BCS Kbwd‡WÝ evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ †jKPvi 8

†jKPvi
 mgvm
8
mgvm m¤úwK©Z Z_¨vw`
mgvm: {m. mg&+Am&+A(NT&)}=mgvm| ÔmgvmÕ k‡ãi A_©: wgjb, GKÎ Ae¯’vb, ms‡ÿc, GKvwaK c‡`i GKc`xKiY, mshy³ c` BZ¨vw`|
A‡_©i w`K †_‡K wgj Av‡Q Ggb `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK kã ev c` GKkã nIqvi cÖwµqv‡K mgvm e‡j| A_©vr ci¯úi m¤ú©Khy³ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK
c` GKc‡` cwiYZ nIqv‡K mgvm e‡j| †hgb: wmsn wPwýZ Avmb = wmsnvmb|
mgvm m¤úwK©Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq:
ÔmgvmÕ k‡ãi A_©: ms‡ÿcY| mgvm fvlv‡K ms‡ÿc K‡i| mgvm fvlv‡K kÖæwZgayi, cÖvÄj I MwZkxj K‡i|
mgv‡mi ixwZ ms¯‹…Z fvlv †_‡K G‡m‡Q| mgvm bZzb A_©‡evaK kã m„wó K‡i| mgv‡m we‡kl¨ c‡` KviK wefw³ _v‡K|
mgv‡mi KvR:  GKc`x KiY  ms‡ÿcY  c‡`i wgjb
mgvm msµvšÍ cwifvlv
mgvm mswkøó K‡qKwU msÁv_©:
 mgm¨gvb c`:
†h KqwU kã wg‡j mgvm nq, Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K ejv nq mgm¨gvb c`| †hgb: MwZi †eM = MwZ‡eM|
GLv‡b ÔMwZiÕ Ges Ô‡eMÕ G `ywU mgm¨gvb c` wg‡j ÔMwZ‡eMÕ n‡q‡Q|
 mg¯Íc`/mgvme× c`:
mgv‡mi cÖwµqvq GKvwaK kã hy³ n‡q †h GKK c` MVb K‡i Zv‡K Ômg¯Íc`Õ ev Ômgvme× c`Õ e‡j|
†hgb: be †h w`MšÍ = bew`MšÍ| GLv‡b Ôbew`MšÍÕ mg¯Íc` ev mgvme× c`|
 c~e©c` I cic`:
mg¯Íc‡` †h `ywU c` _v‡K Zvi cÖ_g c`wU‡K Ôc~e©c`Õ I †k‡li c`wU‡K Ôcic`Õ e‡j| †hgb: mgvme× Ôbew`MšÍÕ k‡ãi ÔbeÕ c~e©c`
Ges Ôw`MšÍÕ DËic`| D‡jøL¨, cic`‡K DËic` ev AšÍ¨c`I ejv nq|
 e¨vmevK¨/mgvmevK¨/weMÖnevK¨:
mg¯Íc`‡K ev mgvme× c`‡K fvO‡j †h evK¨ cvIqv hvq Zv‡K Ôe¨vmevK¨Õ ev ÔmgvmevK¨Õ ev ÔweMÖnevK¨Õ e‡j| ÔcZvKv‡kvwfZÕ k‡ãi
e¨vmevK¨ ÔcZvKv w`‡q †kvwfZÕ|
 mg¯Íc`‡K we‡kølY:
mgv‡mi †ÿ‡Î mg¯Íc`‡K we‡kølb Ki‡j K‡qKwU Ask cvIqv hvq| wb‡¤œ wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ welqwU Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv:
†kvK Øviv AvKzj = †kvKvKzj

†kvK Øviv AvKzj †kvK, AvKzj †kvK AvKzj †kvKvKzj

e¨vmevK¨ mgm¨gvb c` c~e©c` cic` mg¯Íc`

weMÖnevK¨
mgvmevK¨

 ‡h mgv‡m †h c` cÖavb:
mgvm c` mgvm c`
Ø›Ø Dfqc` Kg©aviq, Zrcyiæl, wظ (‡UKwbK: wØZK) cic`
Ae¨qxfve c~e©c` eûeªxwn ‡Kv‡bv c`B cÖavb bq
 e¨vmev‡K¨ hv _v‡K: e¨vmevK¨ Kivi mgq wfbœ wfbœ mgv‡m wfbœ wfbœ kã hy³ nq| †hgb:
mgv‡mi bvg e¨vmev‡K¨ hv _vK‡e
Ø›Ø Ges, I, Avi
Kg©aviq whwb-wZwb, †hB-‡mB, †h-‡m
Zrcyiæl wefw³ †jvc cvq
Ae¨qxfve ch©š,Í mv`„k¨, Afve, wKsev, ÿz`ªZv, †hvMÖZv, AwZµg, AwZµvšÍ, cðvr, ˆbKU¨/mgx‡c|
eûeªxwn hvi, hv‡Z
wظ mgvnvi

jvqb ZvQwjgv wMqvm cwiPvwjZ cvZv-52 BCS Kbwd‡WÝ

BCS Kbwd‡WÝ evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ †jKPvi 8
mgv‡mi cÖKvi‡f`
mgv‡mi cÖKvi‡f`: mgv‡mi cÖKvi‡f` wb‡q gZcv_©K¨ Av‡Q| †hgb: W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn wظ mgvm‡K Kg©aviq mgv‡mi AšÍf~©³ K‡i mgvm‡K
cuvP fvM web¨¯Í K‡i‡Qb| cÿvšÍ‡i, W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Qq cÖKv‡ii K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|
AvaywbK e¨vKiYwe`MY ms¯‹…Z e¨vKi‡Yi cÖ_vMZ wefvRb‡K gvb¨ K‡iB mgv‡mi QqwU wefvM‡K ¯^xKvi K‡ib| h_v: 1. Ø›Ø ev eÜb mgvm 2.
Kg©aviq ev eY©b mgvm 3. Zrcyiæl ev KviK‡jvcx mgvm 4. eûeªxwn ev Ab¨v_©K mgvm 5. wظ mgvm I 6. Ae¨qxfve mgvm|
mgvm

Ø›Ø Kg©aviq Zrcyiæl eûeªxwn wظ Ae¨qxfve

 D‡jøL¨, cÖvw` mgvm, wbZ¨ mgvm, AjyK mgvm BZ¨vw` K‡qKwU AcÖavb mgvm i‡q‡Q|
 we‡kl `ªóe¨: bZzb evsjv e¨vKiY (9g-10g) eB Abymv‡i mgvm g~jZ 4 cÖKvi| h_v: 1. Zrcyiæl 2. Kg©aviq 3. eûeªxwn 4. Ø›Ø| wظ mgvm‡K
Kg©aviq mgv‡mi AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
1. Ø›Ø mgv‡mi †kÖwYwefvM
mgv‡mi bvg msÁv D`vniY
mvaviY Ø›Ø mvaviYZ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK c‡`i wgjb n‡j, Zv‡K ejv nq mvaviY Ø›Ø| gv I evev = gv-evev
wgjbv_©K Ø›Ø hLb A‡_©i w`K †_‡K ci¯úi wgjb eySvq, ZLb `ywU c‡`i wgjb n‡j Zv‡K e‡j wgjbv_©K Ø›Ø| fvB I †evb = fvB-‡evb
we‡ivav_© Ø›Ø A‡_©i w`K †_‡K †h Ø›Ø ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ we‡iva ev ˆecwiZ¨ eySvq, Zv‡K ejv nq we‡ivav_©K Ø›Ø| mv`v I Kv‡jv = mv`v-Kv‡jv
mgv_©K Ø›Ø mg A_©c~Y© `ywU c‡`i wgjb n‡j Zv‡K ejv nq mgv_©K Ø›Ø| nvU I evRvi = nvU- evRvi
eûc`x Ø›Ø eûc` wg‡j †h Ø›Ø mgvm nq Zv‡K ejv nq eûc`x Ø›Ø mgvm| ‡m, Zzwg I Avwg = Avgiv
BZ¨vw` A‡_© g~j c‡`i m‡½ BZ¨vw`evPK weK…Zc` wgwjZ n‡j Zv‡K e‡j BZ¨vw`evPK Ø›`¦ mgvm| Kvco I †Pvco =
Ø›Ø Kvco‡Pvco
AjyK Ø›Ø ‡h mgv‡m c~e©c‡`i wefw³ †jvc nq bv, Zv‡K ejv nq AjyK Ø›Ø mgvm| `y‡a I fv‡Z = `y‡afv‡Z
GK‡kl Ø›Ø ‡h mgvm Ab¨vb¨ c‡`i wejywß NwU‡q cÖ_g c`wUi m‡½ †kl c`wUi mvgÄm¨ iwPZ nq, Zv‡K e‡j Rvqv I cwZ = `¤úwZ
GK‡kl Ø›Ø|
Ø›` mgvm VS Kg©aviq mgvm
 `ywU c` Øviv `ywU wRwbm‡K eySv‡j Zvnv Ø›` mgvm
 `ywU c` Øviv GKwU wRwbm‡K eySv‡j Zvnv Kg©aviq mgvm
2. Kg©aviq mgvm
 msÁv: ÔKg©aviqÕ k‡ãi A_© : Kg© ev e„wËaviYKvix| G †kÖwYi mgv‡m c~e©c`wU cic‡`i we‡klY iƒ‡c Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges cic‡`i A_©B
cÖvavb¨ cvq| A_©vr †hLv‡b we‡klY ev we‡klYvfvevcbœ c‡`i mv‡_ we‡kl¨ ev we‡kl¨fvevcbœ c‡`i mgvm nq Ges cic‡`i A_©B cÖavb iƒ‡c
cÖZxqgvb nq, Zv‡K Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j| †hgb: bxj †h AvKvk = bxjvKvk; kvšÍ A_P wkó = kvšÍwkó; hv KuvPv Zv-B wgVv = KuvPvwgVv; my
†h cyiæl = mycyiæl; evû jZvi b¨vq = evûjZv|
 Kg©aviq mgvm K‡qK cÖKv‡i mvwaZ nq| †hgb:
 `ywU we‡kl¨ c‡` GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K †evSv‡j Kg©aviq mgvm nq| †hgb: whwb RR wZwbB mv‡ne = RRmv‡ne|
 c~e©c‡` ¯¿xevPK we‡klY _vK‡j Kg©aviq mgv‡m †mwU cyiælevPK nq| †hgb: my›`ix †h jZv= my›`ijZv| gnZx †h KxwZ©= gnvKxwZ©|
 `ywU we‡klY c‡` GKwU we‡kl¨‡K †evSv‡j Kg©aviq mgvm nq| †hgb: †h PvjvK †mB PZzi = PvjvK-PZzi|
 Kv‡h© ci¤úiv †evSv‡Z `ywU K…`šÍ we‡klY c‡`I Kg©aviq mgvm nq| †hgb: Av‡M †avqv c‡i †gvQv = †avqv-‡gvQv| Av‡M myß c‡i DwÌZ
= my‡ßvwÌZ|
 we‡klYevPK gnvb ev gnr kã c~e© c` n‡j, ÔgnrÕ I ÔgnvbÕ ¯’v‡b ÔgnvÕ nq| †hgb: gnr †h Ávb = gnvÁvbÕ gnvb †h bwe = gnvbwe|
 c~e©c‡` ÔKzÕ we‡klY _vK‡j Ges cic‡i` cÖ_‡g ¯^iaŸwb _vK‡j ÔKzÕ ¯’v‡b ÔKrÕ nq| †hgb: Kz †h A_©= K`_©; Kz †h AvPvi = K`vPvi|
 we‡klY I we‡kl¨c‡` Kg©aviq mgvm n‡j KL‡bv KL‡bv we‡klY c‡i Av‡m, we‡kl¨ Av‡M hvq| †hgb: wm× †h Avjy = Avjywm×; Aag
†h bi = bivag|
 cic‡` ÔivRvr kã _vK‡j Kg©aviq mgv‡m ÔivRÕ nq| †hgb: gnvb †h ivRv= gnvivR, c‡_i ivRv= ivRc_|
 Kg©aviq mgv‡mi mvaviY K‡qKwU wbqg : KL‡bv KL‡bv we‡klYiƒ‡c e¨eüZ c~e©c‡`i me©bvg, msL¨vevPK kã, DcmM© I Ae¨‡qi m‡½
cic‡i` we‡k‡l¨i gva¨‡g Kg©aviq mgvm nq| †hgb:
 me©bvg: GB †h Kvj = GKvj, †mB †h Kvj = †mKvj, GB †h Lb = GLb|
 msL¨vevPK kã: GK †h Rb = GKRb, †`v †h Zjv = †`vZjv
 DcmM©: we †h fuyB= wefyuB, Kz †h Kg©= KzKg©|
 Ae¨q (AbyKvi Ae¨q): wdm& wdm& †h K_v= wdmBd‡m K_v|

jvqb ZvQwjgv wMqvm cwiPvwjZ cvZv-53 BCS Kbwd‡WÝ

BCS Kbwd‡WÝ evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ †jKPvi 8
 Kg©aviq mgv‡mi cÖKvi‡f`: Kg©aviq mgvm cuvP cÖKvi| h_v:
1. mvaviY Kg©aviq 2. ga¨c`‡jvcx 3. Dcgvb 4. DcwgZ I 5. iƒcK Kg©aviq mgvm|
mgv‡mi bvg msÁv D`vniY
`ywU c` Øviv GKwU wRwbm‡K ev e¨w³‡K eySv‡j Zvnv Kg©aviq whwb ivRv wZwb Fwl= ivRwl©
mvaviY Kg©aviq
mgvm hvnv KvuPv Zvnv wgVv = KvuPvwgVv
†h Kg©aviq mgv‡m e¨vmev‡K¨i ga¨c‡`i †jvc nq, Zv‡K
ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq cj wgwkÖZ Abœ= cjvbœ
ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j|
‡h Kg©aviq mgv‡m mvaviY Kg©evPK c‡`i m‡½ DcgvbevPK kk‡Ki g‡Zv e¨¯Í = kke¨¯Í
Dcgvb Kg©aviq mgvm
c‡`i wgjb nq, Zv‡K Dcgvb Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j| wgwki b¨vq Kv‡jv = wgkKv‡jv
mvaviY ¸‡Yi D‡jøL e¨ZxZ Dc‡g‡qi m‡½ Dcgvb c‡`i ‡h mgvm
DcwgZ Kg©aviq Kzgvix dz‡ji b¨vq = dzjKzgvix
nq, Zv‡K DcwgZ Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j|
DcwgZ I Dcgvb A‡f` Kíbvg~jK mgvm‡K ejv nq iƒcK AvuwL iƒwc cvwL = AvuwLcvwL
iƒcK Kg©aviq
Kg©aviq| welv` iƒc wmÜz = welv`wmÜz
3. Zrcyiæl mgvm
 msÁv: ÔZrcyiælÕ k‡ãi A_©: Zvi m¤úKx©q cyiæl| GwU cic‡`i A_© cÖavb mgvm| c~e©c‡` wefw³i †jv‡c †h mgvm nq Ges †h mgv‡m
cic‡`i A_© cÖavbfv‡e †evSvq, Zv‡K Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| †hgb: cy‡®úi †mŠif = cy®ú‡mŠif|
 cÖvgvY¨ msÁv_©:
 ‡h mgv‡m DËic‡`i A_©B cÖavbiƒ‡c cÖZxqgvb nq, †mB mgvm‡K mvaviYfv‡e ejv nq Zrcyiæl mgvm| ––– W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq
 c~e©c‡`i wØZxqvw` wefw³i †jv‡c †h mgvm MwVZ nq Ges hv‡Z cic‡`i A_©B cÖavbfv‡e wb‡`©k K‡i, Zv‡K Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| ––– W.
gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn
 Zrcyiæl mgv‡mi m‡½ mswkøó welqvw`:
Zrcyiæl mgv‡m c~e©c‡` wØZxqv †_‡K mßgx ch©šÍ †h †Kv‡bv wefw³ _vK‡Z cv‡i, c~e©c‡`i wefw³ Abymv‡i G mgv‡mi bvgKiY nq| †hgb:
†`k‡K D×vi = †`‡kv×vi, wec`‡K Avcbœ = wec`vcbœ| GLv‡b wØZxqv wefw³ Ô‡KÕ †jvc †c‡q‡Q e‡j Gi bvg wØZxqv Zrcyiæl|
Zrcyiæl mgv‡mi cÖKvi
 Zrcyiæl mgv‡mi cÖKvi: Zrcyiæl mgvm bq cÖKvi| h_v: wØZxqv, Z…Zxqv, PZz_x©, cÂgx, lôx, mßgx, bT&, Dcc` I AjyK Zrcyiæl mgvm| –
––––– gybxi †PŠayix (m~Î: evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY: beg-`kg †kÖYx)
 wØZxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm: c~e©c‡`i wØZxqv wefw³ (‡K, †i) †jvc n‡q †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K wØZxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| †hgb: Mv-‡K XvKv= Mv-
XvKv, †Q‡j‡K fzjv‡bv = †Q‡j fzjv‡bv, `ytL‡K cÖvß = `ytLcÖvß, ci‡jv‡K MZ = ci‡jvKMZ|
 we‡kl wbqg:
i. e¨vwß A‡_©I wØZxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm nq| †hgb: wPiKvj e¨vwcqv myLx= wPimyLx, wPi e¨vß K‡i Kvj = wPiKvj| Giƒc: i_‡`Lv,
fvZivuav, †Q‡j-eyjv‡bv, b‡fj-cov|
ii. fv‡e, iƒ‡c, h_v-Z_v BZ¨vw` k‡ãi e¨env‡iI wØZxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm nq| †hgb: g„`yfv‡e fvlx = g„`yfvlx, awi h_v Z_v Mvgx=
axiMvgx, Aa©iƒ‡c ivwR = wbgivwR, `ªæZ h_v Z_v Mvgx = `ªæZMvgx|
 Z…Zxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm: c~e©c‡` Z…Zxqv wefw³i (Øviv, w`qv, KZ©„K BZ¨vw`) †jv‡c †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K Z…Zxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| †hgb: gb
w`‡q Mov = gbMov, kÖg Øviv jä= kÖgjä, ab Øviv AvX¨ = abvX¨|
 we‡kl wbqg:
i. Eb, nxb, k~b¨: Eb, nxb, k~b¨ cÖf…wZ kã DËic` n‡jI Z…Zxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm nq| †hgb: GK Øviv Eb= G‡Kvb, we`¨v Øviv nxb =
we`¨vnxb, Ávb Øviv ev Áv‡b k~b¨= Ávbk~b¨, cuvP Øviv Kg = cuvPKg (GKk)|
ii. DcKiYevPK we‡kl¨ : DcKiYevPK we‡kl¨ c` c~e©c‡` e‡mI Z…Zxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm nq| †hgb: ¯^Y© Øviv gwÐZ = ¯^Y©gwÐZ nxiK
Øviv LwPZ = nxiKLwPZ, P›`b Øviv PwP©Z = P›`bPwP©Z, iZœ Øviv †kvwfZ = iZœ‡kvwfZ|
 PZz_x© Zrcyiæl mgvm: c~e©c‡` PZz_x© wefw³ †K, Rb¨, wbwgË BZ¨vw`) †jv‡c †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K PZz_x© Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| †hgb: ¸iæ‡K
fw³= ¸iæfw³, Aviv‡gi Rb¨ †K`viv = Avivg‡K`viv, em‡Zi wbwgË evwo= emZevwo, we‡qi Rb¨ cvMjv= we‡qcvMjv BZ¨vw`| Giƒc:
QvÎvevm, WvKgvïj, †PvlKvMR, wkïg½j, gymvwdiLvbv, nR¡hvÎv, gvj¸`vg, ivbœvNi, gvcKvwV, †g‡q¯‹zj, evwjKv- we`¨vjq, cvMjvMvi`
BZ¨vw`|
 cÂgx Zrcyiæl mgvm: c~e©c‡` cÂgx wefw³ (n‡Z, †_‡K, †P‡q) †jv‡c †h Zrcyiæl mgvm nq, Zv‡K cÂgx Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| †hgb:
LuvPvQvov, wejvZ †_‡K †diZ = wejvZ‡diZ|
 we‡kl wbqg:
i. mvaviYZ Pz¨Z, RvZ, AvMZ, fxZ, M„nxZ, weiZ, gy³, DËxY©, cvjv‡bv, åó BZ¨vw` cic‡`i m‡½ cÂgx Zrcyiæl mgvm nq|
†hgb: ¯‹zj †_‡K cvjv‡bv= ¯‹zjcvjv‡bv, †Rj †_‡K gy³ = †Rjgy³ BZ¨vw`| GiKg: †RjLvjvm, †euvUvLmv, AvMv‡Mvov, kvcgy³,
FYgy³ BZ¨vw`|
ii. ‡Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq cÂgx Zrcyiæl mgv‡mi e¨vmev‡K¨ ÔGiÕ, Ô‡P‡qÕ, ÔA‡cÿvÕ BZ¨vw` Abym‡M©i e¨envi nq| †hgb: civ‡Yi †P‡q
wcÖq= civYwcÖq, me© (mK‡ji) A‡cÿv DËg = m‡e©vËg, me© A‡cÿv DrK…ó = m‡e©vrK…l&U, me© A‡cÿv D”P = m‡e©v”P|
 lôx Zrcyiæl mgvm: c~e©c‡` lôx wefw³i (i, Gi, †`i) †jvc n‡q †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K lôx Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| †hgb: Pv‡qi evMvb =
PvevMvb, ivRvi cyÎ= ivRcyÎ, †Lqvi NvU = †LqvNvU| Giƒc: QvÎmgvR, †`k‡mev, w`jøxk¦i, euv`ibvP, k¦ïievwo, cvU‡ÿZ, QweNi,
†Nvo‡`Šo, weovjQvbv BZ¨vw`|
jvqb ZvQwjgv wMqvm cwiPvwjZ cvZv-54 BCS Kbwd‡WÝ
BCS Kbwd‡WÝ evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ †jKPvi 8
 lôx Zrcyiæl mgvm m¤ú‡K© ÁvZe¨ welq:
 lôx Zrcyiæl mgv‡m ÔivRvÕ k‡ãi ¯’‡j ÔivRÕ nq| †hgb: ivRvi cyÎ = ivRcyÎ, ivRvi avbx (evm¯’vb) = ivRavbx|
 e¨vmev‡K¨ †kÖô A‡_© ÔivRvÕ kã c‡i _vK‡j mg¯Íc‡` Zv Av‡M Av‡m| †hgb: Kwe‡`i ivRv= ivRKwe, nuv‡mi ivRv = ivRnuvm|
 e¨wZµg: e¨vmev‡K¨ ÔivRvÕ kãwU ÔivRv (King) A‡_© e¨envi n‡j I c‡i _vK‡j mg¯Íc‡` Zv c‡iB _v‡K, Av‡M e‡m bv| †hgb: MRbxi
ivRv= MRbxivR|
 lôx Zrcyiæl mgv‡m wcZv, gvZv, åvZv ¯’‡j h_vµ‡g wcZ…, gvZ…, åvZ… nq| †hgb: wcZvi ab= wcZ…ab, gvZvi †mev = gvZ…‡mev, gvZvi
g½j= gvZ…g½j, åvZvi †¯œn = åvZ…‡¯œn, gvZvi †¯œn= gvZ…‡¯œn, wcZvi †¯œn= wcZ…‡¯œn|
 cic‡` mn, Zzj¨, wbf, cÖvq, cÖwZg k㸇jv _vK‡j lôx Zrcyiæl mgvm nq| †hgb: cZœxi mn = cZœxmn, Kb¨vi mn= Kb¨vmn, eÜzi Zzj¨=
eÜz Zzj¨, g„‡Zi cÖvq= g„ZcÖvq, wcZvi Zzj¨= wcZ…Zzj¨, åvZvi Zzj¨= åvZ…Zzj¨, Aby‡Ri cÖwZg= AbyRcÖwZg, m‡nv`‡ii cÖwZg =
m‡nv`icÖwZg/‡mv`vicÖwZg|
 ÔAa©Õ ev ÔgvSÕ kã cici n‡j mg¯Íc‡` Zv cye©c` nq| †hgb: c‡_i Aa©= Aa©c_, †m‡ii A©a= Aa©‡mi|
 wkï, `y», AÐ (wWg), wW¤^ BZ¨vw` kã c‡i _vK‡j Ges e¨vmev‡K¨ ¯¿xevPK kã c~e©c‡` _vK‡j mg¯Íc‡` ¯¿xevPK kãwU c~e©c‡` cyiælevPK
nq| †hgb: g„Mxi wkï = g„Mwkï, QvMxi `y» = QvM`y», nsmxi wW¤^= nsmwW¤^, KzKzixi Qvbv= KzKziQvbv|
 cic‡` ivwR, MÖvg, e„›`, MY, h~_, cvj cÖf…wZ mgwóevPK kã _vK‡j lôx Zrcyiæl mgvm nq| †hgb: n¯Íxi h~_= nw¯Íh~_, cy‡®úi ivwR =
cy®úivwR, m`‡m¨i e„›` = m`m¨e„›`, ¸‡Yi MÖvg= ¸YMÖvg, Qv‡Îi MY= QvÎMY, i‡Zœi ivwR = iZœivwR, c‡½i cvj= c½cvj, wkÿ‡Ki e„›`=
wkÿKe„›`|
 Kv‡ji †Kv‡bv Ask‡evaK kã c‡i _vK‡j Zv c~‡e© e †m| †hgb: A‡ýi (w`‡bi) c~e©fvM= c~e©vý, A‡ýi Aci fvvM = Acivý|
 mßgx Zrcyiæl mgvm: c~e©c‡` mßgx wefw³ (G, q, †Z) †jvc †c‡q †h mgvm nq Zv‡K mßgx Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| †hgb: Mv‡Q cvKv=
MvQcvKv, w`evq wb`ªv= w`evwb`ªv, ev‡K¨ cUz= evKcUz, Zv‡j Kvbv= ZvjKvbv, e¯Ívq cPv= e¯ÍvcPv, we‡k¦ weL¨vZ = wek¦weL¨vZ, AKv‡j g„Zz=
AKvj g„Zz¨, †Mvjvq fiv= †Mvjvfiv, †fvR‡b cUz= †fvRbcUz, `v‡b exi = `vbexi, K‡g© wbcyY= Kg©wbcyY, R‡j gMœ= RjgMœ, †KvU‡i w¯’Z=
†KvUiw¯’Z, iv‡Z Kvbv= ivZKvbv, ev‡· ew›`= ev·ew›`, g‡b giv= gbgiv|
 bT Zrcyiæl mgvm: bT Ae¨q (bv, †bB, bvB, bq) c~‡e© e‡m †h Zrcyiæl mgvm nq, Zv‡K bT ejv nq| D`vniY: b Av`i = Abv`i
 Dcc` Zrcyiæl mgvm: ‡h c‡`i cieZ©x wµqvg~‡ji m‡½ K…r cÖZ¨q hy³ nq, ‡m c`‡K Dcc` e‡j| K…`šÍ c‡`i mv‡_ Dcc‡`i †h mgvm nq,
Zv‡K Dcc` e‡j| D`vniY: Rj †`q †h = Rj`
 AjyK Zrcyiæl mgvm: ‡h Zrcyiæl mgv‡m c~e©c‡`i wefw³i †jvc nq bv, Zv‡K ejv nq AjyK Zrcyiæl mgvm| D`vniY: Mv‡q cov =
Mv‡qcov
4. eûeªxwn mgvm
 eûeªxwn mgvm: ÔeªxwnÕ gv‡b avb| ÔeûeªxwnÕ gv‡b Ôeû avbÕ bq eis Gi Øviv †evSvq Ôeû avb Av‡Q hvi Ggb Ae¯’vm¤úbœ †Kv‡bv gvbyl| eûeªxwn
GKwU ¯^qs mgvme× kã| †h mgv‡m m`m¨gvb c`¸‡jvi †Kv‡bvwUi A_© bv eywS‡q, Ab¨ †Kv‡bv A_© †evSvq, Zv‡K eûeªxwn mgvm e‡j| †hgb:
exYv cvwY‡Z hvi= exYvcvwY| mgvme× ÔexYvcvwYÕ k‡ã c~e©c` ÔexYvÕ I cici ÔcvwYÕ (nvZ) bv eywS‡q ¯^i¯^Zx‡K †evSv‡”Q|
 eûeªxwn mgvm K‡qK cÖKv‡i mvwaZ nq| †hgb:
 ÔmnÕ wKsev ÔmwnZÕ k‡ãi m‡½ Ab¨ c‡`i eûeªxwn mgvm n‡j ÔmnÕ I ÔmwnZÕ Gi ¯’‡j ÔmÕ nq| †hgb: evÜemn eZ©gvb = mevÜe, mn
D`i hvi= m‡nv`i > †mv`i|
 eûeªxwn mgv‡m cic‡` gvZ…, cZœx, cyÎ, ¯¿x BZ¨vw` _vK‡j G k㸇jvi m‡½ ÔKÕ hy³ nq| †hgb: b`x gvZv hvi= b`xgvZ…K, we (MZ)
n‡q‡Q cZœx hvi= wecZœxK| Giƒc: m¯¿xK, AcyÎK|
 eûeªxwn mgv‡m mg¯Í c‡` ÔAwÿÕ k‡ãi ¯’‡j ÔAÿÕ Ges ÔbvwfÕ k‡ãi ¯’‡j ÔbvfÕ nq| †hgb: Kg‡ji b¨vq Awÿ hvi= Kgjvÿ, cÙ
bvwf‡Z hvi = cÙbvf, EY©v bvfx‡Z hvi = EY©bvf|
 eûeªxwn mgv‡m cic‡` ÔRvqvÕ k‡ãi ¯’v‡b ÔRvwbÕ nq Ges c~e©c‡`i wKQz cwieZ©b nq| †hgb: hyeZx Rvqv hvi = hyeRvwb| GLv‡b hyeZx
¯’‡j ÔhyeÕ Ges ÔRvqvÕ ¯’‡j ÔRvwbÕ n‡q‡Q|
 eûeªxwn mgv‡m cic‡` ÔP~ovÕ kã mg¯Íc‡` ÔP~oÕ Ges ÔKg©Õ kã mg¯Íc‡` ÔKg©vÕ nq| †hgb: P›`ª P~ov hvi = P›`ªP~o, wewPÎ Kg©v hvi=
wewPÎKg©v|
 eûeªxwn mgv‡m ÔmgvbÕ k‡ãi ¯’v‡b ÔmÕ Ges ÔmnÕ nq| †hgb: mgvb Kgx© †h = mnKgx©, mgvb eY© hvi= mgeY©, mgvb D`i hv‡`i =
m‡nv`i| eûeªxwn mgv‡m cic‡` ÔMÜÕ k‡ãi ¯’v‡b ÔMwÜÕ ev ÔMÜvÕ nq| †hgb: myMÜ hvi= myMwÜ, c‡Ùi b¨vq MÜ hvi= cÙMwÜ,
gr‡mi b¨vq MÜ hvi= grm¨Mܨv|
 eûeªxwn mgv‡m ÔwØÕ Ges ÔAšÍiÕ k‡ãi c‡i ÔAcÕ ¯’‡j ÔCc&Õ nq| †hgb: `yw`‡K Ac& hvi = Øxc, AbZ&M©Z Ac& hvi = AšÍixc|
 c~e©c‡` ÔgnrÕ ¯’v‡b ÔgnvÕ nq| †hgb: gnr cÖvY hvi= gnvcÖvY, gnr Avkv hvi= gnvkq| MR cwigvY hvi= `kMwR, wZb gY IRb
hvi= wZbgwY, cuvP †mi cwigvY hvi= cuvP‡mwi|
 cic‡` Av-Kvi _vK‡j A-Kvi Ges c~e©c‡` A-Kvi _vK‡j Av-Kvi nq| †hgb: `„p cÖwZÁv hvi= `„pcÖwZÁ, wek¦ wgÎ hvi= wek¦vwgÎ,
P›`ª P~ov hvi= P›`ªP~o|
 ¯¿xevPKZv †evSv‡Z mg¯Íc‡` ÔAvÕ ev ÔCÕ hy³ nq| †hgb: AvqZ †jvPb hvi= AvqZ‡jvPbv, †KvwK‡ji b¨vq KÚ hvi= †KvwKjKÚx|
 eûeªxwn mgv‡m e¨vmev‡K¨i A‡šÍ hvi, hv‡Z BZ¨vw` c` e‡m| †hgb: PZzw`©‡K fzR hvi= PZzfy©R|

jvqb ZvQwjgv wMqvm cwiPvwjZ cvZv-55 BCS Kbwd‡WÝ

BCS Kbwd‡WÝ evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ †jKPvi 8
mgv‡mi bvg msÁv D`vniY
mgvbvwaKiY eûeªxwn we‡klY I we‡k‡l¨i g‡a¨ †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K mgvbvwaKiY eûeªxwn bxj KÚ hvi = bxjKÚ
mgvm e‡j|
e¨vwaKiY eûeªxwn †h eûeªxwn mgv‡m mgm¨gvb c‡`i `ywUB we‡kl¨ c` nq, Zv‡K exYv cvwb‡Z hvi = exYvcvwb
e¨vwaKiY eûeªxwn mgvm e‡j|
ga¨c`‡jvcx eûeªxwn eûeªxwn mgv‡mi e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ evK¨vs‡ki †Kv‡bv Ask hw` mg¯Í c‡` weov‡ji †Pv‡Li b¨vq †PvL †h bvixi =
†jvc cvq, Zv‡K ejv nq ga¨c`‡jvcx eûeªxwn mgvm| weovj‡PvLx
e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn GKB iæc `ywU we‡kl¨c` GK m‡½ e‡m ci¯úi GKB RvZxq KvR Kv‡b Kv‡b †h K_v = KvbvKvwb
Ki‡j †h mgvm nq Zv‡K ejv nq e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn mgvm|
AjyK eûeªxwn ‡h eûeªxwn mgv‡m mg¯Í c‡` mgm¨gvb c`¸‡jv wefw³ †jvc cvq gv_vq cvMwo hvi = gv_vqcvMwo
bv, Zv‡K AjyK eûeªxwn mgvm e‡j|
bT eûeªxwn bT A_©vr bv- evPK Ae¨q c~e© c‡` e‡m †h eûeªxwn mgvm nq, bv (bq) Rvbv hv = ARvbv
Zv‡K ejv nq bT eûeªxwn mgvm|
cÖZ¨qvšÍ eûeªxwn ‡h eûeªxwn mgv‡mi mg¯Í c‡` Av, G, I BZ¨vw` cÖZ¨q hy³ nq, ‡`v (`yw`‡K) Uvb hvi = †`vUvbv
Zv‡K ejv nq cÖZ¨qvšÍ eûeªxwn mgvm|
wظ ev msL¨vevPK eûeªxwn c~e©c‡` msL¨vevPK kã †jv‡c †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K e‡j wظ ev `k Avbb hvi = `kvbb
msL¨vevPK eûeªxwn mgvm|
 wظ mgvm t †h mgv‡m c~e©c`wU msL¨vevPK we‡klY n‡q mgvnvi ev mgwó eySvq Ges cic‡`i A_© cÖavbiƒ‡c cÖZxqgvb nq, Zv‡K wظ mgvm
e‡j| †hgbÑ wÎ (wZb) c‡`i mgvnvi =wÎc`x| [bZzb evsjv †evW© eB Abymv‡i wظ mgvm‡K Kg©aviq mgv‡mi AšÍf©~³ Kiv n‡q‡Q]
wظ mgvm
 wظ mgvm: mgvnvi (mgwó) ev wgjb A‡_© msL¨vevPK k‡ãi m‡½ we‡kl¨ c‡`i †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K wظ mgvm e‡j| wظ mgv‡m c~e©c‡`
msL¨vevPK kã Ges DËic‡` we‡kl¨c` cÖhy³ nq Ges G mgv‡mi mg¯Íc`wU we‡kl¨ nq| †hgb: wÎ Kv‡ji mgvnvi = wÎKvj| GLv‡b ÔwÎÕ
msL¨vevPK kã Ges ÔKvjÕ we‡kl¨|
 wظ mgv‡mi kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨mg~n:
i. wظ mgv‡mi c~e©c` msL¨vevPK kã Ges cic` we‡kl¨ nq|
ii. wظ mgv‡mi mg¯Íc`wU we‡kl¨ nq|
iii. we‡kl¨ mg¯Íc`wU Øviv mgvnvi ev mgwó ev wgj‡bi fve †evSvq|
iv. cic‡`i A‡_©i cÖvavb¨ cwijwÿZ nq|
Ae¨qxfve mgvm
 ‡h mKj mgvme× c‡` c~e© c‡`i cÖvavb¨ cvq Ges c~e©c‡` A, Dc, Aby, cÖwZ, ni, wd, h_v hy³ _v‡K wKsev cic‡` Ô†UÕ _v‡K Zvnv
Ae¨qxfve mgvm|
 e¨wZµg : D‡Øj, †ejv‡K AwZµg|
 wet`ªt beg `kg †kÖwYi †evW© eB n‡Z G Ask UzKz ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q|
we‡kl wbqg:
wظ mgvm KL‡bv A-Kviv¯Í n‡j Av- Kviv¯Í ev B-Kviv¯Í nq| †hgb: kZ A‡ãi mgvnvi: kZvãx, c e‡Ui mgvnvi= cÂeUx, wÎ (wZb)
c‡`i mgvnvi= wÎc`x, wÎ (wZb) d‡ji mgvnvi = wÎdjv BZ¨vw`|
 wظ mgv‡mi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© D`vniY:
wZb gv_vi mgvnvi = †Zgv_v| wÎ †gvnbvi mgvnvi = wZ‡gvwnbx|
`y Avbvi mgvnvi = `yAvbv| c f~‡Zi mgvnvi = cÂf~Z|
PZzt (Pvi) fz‡Ri mgvnvi = PZzf©yR| PZzt (Pvi) A‡½i mgvnvi = PZzi½|
†Zi b`xi mgvnvi = †Zib`x| mvZ mgy‡`ªi mgvnvi = mvZmgy`ª|
Aó avZzi mgvnvi = AóavZz| cuvP †m‡ii mgvnvi = cmywi|
mß Fwli mgvnvi = mßwl©| cuvP‡dvo‡bi mgvnvi = cuvP‡dvob|
be (bq) i‡Zœi mgvnvi = beiZœ| wÎ (wZb) fz‡Ri mgvnvi = wÎfzR|
lU& (Qq) FZyi mgvnvi = loFZz| ‡Z (wZb) cÖvšÍ‡ii mgvnvi = †ZcvšÍi|
mgv‡mi bvg msÁv D`vniY
AjyK mgvm ‡h mgv‡m KL‡bv c~e©c‡` wefw³ †jvc nq bv| AjyK mgvm †Kv‡bv hy‡× w¯’i _v‡K †h = hywawôi
¯^Zš¿ mgvm bq, †h †Kv‡bv †kÖwYi mgvm AjyK n‡Z cv‡i|
cÖvw` mgvm cÖ, cÖwZ, Aby cÖf…wZ Ae¨‡qi m‡½ hw` K…rcÖZ¨q mvwaZ we‡k‡l¨i cÖ (cÖK…ó) †h ePb = cÖePb
mgvm nq, Z‡e Zv‡K e‡j cÖvw` mgvm|
wbZ¨ mgvm ‡h mgv‡m mgm¨gvb c`¸‡jv wbZ¨ mgvme× _v‡K, e¨vmev‡K¨i `iKvi Ab¨ MÖvg = MÖvgvšÍi
nq bv, Zv‡K wbZ¨ mgvm e‡j|
mycmycv mgvm wefw³hy³ mv‡_ Zrmg kã hy³ n‡q †h mgvm nq Ges mg¯Í c‡` c~‡e© `„ó = `„„óc~‡e©
Zrmg k‡ãi c~‡e© c`wUi wbcvZ n‡j Zv‡K mycmycv mgvm e‡j|

jvqb ZvQwjgv wMqvm cwiPvwjZ cvZv-56 BCS Kbwd‡WÝ

BCS Kbwd‡WÝ evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ †jKPvi 8
e¨vmevK¨ g‡b ivLvi †KŠkj |
Ø›Ø mgvm I, Ges, Avi _vK‡j
Kg©aviq mgvm ‡hB-‡mB, hv-A, whwb-wZwb, ‡h-‡m _vK‡j
Zrcyiæl mgvm wefw³ †jvc †c‡j
eûeªxwn mgvm hvi, hv‡Z _vK‡j
wظ mgvm mgvnvi _vK‡j
¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQy mgvm
cÖ`Ë kã e¨vmevK¨ mgv‡mi bvg cÖ`Ë kã e¨vmevK¨ mgv‡mi bvg
Amva¨ bq mva¨ bT Zrcyiæl AKvj b Kvj bT Zrcyiæl
Abv`i b Av`i bT Zrcyiæl Ae¨q b e¨q bT Zrcyiæl
Aag© b ag© bT Zrcyiæl AbwaK bq AwaK bT Zrcyiæl
AmyL b myL bT Zrcyiæl AbvPvi b AvPvi bT Zrcyiæl
Abve„wó b e„wó bT Zrcyiæl AÁvb bvB Ávb hvi bT eûeªxwn
AbyÿY ÿ‡Y ÿ‡Y Ae¨qxfve AK…ZÁ b K…ZÁ bT Zrcyiæl
AwnbKyj Awn I bKzj we‡ivav_©K Ø›Ø Aíeyw× Aí eyw× hvi eûeªxwn
AvBb-Av`vjZ AvBb I Av`vjZ mvgv_©K Ø›Ø Avcv`g¯ÍK
Avkxwel Avkx‡Z wel hvi e¨waKiY eûeªxwn Dckni
AvMvQv bq MvQv bT Zrcyiæl D‡ovRvnvR D‡o †h RvnvR Kg©aviq
FYgy³ FY n‡Z gy³ cÂgx Zrcyiæl FwlZzj¨ Fwli Zzj¨ lôx Zrcyiæl
GKN‡i GK N‡i _v‡K †h cÖZ¨qvšÍ eûeªxwn Kvcyiæl Kz †h cyiæl Kg©aviq
KvuPKjv KvuPv †h Kjv Kg©aviq Kwe‡kÖô Kwe‡`i †kÖô lôx Zrcyiæl
Kwe¸iæ Kwe‡`i ¸iæÔ lôx Zrcyiæl Kg©KZ©v K‡g©i KZ©v lôx Zrcyiæl
KvRjKv‡jv KvR‡ji b¨vq Kv‡jv Dcgvb Kg©aviq ‡KvwKjKÚx ‡KvwK‡ji gZ KÚ hvi eûeªxwn
KvMRKjg KvMR I Kjg Ø›Ø KvbvKvwb Kv‡b Kv‡b †h K_v e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn
KiKgj Ki Kg‡ji b¨vq DcwgZ Kg©aviq LeievZ©v Lei I evZ©v Ø›Ø
‡LPi L (AvKvk)-†Z P‡i †h Dcc` Zrcyiæl ¸iæwkl¨ ¸iæ I wkl¨ Ø›Ø mgvm
M„nvšÍi Ab¨ M„n wbZ¨ mgvm Miwgj
Mv‡qnjy` Mv‡q njy` †`qv nq †h AjyK eûeªxwn MYZš¿ M‡Yi Zš¿ lôx Zrcyiæl
Abyôv‡b
MRg~L¨ M‡Ri b¨vq g~L¨ Dcgvb Kg©aviq N‡ievB‡i N‡i I evB‡i AjyK Ø›Ø
‡NvovMvwo ‡Nvovi Mvwo lôx Zrcyiæl NiQvov Ni †Q‡o‡Q †h Dcc` Zrcyiæl
PvjKzgov Pv‡j a‡i †h Kzgov ga¨c`‡jvcx PvevMvb Pv‡qi evMvb lôx Zrcyiæl
Kg©aviq
PzjvPzwj Pz‡j Pz‡j a‡i †h hy× e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn PvinvwZ Pvi nvZ cwigvY hvi msL¨vevPK eûeªxwn
Pvu`gyL gyL Pvu‡`i b¨vq DcwgZ Kg©aviq QvÎe„›` Qv‡Îi e„›` lôx Zrcyiæl
QvqvZiæ Qvqvcª`vb K‡i †h Ziæ ga¨c`‡jvcx RgvLiP Rgv I LiP wecixZv_©K Ø›Ø
Kg©aviq
‡Rjgy³ ‡Rj n‡Z gy³ cÂgx Zrcyiæl Rbc_ RbM‡Yi c_ lôx Zrcyiæl
Rxebexgv Rxe‡bi exgv lôx Zrcyiæl UvKv-cqmv UvKv I cqmv Ø›Ø
†Vjv‡Vwj ‡Vjv †Vwj K‡i †h Ø›Ø e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn WvKgvïj Wv‡Ki Rb¨ gvïj PZz_©x Zrcyiæl
wÎKvj wÎ(wZb) Kv‡ji mgvnvi wظ ‡Zcvqv wZb cvqv hvi msL¨vevPK eûeªxwn
‡`kvšÍi Ab¨ †`k wbZ¨ avgvaiv avgv a‡i †h Dcc` Zrcyiæl
bxjKÚ bxj KÚ hvi mgvbvwaKiY eûeªxwn b`xgvZ„K b`x gvZv (gvZ…) hvi eûeªxwn
c‡KUgvi c‡KU gv‡i †h Dcc` Zrcyyiæl cjvbœ cj (gvsm) wgwkÖZ Abœ ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq
cÖfvZ cÖ (cÖK…ó iƒc) cÖvw` mgvm ‡cv÷-Awdm ‡cv‡÷i wbwgË Awdm PZz_©x Zrcyiæl
fvZ(Av‡jvwKZ)
dzjevMvb dz‡ji evMvb lôx Zrcyiæl dzjKzgvix Kzgvix dy‡ji b¨vq DcwgZ Kg©aviq
ebevm e‡b evm mßgx Zrcyiæl eRªKÚ e‡Rªi b¨vq KÚ hvi eûeªxwn
ebPi e‡b P‡i †h eûeªxwn e`‡gRvRx e` †gRvR hvi eûeªxwn
feb`x fe iƒc b`x iƒcK Kg©aviq ‡fvRbwejvmx ‡fvR‡b wejvmx mßgx Zrcyiæl
gyLP›`ª gyL P‡›`ªi b¨vq DcwgZ Kg©aviq gbMov gb w`‡q Mov Z…Zxqv Zrcyiæl
gnvb`x gnvb †h b`x Kg©aviq gbgvwS gb iƒc gvwS iƒcK Kg©aviq
gnvZ¥v gnvb †h Rb Kg©aviq gv‡qwS‡q gv‡q I wS‡q AjyK Ø›Ø
‡gŠjfxmv‡ne whwb †gŠjfx wZwbB mv‡ne Kg©aviq hyMvšÍi hy‡Mi AšÍi lôx Zrcyiæl

jvqb ZvQwjgv wMqvm cwiPvwjZ cvZv-57 BCS Kbwd‡WÝ

BCS Kbwd‡WÝ evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ †jKPvi 8
cÖ`Ë kã e¨vmevK¨ mgv‡mi bvg cÖ`Ë kã e¨vmevK¨ mgv‡mi bvg
i³Kgj i³ †h Kgj Kg©aviq ivRKzgvi ivRvi Kzgvi lôx Zrcyiæl
ivRnsm ns‡mi ivRv lôx Zrcyiæl ivRwl© whwb ivRv wZwbB Fwl Kg©aviq
‡jLvcov ‡jLv I cov Ø›Ø jvVvjvwV jvwV‡Z jvwV‡Z †h hy× e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn
kZvØx kZ A‡ãi mgvnvi w`¦¸ kvšÍwkó ‡h kvšÍ †mB wkó Kg©aviq
loFZz Qq FZzi mgvnvi wظ ‡mZvi ‡m (wZb) Zvi Av‡Q (‡h h‡š¿i) msL¨vevPK eûeªxwn
mZx_© mgvb Zx_© hvi eûeªxwn m¯¿xK ¯¿xi mv‡_ eZ©gvb eûeªxwn
nw¯Íg~L© nw¯Í b¨vq g~L© Dcgvb Kg©aviq nv-N‡i N‡ii Afve eûeªxwn
nvmvnvwm nvm‡Z nvm‡Z †h KvR e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn nvZNwo nv‡Zi Nwo lôx Zrcyiæl
nvZcvLv nv‡Z PvwjZ cvLv eûeªxwn nvZvnvwZ nv‡Z nv‡Z †h jovB e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn

weMZ wewmGm cixÿvq Avmvg cÖkœ mg~n

1. ÔbxjKiÕ †Kvb mgv‡mi `„óvšÍ? [46Zg wewmGm]
K. Ø›`¦ L. eûeªxwn M. wbZ¨ N. Dcc` Zrcyiæl DËi: N
2. Ôh_vixwZÕ †Kvb mgv‡mi `„óvšÍ? [44Zg wewmGm]
K. Ae¨qxfve L. wظ M. eûeªxwn N. Ø›Ø DËi: K
3. ÔwPwKrmvkv¯¿Õ †Kvb mgvm? [43Zg wewmGm]
K. Kg©aviq L. eûeªxwn M. Ae¨qxfve N. Zrcyiæl DËi: K
4. ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq mgvm †KvbwU? [42Zg wewmGm]
K. wmsn wPwýZ Avmb = wmsnvmb L. gnvb †h cyiæl= gnvcyiæl
M. Kzmy‡gi g‡Zv †Kvgj = Kzmyg‡Kvgj N. Rvqv I cwZ = `¤úwZ DËi: K
5. Dcgvb Kg©aviq mgv‡mi D`vniY †KvbwU? [41Zg wewmGm]
K. kke¨¯Í L. KvjPµ M. civYcvwL N. eûeªxwn DËi: K
6. Ôcy®ú‡mŠifÕ †Kvb mgv‡mi D`vniY? [38Zg wewmGm]
K. Zrcyiæl L. Kg©aviq M. Ae¨qxfve N. eûeªxwn DËi: K
7. Ôwe¯§qvcbœÕ mg¯Í c`wUi wVK e¨vmevK¨ †KvbwU? [37Zg wewmGm]
K. we¯§q Øviv Avcbœ L. we¯§‡q Avcbœ M. we¯§q‡K Avcbœ N. we¯§‡q †h Avcbœ DËi: M
8. eûeªxwn mgvme× c` †KvbwU? [36Zg wewmGm]
K. RbkÖæwZ L. Abgbxq M. Lvmgnj N. Z‡cveb DËi: L
9. ÔR‡j-¯’‡jÕ Kx mgvm? [37Zg wewmGm]
K. mgv_©K Ø›`¦ L. wecixZv_©K Ø›`¦ M. AjyK Ø›`¦ N. GK‡kl Ø›`¦ DËi: M
10. ÔRR mv‡neÕ †Kvb mgv‡mi D`vniY? [35Zg wewmGm]
K. wظ L. Kg©aviq M. Ø›Ø N. eûeªxwn DËi: L
11. ÔAv‡jvQvqvÕ c`wU †Kvb mgv‡mi AšÍM©Z? [32Zg wewmGm]
K. Ø›Ø mgvm L. Ae¨qxfve mgvm M. Zrcyiæl mgvm N. Kg©aviq mgvm DËi: K
12. ‡KvbwU Ø›Ø mgv‡mi D`vniY? [20Zg wewmGm]
K. wmsnvmb L. fvB-‡evb M. KvbvKvwb N. MvQcvKv DËi: L
13. mgvm fvlv‡K wK K‡i? [29Zg wewmGm]
K. ms‡ÿc K‡i L. we¯Í…Z K‡i M.A_©c~Y© K‡i N. A‡_©i iƒcvšÍi NUvq DËi: K
14. ‡R¨vr¯œvivZ †Kvb mgv‡mi `„ôvšÍ? [30Zg wewmGm]
K. ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq L. lôx Zrcyiæl M. cÂgx Zrcyiæl N. Dcgvb Kg©aviq DËi: K
15. cÖZ¨ÿ †Kv‡bv e¯‘i mv‡_ c‡ivÿ †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Zzjbv Ki‡j cÖZ¨ÿ e¯‘wU‡K ejv nq- [27Zg wewmGm]
K. DcwgZ L. Dcgvb M. Dc‡gq N. iƒcK DËi: M
16. ÔPuv`gyLÕ- Gi e¨vmevK¨ n‡jv? [25Zg wewmGm]
K. Puv`gy‡Li b¨vq L. Puv‡`i gZ gyL M. Puv` gyL hvi N. Puv`iƒc gyL DËi: L
17. ÔjvVvjvwVÕ- GwU †Kvb mgvm? [26Zg wewmGm]
K. cÖvw` mgvm L. e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn mgvm M. Zrcyiæl mgvm N. Kg©aviq mgvm DËi: L
18. ‡h mgv‡mi c~e©c` msL¨vevPK Ges mg¯Í c‡`i Øviv mgvnvi †evSvq Zv‡K e‡j? [25Zg wewmGm]
K. Ø›Ø mgvm L. iƒcK mgvm M. eûeªxwn mgvm N. wظ mgvm DËi: N
19. mgvme× kã ÔAvbZÕ †Kvb mgv‡mi D`vniY? [31Zg wewmGm]
K. eûeªxwn L. Kg©aviq M. mycmycv N. Ae¨qxfve DËi: N
20. ‡h mgv‡mi e¨vmevK¨ nq bv, wKsev Zv Ki‡Z †M‡j Ab¨ c‡`i mvnvh¨ wb‡Z nq, Zv‡K ejv nq- [23Zg wewmGm]
K. Ø›Ø mgvm L. Ae¨qxfve mgvm M. Kg©aviq mgvm N. wbZ¨ mgvm DËi: N

jvqb ZvQwjgv wMqvm cwiPvwjZ cvZv-58 BCS Kbwd‡WÝ

BCS Kbwd‡WÝ evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ †jKPvi 8
wkÿv_x©‡`i KvR
01. ÔmgvmÕ k‡ãi A_© wK?
K. ms‡kølY L. we‡kølY M. ms‡ÿcY N. ms‡hvRb DËi: M
02. mgv‡mi ixwZ †Kvb fvlv †_‡K AvMZ?
K. Aviwe L. dviwm M. Bs‡iwR N. ms¯‹…Z DËi: N
03. mvaviYZ mgv‡m †Kvb c‡` KviK wefw³ _v‡K?
K. cÖ_g c‡` L. ‡kl c‡` M. me©bvg c‡` N. we‡kl¨ c‡` DËi: N
04. c~e©c` I cic` Df‡qiB A_©cÖvav‡b¨i wfwˇZ wb®úbœ nq †Kvb mgvm?
K. Ø›Ø L. Kg©aviq M. w`¸ N. Zrcyiæl DËi: K
05. ÔRvqv I cwZÕ mgvm Ki‡j wK nq?
K. ¯^vgx-¯¿x L. cwZ-cZœx M. `¤úwZ N. Rvqv-cwZ DËi: M
06. ‡KvbwU Ø›` mgvm?
K. gayKwÉ L. ivZKvbv M. ‡Mvgovgy‡Lv N. nvU-evRvi DËi: N
07. ‡KvbwU Kg©aviq mgv‡mi D`vniY?
K. B›`ªwRr L. GK‡ivLv M. KvjvšÍi N. BnKvj DËi: N
08. ÔLvmgnjÕ (Lvm †h gnj) †Kvb mgvm?
K. Kg©aviq L. Zrcyiæl M. Ae¨qxfve N. eûeªxwn DËi: K
09. ‡KvbwU DcwgZ Kg©aviq Gi D`vniY-
K. BnKvj L. Kzmyg‡Kvgj M. Kicíe N. Nbk¨vg DËi: M
10. Ô‡gNk~b¨Õ (‡gN Øviv k~b¨) †Kvb mgvm?
K. Zrcyiæl L. Kg©aviq M. eûeªxwn N. Ae¨qxfve DËi: K
¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖkm
œ g~n
01. ÔwÎfzRÕ ‡Kvb mgvm?
K. eûeªxwn L. Ae¨qxfve M. wظ N. e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn DËi: M
02. ÔbeiZœÕ c`wU ‡Kvb mgvm?
K. Ø›Ø L. Zrcyiæl M. eûeªxwn N. wظ DËi: N
03. wb‡Pi †KvbwU w`¸ mgvm?
K. mvZmgy`ª L. cÖwZw`b M. bxjKÉ N. gy‡LfvZ DËi: K
04. mgvnvi A‡_© msL¨vevPK k‡ãi m‡½ we‡kl¨ c‡`i †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K wK mgvm e‡j?
K. wظ L. Ae¨qxfve M. eûeªxwn N. Zrcyiæl DËi: K
05. ÔkZvãxÕ †Kvb mgvm?
K. eûeªxwn L. Zrcyiæl M. Ae¨qxfve N. wظ DËi: N
06. Ômßwl©Õ kãwU †Kvb mgvm?
K. wظ L. eûeªxwn M. Zrcyiæl N. Ø›Ø DËi: K
07. Ae¨qxfve mgv‡m ÔAe¨qÕ c‡`i A_©-
K. cwiewZ©Z nq L. cÖavb _v‡K M. msKzwPZ nq N. e„&w× N‡U DËi: L
08. c~e©c` cÖavb mgvm †KvbwU?
K. Ø›` L. Ae¨qxfve M. Zrcyiæl N. eûeªxwn DËi: L
09. ÔDcK_vÕ †Kvb mgvm?
K. Kg©aviq L. Ae¨qxfve M. eûeªxwn N. w`¸ DËi: L
10. ÔwbivwglÕ †Kvb mgvm?
K. Kg©aviq L. Ae¨qxfve M. eûeªxwn N. wظ DËi: L
11. ÔAviw³gÕ mgvme× c‡`i e¨vmevK¨-
K. AwZ iw³g L. Clr iw³g M. Av`¨šÍ N. Avw` iw³g DËi: L
12. ÔAvgiYÕ †Kvb mgvm (giY ch©šÍ)?
K. Zrcyiæl L. Kg©aviq M. Ae¨qxfve N. eûeªxwn DËi: M
13. mgvm fvlv‡K-
K. ms‡KvPb K‡i L. ms‡ÿc K‡i M. A_©‡evaK K‡i N. we¯Í…Z K‡i DËi: L
14. e¨vmev‡K¨i Aci bvg wK?
K. mij evK¨ L. ‡hŠwMK evK¨ M. weMÖnevK¨ N. RwUj evK¨ DËi: M
15. ‡Kvb mgv‡m Dfqc`B we‡kl¨?
K. Ø›Ø L. Kg©aviq M. Zrcyiæl N. cÖvw` mgvm DËi: K
16. AjyK Ø›Ø mgvm mvwaZ kã †KvbwU?
K. `y‡a-fv‡Z L. gvZv-wcZv M. Kg‡ewk N. mvZ-cuvP DËi: K
17. cÖZ¨ÿ †Kv‡bv e¯‘i mv‡_ c‡ivÿ †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Zzjbv Ki‡j cÖZ¨ÿ e¯‘wU‡K ejv nq-
K. DcwgZ L. Dcgvb M. Dc‡gq N. iƒcK DËi: M

jvqb ZvQwjgv wMqvm cwiPvwjZ cvZv-59 BCS Kbwd‡WÝ

BCS Kbwd‡WÝ evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ †jKPvi 8
18. Ôkke¨¯ÍÕ †Kvb mgvm (kk‡Ki b¨vq e¨¯Í)?
K. Kg©aviq L. Zrcyiæl M. eûeªxwn N. Ae¨qxfve DËi: K
19. ÔZzlviïåÕ †Kvb mgv‡mi D`vniY?
K. Dcgvb Kg©aviq L. DcwgZ Kg©aviq M. iƒcK Kg©aviq N. Zrcyiæl DËi: K
20. ÔMv‡qnjy`Õ †Kvb mgvm?
K. AjyK Ø›Ø L. AjyK Zrcyiæl M. AjyK eûeªxwn N. e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn DËi: M
evwoi KvR
1. mgvm k‡ãi A_© wK? DËi: GKvwaK c‡ÿi GKc`x KiY, ms‡ÿc, ms‡ÿcb|
2. ci¯úi Aš^qhy³ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK c‡`K GK c‡` cwiYZ Kivi bvg- DËi: mgvm
3. mvaviYZ mgv‡m †Kvb c‡` KviK wefw³ _v‡K? DËi: we‡kl¨ c‡`
4. c~e©c‡` wefw³i †jv‡c †h mgvm nq Ges †h mgv‡m cic‡`i A_© cÖavbfv‡e †evSvq Zv‡K Kx e‡j? D: Zrcyiæl mgvm
5. Ø›Ø ej‡Z wK eySvq? DËi: ‡Rvov
6. mgvm mvwaZ c` †KvbwU? DËi: `¤úwZ
7. Ô`¤úwZÕ kãwU †Kvb mgvm? DËi: Ø›Ø mgvm
8. ‡KvbwU Ø›Ø mgv‡mi D`vniY? DËi: `¤úwZ
9. ÔRvqv I cwZÕ mgvm Ki‡j wK nq? DËi: `¤úwZ
10. we‡kl‡Yi mv‡_ we‡k‡l¨i †h mgvm nq Zvi bvg wK? DËit Kg©aviq
11. ÔAbyZvcÕ c`wUi wVK e¨vmevK¨ †KvbwU? DËit Aby†Z †h Zvc
12. ‡KvbwU Kg©aviq mgv‡mi D`vniY? DËi: BnKvj
13. bxj †h A¤^i = bxjv¤^i †Kvb mgvm? DËi: Kg©aviq
14. bxj †h AvKvk = bxjvKvk †Kvb mgvm? DËi: Kg©aviq
15. ÔKvcyiælÕ k‡ãi mgvm †KvbwU? DËi: Dcgvb Kg©aviq
16. ÔK`vPviÕ kãwU †Kvb mgvm? DËi: Zrcyiæl mgvm
17. mgvnvi A‡_© msL¨vevPK k‡ãi m‡½ we‡kl¨ c‡`i †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K wK mgvm e‡j? DËi: wظ
18. msL¨vevPK kã c~‡e© e‡m mgwó ev mgvnvi ev wgjb †evSv‡j †Kvb mgvm nq? DËi: wظ
19. ÔbeiZœÕ c`wU †Kvb mgvm? DËi: wظ
20. eûeªxwn k‡ãi A_© wK? DËi: eû avb
21. m‡nv`iÕ †Kvb mgvm? DËi: eûeªxwn
22. ‡KvbwU eûeªxwn mgv‡mi D`vniY? DËi: gnvZ¥v
23. ÔwØM¤^iÕ (w`K A¤^i hvi) †Kvb mgvm? DËi: eûeªxwn
24. c~e© c‡`i wefw³ †jvc †c‡q †h mgvm nq Zv‡K e‡j- DËi: Zrcyiæl mgvm
25. ÔeBcovÕ (eB‡K cov) †Kvb mgvm? DËi: Zrcyiæl
26. Ô‡Z‡jfvRvÕ †Kvb mgvm? DËi: Zrcyiæl
27. Z…Zxqv Zrcyiæl mgv‡mi D`vniY †KvbwU? DËi: †Zj w`qv fvRv-‡Z‡jfvRv
28. ‡KvbwU Clr A‡_© Ae¨qxfve mgvm? DËi: Aviw³g
29. ÔAviw³gÕ mgvme× c‡`i e¨vmevK¨- DËi: Clr iw³g
30. c~e© c‡` DcmM© e‡m †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K e‡j- DËi: cÖvw` mgvm
31. ‡KvbwU cÖvw` mgvm? DËi: cÖePb
32. ‡h mgv‡m c~‡e© c‡`i wefw³i †jvc nq bv Zv‡K e‡j- DËi: AjyK mgvm
33. ‡Kvb mgv‡m mgm¨gvb c‡`i wefw³ †jvc cvq bv? DËi: AjyK mgvm
34. ‡h mgv‡m c`¸wj wbZ¨ mgvme× _v‡K, e¨vmev‡K¨i cÖ‡qvRb nq bv, Zv‡K †Kvb mgvm e‡j? DËi: wbZ¨ mgvm
35. Ab¨ MÖvg †Kvb mgvm? DËi: wbZ¨
36. Ô‡Kej `k©bÕ e¨vmevK¨wU †Kvb mgv‡mi AšÍf©y³? DËi: wbZ¨ mgvm

jvqb ZvQwjgv wMqvm cwiPvwjZ cvZv-60 BCS Kbwd‡WÝ