A

Project
Report on
IoT based smart garbage monitoring system in cities-To
detect metal or non-metal

Submitted in partial fulfilment of Requirements for the award of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS
CHINNALA VENKATESHWARLU -38130041
CHINNI NAGA BADRI KISHORE -38130042

Under the guidance of

Dr. I.REXILINE SHEEBA, M.E.Ph.D
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
Department of electronics and communications and
engineering
SATHYABAMA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
CHENNAI, TAMILNADU – 600119
MARCH-2022
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project report is the bonafide work of

CH.Venkateshwarlu (38130041) and CH.Naga Badri Kishore (38130042) who
carried out the project entitled “IoT based smart garbage monitoring system in
cities-To detect metal or non-metal” under my supervision from December
2022 to May 2022.

Internal Guide

Dr. I.REXILINE SHEEBA, M.E.Ph.D

Head Of The Department

Dr. Ravi Kumar M.E., Ph.D.

Submitted for Viva-voce Examination held on…………………………

Internal Examiner External Examiner

DECLARATION

I CHINNALA VENKATESHWARLU and CHINNI NAGA BADRI

KISHORE we are here by declare that the project report entitled IoT based smart
garbage monitoring system in cities-To detect metal or non-metal done by us
under the guidance of Dr. I.REXILINE SHEEBA ,associate professor,
M.E.Ph.D

Date: 01/03/2022.
Place: Chennai

signature of the candidate

CH. Venkateshwarlu
CH. Naga Badri kishore
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am pleased to acknowledge my sincere thanks to Board of Management
of SATHYABAMA for their kind encouragement in doing this project and for
completing it successfully. I am grateful to them.

I convey my thanks to Dr. M Nandita, Dean, School of Electronics and Dr. Ravi
Kumar, Head of the Department, Dept. of Electronics for providing me necessary
support and details at the right time during the progressive reviews.

I would like to express my sincere and deep sense of gratitude to my

Guide Dr.I. REXILINE SHEEEBA, associate professor for her valuable
guidance, suggestions and constant encouragement paved way for the
successful completion of my project work.
I wish to express my thanks to all Teaching and Non-teaching staff members of
the Department of Electronics who were helpful in many ways for the completion
of the project.
 ABSTRACT

Waste management becomes a challenge faced not only by the

developing nations, but also the developed and advanced countries. The overall
waste management involves three main types of entities: users who generate
waste, waste collectors & city administration, stakeholders.
It is very important to have a smart way of managing waste, so that not
only the waste status is notified in-time when to be collected, but also, all the
stakeholders are made aware in timely fashion that what type of waste in what
quantity is coming up at what particular time.

To introduce IoT Garbage monitoring system to separate metallic and non-

metallic components etc.To stop overflow of garbage in bins.The IoT Garbage
monitoring system is a very innovative system which help to keep the cities
clean.The implementation of smart garbage management system using sensors,
microcontrollers, WIFI module and with the help of motors, it assures the cleaning
of trash bins soon when the garbage level reaches its maximum.

This reduce the unhygienic condition and avoids health issues, here in
case of wet waste, we are converting it to manure, hence total number of trips of
garbage collection vehicle is reduced, thereby overall expenditure associated with
the garbage collection will also be minimize.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

1. INTRODUCTION................................................1

2. LITERATURE SURVEY......................................2

3. AIM AND OBJECTIVES.......................................5

3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM......................5

PROPOSED SYSTEM....................5

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM...........................6

4. EXPERIMENTAL OR MATERIALS.......................7
AND METHODS USED
4.2 NODE MCU.....................................10

5. ARDUINO UNO & IT’S PROGRAMMING.............35

5.2 ARDUINO SOFTWARE IDE............36

5.3 TOOLS.............................................41
5.4 LIBRARIES......................................44

6. UBIDOTS EXPLORER............................................49

7. CONCLUSION........................................................58

8. REFERENCES........................................................59

CHAPTER-I

1.1 INTRODUCTION:
 As the world is in a stage of up gradation, there is one stinking problem [1]
we have to deal with. Garbage! In our daily life, we see the pictures of garbage
bins being overfull and all the garbage spills out. This leads to the number of
diseases as large number of insects and mosquitoes breed on it. A big challenge
in the urban cities is solid waste management not only in India but for most of the
countries in the world. Hence, such a system has to be build which can eradicate
this problem or at least reduce it to the minimum level. The project gives us one
of the most efficient ways to keep our environment clean and green. The smart
city [2] concept is still new in India, although it has received a lot of attention in
few years when our present prime minister gave the idea of building 100 smart
cities throughout India. Now, with the upcoming large number of smart cities,
large numbers of responsibilities are also required to be fulfilled. The prime need
of a smart lifestyle begins with cleanliness and cleanliness begins with dustbin. A
society will get its waste dispatched properly only if the dustbins are placed well
and collected well. The main problem in the current waste management system
in most of the Indian cities is the unhealthy status of dustbins. In this paper we
have tried to upgrade the trivial but vital component of the urban waste
management system, i.e. dustbin. Now with the rise of technology it is high time
that we should use technology for waste management systems [2]. As we have
seen that technology with analytics has made the world a better place to live by
its application in the field of genetics, insurance, marketing, engineering, banking
etc in past many years. So, in this paper we have integrated analytics and
electronics in order to create optimal changes in the conventional methodology of
waste collection with the large amount of data that is being produced by the
smart bin networks.

CHAPTER -2
2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY
As we know, the large bins are present in each locality and serve as the
centre point of garbage of that particular locality. The garbage collection team
collects the garbage from these central bins in their trucks. Our model of
hardware is going to be applied in these central bins and thus making them smart
bins. For this we have divided the dustbin into three different levels according to
the level of garbage filled. Accordingly, the text messages indicating the levels
are being sent to the central office, which acts as a data warehouse for all the
level data being sent by the different bins. The central office of waste
management department now will be able to track the level of every dustbin
getting filled up just by sitting in their office at real time. This information will now
guide them efficiently to take up the action of sending the trucks to empty the
dustbin whose levels are significant. The hardware has used some very basic
electronic components to make out the complete system at the best possible
cost. The built hardware can be implemented at any dustbin irrespective of its
size and height and thus is portable with any bins.

This is not an original idea, for the implementation of smart garbage bin;
the idea has existed for many years, After the IoT field finding its grip in our lives.
This is, however an original plan for designing a smart garbage bin with weight
sensor, IR sensor and Wi-Fi module for transmission of data. [1]. A State of the
Art review on Internet of Things by P. Suresh, Vijay. Daniel, R.H. Aswathy, Dr. V.
Parthasarathy. It gave the idea of IoT subject and addition details about IoT. The
proper smart environment and various applications.
[2].Internet of Things: Challenges and state-of-theart solutions in Internet-scale
Sensor Information Management and Mobile analytics by Arkady Zaslavsky,
Dimitrios Georgakopoulos. This paper gave us the details about mobile analysis
and sensor information management that will help in data segregation of various
dustbins. [3]Top-k Query based dynamic scheduling for IoTenabled small city
waste collection by Theodoros Anagnostopoulos, Arkady Zaslavsky, Alexey
Medvedev, Sergei Khoruzhnicov. It gave us the concept of dynamic scheduling
required for the cleaning of dustbin and the Top-k query led us to priority based
cleaning of dustbins [4]City Garbage collection indicator using RF(Zigbee) and
GSM technology. This paper gave the details for the module required for the
transmission of the data to the receiver side and also the main channel follow of
the project. Initially we used GSM technology for our project but later on decided
to us Wi-Fi module for the ease of data transmission.
[2].Internet of Things: Challenges and state-of-theart solutions in Internet-scale
Sensor Information Management and Mobile analytics by Arkady Zaslavsky,
Dimitrios Georgakopoulos. This paper gave us the details about mobile analysis
and sensor information management that will help in data segregation of various
dustbins. [3]Top-k Query based dynamic scheduling for IoTenabled small city
waste collection by Theodoros Anagnostopoulos, Arkady Zaslavsky, Alexey
Medvedev, Sergei Khoruzhnicov. It gave us the concept of dynamic scheduling
required for the cleaning of dustbin and the Top-k query led us to priority based
cleaning of dustbins [4]City Garbage collection indicator using RF(Zigbee) and
GSM technology. This paper gave the details for the module required for the
transmission of the data to the receiver side and also the main channel follow of
the project. Initially we used GSM technology for our project but later on decided
to us Wi-Fi module for the ease of data transmission.
Literature survey:

Title 1:

Smart Waste Management System using IOT

Author: Tejashree Kadus, Pawankumar Nirmal,Kartikee Kulkarni

The paper is based on the concept of Automation used in waste management

system under the domain of Cleanliness and Hygiene. Dumping garbage onto the
streets and in public areas is a common synopsis found in all developing
countries and this mainly end up affecting the environment and creating several
unhygienic conditions. In order to deal with these problems Smart netbin is an
ideology put forward which a combination of hardware and software technologies
is i.e. connecting Wi-Fi system to the normal dustbin in order to provide free
internet facilities to the user for a particular period of time.

Title 2:

Waste Management Improvement in Cities using IoT

Author: Shivam Jagtap,Aditya Gandh,Raviraj Bochare,Ashwinkumar Patil.

Garbage collection is one of the most critical problems faced by Municipal

Corporation. While implementing the waste management in cities the biggest
challenge is the management of waste in cost optimal way with high
performance. The current process of collecting the waste, separating it and
transporting the containers everyday which is a complicated process. This paper
deals with the concept of waste management and the smart system for waste
management with higher benefits to the society.

Title 3: Smart Waste Management using Internet-of-Things

Author: Chitluri Sai Srikanth, Tadivaka Bhupathi Rayudu, Javvaji Radhika, Raju
Anitha

To avoid each such condition, we plan to propose a reaction for this issue "Sharp
Garbage Bin", which will alert and set up the maintained individual when the
waste compartment will fill. By then message will be send to the gotten a handle
on individual to amass the hardship from the specific territory. The announced
individual will send the message from his web application to the waste specialists
by sending a SMS. In this undertaking we use strain check to know the burglary
of the report. This will diminish the flood of the waste compartment and suitably
keeping nature clean.
 CHAPTER -3

3.1 Aim and Objectives

EXISTING SYSTEM:
• In a smart bin using some kind of sensor like IR and Ultrasonic sensor is
used to identify the bin is filled or not.
• If it is filled means it sends message to garbage management contractor or
office in IOT technology or GSM based technology.
• This is already existing technology.
• This bin can separates dry waste, wet waste and e-waste.

PROPOSED SYSTEM;
• In this proposed system it divides the waste into dry waste, wet waste, e-
waste and metal or non metal.
• Using ultrasound sensor used to detect the level of waste in garbage bin.
When the bin filled with 50% then alert messages send to the ward
member, and it will filled with 90% the alert message send to the
government.
• The bin is continuously monitoring the level of garbage if it’s full means it
gives alert to Government Corporation. When a corporation separate the
waste for recycle process.
• After the recycling process is completed when a government organization
gives notification to some corporate company, NGO etc.
• It is also have another advantage to reduce environmental pollution and it
increase the financial support in government organization.
3.2 Block diagram:

HARDWARE USED:

• Nodemcu
 • ultrasonic sensor

• DHT11 sensor

• smoke sensor

• metal detector

SOFTWARE USED:

Arduino c

CHAPTER -4

4.1 Communication

Microcontrollers depend on a host computer for developing and compiling

programs. The software used on the host computer is known as an integrated
development environment, or IDE. For the Arduino, the development environment
is based on the open source Processing platform (www.processing.org) which is
described by its creators as a “programming language and environment for
people who want to program images, animation, and interactions.“ The Arduino
programming language leverages an open source project known as Wiring
(wiring.org.co). The Arduino language is based on good old- fashioned C. If you
are unfamiliar with this language, don’t worry; it’s not hard to learn, and the
Arduino IDE provides some feedback when you make mistakes in your programs.

The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer,
another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL
(5V) serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX).
An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and
appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware
uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However,
on Windows, a inf file is required. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor
which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The
RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the
USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial
communication on pins 0 and 1).

A Software Serial library allows for serial communication on any of the

Uno's digital pins. The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI
communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library to simplify use of
the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For SPI communication, use the
SPI library.
As you go through the list of programming statements available in the
Arduino IDE (choose Help->Reference), you might think there isn’t much power
for doing things like running servos, operating stepper motors, reading
potentiometers, or displaying text on an LCD. Like most any language based on
C, the Arduino supports the notion of “libraries” code
Repositories that extend core programming functionality. Libraries let you
re- use code without having to physically copy and paste it into all your programs.
The standard Arduino software installation comes with several libraries you may
use, and you can download others from the Arduino support pages and from
third-party websites that publish Arduino library code. A good example of a library
you’ll use with the Robot and likely many other robot projects is Servo. This
library allows you to connect one or more hobby R/C servos to the Arduino’s
digital I/O pins. The Servo library comes with the standard Arduino installation
package Library->Servo. This adds the line #include <Servo.h> Which tells the
Arduino IDE that you wish to include the Servo library in your sketch. With the
functionality of the library now available to you, you can use its various functions
to control one or more servos. For example, you can use the write function to
rotate a servo to a specific position, from 0 to 180 degrees. The following code
myServo.write(90); Moves a servo to its midpoint, or 90 degree position.
Structurally, Arduino sketches are very straightforward and are pretty easy to
read and understand. The Arduino program contains two main parts: setup () and
loop (). These are programming functions that do what their names suggest:
setup () sets up the Arduino hardware, such as specifying which I/O lines you
plan to use, and whether
 They are inputs or outputs. The loop () function is repeated endlessly when the
Arduino is operating.

Arduino IDE (Integrated development environment) is used to write the

program and dump into the Arduino board
NodeMCU ESP8266

Pin Name Description

Category

Power Micro-USB, 3.3V, Micro-USB: NodeMCU can be powered through the USB port
GND, Vin
3.3V: Regulated 3.3V can be supplied to this pin to power the
board

GND: Ground pins

Vin: External Power Supply

Control EN, RST The pin and the button resets the microcontroller
Pins

Analog Pin A0 Used to measure analog voltage in the range of 0-3.3V

GPIO Pins GPIO1 to GPIO16 NodeMCU has 16 general purpose input-output pins on its
board

SPI Pins SD1, CMD, SD0, NodeMCU has four pins available for SPI communication.
CLK

UART Pins TXD0, RXD0, NodeMCU has two UART interfaces, UART0 (RXD0 & TXD0)
TXD2, RXD2 and UART1 (RXD1 & TXD1). UART1 is used to upload the
firmware/program.

I2C Pins NodeMCU has I2C functionality support but due to the internal
functionality of these pins, you have to find which pin is I2C.

4.2 Node MCU ESP8266

NodeMCU is an open-source Lua based firmware and development

board specially targeted for IoT based Applications. It includes firmware that runs
on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which is
based on the ESP-12 module.
 NodeMCU Development Board Pinout Configuration
NodeMCU ESP8266 Specifications & Features

 Microcontroller: Tensilica 32-bit RISC CPU Xtensa LX106

 Operating Voltage: 3.3V
 Input Voltage: 7-12V
 Digital I/O Pins (DIO): 16
 Analog Input Pins (ADC): 1
 UARTs: 1
 SPIs: 1
 I2Cs: 1
 Flash Memory: 4 MB
 SRAM: 64 KB
 Clock Speed: 80 MHz
 USB-TTL based on CP2102 is included onboard, Enabling Plug n Play
 PCB Antenna
 Small Sized module to fit smartly inside your IoT projects

Other Espressif Boards

ESP8266, ESP12E, ESP32

Other Development Boards

Arduino, Raspberry Pi, PIC Development Board, AVR Development

Board, MSP430 Launchpad, Intel Edison, Beagle Bone

Brief About NodeMCU ESP8266

The NodeMCU ESP8266 development board comes with the ESP-12E

module containing ESP8266 chip having Tensilica Xtensa 32-bit LX106 RISC
microprocessor. This microprocessor supports RTOS and operates at 80MHz to
160 MHz adjustable clock frequency. NodeMCU has 128 KB RAM and 4MB of
Flash memory to store data and programs. Its high processing power with in-built
Wi-Fi / Bluetooth and Deep Sleep Operating features make it ideal for IoT
projects.
NodeMCU can be powered using Micro USB jack and VIN pin (External Supply
Pin). It supports UART, SPI, and I2C interface.

Programming Nodemcu ESP8266 with Arduino IDE

The Nodemcu Development Board can be easily programmed with Arduino IDE
since it is easy to use.

Programming Nodemcu with the Arduino IDE will hardly take 5-10 minutes. All
you need is the Arduino IDE, a USB cable and the NodeMCU board itself. You
can check this Getting Started Tutorial for NodeMCU to prepare your Arduino IDE
for NodeMCU.

Uploading your first program,once Arduino IDE is installed on the

computer, connect the board with the computer using the USB cable. Now open
the Arduino IDE and choose the correct board by selecting
Tools>Boards>NodeMCU1.0 (ESP-12E Module), and choose the correct Port by
selecting Tools>Port. To get it started with the NodeMCU board and blink the
built-in LED, load the example code by selecting Files>Examples>Basics>Blink.
Once the example code is loaded into your IDE, click on the ‘upload’ button given
on the top bar. Once the upload is finished, you should see the built-in LED of the
board blinking.
 Applications of NodeMCU

 Prototyping of IoT devices

 Low power battery operated applications
 Network projects
 Projects requiring multiple I/O interfaces with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
functionalities

4.3 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

Temperature is the most often-measured environmental quantity. This

might be expected since most physical, electronic, chemical, mechanical, and
biological systems are affected by temperature. Certain chemical reactions,
biological processes, and even electronic circuits perform best within limited
temperature ranges. Temperature is one of the most commonly measured
variables and it is therefore not surprising that there are many ways of sensing it.
Temperature sensing can be done either through direct contact with the heating
source, or remotely, without direct contact with the source using radiated energy
instead. There are a wide variety of temperature sensors on the market today,
including Thermocouples, Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs),
Thermistors, Infrared, and Semiconductor Sensors.

THERMOCOUPLE:

It is a type of temperature sensor, which is made by joining two dissimilar

metals at one end. The joined end is referred to as the HOT JUNCTION. The
other end of these dissimilar metals is referred to as the COLD END or COLD
JUNCTION. The cold junction is actually formed at the last point of thermocouple
material. If there is a difference in temperature between the hot junction and cold
junction, a small voltage is created. This voltage is referred to as an EMF
(electro-motive force) and can be measured and in turn used to indicate
temperature.
 Thermocouple

The RTD is a temperature sensing device whose resistance changes with

temperature. Typically built from platinum, though devices made from nickel or
copper are not uncommon, RTDs can take many different shapes like wire
wound, thin film. To measure the resistance across an RTD, apply a constant
current, measure the resulting voltage, and determine the RTD resistance. RTDs
exhibit fairly linear resistance to temperature curves over their operating regions,
and any nonlinearity are highly predictable and repeatable. The PT100 RTD
evaluation board uses surface mount RTD to measure temperature. An external
2, 3 or 4-wire PT100 can also be associated with measure temperature in remote
areas. The RTDs are biased using a constant current source. So as to reduce
self-heat due to power dissipation, the current magnitude is moderately low. The
circuit shown in figure is the constant current source uses a reference voltage,
one amplifier, and a PNP transistor.

Thermistors:

Similar to the RTD, the thermistor is a temperature sensing device whose

resistance changes with temperature. Thermistors, however, are made from
semiconductor materials. Resistance is determined in the same manner as the
RTD, but thermistors exhibit a highly nonlinear resistance vs. temperature curve.
Thus, in the thermistors operating range we can see a large resistance change
for a very small temperature change. This makes for a highly sensitive device,
ideal for set-point applications.

Semiconductor sensors:

They are classified into different types like Voltage output, Current output,
Digital output, Resistance output silicon and Diode temperature sensors. Modern
semiconductor temperature sensors offer high accuracy and high linearity over
an operating range of about 55°C to +150°C. Internal amplifiers can scale the
output to convenient values, such as 10mV/°C. They are also useful in cold-
junction compensation circuits for wide temperature range thermocouples. A brief
details about this type of temperature sensor are given below.

SENSOR ICS

There are a wide variety of temperature sensor ICs that are available to
simplify the broadest possible range of temperature monitoring challenges. These
silicon temperature sensors differ significantly from the above mentioned types in
a couple of important ways. The first is operating temperature range. A
temperature sensor IC can operate over the nominal IC temperature range of -
55°C to +150°C. The second major difference is functionality.

A silicon temperature sensor is an integrated circuit, and can therefore

include extensive signal processing circuitry within the same package as the
sensor. There is no need to add compensation circuits for temperature sensor
Ics. Some of these are analogue circuits with either voltage or current output.
Others combine analogue-sensing circuits with voltage comparators to provide
alert functions. Some other sensor ICs combine analogue-sensing circuitry with
digital input/output and control registers, making them an ideal solution for
microprocessor-based systems.

Digital output sensor usually contains a temperature sensor, analog-to-

digital converter (ADC), a two-wire digital interface and registers for controlling
the IC’s operation. Temperature is continuously measured and can be read at
any time. If desired, the host processor can instruct the sensor to monitor
temperature and take an output pin high (or low) if temperature exceeds a
programmed limit. Lower threshold temperature can also be programmed and the
host can be notified when temperature has dropped below this threshold. Thus,
digital output sensor can be used for reliable temperature monitoring in
microprocessor-based systems.

Above temperature sensor has three terminals and required Maximum of

5.5 V supply. This type of sensor consists of a material that performs the
operation according to temperature to vary the resistance. This change of
resistance is sensed by circuit and it calculates temperature. When the voltage
increases then the temperature also rises. We can see this operation by using a
diode.

Temperature sensors directly connected to microprocessor input and thus

capable of direct and reliable communication with microprocessors. The sensor
unit can communicate effectively with low-cost processors without the need of
A/D converters.

An example for a temperature sensor is LM35. The LM35 series are

precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly
proportional to the Celsius temperature. The LM35 is operates at -55˚ to
+120˚C.The basic centigrade temperature sensor (+2˚C to +150˚C) is shown in
figure below.

Features of LM35 Temperature Sensor:

 Calibrated directly in ˚ Celsius (Centigrade)

  Rated for full l −55˚ to +150˚C range

 Suitable for remote applications

 Low cost due to wafer-level trimming

 Operates from 4 to 30 volts

 Low self-heating,

 ±1/4˚C of typical nonlinearity

4.4 Operation of LM35:

The LM35 can be connected easily in the same way as other integrated circuit
temperature sensors. It can be stuck or stablished to a surface and its
temperature will be within around the range of 0.01˚C of the surface temperature.

 This presumes that the ambient air temperature is just about the same as the
surface temperature; if the air temperature were much higher or lower than
the surface temperature, the actual temperature of the LM35 die would be at
an intermediate temperature between the surface temperature and the air
temperature.

The temperature sensors have well known applications in environmental

and process control and also in test, measurement and communications. A digital
temperature is a sensor, which provides 9-bit temperature readings. Digital
temperature sensors offer excellent precise accuracy, these are designed to read
from 0°C to 70°C and it is possible to achieve ±0.5°C accuracy. These sensors
completely aligned with digital temperature readings in degree Celsius.

smoke sensor module

In current technology scenario, monitoring of gases produced is very

important. From home appliances such as air conditioners to electric chimneys
and safety systems at industries monitoring of gases is very crucial. Gas
sensors are very important part of such systems. Small like a nose, gas sensors
spontaneously react to the gas present, thus keeping the system updated about
any alterations that occur in the concentration of molecules at gaseous state.

Gas sensors are available in wide specifications depending on the

sensitivity levels, type of gas to be sensed, physical dimensions and numerous
other factors. This Insight covers a methane gas sensor that can sense gases
such as ammonia which might get produced from methane. When a gas interacts
with this sensor, it is first ionized into its constituents and is then adsorbed by the
sensing element. This adsorption creates a potential difference on the element
which is conveyed to the processor unit through output pins in form of current.
What is this sensing element? Is it kept in some chamber or is kept exposed?
How does it get current and how it is taken out? Let’s find out in this Insight!!!

The gas sensor module consists of a steel exoskeleton under which a

sensing element is housed. This sensing element is subjected to current through
connecting leads. This current is known as heating current through it, the gases
coming close to the sensing element get ionized and are absorbed by the
sensing element. This changes the resistance of the sensing element which
alters the value of the current going out of it.

Image shows externals of a standard gas sensor module: a steel mesh, copper
clamping ring and connecting leads. The top part is a stainless steel mesh which
takes care of the following:
Filtering out the suspended particles so that only gaseous elements are able to
pass to insides of the sensor.

 Protecting the insides of the sensor.

 Exhibits an anti-explosion network that keeps the sensor module intact at high
temperatures and gas pressures.

In order to manage above listed functions efficiently, the steel mesh is made into
two layers. The mesh is bound to rest of the body via a copper plated clamping
ring.

The connecting leads of the sensor are thick so that sensor can be
connected firmly to the circuit and sufficient amount of heat gets conducted to the
inside part. They are casted from copper and have tin plating over them. Four of
the six leads (A, B, C, D) are for signal fetching while two (1, 2) are used to
provide sufficient heat to the sensing element.
The pins are placed on a Bakelite base which is a good insulator and provides
firm gripping to the connecting leads of the sensor.
The top of the gas sensor is removed off to see the internals parts of the
sensor: sensing element and connection wiring. The hexapod structure is
constituted by the sensing element and six connecting legs that extend beyond
the Bakelite base.
Using a ceramic substrate increases the heating efficiency and tin oxide,
being sensitive towards adsorbing desired gas’ components (in this case
methane and its products) suffices as sensing coating.
The leads responsible for heating the sensing element are connected
through Nickel-Chromium, well known conductive alloy. Leads responsible for
output signals are connected using platinum wires which convey small changes
in the current that passes through the sensing element. The platinum wires are
connected to the body of the sensing element while Nickel-Chromium wires pass
through its hollow structure.

While other wires are attached to the outer body of the element, Nickel-
Chromium wires are placed inside the element in a spring shaped. Image shows
coiled part of the wire which is placed on the inside of the hollow ceramic

Image shows the ceramic with tin dioxide on the top coating that has good
adsorbing property. Any gas to be monitored has specific temperature at which it
ionizes. The task of the sensor is to work at the desired temperature so that gas
molecules get ionized. Through Nickel-chromium wire, the ceramic region of the
sensing element is subjected to heating current. The heat is radiated by the
element in the nearby region where gases interact with it and get ionized. Once,
ionized, they are absorbed by the tin dioxide. Adsorbed molecules change the
resistance of the tin dioxide layer. This changes the current flowing through the
sensing element and is conveyed through the output leads to the unit that
controls the working of the gas sensor.

4.5 Ultrasonic (UV) Sensors or Ultrasound Sensors

Bats are wonderful creatures. Blind from the eyes and yet a vision so
precise that could distinguish between a moth and a broken leaf even when flying
at full speed. No doubt the vision is sharper than ours and is much beyond
human capabilities of seeing, but is certainly not beyond our
understanding. Ultrasonic ranging is the technique used by bats and many
other creatures of the animal kingdom for navigational purposes. In a bid to
imitate the ways of nature to obtain an edge over everything, we humans have
not only understood it but have successfully imitated some of these
manifestations and harnessed their potential to the greatest extent.

History
 The history dates back to 1790, when Lazzaro Spallanzani first discovered
that bats maneuvered in flight using their hearing rather than sight. Jean-Daniel
Colladon in 1826 discovered sonography using an underwater bell, successfully
and accurately determining the speed of sound in water. Thereafter, the study
and research work in this field went on slowly until 1881 when Pierre Curie’s
discovery set the stage for modern ultrasound transducers. He found out the
relationship between electrical voltage and pressure on crystalline material. The
unfortunate Titanic accident spurred rigorous interest into this field as a result of
which Paul Langevin invented the hydrophone to detect icebergs. It was the first
ultrasonic transducer. The hydrophone could send and receive low frequency
sound waves and was later used in the detection of submarines in the World War
1.

On a note parallel to the SONAR, medical research also started taking

interest in ultrasonics. In late 1930’s Dr. Karl Dussik used a technique called
hyperphonography which recorded echoes of ultrasonic waves on a sensitive
paper. This technique was used to produce ultrasound pictures of the brain to
help detect tumors and marked the birth of ultrasound imaging. After that, many
scientists like Ian Donald, Douglas Howry, Joseph Holmes, John Wild and John
Reid improved upon the various aspects of ultrasonic sensors in the medical field
which enabled diagnosis of stomach cancers, ovarian cysts, detection of twin
pregnancies, tumors etc. Industry too did not waste time in jumping on to the
bandwagon and soon developed techniques like ultrasonic welding and non
destructive testing at the outset of the 1960s.
How Ultrasonic Sensors work?
Ultrasonic sensors are devices that use electrical–mechanical energy
transformation, the mechanical energy being in the form of ultrasonic waves, to
measure distance from the sensor to the target object. Ultrasonic waves are
longitudinal mechanical waves which travel as a succession of compressions and
rarefactions along the direction of wave propagation through the medium. Any
sound wave above the human auditory range of 20,000 Hz is called ultrasound.
Depending on the type of application, the range of frequencies has been broadly
categorized as shown in the figure below:

When ultrasonic waves are incident on an object, diffused reflection of the energy
takes place over a wide solid angle which might be as high as 180 degrees. Thus
some fraction of the incident energy is reflected back to the transducer in the
form of echoes and is detected.
The distance to the object (L) can then be calculated through the speed of
ultrasonic waves (v) in the medium by the relation

Where‘t’ is the time taken by the wave to reach back to the sensor

and ‘ ’ is the angle between the horizontal and the path taken as shown in the
figure. If the object is in motion, instruments based on Doppler shift are used. Get
all the details about internal structure and working of an ultrsound sensor
at Insight-How Ultrasonic Sensors Work.

4.6 Generating Ultrasonic Waves

For the generation of such mechanical waves, movement of some surface
like a diaphragm is required which can then induce the motion to the medium in
front of it in the form of compression and rarefaction. Piezoelectric materials
operating in the motor mode and magnetostrictive materials have been widely
employed in the generation of ultrasonic waves at frequency ranges of 1-20 MHz
and 20-40 kHz respectively. The sensors employ piezoelectric ceramic
transducers which flex when an electric signal is applied to them. These are
connected to an electronic oscillator whose output generates the oscillating
voltages at the required frequency. Materials like Lead Zirconate Titanate are
popular piezoelectric materials used in medical ultrasound imaging. For best
results, the frequency of the applied oscillations must be equal to the natural
frequency of the ceramic, which produces oscillations readily through resonance.
It offers maximum sensitivity and efficiency when operated at resonance.

Piezoelectricity being a reversible phenomenon produces electrical voltages

when ultrasonic waves reflect back from the target and impinge upon the ceramic
structure. In this way, a transducer may work both as a transmitter and a receiver
in pulsed mode. When continuous measurement of distances is required,
separate transducers may be used for transmission and reception. The sensors
when used in industry are generally employed in arrays which may be
mechanical arrays consisting of oscillating or rotating sensors, or electronic
arrays which may be linear, curved or phased. To visualize the output of an
ultrasonic sensor, displays of different kind are used whose shape depends on
the type of transducer array used and the function. A sectored Field of View is
produced by mechanical arrays and curved and phased electronic arrays, while a
linear field is generated by linear arrays. The display modes may be linear
graphical plotting with amplitude on y-axis and time on x-axis called Amplitude
mode or A-mode, or intensity modulated B-scans where the brightness of a spot
indicates the amplitude of reflected waves. Other modes include M-mode,
Doppler (D) Mode etc.

The parameterization of these sensors is generally done by monitoring the

reflected and transmitted signals from the lateral an axial motion of transducer
while keeping the target fixed in a specific medium (water in general). The sound
beam diverges rapidly, hence care is taken that the transducer produces the
smallest possible beams. The narrower the beam pattern, the more sensitive the
sensor is. However, the angle possible between the transducer and the surface
increases with the beam width. The beam patterns of the kind shown below are
observed:
Axial and Cross Sectional beam profiles

The parameters on which the performance of an ultrasonic sensor is measured

include bandwidth, attenuation, dynamic range and resolution like grayscale,
axial and lateral resolution. Other parameters are Nominal Frequency, Peak
Frequency, Bandwidth center Frequency, Pulse Width, sensitivity and Signal to
Noise Ratio (SNR).

Importance of Ultrasonic Sensors

There are a variety of sensors based on other physical transduction principles
like the optical range finding sensors and the microwave based devices too. Then
why should one use ultrasonic transducers in the first place, given that the speed
of sound is very slow than the speed of electromagnetic waves? The answer lies
in the question itself. Because the EM waves based devices are too fast. Being
slower that the EM waves, the time taken by ultrasonic waves is much longer
than that taken by the latter and hence its measurement can be done more easily
and less expensively. Because these are based on sound waves rather than EM
waves, these would work in places where the latter would not.

For example, in the case of clear object detection and measurement of liquid
levels or high glare environments, light based sensors would suffer greatly
because of the transmittance of the target or the translucence of the propagating
media. Ultrasonic devices being based upon sound propagation would remain
practically unaffected.

These also function well in wet environments where optical beams may
suffer from refraction from the water droplets in the environment. On account of
range and accuracy, the ultrasonic sensors may lie in between two EM wave
based sensors, the Infrared rangefinders on the lower end and the LIDARs on the
upper end. Not as accurate or long distance as the LIDARs, the Ultrasonic
rangefinders fare better than the IR rangefinders which are highly susceptible to
ambient conditions and require recalibration when environment changes. Further
these devices offer advantage in medical imaging as compared to MRI or X-Ray
scans due to inexpensiveness and portability. No harmful effects of ultrasonic
waves at the intensity levels used have been detected in contrast to X-rays or
radioactivity based methods and is particularly suited for imaging soft tissues.

Problems & Concerns

However, Ultrasonic sensors too aren’t free of all the problems. The speed
of sound in a medium increases as the temperature of the medium increases.
Thus even when the target has remained in the same place, it may now seem
that it has shifted to a place closer to the sensor. Air currents due to varied
reasons may disturb the path of the wave which could lead to ‘Missed Detection’
or a wrong measurement.

Acoustic noise like high pitched sounds created due to whistling or hissing
of valves and pneumatic devices at the frequency close to the operating
frequency may interfere with the output of the sensor. Electrical noise also affects
the performance of the sensor. These may generate artifacts which are not a true
representation of the imaged object. Just like the vision starts to blur when the
distance of the object from the eye gets too small for the eyes to see it, ultrasonic
devices also have a ‘dead zone’ where the sensor cannot reliably make
measurements. This happens due to a phenomenon called ringing which is the
continuous vibration of the transducer after emitting the pulse. Thus when the
distance is too small, the transducer has not yet come to rest to be able to
differentiate between the vibration due to the incident radiation or the oscillation
from the electrical excitation. The dangers of Ultrasonic waves are also well
founded. If the intensity is too high, it can cause human tissues to heat and may
cause ruptures in people exposed to it. Ethical issues like fetus identification and
resulting abortions in medical field are also a widespread concern.

Applications
The applications of ultrasonic sensors can be classified on the basis of the
property that they exploit.

These can be summarized as:

Domain Parameter Applications

Time Tile-of-Flight, Velocity Density, Thickness, Flaw
Detection, Anisotropy,
Robotics, Remote
Sensing etc.
Attenuation Fluctuations in reflected Defect characterization,
and Transmitted Signals microstructures, interface
analysis
Frequency Ultrasonic Spectroscopy Microstructure, grain
size, porosity, phase
analysis.
Image Time-of-Flight, velocity, Surface and internal
attenuation mapping in Defect imaging, density,
Raster C-Scan or SARs velocity, 2D and 3D
imaging.

Research has been going on to overcome the problems of ultrasonic sensors,

particularly in medical imaging where it is known as ultrasound. The artifacts of
ultrasonic sensors like Acoustic shadowing and Acoustic Enhancement are being
exploited to characterize tissues which allow the differentiation between solid and
cystic tissues. The industry too has reaped the benefits from ultrasonic sensors in
applications like plastic welding, jewelry cleaning, remote sensing and telemetry,
assisted parking systems etc. Robotics has been known to use ultrasonic
rangefinders as a favorite tool for distance ranging and mapping. Even the
fashion industry is using ultrasonic sensors in hair styling like hair extension
implants.

Flaw Detection Using Ultrasonic Sensors

4.7 Future
Non destructive testing and flaw detection uses ultrasonic waves in various
modes like the Longitudinal (L-wave) mode and the Shear (S-wave) mode to
detect flaws in materials. With the advances in Science, new materials offering
increased performance at lower voltages like the capacitive micromachined
ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) are being developed which are expected to have
higher bandwidth and greater potential for integration with electronic circuits.
These devices provide non-invasive measures for the detection of problems in all
kinds of materials, be it a living tissue or non-living manufactured goods. With a
healthy history of being able to detect many problems which otherwise left the
doctors dazed and the problem untreated, ultrasonic sensors do offer a lot of
promise even in the coming times. The environmental and psychological effects
of exposure to EM-radiation being rigorously being put under the scanner,
ultrasonic applications are expected to thrive and offer a substantial alternative to
the contemporary technologies.

ME 445 INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES

EXPERIMENT 1

"PROXIMITY SENSORS"

4.8 OBJECTIVE
Increasing automation of complex production systems necessitates the
use of components which are capable of acquiring and transmitting information
relating to the production process. Sensors fulfill these requirements and have
therefore in the last few years become increasingly important components in
measuring and in open and closed loop technology. Sensors provide information
to a controller in the form of individual process variables.

Proximity sensors are the most basic data acquisition devices in automation.
They measure / detect physical input such as temperature, pressure, force,
length, and proximity of an object. Transducers are typically a sensorial system
capable of signal processing, equipped with electronic instrumentation. Position
sensors give a “yes” or “no” response according to the place of the object.

The aim of this experiment is to illustrate the aspects of different types of

proximity sensors, their properties, and to compare them. For this, a setup table
containing Magnetic, Inductive, Capacitive, and Optical sensors is used. A
positioning slide coupled with a vernier caliper is used to measure switching
distances.
Figure: Proximity sensors setup table

GENERAL INFORMATION
Sensors are the first of the four milestones of Automation:

1. Sensing
2. Signal Processing
3. Planning and Response
4. Memory
They usually convert some physical data into a voltage difference for further
processing by a Computer, PLC or I/O Card. The advantages of proximity
sensors are:

 They determine the geometrical positions automatically and sensitively.

 They do not need of a direct contact with the workpiece.
 They do not have movable parts that can wear out.
 They are usually equipped with electronic circuits for failure protection.
 They have various types that can be used under different situations.
 They provide the secure working of the process.
 They are used for the system failure analysis.
Their typical usage areas are:

 Automotive industry,
 Packaging industry,
 Printing and paper industry
 Ceramic industry
 Wood-working industry
 Food processing industry

CATEGORIES
According to I/O processing:

 Binary: Convert a physical measurement value to a binary code (in the form of
ON/OFF signals in a selected voltage range)
 Analog: Convert a physical measurement into an analog signal (e.g.
temperature readings to variable voltage differences)
According to physical considerations:

 Mechanical switches
 Magnetic (with/without contacts, pneumatic output)
 Inductive (inductive sensors)
 Capacitive (capacitive sensors)
 Optical (light barriers, reflection sensors)
 Ultrasonic (ultrasonic barriers, ultrasonic sensors)
 Pneumatic (back-pressure nozzles, air reflection sensors, air barriers)
TYPICAL USAGE

Detecting whether an object exists in a defined position:

Positioning of an object:
Counting the number of parts:

Determining the rotational speed:

Determining the linear speed:

TYPES

1. Mechanical switches:
Mechanical switches are simple GO/NoGO indicators. They have physical
contact with the object, usually coupled with relays and contactors to drive a
circuit. Widely used in the industry to mark the end-start points of cylinders,
pistons, linear and rotary drives, to sense doors. They are less sensitive and
have lower maximum switching frequency compared to proximity switches.
Because of the physical contact with the object, they require maintenance and
replacement.

2. Magnetic Proximity Switches:

Magnetic switches (also called as Reed-contacts) use the distortion of the
magnetic field. If a ferromagnetic material (Fe-Ni compound) comes in the
vicinity, the magnetic field distorts and gives an input to the switch. Thus, they are
only sensitive to ferromagnetic materials and magnetic fields. Dirt and humidity is
of little importance. They preserve high hysteresis (undefinite range of physical
input). They are widely used in pairs of machine parts such as piston-cylinder
arrangements.

3. Inductive Proximity switches:

Inductive proximity switches also work on the principles of magnetic fields and
induction. They response to conductive materials, typically metals. The tabular
data on switching distance depends on mild steel (usually Fe37); thus, a
reduction coefficient must be defined for different metals. For the metals such as
Cr-Ni, brass, aluminum, and copper this value must be modified with the
experimental reduction coefficient found usually in the range of 0.25-0.9. Also the
reduction coefficient depends on the size of the measured object. They are
widely used in the mass production lines and conveyors to detect metallic
workpieces, moving parts of machinery, for measuring linear, rotational speeds,
presses, and encoders.

4. Capacitive Proximity switches:

Unlike the magnetic and inductive types, capacitive proximity switches response
to all types of materials. The reduction coefficient is determined experimentally in
the range of 0.1 to 1 (metals =1 and water =1). Note that liquids can also be
detected by capacitive switches. They are very sensitive to environmental factors
such as dust, dirt and humidity. Therefore they can be used to distinguish object
properties such as color, thickness, water column height, and vibration. Sample
application areas are in production lines and conveyors to count workpieces,
sense packaging defects etc.

5. Optical Proximity switches:

Optical proximity switches use the presence of visible (with wavelength of 660nm
-red-) or invisible (with wavelength of 880nm -ultra-red-), light for input. They give
a NPN or PNP output to the circuit. Here, instead of the reduction coefficient the
operation reserve is defined as the ratio of signal intensity in the input of the
sensor to the required intensity for switching. Note that in correct working
conditions, operation reserve must have a value of greater than one. The
operation reserve depends on ambient conditions such as dust, dirt, ambient light
color and intensity, distance from part, reflect-angle etc.

Optical sensors are divided into two main parts:

 Light sensors (can be equipped with fiber-optic cabling for long distance
transmission, may use ambient light or the light produced in a coupled unit)
 Reflected light sensors (can be equipped with fiber-optic cabling for long
distance transmission, uses the reflected light produced in the same unit from
the part or a reflector sheet)
Optical sensors have a relatively greater switching distance. Therefore they may
be used in detecting surface irregularities, failure detection, detection of
transmissive surfaces, colors etc. Fiber optic cabling for transmission also gives a
flexibility to use small units at difficult locations.

6. Ultrasonic Proximity switches:

They use the reflected sound power for input. Note that above the sensors stated
here, ultrasonic proximity switches have the greatest switching distance and
frequency. Therefore, they are used to detect distant objects with very high
speeds. They are usually insensitive to ambient conditions and should be
preferred in very extreme conditions, while they are very expensive.

7. Pneumatic Proximity switches:

They use the reflected back-pressure supplied from a nozzle at or distant from
the switch unit. Generally preferred in the areas of:

 Very dirty and dusty places,

 At high temperatures,
 In the vicinity of explosive materials where electrical currents may be
dangerous,
 At places where intensive magnetic fields are present, in the vicinity of big
motors, pumps, turbines etc.
 The sensor unit and nozzle unit may be built in one package or as different
units. Can be used to drive a pneumatic piston directly.

SELECTION CRITERIA:
4.9 PROTECTION CLASSES

The protection classes of the mechanical elements are defined in DIN

40050. For example, IP67 represents a device with protection against contact
and foreign material according to 6 (Table A1) and against water and humidity
according to 7 (Table A2).
 First Protection Class
digit

0 No special protection

1 Protection against solid objects larger than 50 mm diameter. Unprotected

against forced contacts (eg. via hand). Should be kept apart from the body

2 Protection against solid objects larger than 12 mm diameter. Should be kept

apart from the fingers

3 Protection against solid objects larger than 2.5 mm diameter. Should be

kept apart from the devices (wire, hand tools etc.)

4 Protection against solid objects larger than 1 mm diameter. Should be kept

apart from the devices (wire, hand tools etc.)

5 Protection against hazardous dust accumulation. Dust protection is not

totally achieved, but inner dust accumulation does not affect functioning of
the device. Full protection against forced contact.

6 Full protection against dust accumulation. Full protection against forced

contact.

Table A1: Protection against dust & forced contact.

Second Protection Class

digit

0 No special protection

1 Protection against vertically tipping water. The water has no hazardous

effects (tipping water).
2 Protection against vertically tipping water at 15  to the normal of the
device surface. The water has no hazardous effects (inclined tipping
water).

3 Protection against water tipping at 60 to the normal of the device. The
water has no hazardous effects (sprinkling water)

4 Protection against water from any direction to the device. The water has
no hazardous effects (flowing water)

5 Protection against water from a nozzle coming from any direction to the
device. The water has no hazardous effects (flowing water)

6 Protection against water forced water coming from any direction to the
device. The water has no hazardous effects (forced water)

7 Protection against water in case of immersion at certain pressure for a

specific time Leakage of the water into the device is avoided.

8 Full protection against water in case of immersion for a predetermined

period of time (permanent immersion).

Table A2: Protection against water

CHAPTER-5

5.1 ARDUINO UNO AND ITS PROGRAMMING

 Arduino is a tool for making computers that can sense and control more of the
physical world than your desktop computer. It's an open-source physical
computing platform based on a simple microcontroller board, and a development
environment for writing software for the board.

Arduino can be used to develop interactive objects, taking inputs from a variety of
switches or sensors, and controlling a variety of lights, motors, and other physical
outputs. Arduino projects can be stand-alone, or they can be communicate with
software running on your computer. The boards can be assembled by hand or
purchased preassembled; the open-source IDE can be downloaded for free.
The Arduino programming language is an implementation of Wiring, a similar
physical computing platform, which is based on the Processing multimedia
programming environment.

5.2 Arduino Software (IDE)

 Writing Sketches
o File
o Edit
o Sketch
o Tools
o Help
 Sketchbook

 Tabs, Multiple Files, and Compilation

Uploading

Libraries

Third-Party Hardware

Serial Monitor
 Preferences
 Language Support

 Boards

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software

(IDE) - contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a
toolbar with buttons for common functions and a series of menus. It connects to
the Arduino and Genuino hardware to upload programs and communicate with
them.

Writing Sketches
Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These
sketches are written in the text editor and are saved with the file extension .ino.
The editor has features for cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing text. The
message area gives feedback while saving and exporting and also displays
errors. The console displays text output by the Arduino Software (IDE), including
complete error messages and other information. The bottom righthand corner of
the window displays the configured board and serial port. The toolbar buttons
allow you to verify and upload programs, create, open, and save sketches, and
open the serial monitor.
NB: Versions of the Arduino Software (IDE) prior to 1.0 saved sketches with the
extension .pde. It is possible to open these files with version 1.0, you will be
prompted to save the sketch with the .ino extension on save.

Verify
Checks your code for errors compiling it.
Upload
Compiles your code and uploads it to the configured board.
See uploading below for details.

Note: If you are using an external programmer with your board, you can
hold down the "shift" key on your computer when using this icon. The text
will change to "Upload using Programmer"
New
Creates a new sketch.
Open
Presents a menu of all the sketches in your sketchbook. Clicking one will
open it within the current window overwriting its content.

Note: due to a bug in Java, this menu doesn't scroll; if you need to open a
sketch late in the list, use the File | Sketchbook menu instead.
Save
Saves your sketch.
SerialMonitor
Opens the serial monitor.

Additional commands are found within the five

menus: File, Edit, Sketch, Tools, Help. The menus are context sensitive, which
means only those items relevant to the work currently being carried out are
available.
 File

 New
Creates a new instance of the editor, with the bare minimum structure of a sketch
already in place.
 Open
Allows to load a sketch file browsing through the computer drives and folders.
 OpenRecent
Provides a short list of the most recent sketches, ready to be opened.
 Sketchbook
Shows the current sketches within the sketchbook folder structure; clicking on
any name opens the corresponding sketch in a new editor instance.
 Examples
Any example provided by the Arduino Software (IDE) or library shows up in this
menu item. All the examples are structured in a tree that allows easy access by
topic or library.
 Close
Closes the instance of the Arduino Software from which it is clicked.
 Save
Saves the sketch with the current name. If the file hasn't been named before, a
name will be provided in a "Save as.." window.
 Saveas...
Allows to save the current sketch with a different name.
 PageSetup
It shows the Page Setup window for printing.
 Print
Sends the current sketch to the printer according to the settings defined in Page
Setup.
 Preferences
Opens the Preferences window where some settings of the IDE may be
customized, as the language of the IDE interface.
 Quit
Closes all IDE windows. The same sketches open when Quit was chosen will be
automatically reopened the next time you start the IDE.

Edit

 Undo/Redo
Goes back of one or more steps you did while editing; when you go back, you
may go forward with Redo.
 Cut
Removes the selected text from the editor and places it into the clipboard.
 Copy
Duplicates the selected text in the editor and places it into the clipboard.
 Copy for Forum
Copies the code of your sketch to the clipboard in a form suitable for posting to
the forum, complete with syntax coloring.
 Copy as HTML
Copies the code of your sketch to the clipboard as HTML, suitable for embedding
in web pages.
 Paste
Puts the contents of the clipboard at the cursor position, in the editor.
 SelectAll
Selects and highlights the whole content of the editor.
 Comment/Uncomment
Puts or removes the // comment marker at the beginning of each selected line.
 Increase/DecreaseIndent
Adds or subtracts a space at the beginning of each selected line, moving the text
one space on the right or eliminating a space at the beginning.
 Find
Opens the Find and Replace window where you can specify text to search inside
the current sketch according to several options.
 FindNext
Highlights the next occurrence - if any - of the string specified as the search item
in the Find window, relative to the cursor position.
 Find Previous

Highlights the previous occurrence - if any - of the string specified as the search
item in the Find window relative to the cursor position.

Sketch

 Verify/Compile
Checks your sketch for errors compiling it; it will report memory usage for code
and variables in the console area.
 Upload
Compiles and loads the binary file onto the configured board through the
configured Port.
 UploadUsingProgrammer

This will overwrite the bootloader on the board; you will need to use Tools > Burn
Bootloader to restore it and be able to Upload to USB serial port again. However,
it allows you to use the full capacity of the Flash memory for your sketch. Please
note that this command will NOT burn the fuses. To do so a Tools -> Burn
Bootloader command must be executed.

 ExportCompiledBinary
Saves a .hex file that may be kept as archive or sent to the board using other
tools.
 ShowSketchFolder
Opens the current sketch folder.
 IncludeLibrary
Adds a library to your sketch by inserting #include statements at the start of your
code. For more details, see libraries below. Additionally, from this menu item you
can access the Library Manager and import new libraries from .zip files.
 AddFile...
Adds a source file to the sketch (it will be copied from its current location). The
new file appears in a new tab in the sketch window. Files can be removed from
the sketch using the tab menu accessible clicking on the small triangle icon below
the serial monitor one on the right side o the toolbar.

5.3 Tools

 AutoFormat
This formats your code nicely: i.e. indents it so that opening and closing curly
braces line up, and that the statements inside curly braces are indented more.
 ArchiveSketch
Archives a copy of the current sketch in .zip format. The archive is placed in the
same directory as the sketch.
 FixEncoding&Reload
Fixes possible discrepancies between the editor char map encoding and other
operating systems char maps.
 SerialMonitor
Opens the serial monitor window and initiates the exchange of data with any
connected board on the currently selected Port. This usually resets the board, if
the board supports Reset over serial port opening.
 Board
Select the board that you're using. See below for descriptions of the various
boards.
 Port
This menu contains all the serial devices (real or virtual) on your machine. It
should automatically refresh every time you open the top-level tools menu.
 Programmer
For selecting a harware programmer when programming a board or chip and not
using the onboard USB-serial connection. Normally you won't need this, but if
you're burning a bootloader to a new microcontroller, you will use this.
 BurnBootloader
The items in this menu allow you to burn a bootloader onto the microcontroller on
an Arduino board. This is not required for normal use of an Arduino or Genuino
board but is useful if you purchase a new ATmega microcontroller (which
normally come without a bootloader). Ensure that you've selected the correct
board from the Boards menu before burning the bootloader on the target board.
This command also set the right fuses.

Help

Here you find easy access to a number of documents that come with the Arduino
Software (IDE). You have access to Getting Started, Reference, this guide to the
IDE and other documents locally, without an internet connection. The documents
are a local copy of the online ones and may link back to our online website.

 Find in Reference
This is the only interactive function of the Help menu: it directly selects the
relevant page in the local copy of the Reference for the function or command
under the cursor.

Sketchbook
The Arduino Software (IDE) uses the concept of a sketchbook: a standard place
to store your programs (or sketches). The sketches in your sketchbook can be
opened from the File > Sketchbook menu or from the Open button on the toolbar.
The first time you run the Arduino software, it will automatically create a directory
for your sketchbook. You can view or change the location of the sketchbook
location from with the Preferences dialog.

Beginning with version 1.0, files are saved with a .ino file extension. Previous
versions use the .pde extension. You may still open .pde named files in version
1.0 and later, the software will automatically rename the extension to .ino.
Tabs, Multiple Files, and Compilation
Allows you to manage sketches with more than one file (each of which appears in
its own tab). These can be normal Arduino code files (no visible extension), C
files (.c extension), C++ files (.cpp), or header files (.h).

Uploading
Before uploading your sketch, you need to select the correct items from the Tools
> Board and Tools > Port menus. The boards are described below. On the Mac,
the serial port is probably something like /dev/tty.usbmodem241 (for an Uno or
Mega2560 or Leonardo) or /dev/tty.usbserial-1B1 (for a Duemilanove or earlier
USB board), or /dev/tty.USA19QW1b1P1.1 (for a serial board connected with a
Keyspan USB-to-Serial adapter). On Windows, it's probably COM1 or COM2 (for
a serial board) or COM4, COM5, COM7, or higher (for a USB board) - to find out,
you look for USB serial device in the ports section of the Windows Device
Manager. On Linux, it should be /dev/ttyACMx , /dev/ttyUSBx or similar. Once
you've selected the correct serial port and board, press the upload button in the
toolbar or select the Upload item from the Sketch menu. Current Arduino boards
will reset automatically and begin the upload. With older boards (pre-Diecimila)
that lack auto-reset, you'll need to press the reset button on the board just before
starting the upload. On most boards, you'll see the RX and TX LEDs blink as the
sketch is uploaded. The Arduino Software (IDE) will display a message when the
upload is complete, or show an error.

When you upload a sketch, you're using the Arduino bootloader, a small program
that has been loaded on to the microcontroller on your board. It allows you to
upload code without using any additional hardware. The bootloader is active for a
few seconds when the board resets; then it starts whichever sketch was most
recently uploaded to the microcontroller. The bootloader will blink the on-board
(pin 13) LED when it starts (i.e. when the board resets).
5.4 Libraries
Libraries provide extra functionality for use in sketches, e.g. working with
hardware or manipulating data. To use a library in a sketch, select it from
the Sketch > Import Library menu. This will insert one or
more #include statements at the top of the sketch and compile the library with
your sketch. Because libraries are uploaded to the board with your sketch, they
increase the amount of space it takes up. If a sketch no longer needs a library,
simply delete its #include statements from the top of your code.

There is a list of libraries in the reference. Some libraries are included with the
Arduino software. Others can be downloaded from a variety of sources or through
the Library Manager. Starting with version 1.0.5 of the IDE, you do can import a
library from a zip file and use it in an open sketch. See these instructions for
installing a third-party library.

To write your own library, see this tutorial.

Third-Party Hardware
Support for third-party hardware can be added to the hardware directory of your
sketchbook directory. Platforms installed there may include board definitions
(which appear in the board menu), core libraries, bootloaders, and programmer
definitions. To install, create the hardware directory, then unzip the third-party
platform into its own sub-directory. (Don't use "arduino" as the sub-directory
name or you'll override the built-in Arduino platform.) To uninstall, simply delete
its directory.

For details on creating packages for third-party hardware, see the Arduino IDE
1.5 3rd party Hardware specification.

Serial Monitor
This displays serial sent from the Arduino or Genuino board over USB or serial
connector. To send data to the board, enter text and click on the "send" button or
press enter. Choose the baud rate from the drop-down menu that matches the
rate passed to Serial.begin in your sketch. Note that on Windows, Mac or Linux
the board will reset (it will rerun your sketch) when you connect with the serial
monitor. Please note that the Serial Monitor does not process control characters;
if your sketch needs a complete management of the serial communication with
control characters, you can use an external terminal program and connect it to
the COM port assigned to your Arduino board.

You can also talk to the board from Processing, Flash, MaxMSP, etc (see
the interfacing page for details).

Preferences
Some preferences can be set in the preferences dialog (found under
the Arduino menu on the Mac, or File on Windows and Linux). The rest can be
found in the preferences file, whose location is shown in the preference dialog.
Language Support

Since version 1.0.1 , the Arduino Software (IDE) has been translated into 30+
different languages. By default, the IDE loads in the language selected by your
operating system. (Note: on Windows and possibly Linux, this is determined by
the locale setting which controls currency and date formats, not by the language
the operating system is displayed in.)

If you would like to change the language manually, start the Arduino Software
(IDE) and open the Preferences window. Next to the Editor Language there is a
dropdown menu of currently supported languages. Select your preferred
language from the menu, and restart the software to use the selected language. If
your operating system language is not supported, the Arduino Software (IDE) will
default to English.

You can return the software to its default setting of selecting its language based
on your operating system by selecting System Default from the Editor
 Language drop-down. This setting will take effect when you restart the Arduino
Software (IDE). Similarly, after changing your operating system's settings, you
must restart the Arduino Software (IDE) to update it to the new default language.

Boards
The board selection has two effects: it sets the parameters (e.g. CPU speed and
baud rate) used when compiling and uploading sketches; and sets and the file
and fuse settings used by the burn bootloader command. Some of the board
definitions differ only in the latter, so even if you've been uploading successfully
with a particular selection you'll want to check it before burning the bootloader.
You can find a comparison table between the various boards here.

Arduino Software (IDE) includes the built in support for the boards in the following
list, all based on the AVR Core. The Boards Manager included in the standard
installation allows to add support for the growing number of new boards based on
different cores like Arduino Due, Arduino Zero, Edison, Galileo and so on.

 ArduinoYùn
An ATmega32u4 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 12 Analog In, 20 Digital I/O
and 7 PWM.
 Arduino/GenuinoUno
An ATmega328P running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 6 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O
and 6 PWM.
 ArduinoDiecimilaorDuemilanovew/ ATmega168
An ATmega168 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset.
 ArduinoNanow/ ATmega328P
An ATmega328P running at 16 MHz with auto-reset. Has eight analog inputs.
 Arduino/GenuinoMega2560
An ATmega2560 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 16 Analog In, 54 Digital I/O
and 15 PWM.
 ArduinoMega
An ATmega1280 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 16 Analog In, 54 Digital I/O
and 15 PWM.
 ArduinoMegaADK
An ATmega2560 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 16 Analog In, 54 Digital I/O
and 15 PWM.
 ArduinoLeonardo
An ATmega32u4 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 12 Analog In, 20 Digital I/O
and 7 PWM.
 Arduino/GenuinoMicro
An ATmega32u4 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 12 Analog In, 20 Digital I/O
and 7 PWM.
 ArduinoEsplora
An ATmega32u4 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset.
 ArduinoMiniw/ ATmega328P
An ATmega328P running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 8 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O
and 6 PWM.
 ArduinoEthernet
Equivalent to Arduino UNO with an Ethernet shield: An ATmega328P running at
16 MHz with auto-reset, 6 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM.
 ArduinoFio
An ATmega328P running at 8 MHz with auto-reset. Equivalent to Arduino Pro or
Pro Mini (3.3V, 8 MHz) w/ ATmega328P, 6 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM.
 ArduinoBTw/ ATmega328P
ATmega328P running at 16 MHz. The bootloader burned (4 KB) includes codes
to initialize the on-board bluetooth module, 6 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and 6
PWM..
 LilyPad ArduinoUSB
An ATmega32u4 running at 8 MHz with auto-reset, 4 Analog In, 9 Digital I/O and
4 PWM.
 LilyPad Arduino
An ATmega168 or ATmega132 running at 8 MHz with auto-reset, 6 Analog In, 14
Digital I/O and 6 PWM.
 ArduinoPro/Mini(5V,16 MHz)w/ ATmega328P
An ATmega328P running at 16 MHz with auto-reset. Equivalent to Arduino
Duemilanove or Nano w/ ATmega328P; 6 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM.
 ArduinoNGorolderw/ ATmega168
An ATmega168 running at 16 MHz without auto-reset. Compilation and upload is
equivalent to Arduino Diecimila or Duemilanove w/ ATmega168, but the
bootloader burned has a slower timeout (and blinks the pin 13 LED three times
on reset); 6 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM.
 ArduinoRobotControl
An ATmega328P running at 16 MHz with auto-reset.
 ArduinoRobotMotor
An ATmega328P running at 16 MHz with auto-reset.
 ArduinoGemma
An ATtiny85 running at 8 MHz with auto-reset, 1 Analog In, 3 Digital I/O and 2
PWM.

For instructions on installing support for other boards, see third-party

hardware above.

Last revision 2015/09/07 by SM

The text of the Arduino getting started guide is licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. Code samples in the guide are
released into the public domain.
 CHAPTER – 6
UBIDOTS EXPLORER:
6.1 Introduction

Welcome to the Ubidots REST API hardware docs. Here you would reference
how to send or retrieve data from your hardware devices using our supported
communication protocols: HTTP, MQTT and TCP/UDP.
The purpose of this section is to help you understand what happens in the
backstage when communicating with Ubidots, so you can replicate this in your
firmware. For this reason, we avoid the use of examples using libraries. However,
if you’d like to use one of our libraries (Python, C, and more), check out
our compatible devices and API clients sections.
How Ubidots Works?

Every time a device updates a sensor value in a variable, a data-point or "dot" is

created. Ubidots stores dots that come from your devices inside variables, and
these stored dots have corresponding timestamps:

Each dot contains these items:

Item Description Mandatory

Value A numerical value. Ubidots accepts up to 16 YES

floating-point length numbers.

timestamp Unix Epoch time, in milliseconds. If not NO

specified, then our servers will assign one upon
reception.

context An arbitrary collection of key-value pairs. Mostly NO

used to store the latitude and longitude
coordinates of GPS devices.

Values

A numerical value. Ubidots accepts up to 16 floating-point length numbers.

{"value" : 34.87654974}
Timestamps

A timestamp, as best described here, is a way to track time as a running total of

seconds. This count starts at the Unix Epoch on January 1st, 1970 at UTC.
Therefore, the unix time stamp is merely the number of seconds between a
particular date and the Unix Epoch. Please keep in mind that when you send data
to Ubidots, you must set the timestamp in milliseconds; also, if you retrieve a
dot's timestamp, it will be in milliseconds.
"timestamp" : 1537453824000
The above timestamp corresponds to Thursday, September 20, 2018 2:30:24
PM.

PRO-TIP: A useful tool to convert between Unix timestamps and human-readable

dates is Epoch Converter.
Context

Numerical values are not the only data type supported; you can also
store string or char data types inside what we call context. The context is a key-
value object that allows you to store not only numerical but also string values. An
example use of the context could be:
"context" : {"status" : "on", "weather" : "sunny"}
A context is commonly used to store the latitude and longitude coordinates of
your device for GPS/tracking application use cases. All Ubidots maps uses
the lat and lng keys from a dot's context to extract the coordinates of your
device, in that way you just need to send a single dot with the coordinates values
in the variable context to plot a map instead of sending separately both latitude
and longitude in two different variables. Below you can find a typical context with
coordinates values:
"context" : {"lat":-6.2, "lng":75.4, "weather" : "sunny"}
Please note that you can mix both string and numerical values in the context. If
your application is for geo-localization purposes, make sure that the coordinates
are set in decimal degrees.
Time Series

Based on the above, we can illustrate an Ubidots time series like this:

Ubidots is an agnostic platform, this means that it does not really care what
hardware device you are using, as long as you're able to interact with us through
at least one of these protocols:
  HTTP
 MQTT
 TCP/UDP
HTTP

HTTP is the main internet protocol for information exchange in the Internet. It also
supports data encryption, which is usually called secure HTTP or HTTPs. When
you use a web browser (MS Edge, Firefox, Google Chrome, etc) you are sending
and receiving packages using HTTP or HTTPs. Because of this, it was not
surprising to see HTTPs become a popular option for data exchange within IoT.
When a developer is to implement HTTP communication, then he should look for
a RESTful Application Programming Interface, or REST API, which exposes all
the endpoints required to interact with a third party application (like Ubidots). In
this section, you can reference our REST API to understand how to send and
retrieve data from our servers.
Note: Our goal with this section is to help you understand what’s happening
behind when communicating with Ubidots, enabling you to replicate it within your
own firmware. Because of this, we avoid using our custom libraries in all the
examples.
HTTP requests
The following methods are specified within the HTTP standard:

HTTP Method Description

GET Used to retrieve information

POST Used to create a new element

PATCH Used to update existing elements

DELETE Used to delete existing elements

HTTP is a request/response protocol, this means that every request that you
make is answered by the server. This response includes a number (response
code) and a body. For example, when you make a request to retrieve a file on a
webpage "(e.g. "Get me the file 'webside.html'" )", you build a GET request. If the
request is correct, the server will typically return a 200 response code, along with
the file requested (body).
Under the same logic, when a device sends a GET request to the Ubidots' server
(i.e. requesting the last value of a variable), then the server sends back a
response with the status of the request (response code), and a body, which
would be the a value with its context and timestamp.

An HTTP request also needs the parameters below:

 Host: Specifies the server you will be making HTTP requests to.
 Path: This is typically the remaining portion of the URL that specifies the
resource you want to consume, be it a variable or a device. For example, if
an API endpoint is: industrial.api.ubidots.com/api/v1.6/devices/my-
device then the path would be /api/v1.6/devices/my-device
 Headers: Define the operating parameters of the HTTP request such as
authentication, Content-Type, Content-Length, etc.
 Body/payload: In the case of POST and PATCH requests, this is the data
sent by your device to the server. GET requests typically do not have a
body because they are meant to request data, not to send data.
Ubidots accepts data as JavaScript Object Notation or JSON. JSON is a
typical HTTP data type, it is a collection of name/value pairs. In various
programming languages, this is treated as an object, record, struct, dictionary,
hash table, keyed list, or associative array. It is also human readable and
language independent. An example of a JSON data type that Ubidots accepts
can be referenced below:
{"temperature": {"value":10, "timestamp": 1534881387000, "context": {"machine":
"1st floor"}}}
A typical HTTP request to Ubidots should be set as below:
POST {PATH} HTTP/1.1<CR><LN>
Host: {HOST}<CR><LN>
User-Agent: {USER_AGENT}<CR><LN>
X-Auth-Token: {TOKEN}<CR><LN>
Content-Type: application/json<CR><LN>
Content-Length: {PAYLOAD_LENGTH}<CR><LN><CR><LN>
{PAYLOAD}
<CR><LN>
Where:

 {PATH}: Path to the resource to consume

Example: /api/v1.6/variables/ to get user's variables information.
 {HOST}: Host URL.
Example: industrial.api.ubidots.com
 {USER_AGENT}: An optional string used to identify the type of client, be it
by application type, operating system, software vendor or software version
of the requesting user agent.
Examples: ESP8266/1.0, Particle/1.2

 {TOKEN}: Unique key that authorizes your device to ingest data inside
your Ubidots account.

 {PAYLOAD_LENGTH}: The number of characters of your payload. Example:

The payload {"temperature": 20} will have a content-length of 19.
 {PAYLOAD}: Data to send.
Example: {"temperature": 20}
PRO TIP: The easy way of handle HTTP and HTTPs requests is by using cURL,
a command line tool. To learn how to install cURL on Windows, MacOSX or
Linux please refer to this guide.
API URLs

API access can be over HTTP or secure HTTP, HTTPs, using the following
endpoints based on your Ubidots Account type.
Security Note: We strongly advise to use HTTPs to make sure your data travels
encrypted, avoiding the exposure of your API token and/or sensor data.
HTTP

Ubidots Account Endpoint Port

Educational http://things.ubidots.com 80

Industrial http://industrial.api.ubidots.com 80
HTTPs

Ubidots Account Endpoint Port

Educational https://things.ubidots.com 443

Industrial https://industrial.api.ubidots.com 443

Ubidots supports SSL v1.1, TLS v1.2 and v1.3. You can download our root
certificates in different formats:

 PEM file: A certificate chain with two root certificates from our certificate
authorities (CAs).
 DER file: Same as the PEM file, with an alternative encoding.
 CRT file: Same as the PEM file, with a different extension. Often referred to
as .crt, .cert or .cer.
NOTE: To avoid future inconveniences, we advise to use both certificates in
your device's auth routines. While the second is the current valid certificate, we
will use the first after 2021.
Fixed IPs

Ubidots also supports fixed IPs address for data ingestion, but we highly advise
to our users to implement their firmware routines using the dns endpoints instead
of fixed IPs, as these last ones may change in the future.

Ubidots Account ipv4 ipv6 Port

Educational 50.23.124.68 2607:f0d0:2101:39::2 80/443

Industrial 169.55.61.243 2607:f0d0:3:b::2 80/443

HTTP Authentication

Every request requires a token. A token is an unique key that authorizes your
device to ingest data inside your Ubidots account.
The easiest way to get yours is clicking on "API Credentials" under your profile
tab:

Also, 6 hour valid tokens can be generated using your account API-KEY. If you
desire to learn how to do it, please refer the Ubidots REST Software API
reference.
There are two ways to send a token in a request:
1. Send the token as parameter in the endpoint, setting it with
the ?token= expression. This is the easiest one to implement but the most
unsecure method to send your authentication credentials.
2. Send the token as a request header. For this, use the X-Auth-
Token header.
Security Note: While sending your token as a URL parameter can be quite
comfortable in some devices, we only advise to do this for prototyping stages. For
production stages, we strongly advise sending the token using the X-Auth-
Token header.
GET

https://industrial.api.ubidots.com/api/

Send data

Our REST API allows you send data to the platform in two different ways:

 Send data to a device

 Send data to a variable
If you're looking for more advanced API capabilities, such as editing a device
name, or listing all of your devices, please refer to our Ubidots Software REST
API Reference.
Send data to a device

Request structure:
POST /api/v1.6/devices/{DEVICE_LABEL} HTTP/1.1<CR><LN>
Host: {Host}<CR><LN>
User-Agent: {USER_AGENT}<CR><LN>
X-Auth-Token: {TOKEN}<CR><LN>
Content-Type: application/json<CR><LN>
Content-Length: {PAYLOAD_LENGTH}<CR><LN><CR><LN>
{PAYLOAD}
<CR><LN>
Expected Response:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK<CR><LN>
Server: nginx<CR><LN>
Date: Tue, 04 Sep 2018 22:35:06 GMT<CR><LN>
Content-Type: application/json<CR><LN>
Transfer-Encoding: chunked<CR><LN>
Vary: Cookie<CR><LN>
Allow: GET, POST, HEAD, OPTIONS<CR><LN><CR><LN>
{PAYLOAD_LENGTH_IN_HEXADECIMAL}<CR><LN>
{"{VARIABLE_LABEL}": [{"status_code": 201}]}<CR><LN>
0<CR><LN>
The easiest way to send values to Ubidots is by specifying your Device label in
the request path and making a POST request to it.
Replace the {DEVICE_LABEL} with the unique label of the desired device to
send data to. If the device does not exist in your Ubidots account, it will be
automatically created. Device labels can contain any alphanumerical character,
without blank spaces, i.e weather-station, my-home, esp8266.
To set the variables values, just create a JSON data payload as below
Nº
Variables JSON structure

One {"variable-label": VALUE}

Multiple {"variable-label-1": {"value": VALUE, "timestamp":

TIMESTAMP, "context": {"key": VALUE}}, ... , "variable-label-
n": {"value": VALUE, "timestamp": TIMESTAMP, "context":
{"key": VALUE}}}

timestamp and context parameters are optional.

NOTE 1:: By default, the Ubidots backend will take the latitude and longitude
values inside any variable labeled
as "gps", "location", position or "coordinates" automatically to get your
device coordinates in all of the map widgets. Alternatively, you change the default
location variable.
NOTE 2: All timestamps must be in milliseconds. If you set a timestamp for a
variable value, it will be stored with the date represented by it. You can easily
convert dates to timestamps values here.

CONCLUSION

The smart basket helps us reduce pollution. Many times, the garbage can
over flowing and a lot of animals like the dog or the mouse enter in or near the
trash can. This creates a bad scene. Even some birds also try to remove
garbage from the trash. This project can avoid such situations. And the the
message can be sent directly to the cleaning vehicle instead of the
contractor's office. This project is also helpful in the government project of
“SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAN”.This project can also be used in the “SMART
CITY”.
 REFERENCES

 [1] Daniel V., Puglia P.A., and M. Puglia (2007). “RFID-A Guide to Radio
Frequency Identification”, Technology Research Corporation.

 [2] Flora, A. (2009). “Towards a clean environment: A proposal on sustainable

and integrated solid waste management system for university Kebangsaan
Malaysia”. Report from Alam Flora.
 [3] Gogoi.L (2012). “Solid Waste Disposal and its Health Implications in
Guwahati City: A Study in Medical Geography", Lambert Academic
Publishing, Germany, ISBN 978-3-8454-0149-2.

 [4] Hannan, M., A., Arebey, M., Basri, H. (2010). “Intelligent Solid Waste Bin
monitoring and Management System”, Australian Journal of Basic and
Applied Sciences, 4(10): 5314-5319, 2010, ISSN 1991-8178.

 [5] Md. Liakot Ali, Mahbubul Alam, Md. Abu Nayeem Redwanur Rahaman,
(2012). “RFID based E-monitoring System for Municipal Solid Waste
Management”, International Conference on Electrical and Computer
Engineering, Pg 474-477.