Cultivos Tropicales, 2017, vol. 38, no. 2, pp.

113-118 april-june

ISSN impreso: 0258-5936 Ministerio de Educación Superior. Cuba

ISSN digital: 1819-4087 Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas
http://ediciones.inca.edu.cu

BIOSTIMULANT EFFECT ON YIELD OF TWO

BIOFERTILIZED BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
CULTIVARS
Efecto de bioestimulantes en el rendimiento de dos cultivares de frijol
(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Biofertilizados
Lisbel Martínez González, Lázaro Maqueira López,
María C. Nápoles García and Miriam Núñez Vázquez)
ABSTRACT. Beans, inside legumes, stands out for the RESUMEN. El frijol, dentro de las leguminosas, se destaca
high human consumption and, in Cuba, this legume is part por su alto consumo humano, en Cuba, forma parte de la
of the population basic diet. Hence, to look for alternatives alimentación básica de la población. De ahí, la necesidad de
that allow stimulating grain production and therefore, buscar alternativas que posibiliten estimular la producción de
increase the satisfaction of consumer demand, constitute a sus granos y por ende, incrementar la satisfacción de la demanda
necessity. The aim of this paper was to determine whether de consumo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar si
seed application of QuitoMax® or Biobras-16® products, la aplicación de los productos QuitoMax® o Biobras-16® a las
increases the plant yield of two biofertilized beans cultivars. semillas, estimulaba el rendimiento de plantas de dos cultivares
The experiment was performed at Unit of Basis Science and de frijol biofertilizadas. Para ésto se ejecutó un experimento
Technology “Los Palacios”. Seed sprayings with QuitoMax®, en la Unidad de Ciencia y Tecnología de Base “Los Palacios”
Qm (500 mg L-1) or Biobras-16®, BB-16 (0,05 mg L-1), donde se realizaron aspersiones a las semillas con QuitoMax®,
before inoculation with Azofert® biofertilizer, Az, were Qm (500 mg L-1) ó Biobras-16®, BB-16 (0,05 mg L-1), previo a
made. Seeds were placed to Hydromorfic Gley Nodule la inoculación con el biofertilizante Azofert®, Az. Las semillas se
Ferruginose Petroferric soil and four treatments (100 % N, depositaron en un suelo Hidromórfico Gley Nodular Ferruginoso
control, Az+30 % N, Qm+Az+30 % N y BB-16+Az+30 % N) Petroférrico y se conformaron cuatro tratamientos por cultivar
by cultivar were constituted. At the harvest time, the (100 % N, control, Az+30 % N, Qm+Az+30 % N y BB-
following evaluations: shoot, legume and grain dry weights, 16+Az+30 % N). En el momento de la cosecha se realizaron
legume and grain number per plant, grain number per las siguientes evaluaciones: masa seca de tallos, vainas y granos,
legume, fresh weight of 1 000 grains and practice yield, número de vainas y granos por planta, número de granos por
were made. Results showed Azofert® inoculation substituted vaina, masa fresca de 1000 granos y el rendimiento práctico.
70 % of nitrogen fertilizer used without affecting crop Los resultados demostraron que la inoculación con Azofert®
yield. Besides, seed sprayings with Biobras-16®, before fue capaz de sustituir el 70 % de la fertilización nitrogenada
Azofert® inoculation, increased significantly crop yield, in que se utiliza en el cultivo, sin afectar el rendimiento agrícola.
both cultivars, compared to control treatment with 100 % Además, la aspersión de las semillas con Biobras-16®, previo a la
nitrogen fertilizer. inoculación con Azofert®, estimuló el rendimiento de las plantas,
superando significativamente al tratamiento control con el
100 % de la fertilización nitrogenada en ambos cultivares.

Key words: brassinosteroids, legumes, production, Palabras clave: brasinoesteroides, leguminosas,

chitosan, Rhizobium producción, quitosana, Rhizobium

INTRODUCTION
Bean is one of the leguminous species that has a
preferential place, due to its nutritional composition
as a source rich in proteins, minerals such as
Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas (INCA), gaveta postal No.1, San
José de las Lajas, Mayaquebe, Cuba, CP 32 700 calcium, iron, phosphorus, magnesium and zinc
) [email protected] and the vitamins thiamine, niacin and folic acid (1) .

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 Lisbel Martínez González, Lázaro Maqueira López, María C. Nápoles García and Miriam Núñez Vázquez

In Cuba, this legume has great importance; of 0,70 m between rows and 0,07 m between plants
however, domestic production accounts for only with a standard of 50 kg ha-1 of seeds.
3 % of consumer demand, so it is necessary to The phytotechnical activities were carried out
import about 110 000 tons of grain each year as recommended by the Technical Guide for Bean
(2). For this reason, one of the priorities of Cultivation (12), except fertilization, which was
Cuban agriculture, at present, is to increase the carried out by the application, at the time of planting,
production of this crop using technologies that of triple superphosphate (46 % P 2O 5) and chloride
respond to the environment. of potassium (60 % K 2O), at 75 and 65 kg ha -1,
The common bean is able to carry out the respectively. At 15 days after the germination
biological nitrogen fixation process (BNF), through of the crop, nitrogen fertilization with urea
symbiosis with soil bacteria commonly known as (46 % of N) was carried out, at a rate of 70 kg ha -1,
rhizobia (3). Nitrogen biologically fixed by these in the case of treatments where 100 % were
microorganisms in symbiosis guarantees a direct applied (controls); while in the rest only 30 % of
source of this element to be used by the plant (4) the dose was applied.
and to replace, in part, the importation of mineral The treatments studied in each of the cultivars
fertilizer. Azofert ® is an inoculant composed of were: 100 % N (Control), Azofert ® +30 % N,
bacteria of the genus Rhizobium and essential Qm+Azofert®+30 % N and BB-16+Azofert®+30 % N,
metabolites in this interaction (5). which makes a total of eight treatments and a
On the other hand, there is a range of random block design with four replicates was
biostimulant products (FitoMas-E ®, Biobras-16 ® used. The experimental plots consisted of eight
and QuitoMax ® ) that have been successfully rows of 5 m each.
used in agriculture (6-8) and their application At the time of harvesting, ten plants were
in combination with biofertilizers is a priority selected at random from the two central rows of
strategy in the search to improve and preserve each experimental plot to evaluate: dry mass of
the physical, chemical and biological conditions of stems, pods and grains; the number of pods and
soils, increase the potential for agroproduction and grains per plant; the number of grains per pod and
substitute imports (9, 10). However, in most cases, the fresh mass of 1 000 grains. For the agricultural
biostimulants have been sprayed on the plants yield, 8 m 2 of the center were harvested in each
and there are hardly any references to the use of experimental plot, the plants were threshed and
these biostimulants prior to inoculation, which may the grains were dried to 14 % moisture.
also be a viable alternative to increase production A double-rank variance analysis was performed
in the case of beans. For this reason, the main for each of the variables studied and the means of
objective of this study was to determine whether the treatments were compared according to Duncan’s
seed treatment with QuitoMax ® or Biobras-16 ®, Multiple Range Test at p≤0,05 (13). The Statistical
prior to inoculation with Azofert ®, stimulated the Program used was Statgraphics plus 5.1 (14).
yield of two bean cultivars.
RESULTADS AND DISCUSSION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The dry mass of the stems, pods and grains of
The experiment was carried out in January the plants that received the bacterial inoculation
2015, in areas of the Basic Technological Science with the addition of 30 % of the nitrogen fertilization
Unit, Los Palacios, Pinar del Río, belonging to the did not differ significantly from those that received
National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (INCA). 100 % of the fertilization in neither of the two
For this, two cultivars of beans (Cuba C-25-9-N cultivars studied (Table I). This means that the
and CUL 156) were used, from the Grain Research inoculation may be exerting an effect similar to
Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture. The seeds 70 % of the remaining N.
were sprayed (3x10 -3 L per 50 seeds) with However, seed spraying with Biobras-16 ® or
Biobras-16 ®, BB-16 (0,05 mg L -1) or QuitoMax ®, QuitoMax ® influenced differently in each organ
Qm (500 mg L-1), dried at room temperature and on and for each cultivar. For example, they had no
the following day, at the time of sowing, they were influence on the dry mass of the stems in any of
inoculated with Azofert ® at a rate of 200x10 -3 L the two cultivars studied; while seed spraying with
of inoculum per 46 kg of seed. QuitoMax® and Biobras-16® significantly increased
The seeds were deposited in a Gley Nodular the dry mass of the pods of the cultivars Cuba
Ferruginous Petroferric Hydromorphic soil (11), C-25-9-N and CUL 156, respectively, reaching
using direct manual seeding technology at a distance values higher than those obtained with fertilization
mineral.

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Table I. Effect of seed spraying with QuitoMax® so that the number of grains per plant was not
and Biobras-16® on the dry mass of stems, modified, especially in cultivar CUL 156.
pods and plant grains of Cuba C-25-9-N As for the effect of biostimulants, it should
and CUL 156 bean cultivars, biofertilized be noted that in the cultivar Cuba C-25-9-N,
with Azofert ® and with a low dose of the treatment with Biobras-16 ® only increased
nitrogen fertilization significantly the number of grains per plant; while
in the cv. CUL 156; in addition, this treatment
Dry mass (g plant-1)
Treatments increased the number of pods per plant. On the
Stems Pods Grains other hand, seed spraying with QuitoMax ® did
Cuba C-25-9-N not influence these indicators in any of the two
100 % N 3,67 ab 4,40 bc 10,05 b evaluated cultivars.
Az + 30 % N 2,67 b 4,49 bc 9,79 bc The treatments did not modify the mass of
1000 grains, indicating that the influence on crop
Qm + Az + 30 % N 3,56 ab 5,54 a 10,93 b
yield should be associated to the effect that the
BB-16 + Az + 30 % N 4,42 a 5,09 ab 13,14 a treatments had on the number of grains per plant
CUL 156 in each of the cultivars studied.
100 % N 3,06 b 3,75 cd 9,99 bc As for the practical yield of the crop, which is
Az + 30 % N 2,63 b 3,65 cd 8,84 cd presented in the Figure, it is highlighted that the
substitution of 70 % of the nitrogen fertilization by
Qm + Az + 30 % N 2,62 b 3,32 d 8,55 d
the bacterial inoculation did not cause a significant
BB-16 + Az + 30 % N 3,36 b 4,95 ab 12,90 a decrease of the yield in any of the two cultivars
E.S.x 0,21* 0,19* 0,23* under study. Moreover, it should be noted that
only spraying seeds with Biobras-16 ® , prior to
Equal letters do not differ statistically according to the Duncan
Multiple Rank Test for p≤0,05
inoculation with Azofert ®, stimulated plant yield
Az-Azofert®, BB-16-Biobras-16®, Qm- QuitoMax® of both cultivars, so that significantly exceeded
(29-30 %) to that obtained in the control treatment
plants (100 % N).
In the case of the dry mass of the grains, the
It should be specified, that in the case of
treatment with Biobras-16 ® was the best in both
cv. Cuba C-25-9-N, this increase in yield was
cultivars, surpassing significantly the rest of the
associated with a significant increase in the
treatments studied.
number of grains per plant; while in CUL 156 it
The number of pods per plant (Table II)
was associated with an increase in the number of
showed a different behavior in each of the
pods and grains per plant.
cultivars under study, since while the substitution
Seed spraying with Biobras-16 ® , prior to
of 70 % of nitrogen fertilization by bacterial
inoculation with Azofert ®, apparently triggered a
inoculation did not affect this indicator in the case
series of physiological and biochemical events in
of cv. Cuba C-25-9-N, did cause a significant
the plants that had an effect on increased grain
decrease in cv. CUL 156. However, bacterial
yield of both cultivars, regardless of the differences
inoculation significantly increased the number
in the duration of the crop cycle.
of grains per pod of the plants of both cultivars,

Table II. Influence of spray on seeds with QuitoMax® and Biobras-16® in some components of the yield of
Cuba C-25-9-N and CUL 156 bean cultivars, biofertilized with Azofert® and with a low fertilization
dose Nitrogen
Treatments Nu. pods plant-1 Nu. grain plant-1 Nu. grains pod-1 Mass of 1 000 grains
Cuba C-25-9-N
100 % N 17,4 b 60,1 de 3,52 c 168,04
Az + 30 % N 16,4 b 63,7 cd 4,36 a 153,39
Qm + Az + 30 % N 14,9 bc 68,0 bc 4,58 a 168,73
BB-16 + Az + 30 % N 17,3 b 71,5 b 4,18ab 185,22
CUL 156
100 % N 16,9 b 56,2 ef 3,46 c 176,63
Az + 30 % N 12,8 cd 53,4 fg 4,22 ab 169,51
Qm + Az + 30 % N 10,8 d 50,1 g 4,63 a 173,29
BB-16 + Az + 30 % N 21,0 a 78,9 a 3,78 bc 175,58
E.S.x 0,58* 0,91* 0,18* 7,33 N.S.

Equal letters do not differ statistically according to the Duncan Multiple Rank Test for p≤0,05
Az- Azofert® BB-16-Biobras-16® Qm- QuitoMax®

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 Lisbel Martínez González, Lázaro Maqueira López, María C. Nápoles García and Miriam Núñez Vázquez

to the development of more complex inoculants and

formulations. In this work, Azofert ®, a biofertilizer
characterized by its quality, was used to induce in the
Estimated agricultural yield (t ha-1)

bacteria the synthesis and excretion of metabolites

of special interest and function in this interaction (5).
In spite of the above, the use of biofertilizers in
legumes is a promising alternative to mineral
fertilizers. In this way, we have been working not
only in the inoculation of rhizobia but also in the joint
inoculations of rhizobia with other microorganisms
such as mycorrhizal fungi, achieving stimulation
of growth and increases in yield of crops (20-23).
In this work it was demonstrated that the inoculation
with Azofert ® succeeded in replacing 70 % of the
Treatments nitrogen fertilization; a result of great interest for
Equal letters do not differ statistically according to the Duncan the production of this crop in our country.
Multiple Rank Test for p≤0,05 In soybeans, it has been demonstrated that
Az- Azofert® BB-16-Biobras-16® Qm- QuitoMax® it is possible to use simple inoculations with
Figure. Effect of seed spraying with QuitoMax® Bradyrhizobium elkanii and co-inoculation with
and Biobras-16® on the practical yield arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to meet nutrient
(based on 14 % moisture) of plants of the needs, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus, allowing
bean, Cuba-C-25-9-N (CC) and CUL 156 similar yields to be obtained when used alone The
(CL) cultivars, biofertilized with Azofert® mineral fertilizer (24).
and with the addition of 30 % of nitrogen As for the increase in the yield obtained with
fertilization the spraying of Biobras-16 ® to the seeds prior to
inoculation with the biofertilizer, it can be stated
that, several investigations have demonstrated
The biological fertilization effectiveness in this
the effect that the application of the analogs of
crop, in our country, has been studied previously.
brassinosteroids has on the yield of plants that
Thus, in a study of three genotypes of common
have been biofertilized. Thus, in soybean (25),
bean (BAT-304, Velasco Largo and BAT-93),
the effectiveness of foliar spraying of Biobras-6 ®
the effect of mineral fertilization and biofertilization
in the flowering phase was demonstrated
on plant yield was studied. It was found that the
in plants whose seeds were inoculated with
biological fertilization exceeded the mineral in
Bradyrhizobium elkanii and arbuscular mycorrhizal
10,4 and 6,0 %, in the BAT-304 and Velasco
fungi (AMF). On the other hand, it has been
genotypes, respectively. However, in the BAT-93
reported that the co-inoculation of bean seeds with
genotype, mineral fertilization increased yield
Azofert ® and EcoMic ® (AMF) and foliar spraying
by 18,45 %, relative to biofertilization (15). This
of plants with biostimulants such as FitoMas ® ,
means that the response depends not only on the
Biobras-16 ® or QuitoMax ® significantly stimulates
microorganism, but also on the cultivar and its
crop yield A
ability to associate in symbiosis.
In vegetables such as lettuce, green beans
In San Luis de Potosí, Mexico (16), it was
and tomato, increases in yield have also been
demonstrated that biofertilization with Rhizobium
reported with AMF inoculation in combination with
or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, as well as the
Biobras-16 ® foliar spraying (26).
application of brassinosteroids, yielded bean
Although these results have a preliminary
crop yields similar to those obtained with the
character, a novel aspect of this work lies in the
mineral fertilization recommended for cultivation.
application of Biobras-16 ® , since in this case
Conditions where the study was conducted.
Compared with other legumes, common
beans are the legumes with the lowest capacity
to fix nitrogen, although there are some varieties A
Rivera, R.; Calderón, A.; Nápoles, M. C.; Falcón, A.; Martin, J. V.;
of Phaseolus vulgaris L. and strains of rhizobia Marrero, Y.; Lara, D.; Calaña, J. M.; Mederos, J. D.; Coll, Y. y Núñez, M. La
that exhibit high fixation ranges (17). New factibilidad de la aplicación conjunta de biofertilizantes y bioestimiulantes
en el cultivo del frijol. Impacto ambiental de bioproductos en la agricultura,
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of more competitive and efficient strains (19),

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Received: June 29th, 2016

Accepted: November 18th, 2016

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