418 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

Problems
All phasor voltages in the following Problems are stated in e) va = 540 sin 630t V,
terms of the rms value.
vb = 540 cos(630t - 120°) V,

Section 11.1 vc = 540 cos (630t + 120 ⴰ ) V.

11.1 What is the phase sequence of each of the following
sets of voltages? f) va = 144 cos (800t + 80°) V,

a) va = 137 cos (vt + 63 ⴰ ) V, vb = 144 sin (800t - 70 ⴰ ) V,

vb = 137 cos (vt - 57 ⴰ ) V, vc = 144 sin (800t + 50 ⴰ ) V.

vc = 137 cos (vt + 183 ⴰ ) V. 11.3 Verify that Eq. 11.3 is true for either Eq. 11.1 or
Eq. 11.2.
b) va = 820 cos (vt - 36 ⴰ ) V,
Section 11.2
vb = 820 cos (vt + 84 ⴰ ) V,
11.4 Refer to the circuit in Fig. 11.5(b). Assume that there
vc = 820 sin (vt - 66 ⴰ ) V. are no external connections to the terminals a, b, c.
Assume further that the three windings are from a
11.2 For each set of voltages, state whether or not the volt- three-phase generator whose voltages are those
PSPICE ages form a balanced three-phase set. If the set is bal- described in Problem 11.2(b). Determine the current
MULTISIM
anced, state whether the phase sequence is positive or circulating in the ¢ -connected generator.
negative. If the set is not balanced, explain why.
11.5 Repeat Problem 11.4 but assume that the three-phase
a) va = 48 cos(314t - 45°) V, voltages are those described in Problem 11.2(c).

vb = 48 cos (314t - 165 ⴰ ) V, Section 11.3

vc = 48 cos (314t + 75 ⴰ ) V. 11.6 a) Is the circuit in Fig. P11.6 a balanced or unbal-
PSPICE anced three-phase system? Explain.
MULTISIM
b) va = 188 cos(250t + 60°) V, b) Find Io.

vb = - 188 cos 250t V, Figure P11.6

5 a j8  A 27 
vc = 188 cos (250t - 60 ⴰ ) V.

c) va = 426 cos 100t V, 110 0 V I0

 j32 

vb = 462 cos(100t + 120°) V,
5 b j8  B 1
vc = 426 cos(100t - 120°) V. n  N
110 120 V
d) va = 1121 cos (2000t - 20 ⴰ ) V, 
j22 

vb = 1121 sin (2000t - 50°) V, 110 120 V
5 c j8  C 35 
vc = 1121 cos (2000t + 100°) V.
 Problems 419

11.7 a) Find Io in the circuit in Fig. P11.7. 11.11 The magnitude of the line voltage at the terminals
PSPICE b) Find VAN. of a balanced Y-connected load is 6600 V. The load
MULTISIM
c) Find VAB. impedance is 240 - j70 Æ>f. The load is fed from a
d) Is the circuit a balanced or unbalanced three- line that has an impedance of 0.5 + j4 Æ>f.
phase system? a) What is the magnitude of the line current?
11.8 Find the rms value of Io in the unbalanced three- b) What is the magnitude of the line voltage at
phase circuit seen in Fig. P11.8. the source?
Figure P11.8 11.12 The magnitude of the phase voltage of an ideal
2.7  j2.4  a 1.3  j0.6  A 56  j77 
balanced three-phase Y-connected source is
125 V. The source is connected to a balanced
320 0 V
 Y-connected load by a distribution line that has an
 impedance of 0.1 + j0.8 Æ>f. The load impedance
2.7  j2.4  b 1.3  j0.6  B 86  j117  is 19.9 + j14.2 Æ>f. The phase sequence of the
n  N
source is acb. Use the a-phase voltage of the
320 120 V 20  Io
 source as the reference. Specify the magnitude and
 320 120 V phase angle of the following quantities: (a) the
2.7  j2.4  c 1.3  j0.6  C 26  j37  three line currents, (b) the three line voltages at
the source, (c) the three phase voltages at the load,
and (d) the three line voltages at the load.
11.9 The time-domain expressions for three line-to-neutral
voltages at the terminals of a Y-connected load are
vAN = 288 cos (vt - 45°) V, Section 11.4

vBN = 288 cos (vt - 165 ⴰ ) V, 11.13 A balanced ¢ -connected load has an impedance
vCN = 288 cos (vt + 75 ) V. ⴰ of 216 - j288 Æ>f. The load is fed through a line
having an impedance of 3 + j5 Æ>f. The phase
What are the time-domain expressions for the three voltage at the terminals of the load is 7.2 kV.
line-to-line voltages vAB, vBC, and vCA? The phase sequence is negative. Use VAB as the
11.10 A balanced three-phase circuit has the following reference.
characteristics: a) Calculate the three phase currents of the load.
• Y-Y connected;
b) Calculate the three line currents.
• The line voltage at the source, Vab, is
11013 l -60° V; c) Calculate the three line voltages at the sending
end of the line.
• The phase sequence is positive;
• The line impedance is 3 + j 2 Æ>f; 11.14 A balanced, three-phase circuit is characterized as
follows:
• The load impedance is 37 + j 28 Æ>f;
• Y- ¢ connected;
a) Draw the single phase equivalent circuit for the
a-phase. • Source voltage in the b-phase is 150l 135° V;
b) Calculated the line current in the a-phase. • Source phase sequence is acb;
c) Calculated the line voltage at the load in the • Line impedance is 2 + j 3 Æ>f;
a-phase. • Load impedance is 129 + j 171 Æ>f.

Figure P11.7
0.4  j2  a 1.6  j4  A 78  j54 

277 0 V



0.4  j1.6 b 2.6  j2.4  B 77  j56 

n  N
277 120 V Io


277 120 V
0.2  j1.2  c 0.8  j3.8  C 79  j55 
420 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

a) Draw the single phase equivalent for the a-phase. e) Calculate the magnitude of the phase current in
b) Calculate the a-phase line current. the load.
c) Calculate the a-phase line voltage for the three- f) Calculate the magnitude of the phase current in
phase load. the source.

11.15 An acb sequence balanced three-phase Y-connected 11.19 The impedance Z in the balanced three-phase cir-
source supplies power to a balanced, three-phase ¢ - cuit in Fig. P11.19 is 100 - j75 Æ. Find
connected load with an impedance of 12 + j9 Æ>f. a) IAB, IBC, and ICA,
The source voltage in the b-phase is 240l - 50° V. b) IaA, IbB, and IcC,
The line impedance is 1 + j1 Æ>f. Draw the single c) Iba, Icb, and Iac.
phase equivalent circuit for the a-phase and use it
to find the current in the a-phase of the load. Figure P11.19
IaA
a A
11.16 In a balanced three-phase system, the source is a bal-
anced Y with an abc phase sequence and a line voltage
Vab = 208l 50° V. The load is a balanced Y in paral-
lel with a balanced ¢ .The phase impedance of the Y is   Z Z
13.2 120 kV
4 + j 3 Æ>f and the phase impedance of the ¢ is   13.2 0 kV
3 - j9 Æ>f. The line impedance is 1.4 + j0.8 Æ>f. IbB
Draw the single phase equivalent circuit and use it to c   Z C
calculate the line voltage at the load in the a-phase. b B
13.2 120 kV IcC
11.17 A balanced Y-connected load having an imped-
ance of 60 - j45 Æ>f is connected in parallel with 11.20 For the circuit shown in Fig. P11.20, find
a balanced ¢ -connected load having an imped- PSPICE
a) the phase currents IAB, IBC, and ICA
MULTISIM
ance of 9022l 45° Æ>f. The paralleled loads are
b) the line currents IaA, IbB, and IcC
fed from a line having an impedance of
when Z1 = 2.4 - j0.7 Æ, Z2 = 8 + j6 Æ, and
2 + j2 Æ>f. The magnitude of the line-to-line
Z3 = 20 + j 0 Æ.
voltage of the ¢ -load is 300 23 V.
a) Calculate the magnitude of the phase current in Figure P11.20
the Y-connected load. a A
b) Calculate the magnitude of the phase current in
the ¢ -connected load.
c) Calculate the magnitude of the current in the   Z1 Z3
480 120 V 
line feeding the loads.  480 0 V

d) Calculate the magnitude of the line voltage at

the sending end of the line. c   Z2 C
b B
480 120 V
11.18 A three-phase ¢ -connected generator has an inter-
nal impedance of 9 + j90 mÆ>f. When the load is
removed from the generator, the magnitude of the 11.21 A balanced three-phase ¢ -connected source is
terminal voltage is 13,800 V. The generator feeds a shown in Fig. P11.21.
¢ -connected load through a transmission line with a) Find the Y-connected equivalent circuit.
an impedance of 20 + j180 mÆ>f. The per-phase b) Show that the Y-connected equivalent circuit
impedance of the load is 7.056 + j3.417 Æ. delivers the same open-circuit voltage as the
a) Construct a single-phase equivalent circuit. original ¢ -connected source.
b) Calculate the magnitude of the line current. c) Apply an external short circuit to the terminals
c) Calculate the magnitude of the line voltage at A, B, and C. Use the ¢ -connected source to find
the terminals of the load. the three line currents IaA, IbB, and IcC.
d) Calculate the magnitude of the line voltage at d) Repeat (c) but use the Y-equivalent source to
the terminals of the source. find the three line currents.
 Problems 421

Figure P11.21 11.24 A balanced three-phase source is supplying 60 kVA

a at 0.6 lagging to two balanced Y-connected parallel
A loads. The distribution line connecting the source
4.5  to the load has negligible impedance. Load 1 is
purely resistive and absorbs 30 kW. Find the
4.5  per-phase impedance of Load 2 if the line voltage
j3 
is 12023 V and the impedance components are
in series.

846 0 V

j3 
11.25 In a balanced three-phase system, the source
b B has an abc sequence, is Y-connected, and
4.5  Van = 120l 20° V. The source feeds two loads, both
of which are Y-connected. The impedance of load 1
is 8 + j6 Æ>f. The complex power for the a-phase
 j3 
864 120 V of load 2 is 600l 36° VA. Find the total complex

power supplied by the source.

864 120 V

11.26 The line-to-neutral voltage at the terminals of the
C balanced three-phase load in the circuit shown in
c
Fig. P11.26 is 1600 V. At this voltage, the load is
11.22 The ¢ -connected source of Problem 11.21 is con- absorbing 480 kVA at 0.8 pf lag.
nected to a Y-connected load by means of a balanced a) Use VAN as the reference and express Ina in
three-phase distribution line. The load impedance polar form.
is 1192 + j1584 Æ>f. and the line impedance is
b) Calculate the complex power associated with
6.5 + j15 Æ>f.
the ideal three-phase source.
a) Construct a single-phase equivalent circuit of
c) Check that the total average power delivered
the system.
equals the total average power absorbed.
b) Determine the magnitude of the line voltage at
d) Check that the total magnetizing reactive power
the terminals of the load.
delivered equals the total magnetizing reactive
c) Determine the magnitude of the phase current power absorbed.
in the ¢ -source.
d) Determine the magnitude of the line voltage at Figure P11.26
the terminals of the source.
Ina j0.8 
a 0.2 
Section 11.5 A

11.23 a) Find the rms magnitude and the phase angle of 

Van j75  j75  480 kVA
ICA in the circuit shown in Fig. P11.23. 
Vbn b 0.2  j0.8 
b) What percent of the average power delivered by n   B
the three-phase source is dissipated in the three-
phase load?  0.8 pf
Vcn j75 
 lag
Figure P11.23 c 0.2  j0.8 
C
j2  a 1.5  A

85.5  11.27 A three-phase positive sequence Y-connected

 source supplies 14 kVA with a power factor of 0.75

1365 0 V 85.5 
j114  lagging to a parallel combination of a Y-connected
j2  b 1.5  load and a ¢ -connected load. The Y-connected load
  B uses 9 kVA at a power factor of 0.6 lagging and has
1365 120 V an a-phase current of 10l - 30° A.
85.5 
 j114  a) Find the complex power per phase of the
1365 120 V
 ¢ -connected load.
j114 
j2  c 1.5  b) Find the magnitude of the line voltage.
C
422 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

11.28 A balanced three-phase distribution line has an 11.35 A three-phase line has an impedance of
impedance of 5 + j10 Æ>f. This line is used to sup- 0.1 + j0.8 Æ>f. The line feeds two balanced three-
ply three balanced three-phase loads that are con- phase loads connected in parallel. The first load
nected in parallel. The three loads are is absorbing a total of 630 kW and absorbing
L1 = 180 kVA at 0.866 pf lag, L2 = 150 kVA at 840 kVAR magnetizing vars. The second load
0.28 pf lead, and L3 = 72.12 kW at unity pf. The is Y-connected and has an impedance of
magnitude of the line voltage at the terminals of the 15.36 - j4.48 Æ>f. The line-to-neutral voltage at
loads is 180013 V. the load end of the line is 4000 V. What is the magni-
a) What is the magnitude of the line voltage at the tude of the line voltage at the source end of the line?
sending end of the line?
11.36 Three balanced three-phase loads are connected in
b) What is the percent efficiency of the distribution parallel. Load 1 is Y-connected with an impedance
line with respect to average power? of 400 + j300 Æ>f; load 2 is ¢ -connected with an
impedance of 2400 - j1800 Æ>f; and load 3 is
11.29 The three tools described below are part of a uni-
172.8 + j2203.2 kVA. The loads are fed from a dis-
versity’s machine shop. Each piece of equipment is
tribution line with an impedance of 2 + j16 Æ>f.
a balanced three-phase load rated at 220 V(rms).
The magnitude of the line-to-neutral voltage at the
Calculate (a) the magnitude of the line current sup-
load end of the line is 2413 kV.
plying these three tools and (b) the power factor of
the combined load. a) Calculate the total complex power at the send-
• Drill press: 10.2 kVA at 0.87 pf lag. ing end of the line.
• Lathe: 4.2 kW at 0.91 pf lag. b) What percentage of the average power at the
• Band saw: line current 36.8 A(rms), 7.25 kVAR. sending end of the line is delivered to the loads?

11.30 Calculate the complex power in each phase of the 11.37 The output of the balanced positive-sequence
unbalanced load in Problem 11.20. three-phase source in Fig. P11.37 is 41.6 kVA at a
lagging power factor of 0.707. The line voltage at
11.31 Show that the total instantaneous power in a bal- the source is 240 V.
anced three-phase circuit is constant and equal to a) Find the magnitude of the line voltage at the load.
1.5VmIm cos uf, where Vm and Im represent the
b) Find the total complex power at the terminals of
maximum amplitudes of the phase voltage and
the load.
phase current, respectively.
Figure P11.37
11.32 The total apparent power supplied in a balanced,
three-phase Y- ¢ system is 4800 VA. The line volt- 0.04  j 0.03 
age is 240 V. If the line impedance is negligible and
the power factor angle of the load is - 50°, deter- j 0.03 
Balanced 0.04  Balanced
mine the impedance of the load. three-phase three-phase
source load
0.04  j 0.03 
11.33 A balanced three-phase load absorbs 150 kVA at a
leading power factor of 0.96 when the line voltage
at the terminals of the load is 600 V. Find
four equivalent circuits that can be used to model
this load. 11.38 A balanced three-phase source is supplying 540 kVA
at 0.96 pf lag to two balanced ¢ -connected parallel
11.34 At full load, a commercially available 100 hp, three- loads. The distribution line connecting the source to
phase induction motor operates at an efficiency of the load has negligible impedance. The power associ-
97% and a power factor of 0.88 lag.The motor is sup- ated with load 1 is 38.4 - j208.8 kVA.
plied from a three-phase outlet with a line-voltage a) Determine the types of components and their
rating of 208 V. impedances in each phase of load 2 if the line
a) What is the magnitude of the line current drawn voltage is 160013 V and the impedance compo-
from the 208 V outlet? (1 hp = 746 W.) nents are in series.
b) Calculate the reactive power supplied to b) Repeat (a) with the impedance components in
the motor. parallel.