Design Of Automatic Fire Detection and Extinguishing Devices Using Arduino

Abstract: Fires can cause significant damage, resulting in the loss of property and
lives. Preventing fires from spreading is crucial, as extinguishing a fully developed
fire is often challenging and hazardous. Early detection and rapid response are
essential to controlling fires before they escalate. This project explores the use of
infrared flame detection technology to identify the presence of fire. The goal is to
create an effective fire detection and response system that operates smoothly and
efficiently using Arduino as the central control unit

INTRODUCTION

Firefighting remains one of the most demanding and high-risk tasks, requiring immediate
action to prevent devastating consequences. Fires can ignite from various sources, including
gas cylinder explosions, electrical faults, flammable materials, and human negligence (Saputra
et al., 2016). Once a fire starts, it can rapidly spread, causing extensive damage to property,
infrastructure, and, most critically, human lives. The window of time to control a fire before it
escalates is often narrow, making early detection and rapid suppression crucial for minimizing
loss and ensuring safety.

Traditional firefighting methods heavily rely on human intervention, which involves significant
risk to the responders, especially in hazardous environments filled with smoke, heat, and
potentially toxic gases. Moreover, manual firefighting responses can sometimes be delayed due
to factors like alarm miscommunication, difficult terrain, or late detection — all of which
contribute to the fire’s progression. As a result, there is an increasing need for effective,
automated fire detection and suppression systems that can respond swiftly and accurately to fire
outbreaks, particularly in locations where human response might be slow or unsafe.

This project proposes the development of an automated fire detection and suppression system,
utilizing an Arduino Uno microcontroller alongside an infrared flame detector. The Arduino
Uno, known for its versatility and ease of programming, acts as the central controller. It
processes input signals from the flame sensor, which detects the infrared radiation emitted by
flames. This approach allows the system to quickly identify fire sources, even from a distance,
enabling early response. Infrared flame sensors are particularly effective because they can
differentiate between normal ambient light and the unique infrared signature of a flame,
minimizing false alarms.

Once the system detects a flame, the Arduino processes the data and activates a DC motor-
powered water spraying mechanism. This component is designed to precisely target the fire
source, suppressing the flames as quickly as possible. The integration of a microcontroller
ensures smooth coordination between the sensor input and the water spraying output, creating a
reliable, self-operating system.

The Arduino-based setup offers several advantages. It is compact, affordable, and energy-
efficient — qualities that make it suitable for a wide range of applications, including residential
homes, commercial buildings, warehouses, and industrial environments. Additionally, the
system can be customized to include other sensors, such as temperature sensors or gas
detectors, for enhanced fire prevention capabilities.

This project aims to demonstrate how such a system can improve fire safety by reducing
reliance on human intervention and ensuring faster fire suppression. With its ability to
autonomously detect and respond to fire incidents, this solution holds the potential to mitigate
damage, prevent injuries, and protect valuable assets in various environments. The project
emphasizes practicality, cost-efficiency, and ease of deployment, contributing to the ongoing
advancement of smart fire prevention technologies.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Arduino
Arduino is a relatively easy and fast microcontroller system for making electronics and
robotics applications (Afira et al., 2022). Arduino is an open-source electronic system that can
be used freely and can be used with both hardware and software. Arduino can create programs
through the Atmega328 chip (Wardiansyah, 2022). In another sense, Arduino is a tool to
control electronic items (Husin, 2022). According to Hidayanti, the Arduino Uno is a
microcontroller device that can operate a device with the help of programming codes. This
microcontroller is open source and designed to facilitate the assembly of a device or piece of
hardware (M. Andrea Riswanto, 2022). Arduino Uno has 14 digital input/output legs, of
which 6 digital legs can be used as PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signals (Prasetyo et al.,
2018). Therefore, to underline the discussion about Arduino, namely the use of a very large
number of users so as to provide program code that will be made among hardware and
modules that support a large number, Certainly, this can make it easier for everyone to
recognize the name Arduino. Arduino Uno is an Italian hardware output in the form of a
minimal system using the Atmega 328 microcontroller.

IR Flame Detector
The use of sensors has been widely studied in previous research, whether it is fire, speed,
light, heat, or other sensors. Most of them are combined with microcontrollers such as
Arduino, the ATMega328, the MPU 6050, and other sensors (Priswanto & Haryono, 2022).
According to (Sokibi & Nugraha, 2020), the fire sensor is a sensor that has a function as a
flame detector, where the fire has a wavelength of 760 nm–1100 nm. This sensor has a
reading angle of 60 degrees and operates at a temperature of 25–85 degrees Celsius. The way
this sensor works is by detecting flames using an optical method. This sensor employs an
infrared sensor as a transducer.which is where this transducer is used to absorb light at a
certain wavelength.

Ultrasonic Sensors
Ultrasonic sensors are sensor modules that function to detect obstacles using sound sensors
that will be converted into electrical quantities or vice versa. This sensor works based on the
reflection of sound waves. Because the origin of the sensor will emit sound waves towards the
target in the area around the sensor, Then the reflection of the sound waves is received by the
sensor and will be interpreted to determine how far away the intended object is (Amin et al.,
2020). This HC-SR04 sensor has the ability to measure distances between 2 and 400 cm
with a 15-degree measurement reflection. Basically, what is read by an ultrasonic sensor is the
travel time of alternating waves from the transmitter to the receiver (Setyawan et al., 2020).
METHOD
Research Design
The research design is as follows:

Problem
Literature Study Data Collection
Identification

Testing Design Analysis

Conclusion

Fig.1. Research Design

Tool
Design
In the creation and testing of tools, computer hardware plays an important role in the
performance of a computer system. It is critical to be prepared to support the system from the
tool's hardware when designing this tool. There are several types of design in the tool,
namely:
1. Electrical Design, In making up and testing tools using electronic components to run
such as ultrasonic sensors, fire sensors, servo motors, and DC motors, you give
commands to the Arduino.
Software design, which includes the process of data from several devices assembled to the
Arduino Nano board, is needed in this process. In this case, we need the software contained
on Arduino, namely the Arduino IDE. The Arduino IDE is software for programming on
Arduino, which is programmed by a programming language whose library comes from the
C/C++ language called "Wiring," which facilitates the process of input and output data on
Arduino. The following is a flowchart of the tool that will be assembled:

Fig.2. Flowchart

How the system works is by initializing the input and sensor, then the sensor reads the fire
index, obstacle distance, and fire distance, then proceeds to the servo. If a fire is detected, then
the DC pump is active and the servo will be inactive. Otherwise, it will return to the obstacle
sensor and read the fire index.

RESULT
Hardware Design
The results of the hardware design, which includes an Arduino, ultrasonic sensors and
fire sensors are selected as inputs. to avoid obstacles

using an ultrasonic sensor and to detect fire using a fire sensor. This hardware design consists
of mechanical and electrical components.

Electrical Design
Fig.5. Electrical Circuit

Table 1. Servo Pin Addressing

Ultrasonic Sensor PINs Arduino Mega 2560 PIN

D22 Echo (Left)
D23 Trig (Left)
D24 Echo (Front)
D25 Trig (Front)
D26 Echo (Right)
D27 Trig (Right)
Vcc Vcc
Gnd Gnd (Ground)
a. Arduino Design with KY-06 Flame Sensor

Fig.7. Arduino with Sensor

API Table 2. Flame Sensor Pin
Addressing
Arduino Mega Pins Fire Sensor Pins (Left/Right)
Right A0(Left)
Gnd GND(Ground)
Vcc Vcc
A15 A0(Right)

Table 3. Servo Motor Pin Addressing

Pin Motor Driver Fire Sensor Pins (Left/Right)

Ser_1(Servo 1) Gnd Gnd (Brown Jumper)
Ser_1(Servo 1) Vcc Vcc (Red Jumper)
Ser_1(Servo 1) Signal (D9) Signal (Oranye Jumper)
Servo_2 Gnd Gnd (Brown Jumper)
Servo_2 Vcc Vcc (Red Jumper)
Servo_2 Signal (D10) Signal (Oranye Jumper)

Arduino Design with DC Pump

Fig. 9. Arduino with DC Water

Pump
Table 4. DC Pump Sensor Pin Addressing

Arduino Mega Pins DC Pump Pin

D40 Vcc
Gnd Gnd
Software Design
The results of the software design on this system use Arduino IDE software to run the
program in the hardware design of the device circuit. This program gives commands to

ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles and to fire sensors to detect fire.

Fig. 10. Arduino IDE program

Testing
After completing all stages in system design, hardware, and software, the next step is the
testing stage in the circuit to find out and ensure that the tools that have been designed and
programmed work as expected by the researcher.

Spraying with a direct current motor

Fig. 14. Water spraying is effective

 The fourth water sprayer test is activated when the IR flame detector sensor detects a
fire.Then the DC motor that has been programmed into the Arduino will spray water on
the object. This object uses a candle as test data. And the fire has been extinguished, as
shown in Figure 15.

Fig. 15. The fire has been extinguished.

Test Result
DISCUSSIONS
This project produces a prototype that can identify and extinguish fires if the source of the
fire has been found. This project is a contribution to helping identify and prevent fires and the
impacts caused by them. Several stages in this research are the first to identify problems and
learn about common fire problems and phenomena. The second is to conduct a literature study
to collect data from various sources to be used as reference material. The third is to collect
data and related tools that will be used in this research. The fourth stage is to analyze the data
that has been collected so that it can be grouped according to the needs of the designed tool.
The fifth stage is the tool design stage, where there are two parts to the design, namely
hardware design and software design. The sixth stage is the testing stage, where after the tool
is made, testing will be carried out to find out whether the tool that has been made functions
as expected. The last stage is to conclude the results of the research that has been done. If the
fire is not detected, the process will return to the input, output, and sensor initialization
stages. If the fire is detected, the DC pump will activate and spray water on the fire source
that has been found, and then the servo will deactivate. It is hoped that in the future, the tools
can be further developed by adding robotic with fire sensors in all directions to facilitate
spraying in various directions and GPS features so that they can find out where the robot is
and where it is going. This development can provide enough benefits for all parties who need
them.

CONCLUSION
After designing the tool and testing it, several conclusions can be drawn, namely: (1) This
design uses a fire sensor to detect fire; when the sensor detects a fire, the sensor will work
according to what has been programmed into Arduino. The test results prove that the sensor
functions properly in detecting fire. The use of a DC motor as a water sprayer when the fire
sensor detects a fire in front of the fire sensor also works well.

REFERENCES
Abrar, A., & Armin, A. (2020). Rancang Bangun Robot Cerdas Menggunakan Raspberry PI
dan Python. JST (Jurnal Sains Terapan), 6(1). https://doi.org/10.32487/jst.v6i1.792
Afira, R., Ayu, P., Purnama, W., Putra, T. A., & Wisky, I. A. (2022). Detection system with
temperature in a room using Arduino. Sinkron : Jurnal Dan Penelitian Teknik
Informatika, 7(2), 421–428. https://jurnal.polgan.ac.id/index.php/sinkron/article/view/421-
428
Amin, M., Syahputra Novelan, M., Kendali, S., Cerdas, S., Ultrasonic, S., & Peningkatan, A.
(2020). Sistem Kendali Obstacle Avoidance Robot sebagai Prototype Social Distancing
Menggunakan Sensor Ultrasonic
 dan Arduino. InfoTekJar : Jurnal Nasional Informatika Dan Teknologi Jaringan, 5(1),
148–153. https://jurnal.uisu.ac.id/index.php/infotekjar/article/view/3003
Dodu, A. Y. E., Amriana, A., & Firmansyah, F. (2019). Perancangan Robot Pemadam Api
Wall Follower Beroda dengan Metode Fuzzy Logic (Studi Kasus : Simulasi Kebakaran
pada Komplek Perumahan Citraland Kota Palu). Jurnal Ilmiah Informatika Global,
10(2), 64–73. https://doi.org/10.36982/jig.v10i2.852
Husin, N. (2022). Rancang Bangun Alat Pendeteksi Kebocoran Gas dan Api Berbasis
Arduino Uno dengan Mq- 2 Sederhana. Jurnal Esensi Infokom : Jurnal Esensi Sistem
Informasi Dan Sistem Komputer, 5(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.55886/infokom.v5i1.290
M. Andrea Riswanto. (2022). Rancang Bangun Alat Mixing Untuk Minuman Ternak Sapi
Berbasis Arduino.
Comasie, 6(1), 69–77.
Paryanta, P., Rachmatullah, R., & Kristiani, Y. K. (2018). Prototipe Robot Pemadam Api
Berbasis Mikrokontroler ATMEGA16 dengan Sistem Navigasi Wall Following. Go
Infotech: Jurnal Ilmiah STMIK AUB, 24(1), 69. https://doi.org/10.36309/goi.v24i1.95
Prasetyo, T. F., Nurhidayat, Y., & ... (2018). Rancang Bangun Prototipe Simulator Robot
Pemadam Api. Seminar Nasional …, 724–732.
http://prosiding.uika-
bogor.ac.id/index.php/semnati/article/view/129%0Ahttp://prosiding.uika-
bogor.ac.id/index.php/semnati/article/download/129/109
Priswanto, B., & Haryono, H. (2022). Fall Detection using Sensors on a Smartphone. SinkrOn,
7(2), 541–548. https://doi.org/10.33395/sinkron.v7i2.11403
Putri, I. I. A. R. (2019). Rancang Bangun Robot Pengangkut Barang Dengan Teknik Path
Planning. JETC, 14, 1–11.
Saputra, D. H., Nabilah, N., Islam, H. I., Pradipta, G. M., Atsaurri, S. S., Kurniawan, A.,
Safutra, H., Arif, A., & Irzaman, I. (2016). Pembuatan Model Pendeteksi Api Berbasis
Arduino Uno Dengan Keluaran Sms Gateway. Seminar Nasional Fisika (E-Journal)
SNF2016, V, SNF2016-CIP-103-SNF2016-CIP-108.
https://doi.org/10.21009/0305020120
Setyawan, G., Satya, T. P., al Fauzan, M. R., Puspasari, F., Fahrurrozi, I., & Admoko, E. M.
D. (2020). Penentuan Jarak Baca Terbaik Pada Sistem Pemindai Berbasis Larik Sensor
Ultrasonik. Jurnal Ilmu Fisika
| Universitas Andalas, 12(1), 44–52. https://doi.org/10.25077/jif.12.1.44-52.2020
Sokibi, P., & Nugraha, R. A. (2020). Perancangan Prototype Sistem Peringatan Indikasi
Kebakaran Di Dapur Rumah Tangga Berbasis Arduino Uno. Jurnal Digit, 10(1), 11.
https://doi.org/10.51920/jd.v10i1.152 Wardiansyah, P. (2022). Rancang Bangun Alat
Shuffing Dring Menggunakan Motor DC System Kendali Pulse
Width Modulation Berbasis Arduino. Jurnal Comasie, 7(1).
Yusep Mulyana. (2022). Penggantian Aparatur Sipil Negara (ASN) dengan Robotik Dalam
Mewujudkan Digitalisasi Birokrasi di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0. JISOS (Jurnal Ilmu
Sosial), 1(7), 485–496.