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 Finite Mathematics, Sixth Edition © 2014, 2011, 2007 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
Stefan Waner, Steven R. Costenoble ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the
Publisher: Richard Stratton copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16 15 14 13 12

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content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Brief Contents

CHAPTER 0 Precalculus Review 1

CHAPTER 1 Functions and Applications 39

CHAPTER 2 The Mathematics of Finance 125

CHAPTER 3 Systems of Linear Equations and Matrices 175

CHAPTER 4 Matrix Algebra and Applications 231

CHAPTER 5 Linear Programming 311

CHAPTER 6 Sets and Counting 395

CHAPTER 7 Probability 445

CHAPTER 8 Random Variables and Statistics 547

vii

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content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Contents

CHAPTER 0 Precalculus Review 1

Introduction 2
0.1 Real Numbers 2
0.2 Exponents and Radicals 7
0.3 Multiplying and Factoring Algebraic Expressions 17
0.4 Rational Expressions 22
0.5 Solving Polynomial Equations 24
0.6 Solving Miscellaneous Equations 30
0.7 The Coordinate Plane 34

CHAPTER 1 Functions and Applications 39

Introduction 40
1.1 Functions from the Numerical, Algebraic, and Graphical Viewpoints 40
1.2 Functions and Models 56
1.3 Linear Functions and Models 78
1.4 Linear Regression 95
KEY CONCEPTS 106
REVIEW EXERCISES 106
CASE STUDY Modeling Spending on Internet Advertising 109
TECHNOLOGY GUIDES 114

CHAPTER 2 The Mathematics of Finance 125

Introduction 126
2.1 Simple Interest 126
2.2 Compound Interest 134
2.3 Annuities, Loans, and Bonds 145
KEY CONCEPTS 158
REVIEW EXERCISES 158
CASE STUDY Adjustable Rate and Subprime Mortgages 160
TECHNOLOGY GUIDES 166

ix

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content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 x Contents

CHAPTER 3 Systems of Linear Equations and Matrices 175

Introduction 176
3.1 Systems of Two Equations in Two Unknowns 176
3.2 Using Matrices to Solve Systems of Equations 188
3.3 Applications of Systems of Linear Equations 206
KEY CONCEPTS 219
REVIEW EXERCISES 219
CASE STUDY Hybrid Cars—Optimizing the Degree of Hybridization 222
TECHNOLOGY GUIDES 225

CHAPTER 4 Matrix Algebra and Applications 231

Introduction 232
4.1 Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication 232
4.2 Matrix Multiplication 242
4.3 Matrix Inversion 256
4.4 Game Theory 267
4.5 Input-Output Models 284
KEY CONCEPTS 296
REVIEW EXERCISES 296
CASE STUDY Projecting Market Share 299
TECHNOLOGY GUIDES 304

CHAPTER 5 Linear Programming 311

Introduction 312
5.1 Graphing Linear Inequalities 312
5.2 Solving Linear Programming Problems Graphically 322
5.3 The Simplex Method: Solving Standard Maximization Problems 338
5.4 The Simplex Method: Solving General Linear Programming Problems 355
5.5 The Simplex Method and Duality 369
KEY CONCEPTS 383
REVIEW EXERCISES 383
CASE STUDY The Diet Problem 387
TECHNOLOGY GUIDES 391

CHAPTER 6 Sets and Counting 395

Introduction 396
6.1 Sets and Set Operations 396
6.2 Cardinality 407
6.3 Decision Algorithms: The Addition and Multiplication Principles 418

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content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Contents xi

6.4 Permutations and Combinations 428

KEY CONCEPTS 441
REVIEW EXERCISES 441
CASE STUDY Designing a Puzzle 443

CHAPTER 7 Probability 445

Introduction 446
7.1 Sample Spaces and Events 446
7.2 Relative Frequency 460
7.3 Probability and Probability Models 468
7.4 Probability and Counting Techniques 487
7.5 Conditional Probability and Independence 495
7.6 Bayes’ Theorem and Applications 512
7.7 Markov Systems 521
KEY CONCEPTS 536
REVIEW EXERCISES 536
CASE STUDY The Monty Hall Problem 539
TECHNOLOGY GUIDES 541

CHAPTER 8 Random Variables and Statistics 547

Introduction 548
8.1 Random Variables and Distributions 548
8.2 Bernoulli Trials and Binomial Random Variables 559
8.3 Measures of Central Tendency 567
8.4 Measures of Dispersion 580
8.5 Normal Distributions 595
KEY CONCEPTS 607
REVIEW EXERCISES 607
CASE STUDY Spotting Tax Fraud with Benford’s Law 609
TECHNOLOGY GUIDES 613

APPENDIX A1
ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES A19
INDEX I1

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content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Preface

Finite Mathematics, sixth edition, is intended for a one- or two-term course for stu-
dents majoring in business, the social sciences, or the liberal arts. Like the earlier
editions, the sixth edition of Finite Mathematics is designed to address the challenge
of generating enthusiasm and mathematical sophistication in an audience that is
often underprepared and lacks motivation for traditional mathematics courses.
We meet this challenge by focusing on real-life applications and topics of current
interest that students can relate to, by presenting mathematical concepts intuitively
and thoroughly, and by employing a writing style that is informal, engaging, and
occasionally even humorous.
The sixth edition goes further than earlier editions in implementing support for
a wide range of instructional paradigms: from traditional face-to-face courses to
online distance learning courses, from settings incorporating little or no technology
to courses taught in computerized classrooms, and from classes in which a single
form of technology is used exclusively to those incorporating several technologies.
We fully support three forms of technology in this text: TI-83/84 Plus graphing
calculators, spreadsheets, and powerful online utilities we have created for the book.
In particular, our comprehensive support for spreadsheet technology, both in the text
and online, is highly relevant for students who are studying business and economics,
where skill with spreadsheets may be vital to their future careers.

Our Approach to Pedagogy

Real-World Orientation We are confident that you will appreciate the diversity,
breadth, and abundance of examples and exercises included in this edition. A large
number of these are based on real, referenced data from business, economics, the life
sciences, and the social sciences. Examples and exercises based on dated information
have generally been replaced by more current versions; applications based on unique
or historically interesting data have been kept.
Adapting real data for pedagogical use can be tricky; available data can be nu-
merically complex, intimidating for students, or incomplete. We have modified and
streamlined many of the real-world applications, rendering them as tractable as any
“made-up” application. At the same time, we have been careful to strike a pedagogi-
cally sound balance between applications based on real data and more traditional
“generic” applications. Thus, the density and selection of real data–based applica-
tions has been tailored to the pedagogical goals and appropriate difficulty level for
each section.

Readability We would like students to read this book. We would like students to
enjoy reading this book. Thus, we have written the book in a conversational and
student-oriented style, and have made frequent use of question-and-answer dialogues
to encourage the development of the student’s mathematical curiosity and intuition.
We hope that this text will give the student insight into how a mathematician
develops and thinks about mathematical ideas and their applications.

xiii

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content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 xiv Preface

Rigor We feel that mathematical rigor need not be antithetical to the kind of applied
focus and conceptual approach that are earmarks of this book. We have worked hard
to ensure that we are always mathematically honest without being unnecessarily for-
mal. Sometimes we do this through the question-and-answer dialogues and some-
times through the “Before we go on . . .” discussions that follow examples, but always
in manner designed to provoke the interest of the student.

Five Elements of Mathematical Pedagogy to Address Different Learning

Styles The “Rule of Four” is a common theme in many texts. Implementing this
approach, we discuss many of the central concepts numerically, graphically, and
algebraically and clearly delineate these distinctions. The fourth element, verbal
communication of mathematical concepts, is emphasized through our discussions
on translating English sentences into mathematical statements and in our extensive
Communication and Reasoning exercises at the end of each section. A fifth element,
interactivity, is implemented through expanded use of question-and-answer dia-
logues but is seen most dramatically in the student Website. Using this resource, stu-
dents can interact with the material in several ways: through interactive tutorials in
the form of games, chapter summaries, and chapter review exercises, all in reference
to concepts and examples covered in sections and with online utilities that automate
a variety of tasks, from graphing to regression and matrix algebra.

Exercise Sets Our comprehensive collection of exercises provides a wealth of ma-

terial that can be used to challenge students at almost every level of preparation and
includes everything from straightforward drill exercises to interesting and rather
challenging applications. The exercise sets have been carefully graded to move from
straightforward basic exercises and exercises that are similar to examples in the text
to more interesting and advanced ones, marked as “more advanced” for easy reference.
There are also several much more difficult exercises, designated as “challenging.” We
have also included, in virtually every section of every chapter, interesting applica-
tions based on real data, Communication and Reasoning exercises that help students
articulate mathematical concepts and recognize common errors, and exercises ideal
for the use of technology.
Many of the scenarios used in application examples and exercises are revisited
several times throughout the book. Thus, for instance, students will find themselves
using a variety of techniques, from solving systems of equations to linear program-
ming to analyze the same application. Reusing scenarios and important functions pro-
vides unifying threads and shows students the complex texture of real-life problems.

New to This Edition

Content
● Chapter 1 (page 39): We now include, in Section 1.1, careful discussion of the
common practice of representing functions as equations and vice versa; for
instance, a cost equation like C = 10x + 50 can be thought of as defining a cost
function C(x) ‹ 10x ‡ 50. Instead of rejecting this practice, we encourage the
student to see this connection between functions and equations and to be able to
switch from one interpretation to the other.
Our discussion of functions and models in Section 1.2 now includes a careful
discussion of the algebra of functions presented through the context of important
applications rather than as an abstract concept. Thus, the student will see from the
outset why we want to talk about sums, products, etc. of functions rather than sim-
ply how to manipulate them.
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Visit https://testbankfan.com
now to explore a rich
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solution manual and enjoy
exciting offers!
 Preface xv

● Chapter 2 (page 125): The Mathematics of Finance is now Chapter 2 of the text
because the discussion of many important topics in finance relates directly to the
first discussions of compound interest and other mathematical models in Chapter 1.
Note that our discussion of the Mathematics of Finance does not require the use of
logarithmic functions to solve for exponents analytically but instead focuses on
numerical solution using the technologies we discuss. However, the use of loga-
rithms is presented as an option for students and instructors who prefer to use them.
● Case Studies: A number of the Case Studies at the ends of the chapters have been
extensively revised, using updated real data, and continue to reflect topics of cur-
rent interest, such as subprime mortgages, hybrid car production, and the diet
problem (in linear programming).

Current Topics in the Applications

● We have added and updated numerous real data exercises and examples based on
topics that are either of intense current interest or of general interest to contempo-
rary students, including Facebook, XBoxes, iPhones, iPads, foreclosure rates, the
housing crisis, subprime mortgages, stock market gyrations, shorting the stock
market, and even travel to Cancun. (Also see the list, in the inside back cover, of
the corporations we reference in the applications.)

Exercises
● We have expanded the chapter review exercise sets to be more representative of the
material within the chapter. Note that all the applications in the chapter review ex-
ercises revolve around the fictitious online bookseller, OHaganBooks.com, and the
various—often amusing—travails of OHaganBooks.com CEO John O’Hagan and
his business associate Marjory Duffin.
● We have added many new conceptual Communication and Reasoning exercises,
including many dealing with common student errors and misconceptions.

End-of-Chapter Technology Guides

● Our end-of-chapter detailed Technology Guides now discuss the use of spread-
sheets in general rather than focusing exclusively on Microsoft® Excel, thus en-
abling readers to use any of the several alternatives now available, such as Google’s
online Google Sheets®, Open Office®, and Apple’s Numbers®.

Continuing Features
● Case Studies Each chapter ends with a section
entitled “Case Study,” an extended application
that uses and illustrates the central ideas of the
chapter, focusing on the development of mathe-
matical models appropriate to the topics. These
applications are ideal for assignment as projects,
and to this end we have included groups of exer-
cises at the end of each.
● Before We Go On Most examples are followed by supplementary discussions,
which may include a check on the answer, a discussion of the feasibility and sig-
nificance of a solution, or an in-depth look at what the solution means.
● Quick Examples Most definition boxes include quick, straightforward examples
that a student can use to solidify each new concept.
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content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 xvi Preface

● Question-and-Answer Dialogue We frequently use informal question-and-

answer dialogues that anticipate the kinds of questions that may occur to the student
and also guide the student through the development of new concepts.

Why a row and a column instead of, say, two rows?

It’s rather a long story, but mathematicians found that it works best this way . . .

● Marginal Technology Notes We give brief marginal technology notes to outline

the use of graphing calculator, spreadsheet, and Website technology in appropriate
examples. When necessary, the reader is referred to more detailed discussion in
the end-of-chapter Technology Guides.
● End-of-Chapter Technology Guides We continue to include detailed TI-83/84
Plus and Spreadsheet Guides at the end of each chapter. These Guides are refer-
enced liberally in marginal technology notes at appropriate points in the chapter,
so instructors and students can easily use this material or not, as they prefer.
Groups of exercises for which the use of technology is suggested or required
appear throughout the exercise sets.

SPREADSHEET Technology Guide

Section 3.1
Example 1 (page 177) Find all solutions (x, y) of
the following system of two equations:

x+y=3
x − y = 1.

Solution with Technology

You can use a spreadsheet to draw the graphs of the two
equations on the same set of axes, and to check the
solution.
1. Solve the equations for y, obtaining y = −x + 3 and
y = x − 1.
2 T h h li h f ll i i l

● Communication and Reasoning Exercises for Writing and Discussion

These are exercises designed to broaden the student’s grasp of the mathematical
concepts and develop modeling skills. They include exercises in which the student
is asked to provide his or her own examples to illustrate a point or design an ap-
plication with a given solution. They also include “fill in the blank” type exercises,
exercises that invite discussion and debate, and exercises in which the student must
identify common errors. These exercises often have no single correct answer.

Supplemental Material

For Instructors and Students

Enhanced WebAssign®
Content
Exclusively from Cengage Learning, Enhanced WebAssign® combines the excep-
tional mathematics content in Waner and Costenoble’s text with the most powerful
online homework solution, WebAssign. Enhanced WebAssign engages students with

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Preface xvii

immediate feedback, rich tutorial content, videos, animations, and an interactive

eBook, helping students to develop a deeper conceptual understanding of the subject
matter. The interactive eBook contains helpful search, highlighting, and note-taking
features.
Instructors can build online assignments by selecting from thousands of text-
specific problems, supplemented if desired with problems from any Cengage Learning
textbook. Flexible assignment options give instructors the ability to choose how
feedback and tutorial content is released to students as well as the ability to release
assignments conditionally based on students’ prerequisite assignment scores. In-
crease student engagement, improve course outcomes, and experience the superior
service offered through CourseCare. Visit us at http://webassign.net/cengage or
www.cengage.com/ewa to learn more.

Service
Your adoption of Enhanced WebAssign® includes CourseCare, Cengage Learning’s
industry leading service and training program designed to ensure that you have
everything that you need to make the most of your use of Enhanced WebAssign.
CourseCare provides one-on-one service, from finding the right solutions for your
course to training and support. A team of Cengage representatives, including Digital
Solutions Managers and Coordinators as well as Service and Training Consultants,
assists you every step of the way. For additional information about CourseCare,
please visit www.cengage.com/coursecare.
Our Enhanced WebAssign training program provides a comprehensive curricu-
lum of beginner, intermediate, and advanced sessions, designed to get you started
and effectively integrate Enhanced WebAssign into your course. We offer a flexible
online and recorded training program designed to accommodate your busy schedule.
Whether you are using Enhanced WebAssign for the first time or an experienced user,
there is a training option to meet your needs.

www.WanerMath.com
The authors’ Website, accessible through www.WanerMath.com and linked within
Enhanced WebAssign, has been evolving for more than a decade and has been
receiving increasingly more recognition. Students, raised in an environment in which
computers permeate both work and play, now use the Internet to engage with the
material in an active way. The following features of the authors’ Website are fully
integrated with the text and can be used as a personalized study resource as well as a
valuable teaching aid for instructors:
● Interactive tutorials on almost all topics, with guided exercises, which also can be
used in classroom instruction or in distance learning courses
● More challenging game versions of tutorials with randomized questions that com-
plement the traditional interactive tutorials and can be used as in-class quizzes
● Detailed interactive chapter summaries that review basic definitions and problem-
solving techniques and can act as pre-test study tools
● Downloadable Excel tutorials keyed to examples given in the text
● Online utilities for use in solving many of the technology-based application exer-
cises. The utilities, for instructor use in class and student use out of class, include
a function grapher and evaluator, regression tools, a matrix algebra tool, linear
programming tools, and a line entry calculator that calculates permutations and
combinations and expands multinomial expressions.

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 xviii Preface

● Chapter true-false quizzes with feedback for many incorrect answers

● Supplemental topics including interactive text and exercise sets for selected topics
not found in the printed texts
● Spanish versions of chapter summaries, tutorials, game tutorials, and utilities

For Students
Student Solutions Manual by Waner and Costenoble
ISBN: 9781285085586
The student solutions manual provides worked-out solutions to the odd-numbered
exercises in the text, plus problem-solving strategies and additional algebra steps and
review for selected problems.
To access this and other course materials and companion resources, please visit
www.cengagebrain.com. At the CengageBrain.com home page, search for the ISBN
of your title (from the back cover of your book) using the search box at the top of the
page. This will take you to the product page where free companion resources can be
found.

For Instructors
Complete Solution Manual by Waner and Costenoble
ISBN: 9781285085593
The instructor’s solutions manual provides worked-out solutions to all of the exer-
cises in the text.

Solution Builder by Waner and Costenoble

ISBN: 9781285085609
This time-saving resource offers fully worked instructor solutions to all exercises in
the text in customizable online format. Adopting instructors can sign up for access at
www.cengage.com/solutionbuilder.

PowerLecture™ with ExamView® by Waner and Costenoble

ISBN: 9781285085654
This CD-ROM provides the instructor with dynamic media tools for teaching, in-
cluding Microsoft® PowerPoint® lecture slides, figures from the book, and the Test
Bank. You can create, deliver, and customize tests (both print and online) in minutes
with ExamView® Computerized Testing, which includes Test Bank items in elec-
tronic format. In addition, you can easily build solution sets for homework or exams
by linking to Solution Builder’s online solutions manual.

Instructor’s Edition
ISBN: 9781133934790

www.WanerMath.com
The Instructor’s Resource Page at www.WanerMath.com features an expanded
collection of instructor resources, including an updated corrections page, an expand-
ing set of author-created teaching videos for use in distance learning courses, and a
utility that automatically updates homework exercise sets from the fifth edition to the
sixth.

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Preface xix

Acknowledgments
This project would not have been possible without the contributions and suggestions
of numerous colleagues, students, and friends. We are particularly grateful to our col-
leagues at Hofstra and elsewhere who used and gave us useful feedback on previous
editions. We are also grateful to everyone at Cengage Learning for their encourage-
ment and guidance throughout the project. Specifically, we would like to thank
Richard Stratton and Jay Campbell for their unflagging enthusiasm and Alison Eigel
Zade for whipping the book into shape.
We would also like to thank our accuracy checker, Jerrold Grossman, and the
numerous reviewers who provided many helpful suggestions that have shaped the
development of this book.

Igor Fulman, Arizona State University

Tom Rosenwinkel, Concordia University Texas
Kim Ricketts, Northwest-Shoals Community College
Elaine Fitt, Bucks County Community College
Xian Wu, University of South Carolina
Catherine Remus, University of Tennessee
Hugh Cornell, University of North Florida
Upasana Kashyap, The Citadel
Laura Urbanski, Northern Kentucky University

Stefan Waner
Steven R. Costenoble

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Character of the European and Asiatic dominion of the
152
Empire; its supremacy by sea
Losses and gains; Crete; Sicily; Italy; Dalmatia; Greece; 152-
Syria; Bulgaria; Cherson 153
Greatness of the Empire under Basil the Second 153

§ 3. Origin of the Spanish Kingdoms.

153-
Special position of Spain; the Saracen conquest
154
154-
Growth of the Christian states
155
Castile; Aragon; Portugal 155
Break-up of the Western Caliphate 156

§ 4. Origin of the Slavonic States.

Slavonic and Turanian invasions of the Eastern Empire; 156-
Bulgarians; Magyars; Great Moravia 157
Special character of the Hungarian kingdom; effects of its
157
religious connexion with the West
The Northern and Southern Slaves split asunder by the
158
Magyars
The South-eastern Slaves 158
The North-western Slaves; Bohemia; Poland 159
Special position of Russia 159

§ 5. Northern Europe.
159-
Scandinavian settlements
160
Growth of the kingdom of England 160
The Danish invasions; division between Ælfred and
161
Guthrum; Bernicia; Cumberland
Second West-Saxon advance; Wessex grows into England;
submission of Scotland and Strathclyde; Cumberland and 162
Lothian
Use of the Imperial titles by the English kings; Northern
162-
Empire of Cnut; England finally united by the Norman
163
Conquest
163-
Summary
165

CHAPTER VII.
THE ECCLESIASTICAL GEOGRAPHY OF WESTERN EUROPE.
Permanence of ecclesiastical divisions; they preserve earlier 166-
divisions; case of Lyons and Rheims 167
Patriarchates, Provinces, Dioceses 167
167-
Bishoprics within and without the Empire
168

§ 1. The Great Patriarchates.

The Patriarchates suggested by the Prefectures 168
168-
Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Alexandria, Jerusalem
169
169-
Later Patriarchates
170

§ 2. The Ecclesiastical Divisions of Italy.

Great numbers and smaller importance of the Italian
170
bishoprics
Rivals of Rome; Milan, Aquileia, Ravenna 171
171-
The immediate Roman province; other metropolitan sees
172

§ 3. The Ecclesiastical Divisions of Gaul and Germany.

Gaulish and German dioceses 172
172-
Provinces of Southern Gaul; position of Lyons
173
New metropolitan sees; Toulouse, Alby, Avignon, Paris;
174
comparison of civil and ecclesiastical divisions
 178-
Provinces of Northern Gaul and Germany; history of Mainz
179
The archiepiscopal electors; other German provinces; 176-
Salzburg, Bremen, Magdeburg 177
Modern arrangements in France, Germany, and the
177
Netherlands

§ 4. The Ecclesiastical Divisions of Spain.

Peculiarities of Spanish ecclesiastical geography; effects of
178
the Saracen conquest
178-
Gothic and later dioceses; neglect of the Pyrenæan barrier
179

§ 5. The Ecclesiastical Divisions of the British Islands.

Analogy between Britain and Spain 179
179-
Tribal nature of the Celtic episcopate
180
Scheme of Gregory the Great; the two English provinces; 180-
relation of Scotland to York 181
Foundation of the English sees; territorial bishoprics 181
Canterbury and its suffragan; effects of the Norman 181-
Conquest 182
182-
Province of York; Scotland and Ireland
183

§ 6. The Ecclesiastical Divisions of Northern and Eastern Europe.

The Scandinavian provinces; Lund, Upsala, Trondhjem 184
184-
Poland and neighbouring lands; Gnezna, Riga, Leopol
185
Provinces of Hungary and Dalmatia 186

CHAPTER VIII.
THE IMPERIAL KINGDOMS.
The German Kingdom; its relation to the Western Empire; 188-
falling off of Italy and Burgundy 190
Loss of territory by the German kingdom; its extension to 190-
the north-east 191
Geographical contrast of the earlier and the later Empire 191

§ 1. The Kingdom of Germany.

Changes of boundaries and nomenclature in Germany; 191-
Saxony; Bavaria; Austria; Burgundy; Prussia 192
Extent of the Kingdom; fluctuations of its western boundary; 192-
Lorraine; Elsass; the left bank of the Rhine 194
Fluctuations on the Burgundian frontier; union of Burgundy
194
with the Empire
Frontier of Germany and Italy; union of the crowns 195
Northern and eastern advance of the Empire; the marks 195
Hungarian frontier; marks of Austria, Carinthia, and Carniola 196
Danish frontier; Danish mark; boundary of the Eider 196
The Slavonic frontier 197
The Saxon mark; Slavonic princes of Mecklenburg, Lübeck; 198-
the Hansa 199
Marks of Brandenburg, Lausitz, and Meissen 199
Bohemia and Moravia 199
Polish frontier; Pomerania, Silesia 200
200-
Germanization of the Slavonic lands
201
Internal geography; growth of the principalities 201
Growth of the marchlands; Brandenburg or Prussia, and
202
Austria; analogies elsewhere
Decline of the duchies; end of the Gauverfassung 202
Growth of the House of Austria; separation of Switzerland
203
and the Netherlands
The Circles 203
Powers holding lands within and without the Empire;
203-
Austria; Sweden; Brandenburg and Prussia; Hannover and
204
Great Britain
Dissolution of the kingdom; the Confederation 204
Greatness of Prussia and Austria 204
The new Empire 204
Germany under the Saxon and Frankish kings; vanishing of 205-
Francia; analogy of Wessex 206
Changes in the twelfth century; beginning of Brandenburg 206-
and Austria; the duchies and the circles 207
Duchy of Saxony; its divisions and growth 207
Break-up of the duchy; Westfalia; the new Saxony 207
Duchy of Brunswick; electorate and kingdom of Hannover 208
208-
The new Saxony; Lauenburg; the Saxon Electorate
209
The North Mark of Saxony or Mark of Brandenburg 209
House of Hohenzollern; union of Brandenburg and Prussia 210
Advances in Pomerania, Westfalia, &c. 210
German character of the Prussian state; its contrast with 210-
Austria; use of the name Prussia 211
Conquest of Silesia; Polish acquisitions of Prussia; East 211-
Friesland 212
212-
Saxon Possessions of Denmark and Sweden
213
Free cities of Saxony; the Hansa; the cities and the 213-
bishoprics 214
Duchy of Francia; held by the bishops of Würzburg; the
214
Franconian circle
The Rhenish circles; Hessen; Bamberg; Nürnberg; the 214-
ecclesiastical states on the Rhine 215
Palatinate of the Rhine; Upper Palatinate 215
Bavaria; its relations towards the Palatinate and towards
215
Austria
Archbishopric of Salzburg 215
Lotharingia; falling off from the Empire; the later Lorraine
216
and Elsass
Swabia; ecclesiastical powers 216
Swabian lands of the Confederates 216
Baden and Württemberg 216
Circle of Austria; house of Habsburg 217
Extent of its German lands; Tyrol; Elsass; loss of Swabian
217
lands
Bohemia and its dependencies 217
Trent and Brixen 217
Circle of Burgundy; not purely German; its origin 218

§ 2. The Confederation and Empire of Germany.

Germany changes from a kingdom to a confederation 218
The Bund; the new Confederation and Empire; the Empire
219
still federal
Wars of the French Revolution; loss of the left bank of the
220
Rhine
Suppression of free cities and ecclesiastical states; new
220
electorates
Peace of Pressburg; new kingdoms; cessions made by
221
Austria
Title of ‘Emperor of Austria;’ Confederation of the Rhine;
221
end of the Western Empire
221-
German territories of Denmark and Sweden
222
Losses of Prussia and Austria; French annexations 222
Kingdoms of Saxony and Westfalia; Grand duchy of
222
Frankfurt
Germany wiped out of the map 222
222-
Losses of Prussia; Danzig; duchy of Warsaw
223
The German Confederation; princes holding lands within and
223
without the Confederation; kingdom of Hanover
Increase of Prussian territory; dismemberment of Saxony 224
Lands recovered by Austria; German possessions of
224-
Denmark and the Netherlands; Sweden withdraws from
225
Germany
Comparison of Prussia and Austria; Hannover 225
Kingdoms of Bavaria, Saxony, Württemberg; other German 226-
states; the free cities; Lüttich passes to Belgium 227
Revival of German national life 227
228-
Affairs of Luxemburg
229
War of Sleswick and Holstein; the duchies ceded to Austria
228
and Prussia
War of 1866; North German Confederation; exclusion of 228-
Austria; great advance of Prussia 229
War with France; the new German Empire; recovery of 229-
Elsass-Lothringen 230
Comparison of the old kingdom and the new Empire; name 230-
of Prussia 231

§ 3. The Kingdom of Italy.

Small geographical importance of the kingdom; changes on 231-
the Alpine frontier 232
Case of Trieste 233
Apulia, Sicily, Venice, no part of the kingdom; their relation 233-
to the Eastern Empire 234
Special history of the house of Savoy 234
Extent of the kingdom; Neustria and Austria; Æmilia, 234-
Tuscany; Romagna 235
Lombardy proper; the marches 235
Comparison of Germany and Italy; the commonwealths, the 235-
tyrants, the Popes; four stages of Italian history 236
Northern Italy; the Marquesses of Montferrat; the Lombard 236-
cities; the Veronese march 238
Central Italy; Romagna and the march of Ancona; the
238-
Tuscan commonwealths; Pisa and Genoa; Rome and the
239
Popes
The tyrannies; Spanish dominion: practical abeyance of the 239-
Empire in Italy; Imperial and Papal fiefs 240
Palaiologoi at Montferrat; house of Visconti at Milan; the
240-
duchy of Milan; its dismemberment; duchy of Parma and
242
Piacenza
242-
Land power of Venice
243
Other principalities; duchy of Mantua, of Ferrara and 243-
Modena; difference in their tenure 244
Romagna; Bologna; Urbino; advance of the Popes 244
The Tuscan cities; Lucca; rivalry of Pisa and Genoa; Siena;
245
Florence
Duchy of Florence; grand duchy of Tuscany 246

§ 4. The Later Geography of Italy.

The kingdom practically forgotten; position of Charles the
246
Fifth
246-
Italy a geographical expression; changes in the Italian states
247
Dominion of the two branches of the house of Austria 247
Italy mapped into larger states; exceptions at Monaco and
247
San Marino
Venice; Milan Spanish and Austrian; its dismemberment in 248-
favour of Savoy; end of Montferrat and Mantua 249
Parma and Piacenza; separation of Modena and Ferrara;
Genoa and Lucca; Grand Duchy of Tuscany; advance of the 249
Popes
The Norman kingdom of Sicily; Benevento 250
The Two Sicilies; their various unions and divisions; their 250-
relations to the houses of Austria, Savoy and Bourbon 251
Use of the name Sardinia 251
Wars of the French Revolution; the new republics; Treaty of 251-
Campo Formio; Piedmont joined to France 253
Restoration of the Pope and the King of the Two Sicilies 253
The French kingdoms; Etruria; Italy 253
Various annexations; Rome becomes French; Murat King of 253-
Naples 254
254-
Italy under French dominion; revival of the Italian name
255
Settlement of 1814-1815; the princes restored, but not the
255
commonwealths
Austrian kingdom of Lombardy and Venice; Genoa annexed 255-
by Piedmont 256
The smaller states; the Papal states; Kingdom of the Two
256
Sicilies
Union of Italy comes from Piedmont; earlier movements;
257-
war of 1859; Kingdom of Italy: Savoy and Nizza ceded to
258
France
Recovery of Venetia and Rome; parts of the kingdom not
258
recovered
Freedom of San Marino 258

§ 5. The Kingdom of Burgundy.

Union of Burgundy with Germany; dying out of the
258-
kingdom; chiefly swallowed up by France, but represented
259
by Switzerland
Boundaries of the kingdom; fluctuation; Romance tongue
259
prevails in it
History of the Burgundian Palatinate; Besançon; Montbeliard 261
The Lesser Burgundy; partly German 261
The Dukes of Zähringen; the ecclesiastical states; the free
cities; the free lands; growth of the Old League of High 262
Germany
Growth of Savoy; Burgundian possessions of its counts 263
States between the Palatinate and the Mediterranean;
263
Bresse and Bugey; principalities and free cities
263-
County of Provence; its connexion with France
264
Progress of French annexation: 1310-1791: Lyons; the
264-
Dauphiny: Vienne; Valence; Provence; Avignon and
265
Venaissin
Nizza 265
265-
History of Orange
266
States which have split off from the Imperial kingdoms:
266-
Switzerland; Savoy; the duchy of Burgundy by Belgium and
267
the Netherlands
The Austrian power; its position as a marchland; its union 267-
with Hungary; its relation to Eastern Europe 268

§ 6. The Swiss Confederation.

German origin of the Confederation; popular errors; sketch 268-
of Swiss history 270
The Three Lands; the cities: Luzern, Zürich, Bern; the Eight
270
Ancient Cantons
Allies and subjects; dominion of Zürich and Bern; conquests 270-
from Austria 271
Italian conquests; first conquests from Savoy; League of 271-
Wallis 272
The Thirteen Cantons 272
League of Graubünden; further Italian and Savoyard 272-
conquests 273
History of Geneva; territory restored to Savoy; division of 273-
Gruyères 274
The Allied States; Neufchâtel; Constanz 274
The Confederation independent of the Empire; its position 274-
as a middle state 275
Wars of the French Revolution; Helvetic Republic; freedom 275-
of the subject lands; annexations to France 276
Act of Mediation; the nineteen cantons 276
The present Swiss Confederation 276
History of Neufchâtel 276
 § 7. The State of Savoy.
Position and growth of Savoy; three divisions of the 277-
Savoyard lands; popular confusions 278
The Savoyard power originally Burgundian; Maurienne;
278
Aosta
First Italian possessions 279
280-
Burgundian advance; lands north of the lake
281
281-
Relations to Geneva, France, and Bern
282
Acquisition of Nizza 282
Italian advance of Savoy; principally of Achaia, of Piedmont; 283-
Saluzzo 284
Savoy a middle state 284
French influence and occupation; decline of Savoy 285
Loss of lands north of the lake; further losses to Bern and
her allies; recovery of the lands south of the lake; the 286
Savoyard power becomes mainly Italian
Savoy falls back in Burgundy and advances in Italy; history
287
of Saluzzo; finally acquired in exchange for Bresse, &c.
Duchy of Savoy annexed to France; restored; annexed again 288
French annexation of Nizza; Aosta the one Burgundian
288
remnant
Savoyard advance in Italy 289

§ 8. The Duchy of Burgundy and the Low Countries.

Position of the Valois dukes as a middle power; result of
290
their twofold vassalage
Schemes of a Burgundian kingdom; their final effects; 290-
Belgium and the Netherlands 291
History of the duchy of Burgundy; its union with Flanders,
292-
Artois, and the county of Burgundy; relations to France and
293
the Empire
The Netherlands; the counts of Flanders; their Imperial fiefs 293
Holland and Friesland 293
Brabant; Hainault; union of Holland and Hainault 294
Common points in all these states; the great cities; 294-
Romance and Teutonic dialects 295
South-western states; Liége; Luxemburg; Limburg; duchy of
295
Geldern
Middle position of these states; French influence; union
296
under the Burgundian dukes
Advance under Philip the Good; Namur, Brabant, and 296-
Limburg, Holland and Hainault 297
The towns on the Somme; Flanders and Artois released 297-
from homage 298
Philip’s last acquisition of Luxemburg; advance under
Charles the Bold and Charles the Fifth; union of the 298
Netherlands
The Netherlands pass to Spain; war of independence; its
299
imperfect results
The Seven United Provinces; their independence of the
299-
Empire; their colonies; lack of a name; use of the word
300
Dutch
The Spanish Netherlands; English possession of Dunkirk;
301
advance of France; the Spanish Netherlands pass to Austria
Annexation by France; kingdom of Holland; all the
302
Burgundian possessions French
Kingdom of the Netherlands; Liége incorporated; relation of
303
Luxemburg to Germany
Division of the Netherlands and Belgium; separation of
303
Luxemburg from Germany
303-
General history and result of the Burgundian power
304

§ 9. The Dominions of Austria.

Origin of the name Austria; anomalous position of the 305-
Austrian power; the so-called ‘Empire’ of Austria 307
The Eastern Mark; becomes a duchy; division of Carinthia; 307-
union of Austria and Styria 308
County of Görz 309
Austria, &c., annexed by Bohemia; great power of Ottokar 309
House of Habsburg; their Swabian and Alsatian lands; their 309-
loss 311
King Rudolf; break-up of the power of Ottokar; Albert duke
310
of Austria and Styria
Relations between Austria and the Empire; division of the 311-
Austrian dominions 312
Acquisition of Carinthia and Tyrol; commendation of Trieste; 312-
loss of Thurgau 313
Austrian kings and emperors; possessions beyond the 313-
Empire 315
314-
Union with Bohemia and Hungary
317
Consequences of the union with Hungary; slow recovery of
317
the kingdom
Acquisition of Görz; advance towards Italy; Austrian
318
dominion and influence in Italy
Connexion of Austria and Burgundy; the Austrian 318-
Netherlands 319
Loss of Elsass; of Silesia; acquisition of Poland; Dalmatia 320
320-
Position and dominions of Maria Theresa
321
321-
New use of the name Austria; the Austrian ‘Empire’ in 1811
322
Misuse of the Illyrian name 322
Austria in 1814-1815; recovery of Dalmatia; annexation of 322-
Ragusa; of Cracow 323
Separation from Hungary; reconquest; the ‘Austro- 323-
Hungarian Monarchy;’ Bosnia, Herzegovina, Spizza 324

CHAPTER IX.
 THE KINGDOM OF FRANCE.
Origin and growth of France; comparison with Austria 325
How far Karolingia split off from the Empire 326
326-
France a nation as well as a power
327
Use of the name of France; its dukes acquire the western 327-
kingdom; extent of their dominion 328
Two forms of annexation; first, of fiefs of the crown;
328
secondly, of lands beyond the kingdom
Distinctions among the fiefs; the great vassals; Normandy;
328
Britanny
The Twelve Peers; different position of the bishops in 328-
Germany and Karolingia 329

§ 1. Incorporation of the Vassal States.

329-
The duchy of France in 987; the King cut off from the sea
330
The neighbouring states; position of the Parisian kings 330
The kings less powerful than the dukes; advantages of their
331
kingship; first advances of the kings
The House of Anjou; gradual union of Normandy, Anjou, 331-
Maine, Aquitaine, and Gascony 333
333-
Acquisition of continental Normandy, Anjou, &c.
334
The English kings keep Aquitaine and insular Normandy 334
Sudden greatness of France 334
Fiefs of Aragon in Southern Gaul; counts of Toulouse and 334-
Barcelona 335
Effects of the Albigensian war; French annexations;
335
Roussillon and Barcelona freed from homage
Languedoc 335
335-
Other annexations of Saint Lewis
336
 336-
Annexation of Champagne; temporary possession of Navarre
337
The Hundred Years’ War; relations between France and
Aquitaine; momentary possession of Aquitaine by Philip the 337
Fair
Peace of Bretigny; Aquitaine and other lands freed from 337-
homage 338
Peace of Troyes; momentary union of the French and
338
English crowns
Final annexation of Aquitaine; beginning of the modern 338-
French kingdom 339
Growths of the Dukes of Burgundy; the towns on the
339-
Somme; momentary annexation of Artois and the County of
340
Burgundy
Annexation of the duchy of Burgundy; Flanders and Artois 340-
released from homage; analogy with Aquitaine 343

§ 2. Foreign Annexations of France.

341-
Relations between France and England; Boulogne; Dunkirk
342
Relations between France and Spain; Roussillon; Navarre; 342-
Andorra 343
Advance at the cost of the Imperial kingdoms, first
343
Burgundy, then Germany
Effect of the Burgundian conquests of France; relations with
344
Savoy and Switzerland
History of the Langue d’oc 345
345-
French dominion in Italy; slight extent of real annexation
346
French annexations from Germany; the Three Bishoprics;
346
effect of isolated conquests
French acquisitions in Elsass; France reaches and passes the 347-
Rhine; increased isolation 348
Temporary annexation of Bar; annexation of Roussillon; 348-
advance in the Netherlands 349
Annexation of Franche Comté and Besançon; seizure of 349-
Strassburg; annexation of Orange 350
Annexation of Lorraine; thorough incorporation of French 350-
conquests; effect of geographical continuity 351
351-
Purchase of Corsica; its effects; birth of Buonaparte
352

§ 3. The Colonial Dominion of France.

French colonies in North America; Acadia; Canada;
352
Louisiana
Colonial rivalry of France and England; English conquest of
353
Canada
French West India Islands 353
353-
The French power in India; Bourbon and Mauritius
354

§ 4. Acquisitions of France during the Revolutionary Wars.

355-
Distinction between the Republican and ‘Imperial’ Conquests
356
First class of annexations; Avignon, Mülhausen, Montbeliard;
355
Geneva; bishopric of Basel
Second zone; traditions of Gaul and the Rhine; Netherlands; 355-
Savoy, &c.; feelings of Buonaparte towards Switzerland 356
Character of Buonaparte’s conquests; dependent and
356-
incorporated lands; division of Europe between France and
357
Russia
357-
The French power in 1811
358
358-
Arrangements of 1814-1815
359
Later changes; annexation of Savoy, Nizza, and Mentone;
359
loss of Elsass and Lorraine
Losses among the colonies; independence of Hayti; sale of 359-
Louisiana 360
Conquest of Algeria; character of African conquests 360

CHAPTER X.
THE EASTERN EMPIRE.
Comparison of the Eastern and Western Empires; the
362-
Western falls to pieces from within; the Eastern is broken to
363
pieces from without
Tendencies to separation in the Eastern Empire 363
Closer connexion of the East with the elder Empire; 363-
retention of the Roman name; Romania 364
Importance of the distinction of races in the East 364
The original races; Albanians, Greeks, Vlachs 364
Slavonic settlers 364
Turanian invasions from the North; Bulgarians, Magyars, &c. 365
The Saracens 365
The Seljuk and Ottoman Turks; comparison of Bulgarians,
365
Magyars, and Ottomans
The Eastern Empire became nearly conterminous with the
366
Greek nation; reappearance of the other original races
366-
The Latin Conquest, and the revived Byzantine Empire
367
States which arose out of the Empire or on its borders; 367-
Sicily; Venice; Bulgaria; Hungary; Asiatic powers 368
Distinction between conquest and settlement 368

§ 1. Changes in the Frontier of the Empire.

Power of revival in the Empire 369
Western possessions of the Empire; losses in the islands;
369
advance in the mainland
Loss of Sardinia; gradual loss and temporary partial recovery 369-
of Sicily 370
 370-
Fluctuations of the Imperial power in Italy; the Normans
371
371-
Loss and recovery of Crete and Cyprus; separation of Cyprus
372
372-
Summary of the history of the great islands
373
Relations to the Slavonic powers; three Slavonic groups 373
Bulgarian migrations; White Bulgaria; the first Bulgarian 373-
kingdom south of the Danube 374
Use of the Bulgarian name 374
The slaves of Macedonia, &c. 375
Relations between the Empire and the Bulgarian kingdom 375
Recovery of Macedonia and Greece; use of the name 375-
Hellênes 376
Servia, Croatia, and Dalmatia 376
376-
Greatest extent of the first Bulgarian kingdom under Simeon
377
First conquest of Bulgaria 377
377-
Second Bulgarian kingdom under Samuel; second conquest
378
Venice and Cherson 378
378-
Asiatic conquests; annexation of Armenia
379
New enemies; Magyars; Turks 379
Revolt of Servia; loss of Belgrade 379
Advance of the Seljuk Turks; Sultans of Roum; loss of 379-
Antioch 380
Normans advance; loss of Corfu and Durazzo 380
Revival under John and Manuel, Komnênos; recovery of
381
lands in Asia and Europe
Splitting off of distant possessions; loss of Dalmatia; Latin
381
Kingdom of Cyprus
Third Bulgarian kingdom; the Empire more thoroughly Greek 382
Latin conquest of Constantinople; Act of Partition 383
 383-
Latin Empire of Romania
384
384-
Latin kingdom of Thessalonikê
385
Despotat of Epeiros; Greek Empire of Thessalonikê; their
385
separation
Empire of Trebizond; loss of its western dominion 386
The old Empire continued in the Empire of Nikaia; its 386-
advance in Europe and Asia; recovery of Constantinople 387
Loss in Asia and advance in Europe; recovery of 387-
Peloponnêsos 388
Advance in Macedonia and Epeiros 388
Losses in Asia; Knights of Saint John; advance of the Turks 389
Losses towards Servia and Bulgaria; conquests of Stephen 389-
Dushan 390
Fragmentary dominion of the Empire 390
Advance of the Turks in Europe; loss of Hadrianople; loss of
390
Philadelphia
390-
Recovery of territory after the fall of Bajazet
391
Turkish conquest of Constantinople; of Peloponnêsos 391
States which grew out of the Empire; Slavonic, Hungarian, 391-
and Rouman; Greek; Latin; Turkish 393

§ 2. The Kingdom of Sicily.

The Norman Power in Italy and Sicily; its relations to the
393
Eastern and Western Empires
Advance of the Normans in Italy; Aversa and Capua; duchy 394-
of Apulia; Robert Wiscard in Epeiros 395
Norman conquest of Sicily 395
395-
Roger King of Sicily; his conquests in Italy, Corfu, and Africa
396
Eastern dominion of the two Sicilian crowns; kingdom of 396-
Margarito 397
Acre; Malta 398

§ 3. The Crusading States.

Comparison between Sicily and the crusading states 398
Jerusalem; Cyprus; Armenia 399
Extent of the Kingdom of Jerusalem; other Latin states in 399-
Syria; loss and recovery of Jerusalem, final loss; loss of Acre 400
Kingdom of Cyprus; its relations to Jerusalem and Armenia 401
Frank principalities in Greece; possessions of the maritime 401-
commonwealths 402

§ 4. The Eastern Dominion of Venice and Genoa.

The historic position of Venice springs from her relation to 402-
the Eastern Empire 403
Connexion of her Greek and Dalmatian rule 402
Comparison between Venice and Sicily 402
Her share in the Act of Partition compared with her real 403-
dominion; her main position Hadriatic 405
Venetian possessions not assigned by the partition; Crete;
404
Cyprus; Thessalonikê
Taking of Zara in the fourth crusade 405
Relations of the Dalmatian cities to Servia, Croatia, Venice, 405-
Hungary, and the Empire 407
Pagania 406
Magyar Kingdom of Croatia; struggles between Venice and
407
Hungary
Independence of Ragusa; Polizza 407
History of Corfu 408
Venetian posts in Peloponnêsos: history of Euboia; loss of
409
the Ægæan islands
Advance of Venice and Dalmatia, Peloponnêsos, and the
410
Western islands
Venice the champion against the Turk; losses of Venice; 410-
fluctuations in the Western Islands 412
Conquest and loss of Peloponnêsos 412
Frontier of Ragusa 412
Venetian fiefs; history of the duchy of Naxos 413
413-
Possessions of Genoa; Galata; her dominions in the Euxine
414
Genoese fiefs; Lesbos; Chios; the Maona 414
Revolutions of Rhodes; knights of Saint John; their removal 414-
to Malta; revolutions of Malta 415

§ 5. The Principalities of the Greek Mainland.

415-
Greek and Latin states; use of the name Môraia
416
Lordship and duchy of Athens; the Catalans; the later 416-
dukes; Ottoman conquest; momentary Venetian occupations 417
Salôna and Bodonitza 417
Principality of Achaia; recovery of Peloponnesian lands by 417-
the Empire 418
Angevin overlordship in Achaia; dismemberment of the
418
principality
Patras under the Pope 418
Conquests of Constantine Palaiologos 418
Turkish conquest of Peloponnêsos; independence of Maina 419
Revolutions of Epeiros; dismemberment of the despotat;
419
recovery of Epeiros by the Empire
Servian conquests; beginning of the Albanian power; kings 419-
of the house of Thopia 420
Servian dynasty in southern Epeiros; kingdom of Thessaly;
420
Turkish conquest
The Buondelmonti in Northern Epeiros; history of the house 420-
of Tocco; Karlili; effects of their rule 421
Turkish conquest of Albania; revolt of Scanderbeg; Turkish
421
reconquest
Empire of Trebizond; its relations to Constantinople 422
 422-
Turkish conquest of Trebizond; of Perateia or Gothia
423

§ 6. The Slavonic States.

Effects of the Latin conquest on the Slavonic states 423
Comparison of Servia and Bulgaria; extent of Servia; its
423-
relation to the Empire; conquest by Manuel Komnênos;
424
Servia independent
424-
Relations towards Hungary; shiftings of Rama or Bosnia
425
Southern advance of Servia; Empire of Stephen Dushan 425
Break-up of the Servian power; the later Servian kingdom;
426
conquests and deliverances of Servia
Kingdom of Bosnia; loss of Jayce; duchy of Saint Saba or 426-
Herzegovina; Turkish conquest of Bosnia; of Herzegovina 427
The Balsa at Skodra; loss of Skodra; beginning of
428
Tzernagora or Montenegro
Loss of Zabljak; establishment of Tzetinje 428
The Vladikas; the lay princes 429
428-
Montenegrin conquests and losses
429
Greatest extent of the third Bulgarian kingdom; its decline; 429-
shiftings of the frontier towards the Empire; Philippopolis 430
Break-up of the kingdom; principality of Dobrutcha; Turkish 430-
conquest 431

§ 7. The Kingdom of Hungary.

431-
Character and position of the Hungarian kingdom
432
Great Moravia overthrown by the Magyars; their relations to 432-
the two Empires 433
The two Chrobatias separated by the Magyars; their 433-
geographical position 434
Kingdom of Hungary; its relations to Croatia and Slavonia 434
Transsilvania or Siebenbürgen; origin of the name; German
435
and other colonies
435-
Origin of the Roumans; their northern migration
436
Rouman element in the third Bulgarian kingdom; occupation
436-
of the lands beyond the Danube; Great and Little Wallachia;
437
Transsilvania; Moldavia
Conquests of Lewis the Great; Dalmatia; occupation of
437
Halicz and Vladimir; pledging of Zips
Turkish invasion; disputes for Dalmatia 438
Reign of Matthias Corvinus; extension of Hungary east and
438
west
Loss of Belgrade; the Austrian kings; Turkish conquest of
438-
Hungary; fragment kept by the Austrian kings; their tribute
439
to the Turk; the Rouman lands
Recovery of Hungary from the Turk; peace of Carlowitz; of 439-
Passarowitz; losses at the peace of Belgrade 440
440-
Galicia and Lodomeria; Bukovina; Dalmatia
441
Annexation of Spizza; administration of Bosnia and 440-
Herzegovina; renewed vassalage to the Turk 441

§ 8. The Ottoman Power.

The Ottoman Turks; special character of their invasion;
442-
contrast with other Turanian invasions; comparison with the
443
Saracens in Spain
Comparison of the Ottoman dominions with the Eastern
443
Empire
Effects of the Mongolian invasion; origin of the Ottomans;
443-
their position in Europe and Asia; break-up and reunion of
444
their dominion; its permanence
Advance of the Ottomans in Asia; in Europe; dominion of 444-
Bajazet 445
Victory of Timour; reunion of the Ottoman power under 445-
Mahomet the First 446
Mahomet the Second; taking of Constantinople; extent of
446
his dominion; taking of Otranto
Conquest of Syria and Egypt 447
Reign of Suleiman; his conquests; Hungary; Rhodes; Naxos;
447
his African overlordship
447-
Conquest of Cyprus; decline of the Ottoman power
448
Greatest extent of the Ottoman power; Crete and Podolia 448
Ottoman loss of Hungary; loss and recovery of
Peloponnêsos; Bosnia and Herzegovina; union of inland and 448
maritime Illyria
English vassalage in Cyprus 449
Relations between Russia and the Turk; Azof; Treaty of
449-
Kainardji; Crim; Jedisan; Bessarabia; shiftings of the
450
Moldavian frontier

§ 9. The Liberated States.

Lands liberated from the Turk; comparison of Hungary with
450
Greece, Servia, &c.
The Servian people the first to revolt 450
The Ionian Islands the first liberated state; the Septinsular
451
Republic; overlordship of the Turk
The Venetian outposts given to the Turk; surrender of
451
Parga; last Ottoman encroachment
The Ionian Islands under British protection 451
The Greek War of Independence; extent of the Greek 451-
nation; extent of the liberated lands 452
Kingdom of Greece; addition of the Ionian Islands; promised
452
addition in Thessaly and Epeiros
First deliverance and reconquest of Servia 453
452-
Second deliverance; Servia a tributary principality
453
Withdrawal of Turkish garrisons 453
Independence and enlargement of Servia 453
Fourfold division of the Servian nation 453
The Rouman principalities; union of Wallachia and Moldavia 453
453-
Independence and new frontier of Roumania
454
Deliverance of part of Bulgaria; the Bulgaria of San Stefano 454
Treaty of Berlin; division of Bulgaria into free, half-free, and 454-
enslaved 455
Principality of Bulgaria; Eastern Roumelia 454
455-
General survey
460
460-
Note on M. Sathas
461

CHAPTER XI.
THE BALTIC LANDS.
Lands beyond the two Empires; the British islands; 462-
Scandinavia; Spain 463
462-
Quasi-imperial position of certain powers
463
Comparison of Scandinavia and Spain; of Aragon and 463-
Sweden 464
Eastern and Western aspect of Scandinavia 464
General view of the Baltic lands; the Northern Slavonic
465
lands, their relations to Germany and Hungary
Characteristics of Poland and Russia 465
455-
The primitive nations, Aryan and non-Aryan
466
Central position of the North-Slavonic lands; barbarian
neighbours of Russia and Scandinavia; Russian conquest 467
and colonization by land
Relation of the Baltic lands to the two Empires; Norway 467
always independent; relations of Sweden and Denmark to
the Western Empire
The Western Empire and the West-Slavonic lands; relations
467
of Poland to the Western Empire
Relations of Russia to the Eastern Church and Empire;
468
Imperial style of Russia

§ 1. The Scandinavian Lands after the Separation of the Empires.

The Baltic still mainly held by the earlier races; formation of 468-
the Scandinavian kingdom 499
Formation of the Danish kingdom; its extent; frontier of the
469
Eider; the Danish march
Use of the name Northmen; formation of the kingdom of 469-
Norway 470
The Swedes and Gauts; the Swedish kingdom 470
Its fluctuations towards Norway and Denmark; its growth
470
towards the north
Western conquests and settlements of the Danes and
471
Northmen
Settlements in Britain and Gaul 471
Settlements in Orkney, Man, Iceland, Ireland, &c. 471
Expeditions to the East; Danish occupation of Samland;
471
Jomsburg
Swedish conquest of Curland; Scandinavians in Russia 472

§ 2. The Lands East and South of the Baltic at the Separation of the
Empires.
472-
Slaves between Elbe and Dnieper; their lack of sea-board
473
Kingdom of Samo; Great Moravia 473
473-
Four Slavonic groups
474
Polabic group; Sorabi, Leuticii, Obotrites; their relations to 474-
the Empire 475
Early conquest of the Sorabi; marks of Meissen and Lusatia;
475-
long resistance of the Leuticians; takings of Branibor; mark
476
of Brandenburg
Mark of the Billungs; kingdom of Sclavinia; house of
476
Mecklenburg; relations to Denmark
Bohemia and Moravia; their relations to Poland, Hungary,
477
and Germany
The Polish kingdom; its relations to Germany; rivalry of
478
Poland and Russia
Lechs or Poles; their various tribes 478
Beginning of the Polish state; its conversion and relations to
479
the Empire
Conquests of Boleslaf; union of the Northern Chrobatia with
479
Poland
479-
The Polish state survives, though divided
480
Relations of Russia to the Eastern Church and Empire;
Russia created by the Scandinavian settlement; origin of the 480
name
First centre at Novgorod; Russian advance; union of the
481
Eastern Slaves
Second centre at Kief; the princes become Slavonic; attacks 481-
on Constantinople and Cherson 482
Conquests on the Caspian; isolation of Russia; Russian lands
482
west of Dnieper
Russian principalities; supremacy of Kief 482
Supremacy of the northern Vladimir; commonwealths of
Novgorod and Pskof; various principalities; kingdom of 483
Halicz or Galicia
The Cuman power; Mongol invasion; Russia tributary to the 483-
Mongols; Russia represented by Novgorod 484
The earlier races; Finns in Livland and Esthland 484
The Lettic nations; Lithuania; Prussia 484
Survey in the twelfth century 485
 § 3. German Dominion on the Baltic.
Time of Teutonic conquest on the Baltic; comparison of
485-
German and Scandinavian influence; German influence the
486
stronger
Beginning of Swedish conquest in Finland; German conquest
in Livland; its effect on Lithuania and Russia; the Military 487
orders
Polish gains and losses 487
Character of the Hansa 487
Temporary Swedish possession of Scania; union of Calmar; 487-
division and reunion; abiding union of Denmark and Norway 488
Union of Iceland with Norway; loss of the Scandinavian
488
settlements in the British isles
Swedish advance in Finland 488
Temporary greatness of Denmark, settlement of Esthland;
488-
conquest of Sclavinia; Danish advance in Germany; Holstein,
490
&c.; long retention of Rügen
Duchy of South-Jutland or Sleswick; its relations to Denmark 490-
and Holstein; royal and ducal lines; conquest of Ditmarschen 491
Effect of the Danish advance on the Slavonic lands; western 491-
losses of Poland; Pomerania; Silesia 492
Kingdom of Bohemia; dominion of Ottocar; the Luxemburg 492-
kings 493
Annexation of Silesia and Lusatia; territory lost to Matthias
493
Corvinus
Union with Austria; later losses 493
German corporations; the Hansa; its nature; not strictly a 494-
territorial power 495
The Military Orders; Sword-brothers and Teutonic knights;
495
their connexion with the Empire; effects of their rule
The Sword-brothers in Livland and Esthland; extent of their 495-
dominion 496
The Teutonic order in Prussia; union with the Sword- 496
brothers; acquisition of Culm, Pomerelia, Samogitia,
Gotland; the New Mark
Losses of the order; cession of Pomerelia and part of Prussia 496-
to Poland; the remainder a Polish fief 497
Advance of Christianity; Lithuania the last heathen power; 497-
its great advance 498
Consolidation of Poland; conquests of Casimir the Great;
498
shiftings of Red Russia
Union of Poland and Lithuania; recovery of the Polish 498-
duchies; Lithuanian advance; closer union 499
499-
Revival of Russia; power of Moscow; name of Muscovy
500
Break-up of the Mongol power; the Khanats of Crim, Kazan,
501
Siberia, Astrakhan
Deliverance of Russia; Crim dependent on the Turk 501
Advance of Moscow; annexation of Novgorod, &c.; Russia
501
united and independent
Survey at the end of the fifteenth century 502

§ 4. The Growth of Russia and Sweden.

Growth of Russia; creation of Prussia; temporary greatness
503
of Sweden
Separation of the Prussian and Livonian knights; duchy of
503-
Prussia; union of Prussia and Brandenburg; Prussia
504
independent of Poland
Fall of the Livonian knights; partition of their dominions;
duchy of Curland; shares of Denmark, Sweden, Poland, and 504
Russia
Greatest Baltic extent of Poland and Lithuania; union of
505
Lublin
505-
Advance of Russia; its order; the Euxine reached last
506
Recovery of Russian lands from Lithuania; Polish conquest
of Russia; second Russian advance; Peace of Andraszovo; 506
recovery of Kief
Russian superiority over the Cossacks; Podolia ceded to the 506-
Turk 507
Comparison of Swedish and Russian advance 507
Advance under and after Gustavus Adolphus; conquests 507-
from Russia and Poland; Ingermanland; Livland 508
Conquests from Denmark and Norway; Dago and Oesel; 508-
Scania, &c.; restoration of Trondhjem 509
Fiefs of Sweden within the Empire; Pomerania; Bremen and
509
Verden
Fluctuations in the duchies; Danish possession of Oldenburg 509
Sweden after the peace of Oliva 510
Eastern advance of Russia; Kasan and Astrakhan; Siberia 511

§ 5. The Decline of Sweden and Poland.

Decline of Sweden; extinction of Poland; kingdom of 511-
Prussia; empire of Russia 512
Russia on the Baltic; conquest of Livland, &c.; foundation of
512
Saint Petersburg; advance in Finland
German losses of Sweden: Bremen, Verden, part of
513
Pomerania
Union of the Gottorp lands and Denmark 513
First partition of Poland; recovery of lost lands by Russia;
513-
geographical union of Prussia and Brandenburg; Polish and
514
Russian lands acquired by Austria
Second partition: Russian and Prussian shares 514
514-
Third partition: extinction of Poland and Lithuania
515
No strictly Polish territory acquired by Russia; the old Poland
515
passes to Prussia, Chrobatia to Austria
515-
Russian advance on the Euxine, Azof; Crim; Jedisan
516
Temporary Russian advance on the Caspian; superiority over
516
Georgia
Survey at the end of the eighteenth century 517
 § 6. The Modern Geography of the Baltic Lands.
Effects of the fall of the Empire; incorporation of the
518
German lands of Sweden and Denmark
Russian conquest of Finland 518
518-
Union of Sweden and Norway; loss of Swedish Pomerania
519
Denmark enters the German Confederation for Holstein and
519
Lauenburg; loss of these duchies and of Sleswick
Polish losses of Prussia; commonwealth of Danzig; Duchy of 519-
Warsaw 520
Polish territory recovered by Prussia; Russian kingdom of
520
Poland; commonwealth of Cracow; its annexation by Austria
Fluctuation on the Moldavian border 521
Russian advance in the Caucasus and on the Caspian 521
Advance in Turkestan and Eastern Asia; extent and 522-
character of the Russian dominion 523
Russian America 523
523-
Final survey of the Baltic lands
524

CHAPTER XII.
THE SPANISH PENINSULA AND ITS COLONIES.
Analogy between Spain and Scandinavia; slight relation of
Spain with the Empire; break between its earlier and later 525
history
Comparison of Spain and the Eastern Empire; the Spanish
525-
nation formed by the Saracen wars; analogy between Spain
526
and Russia
Extent of West-Gothic and Saracen dominions; two centres 526-
of deliverance, native and Frankish 527
History of Aragon, Castile, and Portugal; use of the phrase 527-
‘Spain and Portugal’ 528
Navarre 528
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