Project Work on Agricultural Income by

78th batch of IRS

State – Manipur
Major Crops in Manipur
Manipur’s agricultural sector includes a range of crops suited to the local environment, including food
grains, cash crops, and plantation crops

Food Grains Cash Crops Plantation Crops

Rice: Sugarcane: Tea
-​ The dominant food grain in -​ Predominantly grown in -​ Grown in Ukhrul
Manipur, especially in the the valley regions district
Imphal valley and -​ Area under sugarcane -​ Area under tea
surrounding districts cultivation: 5,000 cultivation: 2,500
-​ Area under rice cultivation: hectares (approx.) hectares
60% of total cropped area -​ Yield: 40 to 50 tons per
-​ Average yield: 1.8 to 2.0 hectare
tons per hectare
-​ Area: 70% of the total area
under rice cultivation is in
rural regions

Maize: Oilseeds (Groundnut, Soybean) Rubber

-​ Area under maize -​ Relatively smaller scale -​ Emerging as a cash
cultivation: 15% of total but growing crop, especially in
cropped area -​ Area under oilseeds the hilly areas
-​ Average yield: 1.5 to 2.0 cultivation: 8,000 -​ Area under rubber
tons per hectare hectares (approx.) cultivation: 2,000
-​ Area: Pulses and hectares.
oilseeds occupy a
smaller portion of rural
land (~12,000 hectares)

Source: Data from the Department of Agriculture, Manipur, and Agriculture Census of India

Cropping Patterns and Acreage Under Cultivation

Manipur has both valley areas suited for wetland rice cultivation and hilly areas conducive to crops like
maize, pulses, and oilseeds

Crop Area Cultivated (Hectares) Percentage of Total Cropped

Area
Rice 130,000 60%
Maize 35,000​ 15%
Pulses 12,000​ 5%
Oilseeds 8,000 3%
Sugarcane 5,000 2%
Horticultural Crops (Fruits & 15,000 15%
Vegetables)
Source: Manipur Agricultural Statistical Report 2022

Average Yield and Estimated Cost of Production

Comparison of Average Yield and Estimated Cost of Production: Manipur vs. National Average

Crop Average Yield Average Yield Estimated Cost Estimated Analysis

(Manipur) (National of Production Cost of
Average) (Manipur) Production
(National
Average)
Rice 1.8 - 2.0 tons 2.2 - 2.5 tons ₹20,000 - ₹14,000 - In Manipur, the yield for
per hectare per hectare ₹25,000 per ₹18,000 rice is slightly lower
hectare per than the national
hectare average. This could be
attributed to the
region's dependence on
rain-fed farming and the
challenges of irrigation
infrastructure. The cost
of production for rice in
Manipur is higher due
to the limited
availability of irrigation
and other modern
farming inputs
Maize 1.5 - 2.0 tons 2.2 - 2.5 tons ₹18,000 - ₹12,000 - The yield of maize in
per hectare per hectare ₹22,000 per ₹16,000 Manipur is also below
hectare​ per the national average,
hectare potentially due to a
reliance on traditional
farming practices. The
cost of production in
Manipur is higher
compared to the
national average, which
could be due to less
efficient farming
techniques and higher
labor costs
Sugarcane 40 - 50 tons 60 - 70 tons ₹40,000 - ₹30,000 - Manipur's sugarcane
per hectare per hectare ₹50,000 per ₹40,000 yield is considerably
​ hectare per lower than the national
hectare average, likely due to
less favorable climatic
 conditions and lower
adoption of
high-yielding varieties.
The cost of production
in Manipur is also
higher, possibly due to
inadequate irrigation
and infrastructure
Oilseeds 0.8 - 1.2 tons 1.0 - 1.5 tons ₹15,000 - ₹10,000 - While Manipur’s yield is
per hectare per hectare ₹18,000 per ₹12,000 similar to the national
hectare per average, the cost of
hectare production is higher.
This can be attributed
to less access to
modern agricultural
technology and inputs,
as well as higher
transportation and
labor costs in the state
Tea 1.0 - 1.5 tons 1.5 - 2.0 tons ₹50,000 - ₹35,000 - The average yield of tea
per acre per acre ₹70,000 per ₹45,000 in Manipur is lower
hectare per than the national
hectare average, though the
cost of production is
much higher. This could
be due to the emerging
nature of tea cultivation
in the state and the lack
of large-scale tea
plantations that benefit
from economies of
scale
Rubber 700 - 800 kg 800 - 1,000 kg ₹60,000 - ₹50,000 - The yield of rubber in
per acre per acre ₹80,000 per ₹65,000 Manipur is slightly
​ hectare per below the national
hectare average, and the cost of
production is on the
higher side. Rubber
cultivation in the state
is still in its infancy and
faces challenges related
to infrastructure and
access to technical
expertise

Sources:
​ 1.​ Department of Agriculture, Government of Manipur

​ 2.​ Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Government of India

​ 3.​ Agriculture Census of India

​ 4.​ National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO)

Processes and Agencies responsible for maintaining land revenue

records

Key Agencies

1.​ State Level - The Department of Revenue, Government of Manipur, formulates policies and
frameworks for land revenue administration. It oversees the functioning of district and
sub-district revenue authorities and is responsible for implementing programs like the Digital
India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP) for digitizing and modernizing land
records. The Directorate of Settlement and Land Records (DSLR) conducts land surveys, prepares
cadastral maps, and maintains and updates land records, including ownership and classification.
It supervises mutation processes, ensures proper land demarcation, and digitizes land records
for public accessibility
2.​ District Level - The Deputy Commissioner (DC) is the head of revenue administration in the
district. The DC supervises the collection of agricultural land revenue, monitors the updating and
maintenance of land revenue records, and addresses disputes related to land ownership or
revenue. The District Revenue Officer (DRO) assists the DC in managing land revenue matters,
reviewing reports submitted by lower revenue officials, and ensuring compliance with state
policies
3.​ Sub-Division Level - The Sub-Divisional Officer (SDO) supervises revenue administration at the
sub-division level. The SDO oversees mutation applications, field surveys, and updates to land
records while coordinating with Tehsildars to ensure timely revenue collection and dispute
resolution
4.​ Tehsil/Block Level - The Tehsildar is the primary official responsible for maintaining and updating
land records at the Tehsil/block level. They handle land mutation, register ownership changes,
resolve minor disputes, and ensure the timely collection of agricultural land revenue. Tehsildars
also issue land-related certificates, such as ownership and income certificates. The Naib Tehsildar
assists the Tehsildar in revenue collection and record management and conducts field
inspections for mutation and surveys
5.​ Village Level (Valley and Hill Areas) - In valley areas, the Patwari or Lekhpal maintains land
records at the village level, updates ownership details, conducts crop surveys, assists in revenue
collection, and reports land disputes to the Tehsildar or SDO. In hill areas, Village Authorities or
Customary Chiefs govern land use and ownership under tribal customary laws. They maintain
informal land records, regulate inheritance and land usage, and manage revenue collection
through traditional systems.
Key Legislation - The Manipur Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act, 1960, which governs land
administration in the valley areas, while customary laws govern land ownership and usage in hill areas

Key Documents associated with these records include:

1.​ Jamabandi (Record of Rights - ROR)

●​ This document provides comprehensive details about the land, including ownership,
cultivator information, area, and type of land
●​ It serves as prima facie evidence of the matters contained within the land records
2.​ Patta (Land Ownership Certificate)
●​ Issued by the Mandal Revenue Officer, the Patta certifies legal ownership of the land,
indicating that the land is free from mortgages
●​ Essential for transactions such as selling, transferring, or using the land as collateral.
3.​ Dag Chitha (Field Index)
●​ This record specifies plot numbers, cultivation details, and crop information for the land
●​ It is maintained as per the provisions laid down by the Manipur Land Revenue and Land
Reforms Act, 1960
4.​ Mutation Records (MLR Form 16)
●​ These records document changes in ownership due to sale, inheritance, or transfer
●​ The application form for partition-mutation is maintained under the Manipur Land
Revenue and Land Reforms Act, 1960
5.​ Survey Map (Field-Map)
●​ Provides exact boundaries and measurements of the land, crucial for resolving disputes
and planning
●​ These maps are prepared and maintained following the Manipur Land Revenue and Land
Reforms Act, 1960
6.​ Encumbrance Certificate (EC)
●​ This certificate verifies that the land is free from legal or financial liabilities, ensuring a
clear title during transactions
7.​ Land Tax Receipt
●​ Proof of payment of land revenue or taxes to the government, indicating compliance
with tax obligations
●​ Landowners can pay land tax and verify payments through the Loucha Pathap portal
8.​ No Objection Certificate (NOC)
●​ Required for certain transactions, particularly for land conversion or development, to
ensure there are no objections from relevant authorities
9.​ Title Deed
●​ Establishes the legal ownership of the land and is essential during registration and
verification processes
10.​Partition Deed (if applicable)
●​ Details the division of agricultural land among heirs or co-owners, outlining each party's
share.
Access and Maintenance: The Loucha Pathap portal is the official online platform for accessing land
records in Manipur. It offers services such as viewing Jamabandi, paying land tax, and verifying land tax
payments

Land records are prepared and maintained under the Manipur Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act,
1960, ensuring standardized documentation across the state

Sources:

1.​ [India Filings - Manipur Land Ownership Certificate]

(https://www.indiafilings.com/learn/manipur-land-ownership-certificate-jamabandi)
2.​ [Loucha Pathap - Manipur Land Records] (https://louchapathap.nic.in/)
3.​ [Land Deed - Encumbrance Certificate in Manipur] (https://www.landeed.com/state/manipur)

Marketing and Sales Platforms

Organized platforms for agricultural produce (e.g., Agricultural Produce Market Committees - APMC).
Here are the key organized platforms and initiatives for marketing agricultural produce in the state:

1. Agricultural Produce Market Wing

●​ Established By: Department of Agriculture, Manipur.

●​ Purpose: This platform focuses on:

o​ Developing organized markets for agricultural produce.

o​ Enhancing market infrastructure.

o​ Collecting and disseminating market intelligence to farmers.

●​ Impact:

o​ Farmers are becoming more market-conscious and diversifying their products.

o​ Improved irrigation facilities and infrastructure are driving agricultural growth

2. Farmer-Consumer Markets

●​ Direct Marketing: Enables farmers to sell directly to consumers, bypassing middlemen.

●​ Purpose: Promotes fair pricing and transparency while ensuring fresh produce reaches
consumers efficiently
3. Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs)

●​ Role:

o​ Groups of farmers collectively market their produce to improve bargaining power.

o​ Facilitate bulk selling, reducing transaction costs for individual farmers.

●​ Support: Government schemes provide financial and technical assistance to establish and
strengthen FPOs

4. E-Trading Platforms

●​ Purpose: Facilitates digital marketing and trade of agricultural produce.

●​ Key Features:

o​ Farmers can access buyers beyond the physical markets in the state.

o​ Encourages competitive pricing through wider access to markets.

5. Manipur Organic Mission Agency (MOMA)

●​ Focus: Organizes markets specifically for organic produce grown in Manipur.

●​ Initiatives:

o​ Organic farmers are provided market linkages with national and international buyers.

o​ Regularly conducts organic produce fairs and exhibitions to promote awareness and
sales.

6. Private and Decentralized Markets

●​ Under the Manipur Agricultural Produce and Livestock Marketing (Promotion and Facilitation)
Act, 2021, private markets are encouraged to operate alongside traditional
government-regulated markets.

●​ Farmers can sell produce to private buyers, reducing dependency on local mandis.

7. National Agriculture Market (eNAM)

●​ Manipur has started linking select markets with eNAM, a pan-India online trading platform for
agricultural commodities.

●​ Benefits:
 o​ Provides farmers access to a national pool of buyers.

o​ Encourages competitive and transparent pricing.

8. Local Initiatives and Community Markets

●​ Role of Community-Based Organizations:

o​ Local markets organized by community groups and cooperatives help in aggregating

produce.

o​ Community-driven initiatives focus on niche products like rice, ginger, turmeric, and
other horticultural produce.

Mechanisms and practices for marketing agricultural produce

Marketing agricultural produce in Manipur involves a mix of traditional and modern mechanisms,
supported by government initiatives and community-based practices

1. Traditional Local Markets (40-50%)

●​ Description: Local markets, commonly known as haats or bazaars, are the most prevalent
platforms for marketing agricultural produce
 o​ Farmers bring their produce to local markets and sell directly to consumers or
intermediaries

●​ Examples: Ima Keithel (Women’s Market) in Imphal and other district-level markets.

●​ Challenges: Limited market reach, low bargaining power, and exploitation by middlemen.

2. Farmer-Consumer Markets (15-20%)

●​ Description: Direct marketing platforms where farmers sell produce directly to consumers,
bypassing intermediaries.

o​ Promoted by the government to ensure fair prices and reduce transaction costs.

●​ Example: Farmers’ weekly markets and farm-to-home initiatives.

●​ Advantages: Transparency and better price realization for farmers.

3. Cooperative Societies and Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) (10-15%)

●​ Description: Cooperatives and FPOs aggregate produce from smallholder farmers and sell in bulk
to institutional buyers.

o​ They provide technical and financial support to improve marketing capabilities.

o​ Focus on cash crops like ginger, turmeric, and horticultural produce.

●​ Example: Organic FPOs supported under the Manipur Organic Mission Agency (MOMA)

●​ Impact: Helps in reducing individual farmer risks and transaction costs.

4. Organic Produce Marketing (10-15%)

●​ Description: Manipur's organic farming sector is gaining prominence, supported by MOMA.

o​ Specialized marketing for organic produce, with linkages to national and international
markets.

●​ Key Products: Organic rice, ginger, turmeric, and vegetables.

●​ Example: Organic fairs and exhibitions.

●​ Challenges: High certification costs and limited awareness among farmers.

5. Digital Platforms and E-Trading (5-10%)

 ●​ Description: Online platforms like eNAM and other digital marketplaces are emerging
mechanisms for trading agricultural produce.

o​ Farmers can access buyers across the country through these platforms.

●​ Adoption Rate: Still low due to limited digital literacy and connectivity challenges in rural areas.

●​ Example: Integration of select markets in Manipur with the eNAM platform.

6. Private Markets and Contract Farming (5-10%)

●​ Description: Under the Manipur Agricultural Produce and Livestock Marketing Act, 2021,
private markets and contract farming are being promoted.

o​ Private buyers engage directly with farmers, often through contracts.

●​ Advantages: Assured market and prices for farmers.

●​ Challenges: Farmers' apprehension about terms and conditions of contracts.

7. Government Procurement (5-10%)

●​ Description: Government agencies procure agricultural produce at Minimum Support Prices

(MSP) for crops like paddy and pulses.

o​ Ensures price stability and income security for farmers.

●​ Limitations: Limited procurement centres and delays in payment processing.

8. Export and Interstate Trade (3-5%)

●​ Description: Focused on high-value crops like ginger, turmeric, and black rice.

o​ Supported by initiatives for organic certification and branding.

●​ Challenges: High transportation costs and lack of adequate storage facilities

Key Takeaways

●​ Traditional markets dominate the agricultural marketing landscape in Manipur.

●​ Emerging mechanisms like FPOs, organic marketing, and e-trading platforms are gaining traction.

●​ Increased government focus on infrastructure, digitization, and market linkages is expected to

enhance the effectiveness of these practices in the future
Agricultural Operations and Tracing Mechanisms

Policy Initiatives - State Government

1.​ The State Government has initiated action for adoption of Manipur Agricultural Produce and
Livestock Marketing (Promotion & Facilitation) Bill, 2017. The inclusion of Livestock in the title of the
new Model Act is also a step in the right direction. This will help in introducing good marketing
practices for the livestock sector. The provisions made for private markets are with intent of “ease of
doing business”, as it provides for level playing field both for APMC market and private market

2.​ Government of Manipur initiated Start up Scheme to make Manipur, one of the top start-up
destinations in the North East by providing the most enabling ecosystems to support and nurture
start-up entrepreneurship in the State. The Scheme is aimed to strengthen the start-up culture in the
State by fostering greater social acceptance and recognition of promising start-ups, through strategic
investment, policy interventions and such other programmes. The Start-up Scheme will create
enabling environment and supporting eco-system that facilitates 1000 start-ups in next five years
with financial support from the State Government. So the same is required to be accessed

3.​ Under Manipur Organic Mission, the Manipur Organic Mission Agency (MOMA) has initiated steps
for promoting sustainable Organic Farming practices. Organic scope certificate was obtained for all
the 7 (seven) crops viz. Ginger, Turmeric, Pineapple, Black aromatic rice, Orange, Kachai lemon, King
Chilli. The scheme covers 500o ha. with 230 Farmers Interest Groups (FIG). Under the scheme, a total
area of 5000 ha had been covered out of which 2000 ha has been allotted for agriculture crop and
3000 ha for horticultural crops

4.​ Thoubal Multipurpose Project and Dolaithabi Barrage have been included in the list of PMKSY
Priority Projects under LTIF. With the completion of these projects the irrigation potential created in
the state is likely to increase considerably

5.​ The State Government has included Khousabung Pineapple Cluster in Churachandpur district in the
list of selected places where food processing unit having cold storage facility would be developed

6.​ Three common facility centres for bamboo processing have been established at Tamenglong,
Churachandpur and Imphal. Government of Manipur is taking up a Bamboo Technology Park at
Kadamtala, Jiribam

7.​ Nilakuthi Food Park is constructed on a land area of about 30 acres at Nilakuthi. The Manipur Food
Industries Corporation Ltd. is the implementing agency. The park is expected to host 49 food
processing units for which common facilities will be provided

8.​ State Govermmnent has finalised District Irrigation Plan and State Agriculture Plan under PMKSY
9.​ Integrated Development and Management of Fisheries is being implemented in the state. For
Fisheries Development, the Government of Manipur has implemented NEC Schemes on fishery
sector for enabling the poor fish farmers for taking up aquaculture

10.​Rashtriya Khrishi Vikasn Yojna (RKVY) was launch in the State since 2008-09. In Manipur RKVY is
implemented by 7 (Seven) Allied Departments and 2 (Two) Registered Societies viz. 1) Agriculture as
Nodal Department 2) Cooperation 3) Horticulture & Soil Conservation 4) Fisheries 5) Forest 6)
Sericulture 7) Veterinary and Animal Husbandry 8) Eastern Border Area Development Authority
(EBADA Registered society) and 9) Barak River Valley Development Board BRVDB Registered society)

As per Guidelines of Government of India for implementation of RKVY, State Level Sanctioning
Committee (SLSC) meeting is conducted under the chairmanship of Chief Secretary, Government of
Manipur with the members from the Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of
Agriculture & Cooperation, New Delhi to approve the Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) submitted by
various allied Departments and for allocation of fund to the line Departments. After obtaining fund the
Government of India Nodal Department has allocated the approved cost of projects as per SLSC approval
to the Allied Departments by cheque. During the allocation of fund, the SLSC has given priority on the
sectors which would have impact on increasing production and productivity.

11.​Meeyamgi Numit for various District was conducted at Districts Office Complex, It is intended to
provide government services to the general public in an efficient, effective and transparent manner
and to consult their grievances. During the Meeyamgi Numit Most of the received applications are
disposed immediately by delivering the expected services like issuance of Certificates, Permits,
verification of certificate, collection of Land revenues etc., distribution of Farmer Cards, receiving
complaints /queries for MGNREGS, issue of Jamabandis, account opening by Banks etc.

12.​The Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India has designated the Central
Agricultural University (CAU), Manipur as Implementing Agency (IA) for Formation and Promotion of
60 FPOs in NER except Assam under the Central Sector Scheme (CSS) for Formation and Promotion
of 10,000 FPOs vide order No. 28011/1/2020-M-II (Pt-I)/86049 dated 21/09/2022. Under the scheme
mentioned above, CAU, Imphal has empanelled 15 nos. of CBBO (Cluster Based Business
Organizations and 60 nos. of FPOs have been formed.