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 Preface vii

Contents

Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xxi
About the Author xxiii

Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers and Programming 1

1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Hardware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 How Computers Store Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4 How a Program Works. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.5 Types of Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Chapter 2 Input, Processing, and Output 27

2.1 Designing a Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2 Output, Input, and Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.3 Variable Assignment and Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Calculating Cell Phone Overage Fees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Calculating a Percentage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Calculating an Average. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Converting a Math Formula to a
Programming Statement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.4 Variable Declarations and Data Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.5 Named Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.6 Hand Tracing a Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.7 Documenting a Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Using Named Constants, Style Conventions,
and Comments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.8 Designing Your First Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Debugging Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Programming Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

vii
viii Contents

Chapter 3 Modules 81
3.1 Introduction to Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.2 Defining and Calling a Module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Defining and Calling Modules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3.3 Local Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.4 Passing Arguments to Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Passing an Argument to a Module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Passing an Argument by Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.5 Global Variables and Global Constants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Using Global Constants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Debugging Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Programming Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Chapter 4 Decision Structures and Boolean Logic 123

4.1 Introduction to Decision Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Using the If-Then Statement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
4.2 Dual Alternative Decision Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Using the If-Then-Else Statement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4.3 Comparing Strings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.4 Nested Decision Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Multiple Nested Decision Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.5 The Case Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Using a Case Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.6 Logical Operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
4.7 Boolean Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Debugging Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Programming Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Chapter 5 Repetition Structures 171

5.1 Introduction to Repetition Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
5.2 Condition-Controlled Loops: While, Do-While,
and Do-Until ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 172
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Designing a While Loop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Designing a Do-While Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
5.3 Count-Controlled Loops and the For Statement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Designing a Count-Controlled Loop
with the For Statement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
5.4 Calculating a Running Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
5.5 Sentinels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Using a Sentinel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
5.6 Nested Loops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
 Contents ix

Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Debugging Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Programming Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

Chapter 6 Functions 227

6.1 Introduction to Functions: Generating Random Numbers . . . . . . . . . . 227
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Using Random Numbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Using Random Numbers to Represent Other Values . . . . . 234
6.2 Writing Your Own Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Modularizing with Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
6.3 More Library Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Debugging Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Programming Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Chapter 7 Input Validation 269

7.1 Garbage In, Garbage Out. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
7.2 The Input Validation Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Designing an Input Validation Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
7.3 Defensive Programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Debugging Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Programming Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Chapter 8 Arrays 283

8.1 Array Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Using Array Elements in a Math Expression. . . . . . . . . . . . 290
8.2 Sequentially Searching an Array. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
8.3 Processing the Contents of an Array. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Processing an Array. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
8.4 Parallel Arrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Using Parallel Arrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
8.5 Two-Dimensional Arrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Using a Two-Dimensional Array. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
8.6 Arrays of Three or More Dimensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Debugging Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Programming Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

Chapter 9 Sorting and Searching Arrays 339

9.1 The Bubble Sort Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Using the Bubble Sort Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
9.2 The Selection Sort Algorithm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
x Contents

9.3 The Insertion Sort Algorithm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

9.4 The Binary Search Algorithm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Using the Binary Search Algorithm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Debugging Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Programming Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

Chapter 10 Files 377

10.1 Introduction to File Input and Output. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
10.2 Using Loops to Process Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Working with Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
10.3 Using Files and Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
10.4 Processing Records. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Adding and Displaying Records. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Searching for a Record. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Modifying Records. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Deleting Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
10.5 Control Break Logic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Using Control Break Logic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Debugging Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Programming Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

Chapter 11 Menu-Driven Programs 431

11.1 Introduction to Menu-Driven Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
11.2 Modularizing a Menu-Driven Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
11.3 Using a Loop to Repeat the Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Designing a Menu-Driven Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
11.4 Multiple-Level Menus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
Programming Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

Chapter 12 Text Processing 477

12.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
12.2 Character-by-Character Text Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Validating a Password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Formatting and Unformatting Telephone Numbers . . . . . . . 488
Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Debugging Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Programming Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
 Contents xi

Chapter 13 Recursion 499

13.1 Introduction to Recursion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
13.2 Problem Solving with Recursion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
13.3 Examples of Recursive Algorithms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Programming Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519

Chapter 14 Object-Oriented Programming 521

14.1 Procedural and Object-Oriented Programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
14.2 Classes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
14.3 Using the Unified Modeling Language to Design Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
14.4 Finding the Classes and Their Responsibilities in a Problem . . . . . . . . . . 539
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Finding the Classes in a Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Determining Class Responsibilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
14.5 Inheritance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
14.6 Polymorphism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Programming Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565

Chapter 15 GUI Applications and Event-Driven

Programming 567
15.1 Graphical User Interfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
15.2 Designing the User Interface for a GUI Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Designing a Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
15.3 Writing Event Handlers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Designing an Event Handler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
Programming Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584

Appendix A ASCII/Unicode Characters 587

Appendix B Flowchart Symbols 589
Appendix C Pseudocode Reference 591
Appendix D Converting Decimal Numbers to Binary 603
Appendix E Answers to Checkpoint Questions 605

Index 621
This page intentionally left blank
 Preface

W
elcome to Starting Out with Programming Logic and Design, Fourth Edition.
This book uses a language-independent approach to teach programming
­concepts and problem-solving skills, without assuming any previous pro-
gramming experience. By using easy-to-understand pseudocode, flowcharts, and other
tools, the student learns how to design the logic of programs without the complication
of language syntax.
Fundamental topics such as data types, variables, input, output, control structures,
modules, functions, arrays, and files are covered as well as object-oriented concepts,
GUI development, and event-driven programming. As with all the books in the Starting
Out With . . . series, this text is written in clear, easy-to-understand language that stu-
dents find friendly and inviting.
Each chapter presents a multitude of program design examples. Short examples that
highlight specific programming topics are provided, as well as more involved examples
that focus on problem solving. Each chapter includes at least one In the Spotlight sec-
tion that provides step-by-step analysis of a specific problem and demonstrates a solu-
tion to that problem.
This book is ideal for a programming logic course that is taught as a precursor to a
language-specific introductory programming course, or for the first part of an intro-
ductory programming course in which a specific language is taught.

Changes in the Fourth Edition

This book’s pedagogy, organization, and clear writing style remain the same as in the
previous edition. Many improvements have been made, which are summarized here:
● An explanation of read-only memory, or ROM, has been added to Chapter 1.
● The section on secondary storage in Chapter 1 has been updated to include a
discussion on cloud storage.
● IPO charts are now introduced in Chapter 2.
● A discussion about adding parentheses to a math expression to enhance the
expression’s clarity, even when they are unnecessary to get the correct result, has
been added to Chapter 2.
● Off-page connectors for flowcharts have been introduced in Chapter 2, and
added to the flowchart reference in Appendix B.
● A discussion on easier maintenance as an additional benefit of modularization
has been added to Chapter 3.
● A cautionary warning about the use of reference variables has been added to
Chapter 3.
● The section on local variables in Chapter 3 has been expanded with an additional
example and a diagram showing the scope of two variables with the same name
in different modules.
xiii
xiv Preface

● A discussion on how the order of subexpressions in a compound Boolean expres-

sion can affect code efficiency in a language that performs short-circuit evalua-
tion has been added to Chapter 4.
● A discussion on how and why statements that call functions are written differ-
ently than statements that call modules has been added to Chapter 6.
● A discussion on how some of the more popular languages always pass arrays by
reference has been added to Chapter 8.
● A new and better example of control-break processing has been added to
­Chapter 10.
● Appendix D is a new appendix on converting decimal numbers to binary.
● New motivational programming exercises have been added to several chapters.
● The book’s Language Reference Guides have been updated. All of the book’s
Language Reference Guides are available on the book’s resource site at www.
pearsonhighered.com/gaddis.
● A new application, Flowgorithm, is available to support the book. Flowgorithm
is free software that allows you to create programs using simple flowcharts. It
may be downloaded from www.flowgorithm.org.

Brief Overview of Each Chapter

Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers and Programming
This chapter begins by giving a concise and easy-to-understand explanation of how
computers work, how data is stored and manipulated, and why we write programs in
high-level languages.

Chapter 2: Input, Processing, and Output

This chapter introduces the program development cycle, data types, variables, and
sequence structures. The student learns to use pseudocode and flowcharts to design simple
programs that read input, perform mathematical operations, and produce screen output.

Chapter 3: Modules
This chapter demonstrates the benefits of modularizing programs and using the t­ op-down
design approach. The student learns to define and call modules, pass arguments to mod-
ules, and use local variables. Hierarchy charts are introduced as a design tool.

Chapter 4: Decision Structures and Boolean Logic

In this chapter students explore relational operators and Boolean expressions and are
shown how to control the flow of a program with decision structures. The If-Then,
If-Then-Else, and If-Then-Else  If statements are covered. Nested decision struc-
tures, logical operators, and the case structure are also discussed.

Chapter 5: Repetition Structures

This chapter shows the student how to use loops to create repetition structures. The
While, Do-While, Do-Until, and For loops are presented. Counters, accumulators,
running totals, and sentinels are also discussed.
 Preface xv

Chapter 6: Functions
This chapter begins by discussing common library functions, such as those for generat-
ing random numbers. After learning how to call library functions and how to use
­values returned by functions, the student learns how to define and call his or her
own functions.

Chapter 7: Input Validation

This chapter discusses the importance of validating user input. The student learns to
write input validation loops that serve as error traps. Defensive programming and the
importance of anticipating obvious as well as unobvious errors is discussed.

Chapter 8: Arrays
In this chapter the student learns to create and work with one- and two-dimensional
arrays. Many examples of array processing are provided including examples illustrat-
ing how to find the sum, average, and highest and lowest values in an array, and how
to sum the rows, columns, and all elements of a two-dimensional array. Programming
techniques using parallel arrays are also demonstrated.

Chapter 9: Sorting and Searching Arrays

In this chapter the student learns the basics of sorting arrays and searching for data
stored in them. The chapter covers the bubble sort, selection sort, insertion sort, and
binary search algorithms.

Chapter 10: Files

This chapter introduces sequential file input and output. The student learns to read
and write large sets of data, store data as fields and records, and design programs
that work with both files and arrays. The chapter concludes by discussing control
break processing.

Chapter 11: Menu-Driven Programs

In this chapter the student learns to design programs that display menus and execute
tasks according to the user’s menu selection. The importance of modularizing a menu-
driven program is also discussed.

Chapter 12: Text Processing

This chapter discusses text processing at a detailed level. Algorithms that step through
the individual characters in a string are discussed, and several common library func-
tions for character and text processing are introduced.

Chapter 13: Recursion

This chapter discusses recursion and its use in problem solving. A visual trace of recur-
sive calls is provided, and recursive applications are discussed. Recursive algorithms
for many tasks are presented, such as finding factorials, finding a greatest common
denominator (GCD), summing a range of values in an array, and performing a binary
search. The classic Towers of Hanoi example is also presented.
xvi Preface

Chapter 14: Object-Oriented Programming

This chapter compares procedural and object-oriented programming practices. It cov-
ers the fundamental concepts of classes and objects. Fields, methods, access specifica-
tion, constructors, accessors, and mutators are discussed. The student learns how to
model classes with UML and how to find the classes in a particular problem.

Chapter 15: GUI Applications and Event-Driven Programming

This chapter discusses the basic aspects of designing a GUI application. Building graphical
user interfaces with visual design tools (such as Visual Studio® or NetBeans™) is discussed.
The student learns how events work in a GUI application and how to write event handlers.

Appendix A: ASCII/Unicode Characters

This appendix lists the ASCII character set, which is the same as the first 127 Unicode
character codes.

Appendix B: Flowchart Symbols

This appendix shows the flowchart symbols that are used in this book.

Appendix C: Pseudocode Reference

This appendix provides a quick reference for the pseudocode language that is used in
the book.

Appendix D: Converting Decimal Numbers to Binary

This appendix uses a simple tutorial to demonstrate how to convert a decimal number
to binary.

Appendix E: Answers to Checkpoint Questions

This appendix provides answers to the Checkpoint questions that appear throughout
the text.

Organization of the Text

The text teaches programming logic and design in a step-by-step manner. Each chap-
ter covers a major set of topics and builds knowledge as students progress through
the book. Although the chapters can be easily taught in their existing sequence, there
is some flexibility. Figure P-1 shows chapter dependencies. Each box represents a
chapter or a group of chapters. A chapter to which an arrow points must be covered
before the chapter from which the arrow originates. The dotted line indicates that
only a portion of Chapter 10 depends on information presented in Chapter 8.

Features of the Text

Concept Statements. Each major section of the text starts with a concept state-
ment. This statement concisely summarizes the main point of the section.
 Preface xvii

Figure P-1 Chapter dependencies

Example Programs. Each chapter has an abundant number of complete and partial
example programs, each designed to highlight the current topic. Pseudocode, flow-
charts, and other design tools are used in the example programs.
In the Spotlight. Each chapter has one or more In the
Spotlight case studies that provide detailed, step-by-step
analysis of problems, and show the student how to
solve them.
VideoNotes. A series of online videos, developed specifically for this book, are avail-
able for viewing at www.pearsonhighered.com/gaddis. Icons appear throughout the
VideoNote
text alerting the student to videos about specific topics.

NOTE: Notes appear at several places throughout the text. They are short expla-
nations of interesting or often misunderstood points relevant to the topic at hand.

TIP: Tips advise the student on the best techniques for approaching different pro-
gramming or animation problems.
xviii Preface

WARNING! Warnings caution students about programming techniques or prac-

tices that can lead to malfunctioning programs or lost data.

Programming Language Companions. Many of the pseudocode programs

shown in this book have also been written in Java, Python, and Visual Basic. These
programs appear in the programming language companions that are available at www.
pearsonhighered.com/gaddis. Icons appear next to each pseudocode program that
also appears in the language companions.
Checkpoints. Checkpoints are questions placed at intervals throughout each chapter.
They are designed to query the student’s knowledge quickly after learning a new topic.
Review Questions. Each chapter presents a thorough and diverse set of Review
Questions and exercises. They include Multiple Choice, True/False, Short Answer, and
Algorithm Workbench.
Debugging Exercises. Most chapters provide a set of debugging exercises in which
the student examines a set of pseudocode algorithms and identifies logical errors.
Programming Exercises. Each chapter offers a pool of Programming Exercises
designed to solidify the student’s knowledge of the topics currently being studied.

Supplements
Student Online Resources
Many student resources are available for this book from the publisher. The following
items are available on the Gaddis Series resource page at www.pearsonhighered.
com/gaddis:

• Access to the book’s companion VideoNotes

An extensive series of online VideoNotes have been developed to accompany this
text. Throughout the book, VideoNote icons alert the student to videos covering spe-
cific topics. Additionally, one programming exercise at the end of each chapter has an
accompanying VideoNote explaining how to develop the problem’s solution.

• A
 ccess to the Language Companions for Python, Java, Visual
Basic, and C++
Programming language companions specifically designed to accompany the Fourth
Edition of this textbook are available for download. The companions introduce the
Java™, Python®, Visual Basic®, and C++ programming languages, and correspond
on a chapter-by-chapter basis with the textbook. Many of the pseudocode programs
that appear in the textbook also appear in the companions, implemented in a spe-
cific programming language.

• A link to download the Flowgorithm flowcharting application

Flowgorithm is a free application, developed by Devin Cook at Sacramento State
University, which allows you to create programs using simple flowcharts. It supports
 Preface xix

the flowcharting conventions used in this textbook, as well as several other standard
conventions. When you create a flowchart with Flowgorithm, you can execute the
program and generate Gaddis Pseudocode. You can also generate source code in Java,
Python, Visual Basic, C#, Ruby, JavaScript, and several other languages. For more
information, see www.flowgorithm.org.

• A link to download the RAPTOR flowcharting environment

RAPTOR is a flowchart-based programming environment developed by the US Air
Force Academy Department of Computer Science.

Instructor Resources
The following supplements are available to qualified instructors only:
• Answers to all of the Review Questions
• Solutions for the Programming Exercises
• PowerPoint® presentation slides for each chapter
• Test bank
Visit the Pearson Instructor Resource Center ( http://www.pearsonhighered.
com/irc) or send an email to [email protected] for information on how to access
them.
This page intentionally left blank
 Preface xxi

Acknowledgments
There have been many helping hands in the development and publication of this text.
I would like to thank the following faculty reviewers:

Reviewers for This Edition

Alan Anderson
Gwinnett Technical College
Richard J. Davison
College of the Albemarle
Sameer Dutta
Grambling State University
Norman P. Hahn
Thomas Nelson Community College
John Haley
Athens Technical College
Dianne Hill
Jackson College
J. Shawn Pope
Tulsa Community College
Linda Reeser
Arizona Western College
Homayoun Sharafi
Prince George’s Community College
Emily Shepard
Central Carolina Community College
Maryam Rahnemoonfar
Texas A&M University
Scott Vanselow
Edison State College

Reviewers of Previous Editions

Reni Abraham
Houston Community College
Cherie Aukland
Thomas Nelson Community College
Steve Browning
Freed Hardeman University
xxi
xxii Acknowledgments

John P. Buerck
Saint Louis University
Jill Canine
Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana
Steven D. Carver
Ivy Tech Community College
Stephen Robert Cheskiewicz
Keystone College and Wilkes University
Katie Danko
Grand Rapids Community College
Ronald J. Harkins
Miami University, OH
Coronicca Oliver
Coastal Georgia Community College
Robert S. Overall, III
Nashville State Community College
Dale T. Pickett
Baker College of Clinton Township
Tonya Pierce
Ivy Tech Community College
Larry Strain
Ivy Tech Community College–Bloomington
Donald Stroup
Ivy Tech Community College
John Thacher
Gwinnett Technical College
Jim Turney
Austin Community College
Scott Vanselow
Edison State College
I also want to thank everyone at Pearson for making the Starting Out With . . . series
so successful. I have worked so closely with the team at Pearson that I consider them
among my closest friends. I am extremely fortunate to have Matt Goldstein as my edi-
tor, and Kelsey Loanes as Editorial Assistant. They have guided me through the process
of revising this, and many other books. I am also fortunate to have Demetrius Hall and
Bram Van Kempen as Marketing Managers. Their hard work is truly inspiring, and
they do a great job getting my books out to the academic community. The production
team worked tirelessly to make this book a reality. Thanks to you all!
About the Author

Tony Gaddis is the principal author of the Starting Out With . . . series of textbooks.
Tony has twenty years of experience teaching computer science courses, primarily at
Haywood Community College. He is a highly acclaimed instructor who was previously
selected as the North Carolina Community College “Teacher of the Year” and has
received the Teaching Excellence award from the National Institute for Staff and
Organizational Development. The Starting Out With . . . series includes introductory
books covering Programming Logic and Design, C++, Java, Microsoft® Visual Basic,
C#®, Python, App Inventor, and Alice, all published by Pearson.

xxiii
This page intentionally left blank
 Another Random Document on
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Christian
Directory, Part 4: Christian Politics
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
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under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: A Christian Directory, Part 4: Christian Politics

Author: Richard Baxter

Release date: October 17, 2013 [eBook #43967]

Most recently updated: October 23, 2024

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Colin Bell, Chris Pinfield and the Online

Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A CHRISTIAN

DIRECTORY, PART 4: CHRISTIAN POLITICS ***
Transcriber's Note:
The text of Part IV of A Christian Directory has been
transcribed from pages 737 to 948 of Volume I of
Richard Baxter's Practical Works, as lithographed
from the 1846 edition.
The greater part comprises 34 chapters that mostly
address duties to rulers and to neighbours. These
are followed by a "Moral Prognostication" on the
future of the churches, and by a "Reformed Liturgy"
that Baxter proposed. A table of contents has been
inserted to assist the reader.
In the Liturgy all sub-headings, commentary and
instructions to the Minister have been italicised and
indented. The Liturgy includes a large number of
sidenotes citing relevant biblical passages. In the
interests of legibility these have been consolidated
into footnotes at the end of each paragraph.
Inconsistencies in hyphenation, and apparent
typographical errors, have been corrected. The
anchors for footnotes 5 and 8, in chapter I, have
been inserted after consulting another edition of the
text.
 PART IV.
CHRISTIAN POLITICS.
 Table of Contents
Page
To the reader 737
I. General rules for an upright conversation. 737
II. Memorandums to civil rulers for the interest of
Christ, the church, and men's salvation. 741
III. Directions for subjects concerning their duty to
their rulers. 744
IV. Directions to lawyers about their duty to God. 769
V. The duty of physicians. 771
VI. Directions to schoolmasters about their duty for
their children's souls. 773
VII. Directions for soldiers, about their duty in point
of conscience. 774
VIII. Advice against murder. 778
IX. Directions for the forgiving of enemies, and
those that injure us; against wrath, and
malice, and revenge, and persecution. 782
X. Cases resolved about forgiving injuries and
debts, and about self-defence, and seeking
right by law or otherwise. 785
XI. Special directions to escape the guilt of
persecuting. Determining also the case about
liberty in matters of religion. 790
XII. Directions against scandal as given. 800
XIII. Directions against scandal taken, or an aptness
to receive hurt, by the words or deeds of
others. 807
XIV Directions against soul murder, and partaking of
other men's sins. 810
 XV. General directions for the furthering of the
salvation of others. 813
XVI. Special directions for christian conference,
exhortation, and reproof. 814
XVII. Directions for keeping peace with all men. 819
XVIII. Directions against all theft and fraud, or
injurious getting and keeping that which is
another's, or desiring it. 823
XIX. General directions and particular cases of
conscience, about contracts in general, and
about buying and selling, borrowing and
lending, usury, &c. in particular. 827
XX. Directions against oppression. 846
XXI. Cases about, and directions against, prodigality
and sinful wastefulness. 851
XXII. Cases and directions against injurious law-suits,
witnessing, and judgment. 855
XXIII. Cases of conscience, and directions against
backbiting, slandering, and evil speaking. 858
XXIV. Cases and directions against censoriousness and
unwarrantable judging. 861
XXV. Cases and directions about trusts and secrets. 861
XXVI. Directions against selfishness as it is contrary to
the love of our neighbour. 868
XXVII. Cases and directions for loving our neighbour as
ourselves. 870
XXVIII. Special cases and directions for love to godly
persons as such. 873
XXIX. Cases and directions for loving and doing good
to enemies. 883
XXX. Cases and directions about works of charity. 885
XXXI. Cases and directions about confessing sins and
injuries to others. 895
XXXII. Cases and directions about satisfaction and
restitution. 896
XXXIII. Cases and directions about our obtaining pardon
from God. 899
XXXIV. Cases and directions about self-judging. 901

A moral prognostication. 905

To the reader. 905
Of what must be expected in the churches of
christendom, till the golden age returns, or
till the time of true reformation and unity. 906
Of the changes that will be in christendom in
the golden age, and time of true
reformation and unity. 914
Consectary. 920

The reformed liturgy. 922

The ordinary public worship on the Lord's
day. 922
The order of celebrating the sacrament of
the body and blood of Christ. 930
The celebration of the sacrament of baptism. 934
Of catechising, and the approbation of those
that are to be admitted to the Lord's
supper. 936
Of the celebration of matrimony. 937
The visitation of the sick, and their
communion. 938
The order of solemnizing the burial of the
dead. 938
Of extraordinary days of humiliation and
thanksgiving, and anniversary festivals. 939
Of prayer and thanksgiving for particular
members of the church. 939
Of pastoral discipline, public confession,
absolution, and exclusion from the holy
communion of the church. 941
Appendix: prayers to be used at discretion. 945
 Reader,

Think not by the title of this part, that I am doing the same work
which I lately revoked in my "Political Aphorisms;" though I
concluded that book to be quasi non scriptum, I told you I recanted
not the doctrine of it, which is for the empire of God, and the
interest of government, order, and honesty in the world. This is no
place to give you the reasons of my revocation, besides that it
offended my superiors, and exercised the tongues of some in places,
where other matters would be more profitable: pass by all that
concerneth our particular states and times, and you may know by
that what principles of policy I judge divine. And experience
teacheth me, that it is best for men of my profession, to meddle with
no more, but to leave it to the Contzeu's, the Arnisæus's, and other
Jesuits, to promote their cause by voluminous politics. The pope's
false-named church is a kingdom, and his ministers may write of
politics more congruously, and (it seems) with less offence, than we.
Saith the "Geographia Nubiensis" aptly, "There is a certain king
dwelling at Rome called the pope," &c. when he goeth to describe
him. Nothing well suits with our function, but the pure doctrine of
salvation; let statesmen and lawyers mind the rest.
Two things I must apologize for in this part. 1. That it is maimed
by defect of those directions to princes, nobles, parliament men, and
other magistrates, on whose duty the happiness of kingdoms,
churches, and the world dependeth. To which I answer, That those
must teach them whom they will hear; while my reason and
experience forbid me, as an unacceptable person, to speak to them
without a special invitation, I can bear the censures of strangers,
who knew not them or me. I am not so proud as to expect that men
so much above me, should stoop to read any directions of mine;
much less to think me fit to teach them. Every one may reprove a
poor servant, or a beggar (it is part of their privilege). But great men
must not be so much as admonished by any but themselves, and
such as they will hear. At least nothing is a duty which a man hath
reason to think is like to do much more harm than good. And my
own judgment is much against pragmatical, presumptuous
preachers, who are over-forward to meddle with their governors, or
their affairs, and think that God sendeth them to reprove persons
and things that are strange to them, and above them; and vent their
distastes upon uncertain reports, or without a call.
2. And I expect both to be blamed and misunderstood, for what I
here say in the confutation of Master Richard Hooker's "Political
Principles," and my own citation of Bishop Bilson, and such others.
But they must observe, 1. That it is not all in Master Hooker's first
and eighth book, which I gainsay; but the principle of the people's
being the fountain of authority, or that kings receive their office itself
from them, with the consequents hereof. How far the people have,
in any countries, the power of electing the persons, families, or
forms of government, or how far nature giveth them propriety, and
the consequents of this, I meddle not with at all. 2. Nor do I choose
Master Hooker out of any envy to his name and honour, but I
confess I do it, to let men know truly whose principles these are.
And if any (causelessly) question, whether the eighth (imperfect)
book be in those passages his own, let them remember that the sum
of all that I confute, is in his first book, which is old, and highly
honoured, by——you know whom. And I will do him the honour, and
myself the dishonour, to confess, that I think the far greater number
of casuists and authors of politics, papists, and protestants, are on
his side, and fewest on mine: but truth is truth.
On the subjects' duty I am larger, because, if they will not hear, at
least I may boldly and freely instruct them.
If in the latter part there be any useful cases of conscience left
out, it is because I could not remember them. Farewell.
 CHAPTER I.

GENERAL RULES FOR AN UPRIGHT CONVERSATION.

Solomon saith, Prov. x. 9, "He that walketh uprightly walketh surely."

And perfection and uprightness are the characters of Job, Job i. 1, 8;
ii. 3. And in the Scripture to be upright or righteous, and to walk
uprightly, and to do righteously, are the titles of those that are
acceptable to God. And by uprightness is meant not only sincerity as
opposed to hypocrisy; but also rectitude of heart and life, as
opposed to crookedness or sin; and this as it is found in various
degrees: of which we use to call the lowest degree that is saving by
the name of sincerity, and the highest by the name of perfection.
Concerning uprightness of life, I shall, I. Briefly tell you some of
those blessings that should make us all in love with it, and, II. Give
you some necessary rules of practice.
1. Uprightness of heart and life is a certain fruit of the Spirit of
grace, and consequently a mark of our union with Christ, and a
proof of our acceptableness with God. "My defence is of God, who
saveth the upright in heart," Psal. vii. 10. "For the righteous Lord
loveth righteousness, and his countenance doth behold the upright,"
Psal. xi. 7. It is a title that God himself assumeth; "Good and upright
is the Lord," Psal. xxv. 8. "To show that the Lord is upright, he is my
Rock, and no unrighteousness is in him," Psal. xcii. 15. And God
calleth himself the Maker, the Director, the Protector, and the Lover
of the upright. "God made man upright," Eccl. vii. 29. "The Lord
knoweth the way of the righteous," Psal. i. 6. "What man is he that
feareth the Lord? him will he teach in the way that he shall choose,"
Psal. xxv. 12. "He layeth up sound wisdom for the righteous; he is a
buckler to them that walk uprightly," Prov. ii. 7.
2. The upright are the pillars of human society, that keep up truth
and justice in the world: without whom it would be but a company
of liars, deceivers, robbers, and enemies, that live in constant rapine
and hostility. There were no trust to be put in one another, further
than self-interest did oblige men. "Lord, who shall abide in thy
tabernacle? Who shall dwell in thy holy hill? He that walketh
uprightly, and worketh righteousness, and speaketh the truth in his
heart," Psal. xv. 1, 2. Therefore the wicked, and the enemies of
peace, and destroyers of societies, are still described as enemies to
the upright. "For lo, the wicked bend their bow, they make ready
their arrow upon the string, that they may privily shoot at the
upright in heart. If the foundations be destroyed, what can the
righteous do?" Psal. xi. 2, 3. "The just and upright man is laughed to
scorn," Job xii. 4. "The wicked have drawn out the sword to slay
such as be of upright conversation," Psal. xxxvii. 14. And indeed it is
for the upright's sake that societies are preserved by God, as Sodom
might have been for ten Lots. At least they are under the protection
of omnipotency themselves. "He that walketh righteously and
speaketh uprightly, he that despiseth the gain of oppression, that
shaketh his hand from holding of bribes, that stoppeth his ear from
hearing of blood, that shutteth his eyes from seeing evil; he shall
dwell on high, his place of defence shall be the munitions of rocks:
bread shall be given him; his waters shall be sure. Thine eyes shall
see the king in his beauty: they shall behold the land that is very far
off," Isa. xxxiii. 15, 16. "The upright shall have good things in
possession," Prov. xxviii. 10. "The house of the wicked shall be
overthrown; but the tabernacle of the upright shall flourish," Prov.
xiv. 11.
3. Uprightness affordeth peace of conscience, and quietness and
holy security to the soul. This was Paul's rejoicing, the testimony of
his conscience, that "in simplicity and godly sincerity he had had his
conversation in the world, and not in fleshly wisdom," 2 Cor. i. 12.
And this was David's comfort: "For I have kept the ways of the Lord,
and have not wickedly departed from my God; for all his judgments
were before me, and as for his statutes, I did not depart from them.
I was also upright before him, and have kept myself from mine
iniquity. Therefore hath the Lord recompensed me according to my
righteousness;—with the merciful thou wilt show thyself merciful,
and with the upright thou wilt show thyself upright," 2 Sam. xxii. 22-
24. Yea, peace is too little; exceeding joy is the portion, and most
beseeming condition of the upright. "Be glad in the Lord, and
rejoice, ye righteous, and shout for joy, all ye that are upright in
heart," Psal. xxxii. 11. "Rejoice in the Lord, O ye righteous, for praise
is comely for the upright," Psal. xxxiii. 1. "The righteous shall be glad
in the Lord, and trust in him, and all the upright in heart shall glory,"
Psal. lxiv. 10. "Light is sown for the righteous, and gladness for the
upright in heart," Psal. xcvii. 11. The Spirit that sanctifieth them, will
comfort them.
4. As the upright, so their upright life and duties are specially
delightful and acceptable to God, Prov. xv. 8. The prayer of the
upright is his delight, Psal. xv. 2. Therefore God blesseth their duties
to them, and they are comforted and strengthened by experience of
success. "The way of the Lord is strength to the upright, but
destruction shall be to the workers of iniquity," Prov. x. 29. "Do not
my words do good to him that walketh uprightly," Micah ii. 7.
5. No carnal policies, no worldly might, no help of friends, nor any
other human means, doth put a man in so safe a state, as
uprightness of heart and life. To walk uprightly, is to walk surely,
because such walk with God, and in his way, and under his favour,
and his promise; and if God be not sufficient security for us, there is
none. "Surely the righteous shall give thanks unto thy name; the
upright shall dwell in thy presence," Psal. cxl. 13. "The integrity of
the upright shall guide them, but the perverseness of transgressors
shall destroy them. The righteousness of the upright shall deliver
them, but transgressors shall be taken in their own naughtiness,"
Prov. xi. 3, 6.
6. Lastly, the failings and weaknesses of the upright are pardoned,
and therefore they shall certainly be saved, Rom. vii. 24, 25; viii. 1.
The upright may say in all their weaknesses as Solomon; "I know
also, my God, that thou triest the heart, and hast pleasure in
uprightness; as for me, in the uprightness of my heart, I have
willingly offered all these things," 1 Chron. xxix. 17. "God will do
good to them that are good, and to them that are upright in their
hearts," Psal. cxxv. 4. The upright love him, Cant. i. 4, and are loved
by him. "No good thing will he withhold from them," Psal. lxxxiv. 11.
The way to right comforting the mind of man, is to show to him his
uprightness, Job xxxiii. 23. "And whoso walketh uprightly shall be
saved," Prov. xxviii. 18. "For the high way of the upright is to depart
from evil; and he that keepeth his way, preserveth his soul," Prov.
xvi. 17. I conclude with Psal. xxxvii. 37, "Mark the upright man, and
behold the just, for the end of that man is peace."
II. The true rules of an upright life are these that follow.
1. He that will walk uprightly must be absolutely devoted and
subjected unto God: he must have a God, and the true God, and but
one God; not notionally only, but in sincerity and reality: he must
have a God whose word shall be an absolute law to him; a God that
shall command himself, his time, his estate, and all that he hath, or
that he can do; a God whose will must be his will, and may do with
him what he please; and who is more to him than all the world;
whose love will satisfy him as better than life, and whose
approbation is his sufficient encouragement and reward.[1]
2. His hope must be set upon heaven as the only felicity of his
soul: he must look for his reward and the end of all his labours and
patience in another world; and not with the hypocrite, dream of a
felicity that is made up first of worldly things, and then of heaven,
when he can keep the world no longer. He that cannot, that doth not
in heart, quit all the world for a heavenly treasure, and venture his
all upon the promise of better things hereafter, and forsaking all,
take Christ and everlasting happiness for his portion, cannot be
upright in heart or life.[2]
3. He must have an infallible teacher (which is only Christ) and the
encouragement of pardoning grace when he faileth, that he sink not
by despair; and therefore he must live by faith on a Mediator. And he
must have the fixed principle of a nature renewed by the Spirit of
Christ.[3]
4. He that will walk uprightly, must have a certain, just, infallible
rule; and must hold to that, and must try all by it; and this is only
the word of God. The teachings of men must be valued as helps to
understand this word; and the judgments of our teachers, and those
that are wiser than ourselves, must be of great authority with us in
subordination to the Scripture. But neither the learned, nor the
godly, nor the great, must be our rule in co-ordination with the word
of God.[4]
5. He that will walk uprightly, must have both a solid and a large
understanding, to know things truly as they are, and to see all
particulars which must be taken notice of, in all the cases which he
must determine, and all the actions which his integrity is concerned
in.[5] 1. There is no walking uprightly in the dark. Zeal will cause you
to go apace; but not at all to go right, if judgment guide it not.
Erroneous zeal will make you to do evil with double violence, and
with blasphemous fathering your sins on God, and with impenitence
and justification of your sin. This made Paul mad in persecuting the
church. Prov. xv. 21, "Folly is joy to him that is destitute of wisdom;
but a man of understanding walketh uprightly." No man can do that
well which he understandeth not well. Therefore you must study and
take unwearied pains for knowledge; wisdom never grew up with
idleness, though the conceit of wisdom doth no where more prosper.
This age hath told us to what dangerous precipices men will be
carried by an ignorant zeal. 2. And the understanding must be large,
or it cannot be solid; when many particulars are concerned in an
action, the overlooking of some may spoil the work. Narrow-minded
men are turned as the weathercock, with the wind of the times, or
of every temptation; and they seldom avoid one sin, but by falling
into another. It is prudence that must manage an upright life: and
prudence seeth all that must be seen, and putteth every
circumstance into the balance; for want of which, much mischief
may be done, while you seem to be doing the greatest good.[6] "The
prudent man looketh well to his going," Prov. xiv. 15. "See therefore
that ye walk circumspectly, (at a hair's breadth,) not as fools, but as
wise."
6. But because you will object, that, alas, few even of the upright,
have wits so strong as to be fit for this, I add, that he that will walk
uprightly, must in the great essential parts of religion have this
foresaid knowledge of his own, and in the rest at least he must have
the conduct of the wise. And therefore, 1. He must be wise in the
great matters of his salvation, though he be weak in other things. 2.
And he must labour to be truly acquainted who are indeed wise
men, that are meet to be his guides: and he must have recourse to
such in cases of conscience, as a sick man to his physician. It is a
great mercy to be so far wise, as to know a wise man from a fool,
and a counsellor from a deceiver.[7]
7. He that will walk uprightly must be the master of his passion;
not stupid, but calm and sober. Though some passion is needful to
excite the understanding to its duty, yet that which is inordinate doth
powerfully deceive the mind. Men are very apt to be confident of
what they passionately apprehend; and passionate judgments are
frequently mistaken, and ever to be suspected; it being exceeding
difficult to entertain any passion which shall not in some measure
pervert our reason; which is one great reason why the most
confident are ordinarily the most erroneous and blind. Be sure
therefore whenever you are injured, or passion any way engaged, to
set a double guard upon your judgments.[8]
8. He that will walk uprightly, must not only difference between
simple good and evil, but between a greater good and a less; for
most sin in the world consisteth in preferring a lesser good before a
greater. He must still keep the balance in his hand, and compare
good with good; otherwise he will make himself a religion of sin, and
prefer sacrifice before mercy; and will hinder the gospel and men's
salvation for a ceremony, and violate the bonds of love and
faithfulness for every opinion which he calleth truth; and will tithe
mint and cummin, while he neglecteth the great things of the law.
When a lesser good is preferred before a greater, it is a sin, and the
common way of sinning. It is not then a duty when it is inconsistent
with a greater good.[9]
9. He must ever have a conjunct respect to the command and the
end: the good of some actions is but little discernible any where, but
in the command; and others are evidently good because of the good
they tend to. We must neither do evil and break a law, that good
may come by it; nor yet pretend obedience to do mischief, as if God
had made his laws for destruction of the church or men's souls, and
not for edification.[10]
10. He must keep in union with the universal church, and prefer
its interest before the interest of any party whatsoever, and do
nothing that tendeth to its hurt.[11]
11. He must love his neighbour as himself, and do as he would be
done by, and love his enemies and forgive wrongs; and bear their
defamations as his own.[12]
12. He must be impartial, and not lose his judgment and charity in
the opinion or interest of a party or sect: nor think all right that is
held or done by those that he best liketh; nor all wrong that is held
or done by those that are his adversaries. But judge of the words
and deeds of those that are against him, as if they had been said or
done by those of his own side: else he will live in slandering,
backbiting, and gross unrighteousness.[13]
13. He must be deliberate in judging of things and persons; not
rash or hasty in believing reports or receiving opinions; not judging
of truths by the first appearance, but search into the naked
evidence: nor judging of persons by prejudice, fame, and common
talk.[14]
14. He must be willing to receive and obey the truth at the dearest
rate, especially of laborious study, and a self-denying life; not taking
all to be truth that costeth men dear, nor yet thinking that truth
indeed can be over-prized.[15]
 15. He must be humble and self-suspicious, and come to Christ's
school as a little child; and not have a proud overvaluing of himself
and his own understanding. The proud and selfish are blind and
cross, and have usually some opinions or interests of their own, that
lie cross to duty, and to other men's good.[16]
16. He must have an eye to posterity, and not only to the present
time or age; and to other nations, and not only to the country where
he liveth. Many things seem necessary for some present strait or
work that we would do (which in the next age may be of
mischievous effects); especially in ecclesiastical and political
professions, covenants and impositions, we must look further than
our present needs. And many things seem necessary for a local,
narrow interest, which those at a distance will otherwise esteem.[17]
17. He that will walk uprightly must be able to bear the
displeasure of all the world, when the interest of truth requireth it;
yea, to be rejected of learned and good men themselves; and
account man's favour no better than it is; not to despise it as it is a
means to any good, but to be quite above it as to his own interest.
Not that uprightness doth use to make a man despised by the
upright; but that it may bring him under their censure in some
particulars, which are not commonly received or understood to be of
God.[18]
18. He must make it a great part of the work of his life to kill all
those carnal desires, which the sensual make it their work and
felicity to please; that appetite, sense and lust, and self-will may not
be the constant perverters of his life; as a fool in a dropsy studieth
to please his thirst, and a wise man to cure it.[19]
19. He must live a life of constant and skilful watchfulness,
apprehending himself in continual danger; and knowing his
particular corruptions, temptations, and remedies. He must have a
tender conscience, and keep as far as possible from temptation, and
take heed of unnecessary approaches or delightful thoughts of sin.
Oh what strong resolutions, what sound knowledge, have the near-
baits of sensuality (meat, drink, lust, and pleasures) overcome!
Never think yourselves safe among near-temptations, and
opportunities of sinning.[20]
20. Live as those that are going to the grave; die daily, and look
on this world as if you did look on it out of the world to which you
go. Let faith as constantly behold the world unseen, as your eye
seeth this. Death and eternity make men wise: we easily confess
and repent of many things when we come to die, which no counsels
or sermons could make us penitently confess before. Death will
answer a thousand objections and temptations, and prove many
vanities to be sin, which you thought the preacher did not prove:
dying men are not drawn to drunkenness, filthiness, or time-wasting
sports; nor flattered into folly by sensual baits; nor do they then fear
the face or threats of persecutors. As it is from another world that
we must fetch the motives, so also the defensative of an upright life.
And oh happy are they that faithfully practise these rules of
uprightness![21]
Though it be my judgment that much more of the doctrine of
politics or civil government belongeth to theology,[22] than those
men understand, who make kings and laws to be mere human
creatures, yet to deliver my reader from the fear lest I should
meddle with matters that belong not to my calling, and my book
from that reproach, I shall overpass all these points, which else I
should have treated of, as useful to practise in governing and
obeying. 1. Of man as sociable, and of communities and societies,
and the reason of them, of their original, and the obligation on the
members. 2. Of a city, and of civility. 3. Of a republic in general. (1.)
Of its institution, (2.) Of its constitution, and of its parts. (3.) Of its
species. (4.) Of the difference between it, 1. And a community in
general. 2. A family. 3. A village. 4. A city. 5. A church. 6. An
accidental meeting. (5.) Of its administrations. (6.) Of the relation
between God's government and man's, and God's law and man's,
and of their difference; and between man's judging and God's
judging. Nay, I will not only gratify you, by passing over this and
much more in the theory, but also as to the practical part, I shall
pass over, 1. The directions for supreme governors. 2. And for
inferior magistrates towards God, and their superiors, and the
people. 3. And the determination of the question, How far
magistrates have to do in matters of religion? Whether they be
christian or heathen? 4. How far they should grant or not grant
liberty of conscience, (as it is called,) viz. of judging, professing, and
practising in matters of religion; with other such matters belonging
to government: and all the controversies about titles and supremacy,
conservations, forfeitures, decays, dangers, remedies, and
restorations, which belong either to politicians, lawyers, or divines;
all these I pretermit, save only that I shall venture to leave a few
brief memorandums with civil governors (instead of directions) for
securing the interest of Christ, and the church, and men's salvation;
yet assuring the reader that I omit none of this out of any contempt
of the matter, or of magistracy, or as if I thought them not worthy of
all our prayers and assistance, or thought their office of small
concernment to the welfare of the world and of the church; but for
those reasons, which all may know that know me and the
government under which we live, and which I must not tell to
others.

[1] Psal. lxxiii. 25; lxiii. 3; 1 Cor. iv. 3, 4; Phil. iii. 8, 9, 18, 19;
Psal. iv. 7, 8; Luke xii. 4; Matt. vi. 1-3.
[2] Luke xiv. 26, 27, 33, 34; xviii. 22; Matt. vi. 19, 20; 1 John ii.
15; Phil. iii. 18, 21.
[3] John xii. 16; xv. 1, &c.; iii. 5, 6; Rom. viii. 8, 9.
[4] 2 Tim. iii. 15; Isa. viii. 20; 1 Thess. v. 12; Isa. xxxiii. 21;
Jam. iv. 12; Heb. viii. 10, 16; Neh. ix. 13, 14; Psal. xix. 7; cxix. 1-
3.
[5] Prov. i. 5; x. 23; xvii. 27; iii. 4; Psal. cxi. 10; Eph. i. 10; Acts
xxvi. 18; Col. i. 9; ii. 2; 2 Tim. ii. 7; 1 Cor. xiv. 5, 20.
[6] Luke xxiv. 45; Matt. xv. 16; Eph. v. 17; 1 Tim. i. 7; Prov. viii.
5; John xii. 40; 2 Pet. ii. 12; Rom. iii. 11; Matt. xiii. 19, 23; Isa.
lii. 13; Hos. xiv. 9; Prov. xiv. 15, 18; xviii. 15; xxii. 3; viii. 12; Eph.
v. 15; Psal. ci. 2.
[7] Psal. cxix. 98; Prov. i. 6-8; xii. 15, 18; xiii. 1, 14, 20; xv.
2, 7, 12, 31; xxii. 17; xxv. 12; Eccl. xii. 11; Dan. xii. 3, 10; Matt.
xxiv. 45; Psal. xxxvii 30; Eccl. ii. 13; Isa. xxxiii. 6; Matt. xii. 42;
Luke i. 17; xxi. 15; Acts vi. 3; 2 Pet. iii. 15; Mal. ii. 6, 7; 1 Thess.
v. 12, 13; Heb. xiii. 7, 17; Tit. i. 9, 13; ii. 1, 8; 2 Tim. iv. 3.
[8] Prov. xiv. 29; Col. iii. 8.
[9] Matt. ix. 13; xii. 7; Psal. xl. 6; li. 16; 1 Sam. xv. 22.
[10] 2 Cor. x. 8; xiii. 10; Rom. xv. 2; xiv. 9; 1 Cor. xiv. 26; 2 Cor.
xii. 19; Rom. iii. 8.
[11] Eph. iv. 12, &c.; 1 Cor. xii.
[12] Matt. xxii. 39; v. 43, 44; vii. 12.
[13] Jam. iii. 15-18; Gal. ii. 13, 14; Deut. xxv. 16; 1 Cor. vi. 9.
[14] Matt. vii. 1, 2; John vii. 24; Rom. xiv. 10, 13; 1 Pet. i. 17.
[15] Luke xiv. 26, 33; xii. 4; Prov. xxiii. 23.
[16] Matt. xviii. 3; Prov. xxvi. 12, 16; xxviii. xx; 1 Cor. iii. 18;
Prov. iii. 7.
[17] Judg. viii. 27; 1 Cor. vii. 35; 1 Kings xiv. 16; xv. 26; Deut.
xxix. 22; Exod. xii. 26; Josh. iv. 6, 22; xxii. 24, 25.
[18] 1 Cor. iv. 3, 4; John v. 44; Luke xiv. 26; Gal. ii. 13, 14; Acts
xi. 2, 3.
[19] Col. iii. 4, 5; Rom. vi. 1, &c.; xiii. 12, 13; viii. 13.
[20] Matt. xxiv. 42; xxv. 13; Mark xiii. 37; 1 Thess. v. 6; 1 Pet.
iv. 7; 1 Cor. xvi. 15; Matt. vi. 13; xxvi. 41.
[21] Eccl. vii. 2-6; 2 Cor. iv. 16; v. 1, 7, 8; Luke xii. 17-20; xvi.
20, &c.; Matt. xxv. 3-8; Acts vii. 56, 60.
[22] Among the Jews it was all one to be a lawyer and a divine;
but not to be a lawyer and a priest.
 CHAPTER II.

MEMORANDUMS TO CIVIL RULERS FOR THE INTEREST OF CHRIST,

THE CHURCH, AND MEN'S SALVATION.

Mem. I. Remember that your power is from God, and therefore for
God, and not against God, Rom. xiii. 2-4. You are his ministers, and
can have no power except it be given you from above, John xix. 11.
Remember therefore that as constables are your officers and
subjects, so you are the officers and subjects of God and the
Redeemer; and are infinitely more below him than the lowest
subject is below you; and that you owe him more obedience than
can be due to you; and therefore should study his laws, (in nature
and Scripture,) and make them your daily meditation and delight,
Josh. i. 3-5; Psal. i. 2, 3; Deut. xvii. 18-20. And remember how strict
a judgment you must undergo when you must give account of your
stewardship, and the greater your dignities and mercies have been,
if they are abused by ungodliness, the greater will be your
punishment, Luke xvi. 2; xii. 48.[23]
Mem. II. Remember therefore and watch most carefully that you
never own or espouse any interest which is adverse to the will or
interest of Christ; and that you never fall out with his interest or his
ordinances; and that no temptation ever persuade you that the
interest of Christ, and the gospel, and the church, is an enemy to
you, or against your real interest; and that you keep not up
suspicions against them: but see that you devote yourselves and
your power wholly to his will and service, and make all your interest
stand in a pure subservience to him, as it stands in a real
dependence on him.[24]
Mem. III. Remember that, under God, your end is the public
good; therefore desire nothing to yourselves, nor do any thing to
others, which is really against your end.
Mem. IV. Remember therefore that all your laws are to be but
subservient to the laws of God, to promote the obedience of them
with your subjects, and never to be either contrary to them, nor co-
ordinate, or independent on them; but as the by-laws of
corporations are in respect to the laws and will of the sovereign
power, which have all their life and power therefrom.
Mem. V. Let none persuade you that you are such terrestrial
animals that have nothing to do with the heavenly concernments of
your subjects; for if once men think that the end of your office is
only the bodily prosperity of the people, and the end of the ministry
is the good of their souls, it will tempt them to prefer a minister
before you, as they prefer their souls before their bodies; and they
that are taught to contemn these earthly things, will be ready to
think they must contemn your office; seeing no means, as such, can
be better than the end. There is no such thing as a temporal
happiness to any people, but what tendeth to the happiness of their
souls; and must be thereby measured, and thence be estimated.
Though ministers are more immediately employed about the soul,
yet your office is ultimately for the happiness of souls, as well as
theirs; though bodily things (rewards or punishments) are the
means, by which you may promote it; which ministers, as such, may
not meddle with. Therefore you are custodes utriusque tabulæ, and
must bend the force of all your government to the saving of the
people's souls. And as to the objection from heathen governors,
distinguish between the office, and an aptitude to exercise it: the
office consisteth, 1. In an obligation to do the duty; 2. And in
authority to do it. Both these a heathen ruler hath (else the omission
were a duty, and not a sin). But it is the aptitude to do the duty of
his place which a heathen wanteth; and he wanteth it culpably; and
therefore the omission is his sin; even as it is the sin of an
insufficient minister that he doth not preach. For the question is of
the like nature, and will have the like solution: Whether an ignorant
minister be bound to preach, who is unable or heretical? It is
aptitude that he wanteth, and neither authority nor obligation, if he
be really a minister; but he is obliged in this order, first to get
abilities, and then to preach: so is it in the present case.[25]
Mem. VI. Encourage and strengthen a learned, holy, self-denying,
serious, laborious ministry; as knowing, that the same Lord hath
commissioned them in the institution of their office, who instituted
yours; and that it is such men that are suited to the work, for which
their office was appointed; and that souls are precious; and those
that are the guides and physicians of souls, can never be too well
furnished, nor too diligent. And the church hath no where prospered
on earth, but in the prosperity of the abilities, holiness, and diligence
of their pastors: God hath always built by such, and the devil hath
pulled down by pulling down such.
Mem. VII. Remember that the people that are seriously religious,
that love, and worship, and obey the Lord, with all their heart, are
the best of your subjects, and the honour of your dominions: see
therefore that serious godliness be every where encouraged, and
that the profane and ignorant rabble be never encouraged in their
enmity and opposition to it: and that true fanaticism, hypocrisy, and
schism, be so prudently discountenanced and suppressed, that none
may have encouragement to set themselves against godliness, under
the slander or pretension of such names. If christianity be better
than heathenism, those christians then are they that must be
countenanced, who go further in holiness, and charity, and justice,
than heathens do, rather than those that go no further (besides
opinions and formalities) than a Cato, a Plato, or Socrates have
done. If all religion were a deceit, it were fit to be banished, and
atheism professed, and men confess themselves to be but brutes.
But if there be a God, there must be a religion; and if we must be
religious, we must sure be so in seriousness, and not in hypocrisy
and jest. It being no such small, contemptible matter, to be turned
into dissembling compliment.[26]
Mem. VIII. Endeavour the unity and concord of all the churches
and christians that are under your government, and that upon the
terms which all Christ's churches have sometime been united in; that
is, In the Holy Scriptures implicitly, as the general rule; in the ancient
creeds explicitly, as the sum of our credenda; and in the Lord's
prayer, as the summary of our expetenda; and in the decalogue, as
the summary of our agenda; supposing, that we live in peaceable
obedience to our governors, whose laws must rule us not only in
things civil, but in the ordering of those circumstances of worship
and discipline, which God hath left to their determination.
Mem. IX. Let all things in God's worship be done to edification,
decently, and in order, and the body honour God, as well as the soul;
but yet see that the ornaments or garments of religion be never
used against the substance; but that holiness, unity, charity, and
peace, have alway the precedency.
Mem. X. Let the fear of sinning against God be cherished in all,
and let there be a tenderness for such as are over-scrupulous and
fearful in some smaller things: and let not things be ordered so, as
shall most tend to the advantage of debauched consciences, that
dare say or do any thing for their carnal ends. For they are truest to
their governors, that are truest to their God; and when it is the
wrath of God and hell that a man is afraid of, it is pity he should be
too eagerly spurred on. The unconscionable sort will be true to their
governors, no longer than it serves their interest; therefore
conscientiousness should be encouraged.[27]
Mem. XI. If the clergy, or most religious people, offend, let their
punishment be such as falleth only on themselves, and reacheth not
Christ, nor the gospel, nor the church. Punish not Christ for his
servants' failings, nor the gospel for them that sin against it; nor the
souls of the people, for their pastors' faults; but see that the interest
of Christ and men's souls be still secured.[28]
Mem. XII. If the dissensions of lawyers or statesmen make
factions in the commonwealth, let not the fault be laid on religion,
though some divines fall into either faction. When the difference is
not in divinity, but in law cases, blame not religion for that, which it
hath no hand in: and watch against Satan, who alway laboureth to
make civil factions or differences tend to the dishonour of religion,
and the detriment of the church and gospel.
Mem. XIII. Take those that are covetous, ambitious, or selfish, and
seek for preferment, to be the unfittest to be consulted with in the
matters of religion, and the unfittest to be trusted with the charge of
souls. And let the humble, mortified, self-denying men, be taken as
fitter pastors for the churches.
Mem. XIV. Side not with any faction of contentious pastors, to the
oppression of the rest, when the difference is in tolerable things; but
rather drive them on to unity, upon condescending and forbearing
terms: for there will else be no end; but the faction which you side
with, will break into more factions, and the church will receive
damage by the loss of the oppressed party, and by the division much
more. What lamentable work the contentions of the bishops have
made in the churches, in all ages, since the primitive times, all
history doth too openly declare. And how much a holy, prudent,
peaceable magistrate can do, to keep peace among them, more than
will be done if their own impetuosity be left unrestrained, it is easy
to observe; especially if he keep the sword in his own hand, and
trust it not in the hands of churchmen, especially of one faction to
the oppression of the rest.[29]
Mem. XV. Believe not the accusations that are brought against the
faithful ministers of Christ, till they are proved; and judge not them,
or any of his servants, upon the reports of adversaries, till they have
spoken for themselves; for the common corruption of depraved
nature, doth engage all the ungodly in such an enmity against
holiness, that there is little truth or righteousness to be expected
from wicked and malicious lips, for any holy cause or person. And if
such persons find but entertainment and encouragement, their
malice will abound, and their calumnies will be impudent; which is
the sense of Prov. xxix. 12, "If a ruler hearken to lies, all his servants
are wicked." The example of Saul and Doeg is but such as would be
ordinary, if rulers would but hearken to such calumniators.[30]
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