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Complex Integration

The document discusses complex integration, highlighting the differences between real and complex functions, particularly in terms of indefinite and definite integrals. It introduces key concepts such as simple closed contours, Cauchy's Theorem, and the Cauchy-Goursat Theorem, emphasizing the conditions under which integrals of analytic functions yield zero. Additionally, it includes examples and applications of these theorems in evaluating integrals along different paths.

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Antu TheGigantic
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24 views10 pages

Complex Integration

The document discusses complex integration, highlighting the differences between real and complex functions, particularly in terms of indefinite and definite integrals. It introduces key concepts such as simple closed contours, Cauchy's Theorem, and the Cauchy-Goursat Theorem, emphasizing the conditions under which integrals of analytic functions yield zero. Additionally, it includes examples and applications of these theorems in evaluating integrals along different paths.

Uploaded by

Antu TheGigantic
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Complex Integration (1)

©Dr. Mahbub

1
Integration: Real vs Complex function

• The indefinite integration (Real function) is regarded as an


operation inverse to that of differentiation.
• The definite integration (Real function) is regarded as the
limit of a sum.
• The concept of indefinite integral (complex function) is the
same as for the function of a real variable.
• The definite integral (complex function) depends upon the
path (curve) of the integration.
• If f(z) is analytic in a simply connected region D, there is
𝑏
𝑎
𝑓 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 independent of the path in D joining a and b.

2
Some Basic Definitions

• Continuous Arc
• Multiple point of a arc
• Jordan Arc
• Regular Arc
• Contour
• Closed Arc

Definition: Class Work (From Book, P-172)

3
Simple Closed Contour
A simple closed contour is a closed path that does not intersect or to

A Simply Connected Domain D is a domain such that every


simple closed path in D encloses only points of D.
Prove that, the complex line integral is equivalent to two real line
integrals.

Note that
b b
I   f  z  dz   u  x, y   iv  x, y    dx  idy 
a a

b   xN ,y N  b   x N ,y N 
  u  x, y  dx  v  x, y  dy  i  v  x, y  dx  u  x, y  dy
a   x0 ,y0  a   x0 ,y0 

 C u dx  v dy  i C v dx  u dy
The complex line integral is equivalent to two real line integrals on C.
5
Example: Integrate z2 along the straight line OM and also
along the path OLM consisting of two straight lines segments
OL and LM, where O is the origin and L is the point z = 3 and
M is the point z = 3+i. Hence show that the integral of z2 along
the closed path OLMO is zero.

Solution: Class Work


[From Book Ex. 3(a), page 177]

𝟏+𝒊 𝟐
Home Task: Evaluate the integral 𝟎
𝒛 𝒅𝒛
[HT- From Book Ex. 2, Page 176]

6
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
Green’s Theorem: If 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑄 𝑥, 𝑦 , , are continuous function
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
within a domain D and if C is any closed contour in D, then Green’s
theorem states that
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
𝐶
𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = 𝐷
− 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

y
Consider
R  a simply - connected region
Cauchy’s Theorem
D
Suppose that a function f(z) is analytic in
a simply connected domain D and that f
C is continuous in D. Then for every simple
closed contour C in D,
𝐶
𝑓 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 0
x

7
Proof of Cauchy Theorem: This proof is based on the
result of Green’s Theorem.

C f ( z )d z
  u ( x, y ) d x  v( x, y ) d y  i  v( x, y ) d x  u ( x, y ) dy
C C

 v u   u v 
      d A  i     d A
D
x y  D
x y 

Now since f is analytic, the Cauchy-Riemann


equations imply the integral is zero.

(Also: see this proof is from Book P-182)

8
Cauchy-Goursat Theorem :
The Cauchy-Goursat Theorem is an extension of Cauchy's theorem. It
states that if a function f(z) is analytic within a simply connected region 𝐷
and on its contour, then the integral of 𝑓(𝑧) around any closed contour 𝐶
within 𝐷 is zero.

Simply, If f(z) is analytic at all points within and on a simple closed contour C,
then
C f ( z ) d z  0

Extension of Cauchy's theorem

1) 𝐶1
𝑓 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 𝐶2
𝑓 𝑧 𝑑𝑧

2) 𝐶
𝑓 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 𝐶2
𝑓 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶2
𝑓 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶2
𝑓 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 -----------
9
Examples
1. Evaluate 
C
ezd z
where C is shown in Figure.

Solution
The function ez is entire and C is a simple closed
contour. Thus, by Cauchy Theorem the integral is
zero.

dz
2. Evaluate C z z
where C is the ellipse (x – 2)2 + (y – 5)2 = 1.

Solution
We find that 1/z2 is analytic except at z = 0; but z = 0 is not a
point interior to or on C. Thus, by Cauchy Theorem the
integral is zero. 10

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