Youtube/OBC Academy

II PUC STATISTICS
ONE MARK TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

1. State merits and demerits of moving average method.

Ans. Merits: a)it is simple to understand.
b)it is more flexible than any other methods.
Demerits: a) no trend values in the beginning and in the end.
b) choice of period of moving average is difficult.

2. Define Interpolation and extrapolation.

Ans. Interpolation is the technique of estimating the value of the depending variable
(y)for any intermediate value of the independent variable(x)
Extrapolation is the technique of estimating the value of the depending variable (y)
for any value of the independent variable(x) which is outside the range of the given
series.

3. What is discrete probability distribution and continuous probability distribution?

y
Ans: The probability distribution of a discrete random variable is known as discrete

m
de
probability distribution.
The probability distribution of a continuous random variable is known as continuous
probability distribution.

c a
4. Define Bernoulli distribution.
C A
B
Ans: A random variable X is said to follow Bernoulli distribution if its p.m.f is given by
P(x)=px q1-x ,x=0,1.
/ O
t u be
5. Define Binomial distribution.

u
Ans: A random variable X is said to follow Bernoulli distribution if its p.m.f is given by

Yo
p(x)=ncx px qn-x ,x=0,1,….n.

6. Define Poisson distribution.

Ans: A random variable X is said to follow Poisson distribution if its p.m.f is given by

7. Define Hyper Geometric Distribution.

Ans: A random variable X is said to follow Hyper Geometric distribution if its p.m.f is
given by

8. Define Normal distribution.

Ans: A random variable X is said to follow Normal distribution if its p.d.f is given by

9. Mention the features of Bernoulli distribution.

Ans: a) the parameter is ‘p’
b) mean=p and variance=pq.
c) mean is greater than variance

10. Mention the features of Bernoulli distribution.

Ans: a) the parameters are ‘n’ and ‘p’.

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

b) mean=np and variance=npq.

c) mean is greater than variance.

11. Mention the features of Poisson distribution.

Ans: a) the parameter is λ.
b) mean= λ. and variance= λ.
c) mean and variance are equal.

12. Mention the features of normal distribution.

Ans: a) the normal curve is bell shaped.
b) mean=median=mode=µ.
c) the distribution is mesokurtic.
d) Q.D=2σ/3 M.D=4σ/5
e) the total area under the curve is one.
f) the normal distribution has only one mode.

13. Mention the features of Hyper Geometric Distribution.

Ans: a) the parameters are a,b and n.

m y
de
b) mean = na/(a+b) variance=nab(a+b-n)/(a+b)2 (a+b-1).

14. Mention the features of chi square distribution.

c a
A
Ans:a) the parameter is n.

C
b) mean=n variance=2n.

B
c) mode=n-2, n>2.

/ O
be
15. Mention the features of t distribution.

t u
Ans: a).variance=n/n-2, n>2.

u
b) it is symmetrical i.e mean=median=mode=0.

Yo
c) the distribution is leptokurtic.

16. Define population.

Ans: The total of all the units under study is called population.

17. Define parameter.

Ans: A statistical constant of the population is called parameter.

18. Define statistic.

Ans: A function of the sample values is called statistic.

19. Define sampling distribution.

Ans: The distribution of the values of a statistic for different samples of same size is
called sampling distribution.

20. Define standard error.

Ans: the standard deviation of the sampling distribution is known as standard error.

21. Mention two branches of statistical inference.

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

Ans: a)estimation b)testing of hypothesis.

22. What is estimation?

Ans: Method of obtaining the most likely value of the population using statistic is called
estimation.

23. Define estimator.

Ans: Any statistic which is used to estimate an unknown parameter is called an estimator.

24. What is an estimate?

Ans: An estimate is the most likely value of the unknown parameter.

25. Differentiate between point estimation and interval estimation.

Ans:
Point estimation interval estimation
A single value is an interval is proposed
proposed as an as an estimate of
estimate of the the unknown parameter.

m y
de
unknown
parameter
Eg :Mean marks Eg:The mean marks of 60 of
c a
A
of 60 students is students lies between (60-70)

C
70.

/
26. Define confidence interval.
O B
be
Ans: an interval which is proposed to contain the unknown parameter is called

t u
confidence interval

u
Yo
27. Define confidence coefficient.
Ans: The probability that the confidence interval contains the unknown parameter is
called confidence coefficient.

28. Define confidence limits.

Ans: The boundary values of confidence interval are confidence limits.

29. Define statistical hypothesis.

Ans: a statistical hypothesis is a statement regarding the parameters of the population.

30. Differentiate between null and alternative hypothesis.

Ans:
Null hypothesis Alternative hypothesis
it is the hypothesis which is being it is the hypothesis which is
tested for a possible rejection under accepted when null hypothesis
the assumption that it is true. is rejected
It is denoted by H0 It is denoted by H1

31. Differentiate between type I error and type II error.

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

Type I error Type II error

The error that occurs by The error that occurs by
rejecting the null hypothesis accepting the null hypothesis
when it is actually true when it .is actually not true
It is also known as first kind error It is also known as second kind error.

32. Define level of significance.

Ans: maximize size of the test is called level of significance.

33. What is size of the test?

Ans: the probability of rejecting H0, when it is true is called size of the test.

34. What is power of the test?

Ans: the probability of rejecting the H0, when it is not true is called power of a test.

35. What is critical region and accepting region.

y
Ans: critical region is the set of those values of the test statistic , which leads to the

m
de
rejection of null hypothesis.

a
Accepting region is the set of those values of the test statistic, which leads to the

c
acceptance of the null hypothesis.

C
36. Define statistical quality control. A
/ O B
Ans: It is the method of collecting the quality of the products using statistical techniques.

be
37. What is acceptance sampling or product control?

t u
Ans: The manufactured lot will be accepted after inspection and confirmation of the

u
quality standards. Two types are a)single sampling plan b)double sampling plan.

Ans:Yo
38. Differentiate between chance causes and assignable causes.

Chance causes Assignable causes

Variation for which no specific Variation for which causes can be
Cause can be attributed is called Precisely identified
Chance causes. is called assignable causes.
This cannot be eliminated This can be eliminated

39. What is variable and attribute?

Ans: A measurable quality characteristic which varies from unit to unit is called a
variable.
A qualitative characteristic which cannot be measured and can only be identified by
its presence or absence is called an attribute.

40. Differentiate between defect and defective.

Ans:

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

defects defectives
It is a quality characteristics which An item having one or more defects
Does not conform to specifications. Is a defective item.
Misprint or damage in weaving of a Cloth having one or more defects is
Cloth is a defect Called defectives.

41. What is SSP and DSP?

Ans: In a single sampling plan , the decision about accepting or rejecting the lot is based
on one sample only.
In a double sampling plan the decision about accepting or rejecting the lot is based
on two samples.

42. Define feasible solution.

Ans: Any solution to a general LPP which satisfies the non negativity restrictions is
called a feasible solution to the LPP.

43. What is unbounded solution?

y
Ans: In case of maximization problem, when the LPP doe not posses a finite optimum

m
de
that is value of z can be increased indefinitely then the LPP is said to have

a
unbounded solution.

44. What is no solution?

A c
C
Ans: when an LPP has no feasible region, it is said to have no solution.

/ O B
45. What is multiple optimal solution?

be
Ans: When there exists more than one feasible solution having the same optimal value for

t u
the objective function then the LPP is said to have multiple or alternative optimal

u
solution.

Yo
46. Define degenerate and non degenerate solution.
Ans: When the number of positive allocations in any basic feasible solution is less than
(m+n-1), then the solution is said to be a degenerate solution.When the number of
positive allocations in any basic feasible solution is equal to (m+n-1), then the
solution is said to be a non degenerate solution.

47. When is a transportation problem said to be balanced?

Ans : when the sum of supply is equal to the sum of the requirements, then the
transportation problem is said to be balanced.

48. State the properties of competitive .

Ans: a) There are finite number of competitors called players .
b) Each player has a finite number of courses of action .
c) A game is said to be played when each player chooses one of his courses of action
available to him. These choices are assumed to be simultaneously.

49. Define n-person game and two person game.

Ans: A game with n participants is called n-person game.

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

A game involving two participants is called two person game.

50. Define strategy and mention its types.

Ans:The strategy of a player is the pre determined rule by which a player determines his
course of action. There are two types of strategy. a)pure strategy b)mixed strategy.

51. What is zero sum game and two person zero sum game?
Ans: A game in which sum of the payoffs of the players is zero is called zero sum game.
A game with two players in which the gain of one player is the loss of other player
is called two person zero sum game.

52. Define saddle point and a fair game.

Ans: The position in the payoff matrix where maximin coincides with minimax is called
saddle point.
A game is said to be a fair game if the value of the game is zero.

53. What is value of the game?

Ans: The value at the saddle point is called the value of the game.

m y
de
54. what is replacement theory? State the need of replacement theory.

c a
Ans: Replacement theory deals with the problem of deciding the age at which an item

A
which deteriorates with time has to be replaced by a new one.The need for

C
replacement are 1) the item that has become inefficient with time. 2) it requires more

B
maintenance cost. 3) Some items suddenly fails 4) A better or a more efficient
design
/ O
t u
55. What is inventory?
be
u
Ans: Inventory is the physical stock of goods for future use.

Yo
56. Define stock replenishment and lead time?
Ans. The quantity of goods acquired in one replenishment in order to maintain a certain
level of inventory is known as stock replenishment.
The time gap between placing of order and arrival of goods at the inventory is the
lead time.

57. Define the two variables of Inventory problem?

Ans: The variables of Inventory problem are
1) Controlled Variable- the variables that may be controlled like frequency of
replenishment, quantity of goods required etc are known as controlled variables.
2) Uncontrolled variables – the variables that may not be controlled in an inventory
problem like demand, lead time is known as Uncontrolled Variables.

58. What is vital statistics?

Ans: Vital statistics are the numerical records , analysis and interpretation of numerical data
of vital events such as birth,death etc.

59. Explain the methods of obtaining vital statistics.

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

Ans: Different methods of obtaining vital statistics are

a) registration method-here vital events such as births, deaths etc are continuously
recorded. The government etc authorities like gram panchayats, municipalities etc
record the data of vital events. This method is successful when registration becomes
compulsory.
b) census enumeration method-in most of the countries census enumeration is conducted
once in ten years. Here data is collected regarding religion, educational status etc.
information is obtained only for census year.

60. State the formula to measure the population at time t.

Ans: Pt = P0 +(B-D) +(I-E).

61. State the uses of vital statistics.

Ans: a)They are useful in medical research.
b)They are essential in demographic research.

62. Define fertility and fecundity.

y
Ans: Fertility refers to the births occurring to women of child bearing age(15-49 years).

m
de
Fecundity refers to the capacity of a woman to bear children.

63. Define Mortality.

c a
A
Ans: Mortality refers to deaths occurring in the population due to sickness, accident etc.

B
64. What is Infant mortality rate?
C
/ O
Ans: Infant mortality rate is defined as average number of infant deaths per thousand live

be
births in a year.or children die before they attain age of one year.

u t u
65. What is Neo natal mortality rate?

Yo
Ans:Neo natal mortality rate is defined average number of neo natal deaths (death before the
child attains 1 month of age)per 1000 live births in a year.

66. What is maternal mortality rate?

Ans: Maternal mortality rate is defined as average number of deaths among mother due to
child birth per 1000 births in a year.

67. Define Cohort.

Ans:Cohort is a group of individuals who are born at the same time & who experience the
same mortality conditions.

68. What is Radix?

Ans:Radix is the size of the cohort(Generally 100000).

69. What is longevity?

Ans:Longevity is the expected number of years that a new born baby would live.

70. Define Index Number.

Ans:Index number are statistical devices designed to measure the relative changes in the

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

level of a phenomenon with repect to time,income etc.

71. Index number act as economic barometer.

Ans: Index numbers measures the pulse of the economy and act as a barometer to find the
variations economic condition of the country. Hence index number acts as a economic
barometer.

72. What is price relative?

Ans: Price relative is the price of the current year expressed as the percentage of the price in
the base year. P = (p1/p0)*100.

73. What is quantity relative?

Ans: Quantity relative is the quantity of the current year expressed as the percentage of the
quantity in the base year. Q=(q1/q0)*100.

74. What is value relative?

Ans: Value relative is the value of the current year expressed as the percentage of the value
in the base year. P=(v1/v0)*100.

m y
de
75. State the characteristics of index number.
Ans:a) Index numbers are specialized type of averages.

c a
A
c) it facilitates comparison.

BC
76. Mention the uses of index number.

/ O
Ans: a) index numbers are used in studying trend and tendencies.

be
b) it simplifies the data and hence facilitates comparison.

u t u
77. Mention the steps used in the construction of index number.

Yo
Ans: a) defining the purpose of the index number.
b) selection of the base period.
c) selection of commodities.
d) obtaining price quotations
e)choice of an average.
f) selection of weights.
g) selection of suitable formula.

78. Name the index number that satisfies TRT.

Ans: Marshall Edgeworth index number, Fisher’s index number and Kelly’s index number
satisfies TRT.

79. Name the index number that satisfies that FRT.

Ans: Fisher’s index number

80. What is consumer price index number?

Ans: CPI is the index number of the cost met by a specified class of consumers in buying a
‘basket of goods and services’.

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

81. What is time series?

Ans: The chronological arrangement of numerical data is called time series.
Note: a graphic representation of time series is called historigram.

82. Explain the components of time series.

Ans: The components of time series are
Secular trend- the general tendency of the time series data to increase or decrease or
Remain constant over a long period of time is called secular trend. ex - increase in the
price of gold in the past many years.
Seasonal variation- the regular , periodic and short term variations in a time series is
called seasonal variation. Usually the period of seasonal variation will be less than one
year . ex- umbrellas are sold more in rainy season.
Cyclical variation(business cycle)- the periodic up and down movements in economic
and usiness tme series is called cyclical variation. Its four stages are prosperity,
decline, depression and recovery.
Irregular variation(random or erratic variation)- it is the irregular movements of the
data over a period of time. These are sudden unexpected variations due to war, natural
calamities etc. ex- sudden increase in death rate in a locality due to tsunami.

m y
c a de
C A
/ O B
t u be
u
Yo

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

1.From the following data calculate TFR,GFR and ASFR.
Age(years) Women Population No.of births to women
15-19 84790 343
20-24 70010 14541
25-29 72660 16736
30-34 75920 12218
35-39 75100 756
40-44 71620 82
45-49 66660 45

y
Solution :
Age(years) Women Population No.of births to women ASFR

de m
ca
15-19 84790 343 4.5
20-24 70010
C A 14541 207.7
25-29 72660

/ O B 16736 230.33

be
30-34 75920 12218 160.93
35-39
u t u 75100 756 10.07

Yo
40-44
45-49
71620
66660
82
45
1.15
0.68
TOTAL 516760 44721 614.91

GFR =

= x 100 = 86.54

TFR = 5 X Σ ASFR = 5 X 614.91 3074.55 per thousand women.

2. Calculate Net Reproduction Rate from the following data.
Age Women Population Survival rate No of female
birth

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

15-19 4907 0.956 101

20-24 4817 0.947 431
25-29 4441 0.937 316
30-34 3911 0.929 161
35-39 3684 0.917 68
40-44 3371 0.905 26
45-49 2911 0.890 9

Solution :

m y
de
Age Women Population Survival rate No of female WSFR S X WSFR
Birth
c a
15-19 4907
C
0.956 101
A 20.6 19.69
20-24 4817

/ O B 0.947 431 89.5 84.76

be
25-29 4441 0.937 316 71.2 66.86
30-34 3911
u t u 0.929 161 41.2 38.27
35-39
40-44 Yo 3684
3371
0.917
0.905
68
26
18.4
7.7
16.87
6.97
45-49 2911 0.890 9 3.1 2.76
TOTAL 2842 236.18

NRR = i x

= 5 X 236.18
= 1180.9

NRR per women = 1.1809

Since the value is greater than 1 the population is increasing.

3. Calculate Gross Reproduction Rate from the following data.

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

Age Women Population No of female

Birth
15-19 54000 2371
20-24 52000 8935
25-29 49000 8414
30-34 46000 4072
35-39 41000 1846
40-44 36000 437
45-49 31000 184
Solution:
Age Women Population No of female WSFR

m y
de
Birth

ca
15-19 54000 2371 43.91
20-24 52000
C A 8935 171.83
25-29

/ O
49000
B 8414 171.71

be
30-34 46000 4072 88.52

u t u
35-39 41000 1846 45.02

Yo 40-44
45-49
36000
31000
437
184
12.14
5.94
TOTAL 309000 26259 539.07

GRR = i x
= 5 X 539.07 = 2695.35

GRR per women = = 2.695

Since this number is greater than 1 population is increasing.

4.Calculate cost of living index number using Family Budget method from the following
data.

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

Items Weight Price in Price in

Base year Current year
Food 10 150 225
House Rent 5 50 150
Clothing 2 30 60
Fuel 3 30 75
Others 5 50 75
Solution :
Items W = p0 q0 p0 p1 P=p1/p0X100 PW
Food 10 150 225 150 1500
House Rent 5 50 150 300 1500

m y
de
Clothing 2 30 60 200 400

ca
Fuel 3 30 75 250 750
Others 5
C A 50 75 150 750
Total

/
25
O B 4900

t u be
u
Yo
CPI = = = 196

5. Explain briefly the steps in the construction of consumer price index number.
Step 1 : Defining Scope and coverage
At the outset it is necessary to decide the class of consumers for which the index
number is required.The class may be that of bank employees,government
employees,merchants, farmers etc. In any case,the geographical coverage should
also be decided.That is the locality,city or town where the class dwells should be
mentioned. Any how the consumer in the class should have almost the same
pattern of consumption.
Step 2: Conducting Family Budget enquiry and selecting the weights
The next step is to conduct a sample survey of consumer families regarding their
budget on various items.The survey should cover a reasonably good number of
representative families.It shouls be conducted during a period of economic
stability.In the survey information commodities consumed by the families,their
quality, and the respective budget are collcted.The items included in the index
number are generally classified under the heads(i) Food (ii) clothing (iii) Fual and
lighting and (iv) others. Sufficiently large number of representative items are
included are included under each head.

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

Step 3 : Obtaining Price Quotations

The quotations of retail prices of different commodities are collected from local
market. The quotations are collected from different agencies and from different
places. Then they are averaged and these averages are made use in the
construction of index numbers. The price quotations of the current period and that
of the base period should be collected.
Step 4 : Computing the index number.
a) Aggregative expenditure method
CPI =

b) Family Budget Method

CPI =

6. Calculate 3 yearly and 5 yearly moving averages for the following data.
Year 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

m y
de
Profit 110 104 98 105 109 120 115 110 114 122 130 127

c a
Solution :
C A
Year Profit 3 yearly
/ O B Trend values 5 yearly Trend values

t u be
Moving sum Moving sum

u
Yo
1991 110 _______ _______ _______ _______
1992 104 312 312/3 = 104 _______ _______
1993 98 307 102.33 526 526/5 =105.2
1994 105 312 104 536 107.2
1995 109 334 111.33 547 109.4
1996 120 344 114.67 559 111.8
1997 115 345 115 568 113.6
1998 110 339 113 581 116.2
1999 114 346 115.33 591 118.2
2000 122 366 122 _______ _______
2001 130 379 126.33 _______ _______

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

2002 127 _______ _______ _______ _______

In 3 yearly moving trend: it is an oscillatory trend

In 5 yearly moving trend: it is upward trend.
7. Calculate 4 yearly moving average for the moving data.
Year 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Value 103 104 107 101 102 104 105 99 100
Solution:

m y
de
Year Value 4 yearly 2 yearly Trend
Moving
c a
moving (previous col/8)

C
sum sum
A
1998 103

/ O B
t u be
u
1999 104

Yo
415
2000 107 829 103.6
414
2001 101 828 103.5
414
2002 102 826 103.3
412
2003 104 822 102.8
410
2004 105 818 102.3
408

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

2005 99

2006 10

It is a downward trend.
8.The following are the figures of production (in thousand quintals ) of a sugar factory.
Year 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Production 77 81 88 94 94 96 98
(i) Fit a straight line trend to the data.
(ii) Estimate the production in the year 2006.

y
Solution:
Year y x x2 xy Trend values

de m
c a
(thousand quintals)
1992 77

C
-3 9 -231 78.87
A
1994 81

/ O B-2 4 -162 82.48

be
1996 88 -1 1 -88 86.09

u t u 1998 94 0 0 0 89.7

Yo
2000 94 1 1 94 93.31
2002 96 2 4 192 96.92
2004 98 3 9 296 100.53
Total 628 0 28 101 627.9 =628
Thus,

a= = = 89.7

b= = = 3.61

Thus the trend equation is y = 89.7 + 3.61 x

The value of x corresponding to the year 2006 is 4. Therefore the estimate of production
for the year 2006 is : y = 89.7 + 3.61 x 4 = 104.14 thousand quintals.
9. Team A has probability 2/3 of winning a game. If it plays 4 games,find the probability that

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

it wins (i) 2 games (ii) atleast one game.

Solution : Given n = 4 , p = 2/3 , q = 1-p = 1/3
(i) P ( team A wins 2 games) = P(X = 2 ) = nCx px q n-x
= 4C2 (2/3) 2 (1/3)2 = 0.2963
(ii) P( A wins atleast one game ) = P (X ≥ 1) = 1 – P(X=0)
= 1 – 4C0 (2/3)0 (1/3)4 = 1 – 0.0123
= 0.9877
10. On an average a typist makes 3 mistakes while typing one page. What is the probability
that a randomly observed page is free of mistakes? Among 200 pages, in how many pages
would you expect mistakes ?

y
Solution: Given λ = 3
P ( page is free of mistakes) = e- λ x λx / x ! = 0.0498

de m
c a
P( page has mistakes) = P(X ≥ 1 ) =1 – P( has no mistakes ) = 1 – 0.0498 =0.9502

A
Among 200 pages, the expected number of pages containing mistakes = 200 x 0.9502

C
/ O B = 190

be
11. Write down the properties of Normal Distribution.

u t u
1. The curve is bell shaped.

Yo
a. It is symmetrical
b. The mean , median and Mode are equal
2. The curve is asymptotic to the X axis. That is the curve touches the X axis at -∞ to +∞
3. The curve has points of inflexion at μ - σ and μ + σ
4. For the distribution a) Standard deviation = σ

b) Quartile deviation = σ

c) Mean deviation = σ

5. The distribution is mesokurtic.

6. The total area under the curve is unity.
7. The Quartiles are Q1 = μ – 0.6745 σ and Q3 = μ +0.6745 σ
12. There are 12 girls and 4 boys in a class.4Students are selected randomly for the award of

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

a prize.Find the probability that the selection does not have girls.
Solution :Given a = 12,b= 4,n=4
P( the selection does not have girls) = aCx x b C n-x
a+b C n
= 12 C 0 x 4C0
16C4
= 0.0005495
13. It is required to test the hypothesis that, on an average, Punjabis are taller than 180
cms.For this ,50 Punjabis are randomly selected and their heights are measured.If the
mean height is 181.1 cms and thestandard deviation is 3.3 cms,What is your conclusion ?

y
Solution : μ = 180 cms,n = 50, = 181.1 cms, s = 3.3 cms

H0 : Mean height of Punjabis = 180 cms

de m
H1 : Mean height of Punjabis is greater than 180 cms
c a
Test Statistic is

C A
Z =

/ O B
=
t
= 2.36
u be
u
Yo
Test is upper tailed
At 1% level of significance, the critical value is 2.33
Zcal 2.36 is less than greater than 2.33
H0 is rejected
Conclusion : On an average ,Punjabis are taller than 180 cms
14.A random sample of 1000 apples from an orchard has mean weight 187 gms and standard
deviation 8 gms.A random sample of 800 apples from another orchard has mean weight
188.4 gms and standard deviation 10 gms.Test the hypothesis that the mean weight of
apples of the two orchards are the same.
Solution: Given I orchard : n1 = 1000 ,

II orchard : n2 = 800 , = 188.4 , s2 = 10

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

H0 : Mean height of two orchards are equal

H1 : Mean height of two orchards are not equal s12 s22
Test Statistic is

Z= = 3.22

Test is two tailed

At 5 %level of significance table value = ( -1.96,+1.96)
Since Zcal = -3.22 is a value outside the interval (-1.96,1.96)
H0 is rejected
Conclusion : Mean weight of apples of two orchards are equal

y
15. The manufacturers of Brand R pens contend that the proportion of college students of

m
Bangalore who use Brand R pens is more than 0.3.In order to test this contention,40

de
college students were randomly picked and questioned in this regard.Among these 40

a
students, 10 were found to use BrandR pens.At 5% level of significance,test whether the
manufacturers’ contention is acceptable.
Solution : Given P = 0.3, n = 40 , p = 0.25
A c
BC
H0 : The proportion of users of Brand R pens is 0.3

O
H1 : The proportion of users of Brand R pens is not equal to 0.3
Z =

be/
u t u
Yo
=

- 0.69
Test is upper tailed
At 5 % i.o.s. table value = 1.645
Zcal = - 0.69 is less than 1.645, H0 is accepted
Conclusion : The proportion of Brand R pens is 0.3
16. From the following data , test whether the difference between the proportion in the two
samples is significant.
Size Proportion
Sample I 1000 0.02
Sample II 1200 0.01

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

Solution :

P= =

= 0.0146
H0 : The proportion of size of two samples are equal
H1 : The proportion of size of two samples are not equal

Z= =

= 1.9471
Test is two tailed
At 5 % table value = (-1.96,+1.96)
Zcal = 1.9471 lies within the interval (-1.96,+1.96)

m y
de
Ho is accepted
Conclusion : The proportion of size of two samples are equal
c a
C A
17. The cost of a scooter is Rs.36,000.Its resale value and maintenance cost at different age

/ O B
are given below.When the scooter has to be replaced?

be
Year of service 1 2 3 4 5 6

u t u
Maintenance cost 800 1300 1900 2700 3900 5400

Yo
Resale value 28000 22000 20000 18000 17000 16000

Solution : P = Rs 36,000

Year P Sn P - Sn Ci ΣCi (P-Sn)+ΣCi A(n)= (P-Sn)+ΣCi/n

1 36000 28000 8000 800 800 8800 8800
2 36000 22000 14000 1300 2100 16100 8050
3 36000 20000 16000 1900 4000 20000 6667
4 36000 18000 18000 2700 6700 24700 6175
5 36000 17000 19000 3900 10600 29600 5980 (min)
6 36000 16000 20000 5400 16000 36000 6000

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

Annual average cst is minimum for n = 5. The scooter should be replaced after using it
for 5 years.
18. Solve the following game using Dominance Principle.
B1 B2 B3 B4
A1 20 15 12 35
A2 25 14 8 10
A3 -5 4 11 0
Solution :A3 dominated A1 delete A3
B1 B2 B3 B4

y
A1 20 15 12 35
A2 25 14 8 10

de m
B2 dominates B3 ,delete B2

c a
B1 B3

C
B4
A
A2 20 12

/ O B 35

be
A3 25 8 10

u t u
B4 dominates B3 , delete B4

Yo
B1 B3
A2 20 12
A3 25 8
B1 dominates B3 , delete B1
B3
A2 12
A3 8
A3 dominates A2, delete A3
B3
A2 12
Solution: (i) The game has a saddle point

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

(ii) Optimum strategy for A is A2 and optimum strategy for B is B3

(iii) Value of the game is v = 12
(iv) Game is not fair since v ≠ 0
19. A firm has to supply 80 electric motors every week to customers.Production cost is
instantaneous and thesetup cost is Rs 280.For immediate delivery of motors to the
customers,the company maintains an inventory where the inventory carrying cost is Rs 15
per unit per year,suggest an inventory policy which is most economical.
Solution : R = demand = 80 units per week
= 80 x 52 = 4160 units per year
C1 = carrying cost = Rs 15 per year

y
C3 = set up cost = Rs 280

EOQ = = = 394 units

de m
c a
A
t0 = = = 0.0947 years = 4.93 weeks

n0 = = = 10.6 per year

BC
/ O
be
C(Q0) = = = Rs 5911.35

u t u
20.The population of a city in different census years are as below.Find by

Yo
interpolation/extrapolation the populations of the city in the years 1981 and 2021.
Census year 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Population 5 ? 12 19 27
Solution :

Census year 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021

Population 5 ? 12 19 27 ?
y0 y1 y2 y3 y4 y5
By Binomial Expansion Method 1
y4 -4y3+6y2-4y1+y0 = 0 1 1
27-4x19+6x12-4y1+5 = 0 1 2 1

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

4y1 = 28 1 3 3 1
y1 = 7 1 4 6 4 1
y5-4 y4 + 6y3-4y2+y1 =0 y4 y3 y2 y1 y0
y5-4x27+6x19-4x12+7=0
y5-35=0
y5=35
21.The annual premium rates for an insurance policy of Rs 1000/for person of different age
are below.Calculate the annual premium rate at age 23.
Age (years) 20 25 30 35 40
Premium(Rs) 23 26 30 35 42

y
Solution :
The difference table is as below.

de m
Age Premium ∆y ∆2y ∆3y ∆4y
c a
20 23

C A
/ O B 3

be
25 26 1

u t u 4 0

Yo
30 30 1 1
5 1
35 35 2
7
40 42

h= = = 0.6

y = y0 + h ∆y + ∆2 y + ∆3y + ∆4y

= 23+ 0.6 x 3 + + +

= 23+1.8-0.12-.0336
= Rs 24.65

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

22. For the following Transportation problem find the initial basic feasible solution by North
West corner rule.
A B C available
From I 50 30 220 10
II 90 45 170 30
III 270 200 50 40
Requirement 40 20 20
Solution ;
Total requirement = Total availability = 80
A B C Bj

y
I 10 30 220 10

50

de m
II 30 45 170
c
30
a
C
90
A
/ O B
III 270 20 20 40

be
200 50

u t u ai 40 20 20 80

Yo
Initial Basic Feasible solution is :xIA =10; xIIA = 30; xIIIB = 20 ; xIIIC = 20
Transportation cost = 10x50+30x90+20x200+20x50 = Rs 8200
m+n-1 = 3+3-1 =5
no of allocations = 4
The solution is non degenerate.
23. For the following Transportation problem find the initial basic feasible solution by Matrix

Minima Method.
Destination
A B C available
Source O1 10 9 8 8

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

O2 12 7 10 7
O3 11 9 7 9
O4 12 14 10 4
Required 10 10 8 28
Solution: Total availability = Total Requirement = 28
A B C Ai
O1 8 9 8 8
10
O2 2 5 10 7

12 7

y
O3 11 5 4 9

9 7

de m
O4 12 14 4 4
c a
C
10
A
/ O B
bj 10 10 8 28

be
Transportation cost = 8x10+2x12+5x7+5x9+4x7+4x10

u t u
= Rs 252

Yo
m+n-1 = 3+4-1 = 6
no of allocations = 6
solution is nondegenerate.
24. The standard deviation of weight of 18 new born babies is 0.32 kgs.Test at 1% level of
significance that standard deviation of weight of new born babies is less than 0.35 kgs.

Solution ;
H0 : Population standard deviation = 0.35 kgs
H1 : Population standard deviation is less than 0.35 kgs

Χ2 = ns2
σ2

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

= 18 x (0.32)2
(0.35)2
= 15.05
At 1 % i.o.s. table value = 6.41
Test is lower tailed

ᵪ2 = 15.05 is greater than 6.41

Ho is accepted
Conclusion : Population standard deviation = 0.35 kgs
25. There are two candidates A and B contesting an elevtion. A pre-election survey of 80 men
and 120 women gave the following results.
Voted for A Voted for B Total

m y
de
Men 27 53 80
Women 64 56
c a 120

C A
Apply chi-square test to see whether voting patteren is the same among men and
women.

/ O B
be
Solution : Ho : Voting pattern is the same among men and women.

t u
ᵪ2o=u
H1 : Voting pattern is not the same among men and women.

Y
2
N (ad – bc ) .

(a+b) (c+d) (a+c) ( b+d)

= 200 (27 x 56 – 53 x 64 )2
80 x 120 x 91 x 109
= 7.42
The degree of freedom is 1
At 5% l.o.s. critical value = 3.84
ᵪ2 = 7.42 > 3.84, H0 is rejected

Conclusion : Voting pattern is not the same among men and women.
26. There is a coaching class for CET.10 randomly selected students were given a test before
coaching and they also were given a test after coaching. The test scores are as follows.

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

Before coaching 35 39 47 53 27 19 36 46 8 17
After coaching 41 37 45 56 31 21 47 41 5 12
Can we conclude that the coaching is effective?
Solution :
x y d = x – y d2
35 41 -6 36
39 37 2 4
47 45 2 4
53 56 -3 9
27 31 -4 16
19 21 -2 4
36 47 -11 121

m y
de
46 41 5 25

c a
A
8 5 3 9

BC
17 12 5 25

/ O -9 253

d = = = -0.9

t u be
u
sd =
Yo = 4.95

H0: Marks before coaching = Marks after coaching

H1 : Marks before coaching < Marks after coaching

t= = -0.55

At 5 % l.o.s. table value = -1.83. Test is upper tailed

T = -0.55 is greater than -1.83
Ho is accepted
Solution:Coaching is not effective .
27. 70 accidents that have occurred in a state in a week are tabulated as follows.Test whether

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

accident occurs uniformly throughout the week.

Day Sun Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri Sat
Accidents 7 8 11 12 5 13 14
Solution : H0 : Accidents occur uniformly through out the year
H1 : Accidents occur uniformly through out the year
Under H0, Ei = 70/7 = 10
Oi Ei Oi - Ei (Oi –Ei)2 (Oi –Ei)2 / Ei
7 10 -3 9 0.9
8 10 -2 4 0.4
11 10 1 1 0.1

y
12 10 2 4 0.4
5 10 -5 25 2.5

de m
13 10 3 9 0.9
c a
14 10 4
C
16
A
1.6

/ O B 6.8

Χ2 =
t u
= 6.8
be
u
Yo
test is upper tailed. d.f. = 7- 1=6
At 5 % l.o.s. table value = 16.81

Χ2 = 6.8 is less than 3.84

H0 is accepted
Conclusion : Accidents occur uniformly throughout the year.
28. The management of a factory contends that the mean sound intensity is less than 120
decibels.23 random measurement have 117 decibels and standard deviation 8
decibels.Test at 1 % level of significance whether the contention of the management is
acceptable.
Solution : n = 23 μ = 120 cms, = 117, s = 8
H0 : Mean sound intensity = 120

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

H1 : Mean sound intensity is less than 120

Test Statistic is

t =

= = -1.76

Test is lower tailed

At 1% level of significance, the critical value is -2.51
t= 2.36 is less than greater than 2.33
H0 is accepted
Conclusion : Mean sound intensity = 120

y
29. In a textile mill,at regular intervals,cloth is inspected for knitting defects.Draw c chart and

m
de
analyze.
Sample number
c
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
a
C
Defects / square metre 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 4 3 1
A
/ O B
Solution : c = =

u
= 1.3

t be
u
Yo
The control limits for c – chart are
Control limit = c = 1.3

Lower control limit = c – 3 ⎷c = 1.3 – 3 x = -2.12 = 0

Upper control limit = c + 3 ⎷c = 1.3 + 3 x = 4.72

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

4.72 UCL

1.3 CL
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 LCL
Interpretation : All the points are within the control limits. And so the process in statistical
control.
30. A drilling machine is to set holes with a mean diameter of 15 mms and a standard
deviation of 0.2 mms. Find the control limits for mean and range, for a given sample of
size 5.
Solution : Standards are known : X = 15 and σ = 0.2 , n = 5
The control limits for X chart are:
Control limit = X = 15
m y
Lower control limit = X – A σ = 15 - 1.342 X 0.2 = 14.4316

c a de
A
Upper control limit = X + A σ = 15 + 1.342 X 0.2 = 15.2684
The control limits for R chart are :

BC
/ O
Control limit = d2 σ = 2.326 X 0.2 = 0.4652

u be
Lower control limit = D1 σ = 0.0.2 = 0

t
u
Yo
Upper control limit = D2 σ = 4.918 X 0.2 = 0.9836
TEN MARKS QUESTIONS
1.For the following data compute standardised death rates in two towns A and B. Which town is
healthier ?
Age group Town A Town B Standard
(in years) Population Deaths Population Deaths Population
0 – 10 4000 36 3000 30 2000
10 -25 12000 48 20000 100 3000
25 – 60 6000 60 4000 48 6000
60 and above 8000 152 3000 60 4000
Solution :
For Town A

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

Age group Town A ASDR Standard

(in years) Population Deaths [A] Population PA
[P]
0 – 10 4000 36 9 2000 18000
10 -25 12000 48 4 3000 12000
25 – 60 6000 60 10 6000 60000
60 and above 8000 152 19 4000 76000
15000 166000

SDR = = = 11 .06

m y
a de
For Town B
Age group Town B

A c
ASDR Standard
(in years)

BC
Population Deaths [B] Population PB

/ O [P]
0 – 10

t u be
3000 30 10 2000 20000

u
Yo
10 -25 20000 100 5 3000 15000
25 – 60 4000 48 12 6000 72000
60 and above 3000 60 20 4000 80000
15000 187000

SDR = = = 12.46

Comment : Town A is more healthier as death rate is low.

2.Compute Standardised death rate for the towns A and B by taking town A as the standard
population. Find which city is more healthy.
Age group Town A Town B
(years) Population Deaths Population Deaths
Below 5 35000 360 80000 1000

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

5 – 30 40000 400 100000 1040

Above 30 20000 280 16000 240
Solution :
Town A
Age group Town A ASDR PA
(years) Population Deaths A
Below 5 35000 360 10.2857 360000
5 – 30 40000 400 10 400000
Above 30 20000 280 14 280000
95000 1040000

m y
de
SDR = = = 10 .95

c a
A
For Town B
Age group

BC
Town B ASDR Standard PB

/ O
be
(years) Population Deaths A Population

u
[P]

u t
Yo
Below 5 80000 1000 12.5 35000 437500
5 – 30 100000 1040 10.4 40000 416000
Above 30 16000 240 15 20000 300000
95000 1153500

SDR = = = 12.14

Conclusion : Town A is more healthier.

3. From the following data calculate standardised deathrate and hence find out which Town is
healthier.(take Town B as standard)
Age group Town A Town B
(years) Population Death per 1000 Population Death per 1000

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

0-9 400 40 600 30

10-19 1500 4 1000 5
20-59 2400 10 3000 8
60 & above 700 30 400 50
Solution :
Here Deaths per 1000 means ASDR.
Age group Town A Town B
(years) P (St.popln) A=ASDR PA B = ASDR PB
0-9 600 40 24000 30 18000
10-19 1000 4 4000 5 5000
20-59 3000 10 30000 8

m y
24000

de
60 & above 400 30 12000 50 20000

ca
5000 70000 67000

C A
SDR (for town A) = =
/ O B
= 14

SDR (for town B) =

t u
=
be = 13.4

u
Yo
Town B is healthier.
4.Compute Laspeyre’s , Paasche’s,Marshall- Edgeworth, Dorbish – Bowley,and Fisher’s Index
numbers for 2000 from the following data.Show that Fisher’s index numbers satisfies TRT and
FRT.
Items 1995 2000
Price quantity Price Quantity
A 6 50 10 56
B 2 100 2 120
C 4 60 6 60
D 10 30 12 24
E 8 40 12 36
Solution :

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

Items p0 q0 p1 q1 p0q0 p1q0 p0q1 p1q1

A 6 50 10 56 300 500 336 560
B 2 100 2 120 200 200 240 240
C 4 60 6 60 240 360 240 360
D 10 30 12 24 300 360 240 288
E 8 40 12 36 320 480 288 432
Total 1360 1900 1344 1880
Laspeyers Price Index Number is

P01 = X 100 = X 100 = 139.71

Paasche’s Price Index Number is

m y
de
P01 = X 100 = X 100 = 139.88

Marshall Edge worth Price index number is

c a
P01 = x 100 =

C
x 100 = 139.79
A
Dorbish Bowley Price Index Number is
/ O B
P01 = =

t u be
= 139.795

u
Yo
Fisher’s Price index number is

P01 = = = 139.7949

Time reversal Test (TRT)

P01 X P10 = 1

L.H.S. = P01 x P10 = =

= R.H.S.

TRT is verified
Factor reversal Test (FRT)

P01 x Q01 =

L.H.S. = P01 x Q01 = = =

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

= = = = R.H.S.

FRT is verified.
5. Compute Laspeyre’s , Paasche’s,Marshall- Edgeworth, Dorbish – Bowley,and Fisher’s Index
numbers for 2000 from the following data.
Items Base Year Current Year
Price Expenditure Price Expenditure
A 50 100 60 180
B 40 120 40 200
C 100 100 120 12
D 20 80 25 100
Solution :

m y
de
Expenditure = price x quantity
Items p0 Expenditure= p0q0 p1
c a
Expenditure = p1q1 q0 q1 p0q1 p1q0
A 50 100
C
60 180
A 2 3 150 120
B 40 120

/ O B 40 200 3 5 200 120

be
C 100 100 120 12 1 1 100 120
D 20
u
80
t u 25 100 4 4 80 100
Total
Yo 400 600 530 460

Laspeyers Price Index Number is

P01 = X 100 = X 100 = 115

Paasche’s Price Index Number is

P01 = X 100 = X 100 = 113.21

MarshallEdge worth Price index number is

P01 = x 100 = x 100 = 113.97

Dorbish Bowley Price Index Number is

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

P01 = = = 114.105

Fisher’s Price index number is

P01 = = = 114.1

6. Compute Laspeyre’s , Paasche’s,Marshall- Edgeworth, Dorbish – Bowley,and Fisher’s

Quantity Index numbers for 2000 from the following data.
Items Price Quantity
Base year Current year Base year Current year
A 400 85 100 120
B 320 690 20 60
C 720 1600 10 10
D 720 2100 10 20

m y
de
Solution :
Items p0 p1 q0

A
q1 p0q0 p1q0
ca p0q1 p1q1

C
A 400 85 100 120 40000 85000 48000 102000
B 320 690

/ O B
20 60 640 13800 19200 41400

u be
C 720 1600 10 10 7200 16000 7200 16000

u t
Yo
D 720 2100 10 20 7200 21000 14400 42000
Total 60800 135800 88800 201400
Laspeyers quantity Index Number is

P01 = X 100 = X 100 = 146.05

Paasche’s quantity Index Number is

P01 = X 100 = X 100 = 148.31

MarshallEdgeworth quantity index number is

P01 = x 100 = x 100 = 147.61

Dorbish Bowley quantity Index Number is

P01 = = = 147.18

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

Fisher’s quantity index number is

P01 = = = 147.18

7. The sales of a company in lakhs of rupees for the year 2005 to 2011 are given below.Estimate
the sales figure for the year 2012 using an equation ofthe form y = a b x
Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Sales 32 47 65 92 132 190 275
Solution :

Year Sales x X2 Log y X log y

2005 32 -3 9 1.5051 -4.5153

y
2006 47 -2 4 1.6721 -3.3442
2007 65 -1 1 1.8129 -1.8129

de m
2008 92 0 0 1.9638

c a0
209 132

C
1 1 2.1206
A 2.1206
2010 190

/ O B 2 4 2.2788 4.5576

be
2011 275 3 9 2.4398 7.3119

u t u 0 28 13.7926 4.3237

Yo
If Σ x = 0,

Log a = =

a = antilog ( 1.9704) = 93.4114

Lob b = =

b = antilog ( 0.1544 ) = 1.4269

The exponential curve is y = a b x
Y = 93.4114 ( 1.4269 ) x
For the year 2012, x = 4
Y = 93.4114 (1.4269 ) 4 = Rs.387.23 lakhs
8. Fit an exponential trend curve y = a b x to the following data.

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Production (crores) 7 1 12 14 17 24
Solution :
Year Sales X X2 Log y X log y
2005 7 -5 25 0.8451 -4.2255
2006 1 -3 9 1 -3
2007 12 -1 1 1.0792 -1.0792
2008 14 1 1 1.1461 1.1461
2009 17 3 9 1.2304 3.6912
2010 24 5 25 1.3802 6.901
0 70 6.6810 3.4336

m y
de
If Σ x = 0,

c a
A
Log a = =

a = antilog ( 1.4152) = 26.01

BC
/ O
be
Lob b = =

t u
b = antilog ( 0.0491 ) = 1.119

u
Yo
The exponential curve is y = a b x
Y = 26.01 ( 1.119 ) x
9. The following data related to the number of mistakes per page of a book containing 180
pages.Test whether Poisson distribution is a good fit to this observed distribution.
No.of mistakes 0 1 2 3 4 5
Per page
Number of pages 130 32 15 2 1 0
Solution :
H0 : Poisson distribution is a good fit.
H1 : Poisson distribution is not a good fit.
x f Fx

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

0 130 0
1 32 32
2 15 30
3 2 6
4 1 4
5 0 0
180 72

λ= = 0.4

Tx = ,x = 0,1,2,...

T0 = = 121

m y
Similarly,

c a de
A
T1 = 48,T2= 10 , T3 = 1 ,T4 = 0 , T5 = 0
X

BC
Observed frequency Theoretical frequency (Oi –Ei)2 (Oi –Ei)2 / Ei

/ O
be
Oi Ei

t u
0 130 121 81 0.6694

u
Yo
1 32 48 256 5.3333
2 15 10
3 2 18 1 11 49 4.4545
4 1 0
5 0 0
Total 180 180 10.4572
Here, the last three theoretical frequencies frequencies are less than 5. Therefore,they are pooled
with the adjacent ones such that , finally all the frequencies are 5 or more.

Χ2 =

= 10.4572
test is upper tailed. d.f. = 3- 2 = 1

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

At 5 % l.o.s. table value = 3.84

Χ2 = 10.4572 is greater than 3.84

H0 is rejected.
Conclusion : Poisson distribution is not a good fit.
10. A survey of 64 families with 3 children each is conducted and the number of male children in
each family is noted.The results are tabulated as follows:
Male children 0 1 2 3 Total
Families 6 19 29 10 64
Apply Chi –square test of goodness of fit to test whether male and female children are
equiprobable.
Solution :
H0 : Male and female children are equiprobable.
m y
H1: Male and female children are not equiprobable.

c a de
A
Given n = 3, p= 0.5, q = 1-p = 0.5
Tx = N x nCx x px q n-x

BC
/ O
T0 = 64 x 3C0 X (0.5)0 x (0.5) 3-0 = 8

t u be
Similarly, T1 = 24,T2 = 24, T3 = 8

u
X
Yo Observed frequency Theoretical frequency (Oi –Ei)2 (Oi –Ei)2 / Ei
Oi Ei
0 6 8 4 0.5
1 19 24 25 1.042
2 29 24 25 1.042
3 10 8 4 0.5
Total 64 64 3.084

Χ2 =

= 3.084

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF

 Youtube/OBC Academy

test is upper tailed. d.f. = 4- 1 = 3

At 5 % l.o.s. table value = 7.81

Χ2 = 3.084 is less than 7.81

H0 is accepted.
Conclusion : Male and female children are equi -probable.

m y
c a de
C A
/ O B
t u be
u
Yo

Visit out Youtube channel {OBC Academy} for more PDF