development but avoid degrading the environment for ice-dependent species.’ WWE also wants to fill in data gaps so that there is a more comprehensive picture of where polar bears live and in what numbers. = a2] Climate science is, of course, disputed by some politicians, ‘campaigners and a small number of scientists, many of ‘whom jump on figures that suggest polar bear numbers are relatively healthy. One US website has declared that the fact that there are more polar bears around today than there were forty years ago is an inconvenient truth, Similarly, the author Zac Unger wrote in a magazine article: “Having assumed that polar bears were one missed meal away from extinction, I was surprised to find that worldwide population numbers were confusing and controversial a3] ‘The consensus appears to be that the impacts of climate change are starting to affect certain populations adversely. ‘Take one of the best-studied populations of all, in West Hudson Bay. A frequently quoted statistic is that numbers here dropped by 22 per cent between 1987 and 2004, from about 1200 to 935 individuals.eu Reading and Use of English Paper 1 TEST A Remember, too, that polar bears have been a huge conservation success story of the past four decades. During much of the twentieth century, commercial and sport hunting grew to unsustainable levels; by the 1950s, trophy hunters were tracking down bears in small planes off ‘Alaska or shooting them from boats in Svalbard. Bn the meantime, WWF has begun a campaign called Arctic Home to raise awareness of the threat of climate change to polar bears and undertake research, One key step includes identifying the areas where it is believed that sea-ice will persist for the greatest length of time, and to ensure that exploitation of natural resources does not make them uninhabitable, C__ But this statement is either disingenuous or naive. No polar bear scientist has predicted the species" demise within even the next 50 or 60 years, and most would concur that a diminishing number of bears will make it to the end of this century. D In many ways, the polar bear is a misnomer. It is found as far south as James Bay, the southernmost finger of Hudson Bay, which is at the same latitude as London and well outside the Arctic Circle. And last year, a bear was spotted at Greenspond on the east coast of Newfoundland - the same latitude as Paris, E Ultimately, this idea is flawed. First, as these improved conditions migrate north, they will eventually reach the Arctic Basin, Here the deep seas are not as productive as the shallow continental shelf, and this will cancel out the benefit of higher temperatures and seal numbers. Second, if temperatures continue to rise, bears will be unable to move any further north F Whatever the view, the problem can no longer be ignored. Recently, experts have said that feeding polar bears may be necessary in the future. In the journal Conservation Letters, the world's top polar bear scientists set out what the authorities could do if bears begin to starve. Geoff York, of WWF's Global Arctic Programme, explains that they have spoken out because the bears’ range countries have no contingency plans. G Nevertheless, the species’ dependence on sea-ice makes its conservation a political hot potato. It is the poster child of campaigns to raise awareness. about the detrimental impacts of global warming, because many of its most evident effects are being observed in the species’ Arctic home. H_ Other aviators are embarking on similar missions. This coordinated response, drawn up by the last two remaining polar bear range countries of Canada and Greenland, is now a well-drilled routine. The idea of ‘supplementary feeding’ is to help the world’s remaining 2,500 or so polar bears manage the increasingly long ice-free periods until they can access their favourite food again, mainly harp seals these days, from the platform of the floating ice. €1sa1