Math 2270-Differential equations Dr Mohammad Taoubi 2020-2021 Chapter 1: Introduction to differential equations Page 9
SOLUTION CURVE
The graph of a solution 𝜑 of an ODE is called a solution curve. Since 𝜑 is a differentiable function, it is continuous on its interval
𝐼 of definition.
EXAMPLE Graph of xy’-2y=0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Take the differential equation xy’-2y=0 then 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 =2 we integrate
𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 2 + 𝐶1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ln 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 2 + 𝑙𝑛𝐶 = 𝑙𝑛𝐶𝑥 2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜑 = 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥 2 is the general solution is a family of curves.
𝑦 𝑥
For particular value of C, we get particular solution. Example:𝜑1 = 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is a particular solution (C1=1)
When solving a first-order differential equation 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ = 0,
C1 C2
C>0 we usually obtain a solution containing a single arbitrary
C3 constant or parameter 𝑐. A solution containing an arbitrary
constant represents a set φ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐 = 0 of solutions called a
one-parameter family of solutions.
When solving an 𝑛th-order differential equation
C<0 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ , . . . , 𝑦 𝑛 = 0, we seek an 𝑛-parameter family of
solutions 𝐺 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , . . . , 𝑐𝑛 = 0.
Math 2270-Differential equations Dr Mohammad Taoubi 2020-2021 Chapter 1: Introduction to differential equations Page 10
EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT SOLUTIONS
A solution in which the dependent variable is expressed solely in terms of the independent variable and constants is said to be
an explicit solution 𝑦 = 𝜑(𝑥, 𝐶)
DEFINITION 1.1.3 Implicit Solution of an ODE
A relation 𝜑 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐 = 0 is said to be an implicit solution if we can’t express y in terms of x.
SYSTEMS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
A system of ordinary differential equations is two or more equations involving the derivatives of two or more unknown
functions of a single independent variable. For example, if 𝑥 and 𝑦 denote dependent variables and 𝑡 denotes the
independent variable, then a system of two first-order differential equations is given by:
Math 2270-Differential equations Dr Mohammad Taoubi 2020-2021 Chapter 2: First order differential equations Page 11
Chapter 2 First order differential equations
2.1 SEPARABLE VARIABLES
DEFINITION Separable Equation
A first-order differential equation of the form 𝑑𝑦
=𝑀 𝑥 𝑁 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
is said to be separable or to have separable variables.
For example, the equations
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦²𝑥𝑒 3𝑥+4𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑦 + sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
are separable and no separable, respectively.
𝑑𝑦
Solution: 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑀 = )𝑦(𝑁 + 𝐶
If we have M(x) dx + N(y) dy =0 Then the solution is: = 𝑦𝑑 𝑦 𝑁 − 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑀 + 𝐶
Math 2270-Differential equations Dr Mohammad Taoubi 2020-2021 Chapter 1: First order differential equations Page 12
EXAMPLE Solving x dx + y dy = 0
Solve x dx + y dy = 0
Solution:
𝑦2 𝑥2
= 𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1 then + = 𝐶1 then 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶
2 2
The explicit functions of the implicit solution 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶 are: 𝜑1 = 𝐶 − 𝑥 2 and 𝜑2 = − 𝐶 − 𝑥 2
𝜑1 𝑎𝑛𝑎 𝜑2 are defined on the interval − 𝐶, + 𝐶 .
𝑁 (𝑦) 𝑀 𝑥
If we have 𝑀1 𝑥 𝑁1 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑀2 𝑥 𝑁2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 then the solution becomes: 𝑁 2(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑀 1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
1 2 𝑥
EXAMPLE Solving (1+x) y dx + (1-y) x dy =0
Solve (1+x) y dx + (1-y) x dy =0
Solution:
1−𝑦 1+𝑥
= 𝑦𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 + 𝑐 then ln 𝑦 − 𝑦 = −ln x − x + C then ln xy = y − x + C is an implicit solution.
