I.

PUMPS
Basic Classification of Pumps:
1. Reciprocating pump: A. Low discharge B. High head C. Low speed D. self-priming
2. Centrifugal pump: A. High discharge B. Low head C. High speed D. Not self-priming
3. Rotary pump: A. Low discharge B. Low head C. Used for pumping viscous liquids like oil)
4. Turbine pump: A. For piping water with high suction lift: B. For pumping condensate.

FORMULAS:
1. Volume Flow Rate of Water, Q Q=Axv

2. Pressure Head, (hp) where: P = pressure w = density of water

3. Velocity Head, (hv) hv = where: v = velocity of water

2g

g = 9.81 m/sec2 = 32.2 ft/sec2

4. Total Head of Pump(h)

h = (hpd - hps) + (hvd - hvs) + (zd - zs) + (hfs + hfd)

where:
zs is negative if source is below pump center line
Ps is negative if it is a vacuum

5. Water Power, Pw Pw = Q w h, KW

Water Power
6. Pump Efficiency(P) p =
Brake Power

7. Head as determined from two pressure readings

Pd  Ps vd2  vs2
h   z
2g
where: Ps is negative if vacuum

8. Friction Head (hf)

a. Morse equation b. Darcy’s Equation

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CHARACTERISTICS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
9. Specific Speed (NS)

N Q N Q/2
Single suction: Ns  Double suction: Ns  3/ 4
3/4 h
h

Where: N = speed, rpm Q = discharge, gpm H = head, ft

10. Similar Pumps:

N1 Q1 N2 Q2 Q1 Q2
 
3 3
N1D N2D2

11. For the same pump:

A. Constant Impeller Diameter, Variable Speed D. Variable speed, variable impeller diameter
2
Q N h1 N 
2
P1 N 
3
ND h N D  N13 D15 w
1  1
 1  1 1  1 1  1
Q2 N2 h2  N2  P2  N2  h2  N2 D2  P2 3
N2 D2
5
w2

B. Constant Speed Variable Impeller Diameter

2 3
Q D h1 D  P1 D 
1  1
 1  1 Q
Q2 D2 h2  D2  P2  D2  Q

C. Constant Speed Variable fluid density

Q1 w1

Q2 w2

12. Characteristics of Reciprocating Pumps:

Q
1. Piston Displacement Q/2 Q/2

a. Piston Rod Neglected: VD = 2  D2 L N
4

b. Piston Rod Considered VD =

VD  Q
2. Slip = VD - Q 3. % slip = x 100%
VD

4. ηV = volumetric efficiency ηV = Q / VD

5. ηV = 1 - Slip

13. Boiler Feed Pump

Pw = w Q h, kw
Pw = (m x 0.00981) h, kw
P w= v (P2 – P1)
P w= m (h2 – h1)

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14. Submersible Pump

DD = drawdown = 𝑆𝑊𝐿 − 𝑂𝑊𝐿

H = distance from pump centerline to the discharge tank
h = total dynamic head of pump
SWL= static water level
OWL = operating water level
𝑃w = 𝑄𝑤ℎ

II. AIR COMPRESSOR

Single-Stage Reciprocating Compressor
1. Compression Process:(1 to 2)
P1V1 n  P2V2n

n1
V 
2 1
T1  V2 

n1
T2 P  n
 2
T1  P1 

2. Piston Displacement, VD
Water Inlet Q
a. For single acting compressor: VD = π/4 D2 L N, m3 / sec

b. For double acting compressor:

Piston Rod Neglected: VD = 2( π/4 D2 L N), m3/s

Piston Rod Considered: VD = π/4 D2 L N + π/4 (D2 – d2) L N , m3/s

3. Capacity of compressor, V1 V1 = m R T1 / P1 where: V1 = Volume flow at suction

V1 P  n
4. Volumetric Efficiency(v) v  Using conventional formula:   1 c  c  2 
VD 1

n1
n P1 V1  P2  n 
5. Compressor Power, W W    1 where: P1 = suction P2 = discharge
n  1  P1 

Compressor Power
6. Compressor Efficiency c =
Brake Power

7. Piston Speed = 2 L N

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8. Compression: A. Isentropic B. Polytropic C. Isothermal
 k1  n1 
k P1 V1  P2  k  n P1 V1  P2  n  V1
W    1 W  
 1 W  P1V1 ln
k  1  P1   n  1  P1  V2
 

Two-Stage Reciprocating Compressor

 n1 
2 n P1 V1 Px  n 
1. Compressor Work: W     1
n  1  P1  
 

2. Intercooler Pressure, (PX)

3. Heat Rejected in the Intercooler

Q = heat rejected in intercooler Q = m cp (Tx - T1)

where: cp = 1 KJ/kg-K Tx = intercooler temperature

k1
P V P  k
m = mass of air m 1 1 Tx  T1  
R T1  1

= Isentropic Work
4. Adiabatic Compressor Efficiency:
Actual Fluid Work

5. Ideal Indicated Power: IP = Pmi VD V

Three-Stage Air Compressor

Px Py P2
1. Intercooler pressure ratio relation:  
P1 Px Py

Px = intercooler bet 1st and 2nd stage

Py = intercooler bet 2nd and 3rd stage

2. Intercooler Pressure: Px  (P12 P2)1/ 3

n1
3 n P1 V1  Px  n
3. Compressor Power: W   1
n  1  P1  

4. Heat Rejected in the Intercooler: Q = 2 m cp (Tx - T1) where: cp = 1 KJ/kg-K

k1
P V P  k
m = mass of air m 1 1 Tx  T1  
R T1  1

Tx = intercooler temperature between 1st and 2nd stage.

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III. FANS AND BLOWERS
hw dw
1. Static Head (hs) h s 
da

dw = density of water = 9.81 KN/m3

hw = manometer reading, meters of water.
da = density of air, KN/m3

If both static head at suction and discharge given,

2. Velocity Head (hv): hv = vo2 / 2g

where: vo = outlet velocity, m/s g = 9.81 m/sec2 = 32.2 ft/sec2

(v d2  v s2 )
If both velocity at suction and discharge are given: hv =
2g

3. Total Head (h) h = hs + hv

4. Air Power, Pa Pa = da Q h, KW

where: Q = fan capacity, m3/sec da = density of air, KN/m3 h = total head, m

= Air Power
5. Fan Efficiency:
Brake Power

6. Static Power: Ps = da Q hs

7. Static Efficiency, ηs =

8. Fan Laws:

A. Variable Speed (constant fan size) B. Variable density (constant fan size)
2 3
Q N h1 N  P1 N  h d P d
1  1  1  1 Q1 = Q2 1  1 1  1
Q2 N2 h2  N2  P2  N2  h2 d2 P2 d2

where:
d = density of air
P = power
h = head
N = speed

9. hs / es = h / ef where: es = static fan efficiency ef = fan efficiency

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