ACADEMICA E NOTES

&
PAST PAPERS
DIPLOMA IN ECDE
Management of ECDE Community
development and Research
6015 QA Notes

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MANAGEMENT OF EARLY CHILDHOOD

DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION
COMMUNITY.DEVELOPMENT
& RESEARCH.-------
6015· I Test Paper 1 I -t~ .. (·'- ...
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1. (a) Define the followingterms as used in Community development

(i) Sustainability (2 mks)
• Ability to keep a programme going on/continue to exist/happen for
a period of time

(ii) Communityinvolvement (2 mks)

• Community involvement means that the community's views and
decisions are sought for and incorporated during programme
planning, implementation and evaluation

(b) Identify six contributions from the community towards the

development of an Early childhood development and
education (ECDE) programme (6 mks)
• Greater commitment
• Community members have ownerships
· • Diverse expertise and strengths of members used which generates
greater result
• In depth exploration of an issue
• Various alternatives are explored
• High degree of transparency I accountability

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(c) Di cuss fin'. Iirnitation., of auLodh,rian leadership pattern to

the development of ECDE project (10 mks)
• People do not participate i11 decision making decision making
• The group may dissolve if the group leader withdraws since other
members are not competent
• There is no freedom of speech
• There is no freedom of'interaction or association
• If the leader makes a wrong decision the whole organization
collapses
• There is no motivation for workers to deliver

2. (a) Propose four factors that an ECDE teacher should consider in

identifying a collaboration partner (4 mks)
• Identifying the possible partners
• Establishlinks ·111
• Discuss modalities of networking and collaboration
• Assign roles and responsibilities to different partners
• Creating networking I collaboration I coordination structure
• Establish work modalities and mechanisms for monitoring and
evaluation
• Establish agreement for areas for joint decision making
• Establish forums for discussion and consultations

(b) Discuss four strategies that a community ieader would use to

influence attitude change among members towards an ECDE
project (8 mks)
• Being transparent and accountable to members of the community
o To ensure no bribery in the tendering process
• Follow the right procurement procedures (no single sourcing)
o Avoid conflict of interest among the project committee members
Ensure proper use of the project funds

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• Avoid purchasing oflow quality materials

• Provide standard services ·
• Avoid nepotism I tribalism .in recruitment of workers for efficient
work

(c) Explain four measures that the Government of Kenya

would put in place to ensure that ECDE realized globalization
in Kenya (8 mks)
• Mobilization of communities through the pre-school to improve the
care, health, nutrition and education of young children
• Assessment of pre-school teachers
• Training of pre-school teachers and other personnel
• Participation in evaluation of pre-school programs
• CollaboratewithNGO's/health
• Inspection of district pre-school programs

3. (a) Give three reasons for including the following details of

respondents when designing a questionnaire for research in
ECDE
(i) Gender (3mks)
(ii) Age (3 mks).
NOTE: This is a discussion question

(b) Identify six components of an abstract in research

(6mks)
Note: This is a discussion question

(c) Justify the use of questionnaire method in a research

concerning ECDE in Kenya
• Respondents have enough time to reflect on before answering
questions
• Tend to be more objective since the respondents do not indicate
their names they tend to give honest answers

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• Can reach a large group ofrespondents within a short time

o It is relatively less expensive
• Respondents who are not easily approachable can be reached .
conveniently
• Large samples can be made useful and thus the results can be
made more dependable and reliable
e Easy to analyze the results of a questionnaire
e It is quick to collect information using a questionnaire

(c) Discuss four situations in which a researcher may use a case

study research design (8 mks)
• Person in need of guiding and counseling
o A person in need of medical treatment
• A person who needs rehabilitation
• When you want to find indepth information about an individual or
a group

4. (a) Propose four reasons for sampling when conducting a study

inECDE (4 mks)
• To reduce biases and prejudices :in research
• To be able to apply inferential statistics
• To allow the researcher to be able to generalize the findings of a
larger population
• It is relatively easy to interpret data collected
o It is free from classification error
• To give individuals in the defined population an equal and
independent chance/opportunity to participate in the research

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(b) Examine four ethical considerations that an ECD E teacher

trainee should take into account to avoid plagiarism when
writing a research project (8 mks)
• Use of original work- use of other people's work is allowed
only if the ideas that are borrowed are properly acknowledged
and permission sought for such use
• Use of human beings-the subjects can be misused without their
knowledge
• Confidentiality- knowing certain information without revealing it
to other people because they are not supposed to have it
• Voluntary participation and need for informed consent- this deals
with complete disclosure of all information regarding a research
project
• Permission to interview children - anyone who desires to include
children below the accepted consent age is expected to seek
permission from the government, parents, teachers, doctors,
nurses and guardians

(c) The table below shows data of participants attendance in an

ECDE seminar from various counties in Kenya
Table 1: Participants attendance in an ECDE seminar
PARTICIPANTS
S/No. Countv Male Female
1 A 12 12
2 B 12 13
3 c 18 15
4 D 14 17
5 E 10 14
'
6 F 14 13
7 G 16 14
8 H 18. 14

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(i) Calculate the mean of:

1 male participant (2 mks)

(a) TOTAL(MALE)
12 + 12 + 18 + 14 + 10 + 14 + 16 + 18 = 114

(b) Number= 8 counties

(c) Mean Total 114

(A':erage) Number 8
= 14 male participants

(ii) Female participants (2 mks)

(a) TOTAL (FEMALE),

12 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 14 + 13 + 14 + 14 = 112,

(b)Number 8 counties

(c) Mean Total . = 112

Number 8
14 female participants

(ii) Find the mode of Female participants (2mks)

Mode: -
Is the score that occurs most often in a set of scores
Note: Arrange in order starting from the smallest
12, 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 15, 17
The mode of the female participants is 14

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(b) Examine four ethical considerations that an ECDE teacher

trainee should take into account to avoid plagiarism when
writing a research project (8 mks)
• Use of original work- use of other people's work is allowed
only if the ideas that are borrowed are properly acknowledged
and permission sought for such use
• Use of human beings-the subjects can be misused without their
knowledge
• Confidentiality- knowing certain information without revealing it
to other people because they are not supposed to have it
• Voluntary participation and need for informed consent- this deals
with complete disclosure of all information regarding a research
project
• Permission to interview children - anyone who desires to include
children below the accepted consent age is expected to seek
permission from the government, parents, teachers, doctors,
nurses and guardians

(c) The table below shows data of participants attendance in an

ECDE seminar from various counties in Kenya
Table 1: Participants attendance in an ECDE seminar
PARTICIPANTS
S/No. Countv Male Female
1 A 12 12
2 B 12 13
3 c 18 15
4 D 14 17
5 E 10 14
6 F 14 13
7 G 16 14
8 H 18 14
.•; __ ;=..,;::a::,.~

------- -- ---------

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(i) Calculate the mean of:

1 male participant (2 mks)

(a) TOTAL(MALE)
12 + 12 + 18 + 14 + 10 + 14 + 16 + 18 = 114

(b) Number= 8 counties

(c) Mean Total = 114

(Average) Number 8
= 14 male participants

(ii) Female participants (2 mks)

(a) TOTAL (FEMALE),

12 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 14 + 13 + 14 + 14 = 112

(b)Number 8 counties

(c) Mean . = 112

Number 8
= 14 female participants

(ii) Find the mode of Female participants (2mks)

Mode: -
Is the score that occurs most often in a set of scores
Note: Arrange in order starting from the smallest
12, 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 15, 17
The mode of the female participants is 14

------ --

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(iii) Describe the pattern of the attendance (2 mks)

• Men are more involved in matters relating to ECDE than women
• Men are more involved in their roles with regard to children
e Men have taken a higher role in handling issues related to children
• More men than women are in formal employment hence tied in
theirplaces ofwork

5. (a) State six functions of the Ministry of Education in Kenya (6mks)

• Formulate policies
• Develop curricula for schools and colleges through K.I.C.D.
• Inspects educational I institutions like schools and colleges
• Implement programmes and projects
• Manages the National Examinations through KNEC
• Give out grants to schools
• Co-ordinate with TSC on disciplinary issues relating to teachers
• Gives scholarships to students
• Develops instructional materials, tools and equipments for schools
• Promote teachers through TSC
• In charge of admissions of students in secondary and colleges
• Maintain standards in ECD E

(b) Examine three factors that make lecture an ineffective method

in training ECDE teachers (6 mks)
• No individualized attention I no close relationship between the
trainer and trainees
• Trainees are passive participants
• Difficult to get feedback I assessment of trainees understanding
cannot easily be assessed
• Divided attention among trainees I difficult to maintain classroom
control I classroom management difficulty
• Trainers are monotonous I boring
• Low retention of information i.e. what is learned cannot be easily
remembered

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(c) Discuss 1'.ns n.:ai;o;.s f,n· nrt'\- workplan for an ECDE

:1·'.ni; ~1

centre (8 mks)
• Serialize activities according to their priorities
• Identify activities to be done within the specified period
• Set specific I measurable I achievement I realistic I time bound
objectives to be achieved
• Set a time frame within which the activities should be accomplished
• Budget/ make financial estimation forth activities
• Identify the source of funds to finance the activities
• Allocate responsibilities I duties to the relevant officers I personnel
with relevant skills I expertise.
• Set performance targets to be achieved
• Stipulate performance indicators for evaluation I identify clear
performance targets to be achieved

6. (a) Suggest four ways in which a headteacher can manage

financial challenges in an ECDE centre (4 mks)
• Planning and budgeting with the available funds ·
• Audit centre accounts for decision making
• Observe contra l of expenditure by examining how funds have
been used
• Build trust among stakeholders for support
• Being transparent and accountable

(b) Outline the procedure a headteacher should use in the

procurement of instructional materials for an EC:OE centre
(8 mks)
• Quotation of tender should be designated
o Quotation of the tender should be specified
e Quotation of tender should ?e
carried out by authorized personnel
i, Procurement requirements should be described in tender documents
l'I Tender documents should be kept in a lockable box

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• The tender box should be opened by an opening team/ committee

which should comprise of at least two people
• A tender summary of those tendering and their quotation should be
done assoori as tenders are opened
• To avoid alterations tenders should be assessed in accordance
with the pre-determined criteria
• All unsuccessful bidders should be made public by tender committee
for transparency

(c) Discuss four areas that a trainer should consider when li§Rag
observation technique to assess ECDE trainees during
teaching practice (8 mks)
• Use of people who have knowledge of the investigator's hypothesis
• Training of more research assistants to save time
• Ask individuals/care givers/teachers/parents who are part of the
children's natural environment to assist in the observation
• Avoid seasons I periods of the year which are not favourable for
the observation
• Making prior visits
• Improvement on the interpretation of the results obtained.

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& RESEARCH
Test Paper 2 1-----
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. }O)te~·~ ..hours
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1. (a) Outline six ways in which research is important (6mks)

• Gives knowledge and new facts concerning children and their
behaviour
• It assists in making correct interpretation and predicting the behaviour
of children
e It improves parenting attitude and child rearing practices
• It improves the planning of teaching and learning programmes
e It determines whether a given teaching method is appropriate for a
given category of children
e It ascertains the success of a given teaching and learning programme
• It improves and teaching and learning materials
• It can be used to determine appropriate aims and goals
& It can also be used to determine the structure of the education sys-
tem or programmes, subjects to be taught at various levels and cur-
ricular

(b) (i) Describe the following categories of research

(i) Longitudinal research (2 mks)
o This research involves following the same subjects, group of

subjects or an institution over a relatively long period of time

(ii) Cross-section research (2 mks)

• It consist ofinvestigation conducted to discover common factors
among particular levels of subjects e.g. it can study a group of
children of the same age to determine such common factors
among them

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( c) Discuss five benefits of using focus group discussions in

conducting research in Early childhood Development and
Education (ECDE) (10 mks)
• It is cost effective 1 cheap for eliciting responses I views/ opinions
• It allows in depth discussion from the participants which provide
detailed information required
• Facilitates deeper insights as a researcher is able to provide
understanding/further information/more finding, investigation
• Allows ECDE stakeholders to build on each others responses I
relationships
• Enables the researcher to collect information/data from the children
I other key stakeholders with low levels ofliteracy I collecting verbal
information.

2. (a) (i) Define the term research proposal (2 mks)

• A research proposal is a brief I plan/ intent/ blue print I guideline
that is meant to guide a research study I scientific investigation

(ii) Suggest five reasons that makes it necessary for an ECDB.:

teacher trainee to develop a research proposal
• Gives a brief overview of the study
• Clarifies the need for the study I reasons I rationale I justification of
the study
• Points out challenges I gaps that prompt the study I investigations
• Indicates opportunities for further research
• Demonstrates the researcher's view of the research problem
• Helps to convince the reader that the problem exists
• Highlights the need for solutions to be sought
• Show that the researcher is familiar with the area of study
• Provides foundations of the research

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(b) Identify sive reasons for discouraging plagiarism in research

among ECDE teacher trainees (Smks)
• Erodes the integrity of the victim I researcher
• Does not bring in new knowledge
• The author is not acknowledged
• Leads to serious professional consequences
• Results in false presentation of research methodology and results
• The researcher fakes data
• It kills creativity/originality
• It infiinges on intellectual property rights
• Encourage laziness
• Provides no solution

( c) Outline eight limitations that an ECDE teacher trainee is likely

to experience when using interview schedule to collect data
in research (8 mks)
• Lack of permission to interview children
• Communication barrier
• Some may not give the relevant information
• Risk to human participants
• Fear that the information given in confidence may be leaked
• Lack of awareness on the purpose of the interview
• The cost involved during the interview
• Poor road infrastructure and bad weather conditions
• Lack of orderliness in carrying out the research

3. (a) Define the following terms

(i) Empowerment (2 mks)
• Empowerment is a process of enabling /authorizing an individual I
organization to be able to control their life I situation/ work in
autonomous ways

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• Empowerment also refers to enabling I a person I organization to

control I work and make decisions in autonomous ways

(ii) Community development (2 mks)

• This is a process involving community participation in critically-
identifying and analyzing peoples needs and problems.
• Prioritizing them, settinggoals and making decisions on sustainable
use ofavailable resources to improve the quality of their lives

(b) Discuss five ways in which a leader would promote internal

relations among members of a community (10 mks)
• Integrity
• Accountability
• Holding meetings frequently to air grievances I solve internal
problems
• Ensure gender parity at all levels is maintained
• . Ensuring peaceful co-existence among members ·
• Advocating for activities that support and favour rights and
protection of all
• · Be sensitive and an effective team player

(c) Explain three factors that the community should put into
consideration in the preparation of teaching materials for
pre-schoolchildren (6 mks)
• Relevance - materials must be selected on the basis of their ability
to facilitate the successful realization oflesson objectives
• Cost effectiveness =materials should not be expensive as this does
not necessarily imply that children will equally gain more from them
• Appearance - Iearningmaterials are supposed to be appealing to
the interests and needs of the children
• Availability-easily available materials are highly recommended as
opposed to scarce ones. It is easy to make repair or replace mate-
rials as the need arises

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4. (a) Ide}'i'.',.y fh ,. ···-- ·,., · ' .·': ·: :· r·v\nwn; engagement in

economic activ iti"s to <·H!d • >:~>ring (5 mks)
• They will be aoie to provid.: children with basic needs
• They are able to take their pre-school children to school at the right
time
• They will be able to pay their children's fees
• They are able to provide learning materials
• They will be able to hire caregivers to take care of their children

(b) Propose five ways in which communities would be involved

in enhancing security in Kenya (5mks)
• Participating in the 'Nyumba Kumi' initiative
• Participating in community policing
• Reporting criminal individuals to state security agencies
e Being involved in the local chief security committees
e Arresting law breakers and handing them to the police
o Educating other community members on the importance of
maintaining law and order

( c) Examine five factors that may hinder effective communication

during community mobilization (5 mks)
• In some communities elderly people are listened to more than young
people
e Instances where people listen only to well off individuals
• Themessagemaynothave been well thought making it irrelevant
• The teacher may use a language which is not to the level of the audience
• Incase the teacher withholds useful information from the audience
a The audience may not be willing to receive the information
• The teacher may present the message or information poorly
• The teacher can portray lack of confidence and self esteem
• Some communities are prejudiced against women
• The teacher may use examples that are unfamiliar to the audience
• The channel of communication may have problems
o Unacceptable mode of dressing

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5. (a) Explain the term planning (2 mks)

• The term planning is a basic management function and involves
purposefully preparation and optimal use of available resources t.
achieve the set objectives through monitoring and valuation oftho
process or
• Planning refers to the process of setting goals/developing strategies/
outlining tasks/developing schedules to accomplish the set objectives
• Planning refers to a process of organizing activities within a given
time frame for particular purpose I set objectives I goals

(b) Discuss five factors that a headteacher should consider when

planning for co-curriculum activities for pre-school children
(10 mks)
• Call the staff meeting to select co-curricular activities
• Specify the place where each co-curricular activity will take place
• Appoint teachers to be incharge of the activities on the basis of
interest and qualification
• The teacher in charge should guide the children as they do activities

(c) Explain four factors for maintaining receipt books in an

ECDE centre (8 mks)
• Facilitate auditing ofECDE accounts
• Helps in planning for present and future I control expenditure on
how ECDE funds are used
• Acts as a guide in decision making
• It provides financial status of an ECDE centre
• Act as a record of all transactions in an ECDE centre
• Ensures transparency of all funds collected in the centre
• Gives accountability of all finances collected
• Controls expenditure on how ECDE funds are used

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6. (a) Give fivere. ,,:::L;[; L;.· :,L_.;~,i.··, ;_;f.u,, or curriculum implementation

in ECDE ;r-,,2i{:.:,;L .. ,h.:tL,:~~ (5 mks)
• Identify and meet children's holistic needs in order to develop them
to their maximum potential
• Gearing the curriculum towards set goals and objectives
• Gives support I motivation I guidance I assistance to children I staff I
teachers parents/ community I stakeholders
• Identifies I suggests solutions to needs of children I parents I
community I caregivers
• To ascertain/ check how far the objectives have been achieved
o Upholds basic standards I quality in ECDE centres
• Enhances efficiency I instructional effectiveness for the smooth
running of the centre
• Offers guidance on sufficient/ adequate utilization ofresources
to minimize wastage
(b) Outline five roles of the support staff in the management of
an ECDE centre (5 mks)
• Help in preparation of meals, serving and cleaning
• Watchman guards the school
• Secretaries keep records in the office
• Handle emergency in the centre
• Cleaning of classrooms and the compound
• Office messengers bring and take information
( c) Examine five ways in which KNEC certification is important
to an ECDE teacher trainee (10 mks)
• It can be used for getting employment
• It ascertains the competition of the ECDE course
• It can allow the holder to proceed to a higher training level
• It gives a sense of confidence to the holder when undertaking his I
her duties
• It can improve remuneration /salary of the holder

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MANAGEMENT OF EARLY CHILDHOOD

DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
& RESEARCH...----- .
I Test Paper 3 Time; 3
~
hours I - -.: '

1. (a)(i) Define term research proposal (2 mks)

~ The term research proposal is brief/ intent/plan I blue print/
guideline that is meant to guide a research study/scientific
investigation

(ii) Give six reason that make the background to study

· an important component in Early Childhood
Development and Education (ECDE) research proposal
(6 mks)
• Gives a brief overview of the study
• Clarifies the need for the study/reason/rationale/
justification/significance of the study
• Points out challenges/ gaps that prompt the study /investigation
• Indicates opportunities for further research
• Demonstrates the researcher's view of the reasearch propblem
• Helps to convince the reader that the problem exists
• Highlights the need for solutions to be sought
• Show that the researcher is familiar with the area of study
• Provides foundation of the research

(b) Examine three charcteristics of each of the following

catergories ·
(i)Applied reaserch (4 mks)
• Is a scientific study that seeks to solve immediate/technical/
social business problems
• Is geared to solving practical problems/actions oriented

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O
b oriented _(1 'D-·; :(ic _µrchkm not done for its own sake
• The finding '.!' e us,:d tu, .Ilcr solutions to cveryday's problems
e.g cure illness and develop innovative technologies

(ii) Basic research

• Is pure research that claims at gathering information used for
making generalizations/ theories
• Aims at making certain conclusion facing a concrete
problem
• Usually directed towards finding information that has a broad
base of application thus adds value to already existing body of
knowledge
• It attempts to describe the status of things
• It does not provide results for immediate practical use

(c) Identify six demerits of using voluntary sampling methods

in data collection for an ECDE research
• Highly unrepresentative
• The reasrcher has no control over the sample
• The margin of error will be high
• Subjects the study to distortion ofinformation
• Likely to have bias due to self selection
• Lacks credibility making it difficult/impossible to apply findings
• The results of the sample cannot be generalized over a wide
population
• Complexities in analyzing the diverse opinions

2. (a) Define the term planing as used in the management of

ECDE programmes (2 mks)
• The term planning is a basic management function and
involves purposefull preparation and optimal use of avalable
resources to achieve the set objectives through monitoring
and valuation of the process.

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(b) Justify the need for ECDE management in planing icv

co- curricular activities (6 mks)
• Helps the management to come up with priority areas that need
to be addressed in the co- curricular activities
• Enables the school to manage co - curricular activities
effectively and efficiently
• Builds team spirit amongst stakeholders to achieve common
goals
• Allows orderliness/ systematic approach to matters to avcic last
minute rush
• Ensure optimal utilization of available resource/proper tiL:~
management
• Helps the managers to focus on the set objectives
• Enhance staff development in area ofco -curricular activities
• Enables management to acquire and avail resource in time/helps
to provide for future needs

(c) Outline six role of each of the following stakeholders

in the management of ECDE centres in Kenya:

(i) Teachers
• Play an important role in stimulation and learning precess ,..:'.'a
child/ holistic development
• Substitutes the mother's role by providing love care that
enables a child to develop trust
• Carry out consist assessment of children's achievement :~nd
provide feedback to the parents
• Liaises with health personnel to provide services such a
deworming immunization
• Take care ofrecreation by facilitating varied activities Lb:t ,,Low
children to relax and enjoy
• Prepares and mantain administrative and professional
documents
• Provides adequate learning materials

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• Holds discussions with parent to enable them understsnd their

children
• Initiates the feeding programme
• Identifies children with special needs in education and align
them with the existing services

(ii) Directorate of Basic Education (DBE)

• Register the ECDE centres
• Organizes for workshops/seminars for capacity building/
training teachers
• Sentitizes ECDE stakeholders on varied programmes
• Coordinates ECDE programmes through DICECE
• Overseas ECDE programmes such as feeding and other
health programmes
• Supports ecde projects through provision of funds as
community support grant (CSG)
• Liaises with the Directorate of quality assurance and
standards (DQAS) to assess/check on the implementation of
ECDE curriculum

3. (a) Define the term community (2 mks)

• The term community refers to a social group of people residing
in a specified area sharing common resources, services,
interest, aspirations, bond of solidarity and a vision of
preffered common future

(b) Identify five ways in which insecurity due to war may

negatively affect each of the following in the development
of ECDE programmess in community:
(i)Education (5 mks)
• Clossure ofECDE centres
• Displacement of teachers/children
• Decreased dropout rates/absenteeism
O
T aw academic achievement

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• Poor syllabus coverage

• Fear/trauma/anxiety.

(ii) Nutrition (S
• Inadequate supply of food
• Inaccessibility to the supply areas of food
• Leads to malnutrition/ starvation/deficiency diseases
• Frequent ailments/ increase in opportunistic disease
• High mortalty rate
• Deficiency of food may lead to mental retardation
• Malnutrition may result to stunted growth.

(iii) Propose eight measuress taken by the Governrneu;

of Kenya (GOK) to protect her citizen in time ;:~f wt:
in the country.
• Use of screening method using gadgets that detect any security
threat/CCTV
• Intitiating/encouraging community policing to empower the
members to get actively involved in security matters
• Increase budgetary allocation for security department
• Creating awareness/ security alartness through commuuication
channels/social media.
• Deploying security troops on the borders to protect the
boundary
• Procurement of war equipments in order to keep abreast -; •. ·
modem technology
• Soliciting for support from other well wishers/international
community
• Strengtheningintelligence se1vices/~apacity building
• Adherence to international charter for peaceful coexistenc-
• Fighting corruption which weakens security system

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4. (a) Exrh::·: ".:<.' :i;,-,,1,:,.;, C Li" '''r-r:i ilnancial management

(2 mks)
• Financial rnnnagemenr refers to the control/managing/overseeing
matters concerning funds

(b) Identify eight challenges that an administration may

experiences in management of finances in ECDE centre
(8 mks)
• Sourcing for eduquate funds to support numberof activities at
the center
• Collection oflevies which is irregular from parents/guardians
• Record keeping/maintence of financial books/filing/lack of
financial accountaing books
• Budgeting to cater for varied needs aganist limited resources
• Initiating and sustaining a feeding programme
• Hiring services of qualified teachers and competent accountants/
lack of accountaing skills
• Procurement of adequate and appropriate teaching/
learning resources/play materials/equipement
• Accounting for resource used at the centre/bank charges on
the account/ balancing books of accounting
• Coping with ever increasing cost of various items required at
the centre/ inflation
• Safe custody of cash/financial insecurity
• Bureaucratic process/security signatories when in need of funds
• Initiating finacial control systems/ and its systems.

(c) Describe five types of financial records maintained in an

ECDE centre. (10 mks)
Cash book
• Is a record book that shows cash recieved and cash spent
Receipt book
• A type ofbooklet printed in duplicate written using carbon
papers to show that cash has been recieved for goods
delivered/services rendered.

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Cheque book
• Written order by an account holder such as a school/indivic': :a!
asking the bank to pay a given sum of money on its face tc 1:
named person/firm/institution/bearer.
Inventory book
• A book where the movement of equipment is recorded upon
issuance for use/return after use
Bank books
• Documents that show financial transactions between persons/
instituitions and the bank/indicates opening amount and the cur.: ",_
amount
Payment voucher
• Booklet that indicate money paid for goods ordered or servi e:c,;
rendered to the school/person

5. (a) Identify five reasons that make verbal communlcatior; '."_

effetive mode to be used in community capacity bulidicg
meeting in ECDE programmes {5 mfr.Jc
• Gives the audince an opportunity to seek clarification/ask
questions and get immediate feedback
• Saves time /cost effective/can reach out to many people at 01~:::c
• Allows use of the modes of communication such as body
movement/non verbal /signs
• Generates quick responses allowing room for direct face to f:\:>:
interaction
• Facilitates faster understanding, most accurate interpretataion
massage
• Enhance personal/physical interaction between the facilitator and the
audience
• The physical appearance/dressing/use of gestures motivates 1
isteners making them to develop a positive attitude

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(b) Civc ilv» :,d-·. ~'LI:i~~c:~ o:· i'l:.::,::I.d!Ly as a quality of good

conuaunity n~,,hiH·t:c (S mks)
• Allows frc.: '._:(u,;uhnion
• Gives room for expression of diverse ideas/opinion from other
members
• Strengths ownership of programmes
• Motivates members who feel they are valuecl/appriciate to be
part and parcel oftbe idea.
• Allows members to participate without fear of being ridiculed/
intimidation
• Allows people to exercise their democratic right/freedom of
speech/righ to expression

(c) Explain five ways in which the community would be

moblized on in order to promote the health of children
between O - 18 years (10 mks)
• Encourage mothers to breats feed infants for atleast two years
in order to boost their immunity
• Sentitization/creationof awareness of the value of proper
nutrition to prevent malutrition/opportunistic disease
• Health officers to educate the members about immunization/
available medical services to reduce mortality
• Expectant mother to attend antenatal clinics to advised on
feeding/ maternal care.
• Use social media/communication channels puplic baraza
to educate the public to conserve environment through clearing
bushes/tallgrass/drainingstagnant water that attractsmosquitoes
which pose health risk.
• Encourage the community to intiate income generating
activities at individual/family /community level to enable them
purchase altenative foods that are rich in proteins
• Provision of clean and safe water to avoid waterborne
disease/promote high standards of sanitation and personal
grooming and hygiene.

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6. (a) Identify six guidelines to consider when contructing

questionnaire items to collect data for research in ECDE
(6 mks)
• Formulation of objectives that will be addressed by research
• Determine/select methods/tools for analyzing each question
• Phrasing questions/ wording sentence using clear/simple
language that will allow the respondents to understand with
ease.
• Avoid ambiguity/use ofleading questions
• All courteous language/avoid use of emotion evoking questions
• Questions should start from simple ad move into a sequence of
complexity
• Avoid double barreled items that are likely to attract two
different answers at once.

(b) Outline five basic rules to consider when constructing

a histogram used in data presentation. (5 mks)
• There must be a series of bars whose heights represent the
number of subjects obtained a particular score.
• Scores must be on horizontal axis
• Exact limits must be used/specific whole numbers
• There must be no space/gaps between bars
• The histogram must have a clear title
• The axises must be clearly labeled
• Frequency must be plotted on vertical /Y-axis
• Horizontal axis has a scale similar to any other graph in that
each interval represents the same number of units

(c) The distribution of scores from a language test

ad ministered to seventy (70) ECDE teacher trainees
were as follows
90 - 100 1
80 - 90 3
70 - 80 6
60 -70 10
50 - 60 14

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40 -~0
30 - 40 I'

20 - 30 ---
4.
10 - 20 ---- 2

(i) Prepare a frequency distibution table using the data in

(6c) above (6 mks)
Score Limit Exact Limit Freauencv
90 - 100 89.5 - 100.5 l
80 - 90 79.5 - 90. 5 3
70 -80 69. 5 - 80. 5 6
60 -70 59. 5 - 70. 5 10
50 - 60 49. 5 - 60. 5 14
40 - 50 39. 5 - 50. 5 18
30 - 40 29. 5 - 40 .5 12
20.30 19. 5 - 30. 5 4
10.20 9. 5 - 20. 5 2
N=70
Draw a histogram using the distribution of scores from a
language test administered to seventy (70) ECDE teacher
traineess given in (6c) above (3 mks)

Frequency

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Score

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MANAGEMENT OF EARLY CHILDHOOD

DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION.
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
& RESEARCH~~~

~=====-------~;;.._~~~~~~
,~015 1!
I Test Paper 4 U
1. (a) Identify four benefits of developing a policy in Early
Childhood Development and Education (ECDE). (4 ml.s)
• Fills gaps in the service delivery by harmonizing all sectors for
infants and children
• Strengthens other sectors by providing standard/guidelines
concerning children's services/health and nutrition/sanitation/water
• Provides framework for reference for sector that involved.in
handling children's services
• controls co-ordination and utilization of resources.
• Provides adequate data for children for different purposes.
• Offers guidelines for ensuring provision of quality services in
education.
• Offers information for continued improvement/deficiency/
effectiveness

(b) Discuss five advantages of action research to an ECDE

teacher. (10 mlirn)
• To explore and test new ideas/methods/materials
• To assess how effective the new approaches are to make
decisions about new approaches.
• To focus on researchers own teaching practices in order to
intervene if the teaching practices have challenges
• Provide a practical/concrete solutions to problems to hence a
smooth transition in pre-school.
• It is non- threatening and easily explained and understood by the
children in the class

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It is relc.
:1!!· .. .; it:o, ;::,(,.: ..:-,s :;,._, u.: ique environment that results

from the co.nbinauon ofthe teacher 's unique characteristics and

those of children in her/his class.
& To reflect the teaching to help to seek for more knowledge to
improve on the skills and strategies ofhow to do better.

(c) Describe three possible results of a correlational study.

(6 mks)
e Positive correlation - both variables increase at the same time/
positive co-efficiency close+ 1.00 will show close relationship.
o Negative correlation- as the amount of one variable increase,
the other decreases and vice versa/a correlation co-efficiency of-
1.00 indicates no relationship.
e No or zero correlation show no relation between two variables.

2. (a) Identify six factors to consider when using secondary data

in research. (6 mks)
e Suitability when sample is too small there may be an error in
operationalization.
o Reliability/consistencyauthenticity in which an instrument/test/tool
may yield the same results repeatedly.
e Validity- the degree to which a method measures what is suppose
to measure
e Data analysis procedure/appropriate methods used.
e Sample size- too small will not be generalized to a large population
• Credibility/reputationof the source of information.

(b) Discuss three reasons that make simple random sampling

an appropriate sampling method in research, (6 mks)
o Population size-population is small, hence appropriate
e Everyone has an equal opportunity to participate
o Provides an equal chance for being selected
& Representation - the results obtained can be used to large
population
tt Generalization-it allows inferential conclusion

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( c) Give eight reasons that would make an organization monitor

ECDE programmes in Kenya. (8 mks)
• Used as a management tool
• Used to enhance accountability and transparency
• To make adjustment for change based on given information
• Provides an opportunity to identify the strength and weakness of
the ECDE program.
• To assess whether activities are planned and directed- towards
program/objectives/ goal/vision /mission.
• Motivates staff to work as planned
• Results of monitoring can be used for decision - making
• For verifying that materials, time and man -power are utilized
effectively.
• To review progress against set goals and objectives.

3. (a) Define the term networking. (2 mks)

• Networking refers to people working together utilizing common
resources for common goal

(b) Propose eight ways through which networking can be used

to enhance community development. (8 mks)
• Gives idea and information hence enriching partner's strategies
• Provides access to knowledge/skills/experiences
• Gain support for projects
• It enables partners to avoid duplication in delivery of service to
vulnerable groups thus allowing effective utilization, human and
other resources for various interventions.
• It enhances feelings of ownership among different stakeholders
involved in implementation of programmes as they all take part.
• The programme is more successful and different or specific
complimentary skills and expertise can be harmonized.
• Carrying out joint ventures which could be overwhelming/
challenging if left to one individual organization/teamwork.

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• Helps to create cross- boarders awareness of common problems

• Provide the much needed masses/groups of people to influence
policies locally, nationally, regionally and internationally.

( c) Discuss five challenges on child rearing practices in the

slum settlements in Kenya. (10 mks)
• Absentee parents -deprives the child of quality time, love ad
affection/child heading/single parenting
• Erosion of cultural values/ exposure to diverse cultures/norms/
values which may lead to conflict /confusion and frustration
• Poor hygiene conditions /lack of sewage system/sanitation which
exposes children to poor health.
• Overcrowding/congestion which exposes children to emotional
frustration/inadequate space for play/becomes a health hazard
• Ignorance/poverty/lack ofbasic needs leads to child labour/
commercial sex
• Cheap local brews -result to poor socialization/exposes children
to bad role models and school dropout/drug and substance abuse.
• Idleness /hostility influences the children negatively in their
personality development.
• Security and safety for the children which results in low self-
esteem

4. (a) Outline four ways through which an ECDE teacher would

ensure that parents are attentive during a capacity and
mobilization meeting. (4 mks)
• Capturing the audience interest in relation to their need
• Observing grooming and personal hygiene/dress appropriately
• Maintaining eye contract all time
• Use of clearer voice/variation of tone/appropriate language
• Being punctual and managing time during the presentation
• Remaining focused on the subject matter during the presentation.

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• Creating a conducive working environment/safe, secure staff room

and working environment/provision of adequate learning teaching
materials;
• Reinforcement/reward-recognize efforts made by individuals
consistently;
• Remuneration-spell out terms and conditions of service/pay
salaries on time;'
• Interpersonal relationships-treat employees with respect and
fairness/cany self with integrity/be a leader.

6. (a) Identify five challenges that an :ECDE manager may

encounter in promoting discipline among the pre-schooi
children. (5 :.~::::s)
• Societal influence/ignorance/attitude;
• Absenteeism;
• Lack of support from the community;
• Poor role models children may imitate;
• Insecurity where by an ECDE centre is not fenced

(b) Propose five measures to be taken by an ECDE manager to

protect children from sexual harassment. ('.'.'. :::::rn)
• Encourage children to report cases of sexual harassment
• Protect the children who have reported cases of sexual
harassment
• Employstaffwithintegrity;
• Investigate all allegations ofharassment
• Formulate sexual harassment policy-give a copy to each member
of staff to read and sign;
• Adopt a zero tolerance policy to prevent sexual harassment
occurrences
• Train teachers to understand sexual harassment and how to
protect children;

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( c) Exa.i.i.., '. ':.:: r

Education (OIC~~L 0·:) :., '-::c;· ;;: 1;_:coE progamme.
•

.. Training ofthe pre-school ,-.<d,,~1:; and other personnel at the

District levels;
• Supervision of district pre-school programs;
• Inspection of district pre-school program
• Assessment of pre-school teachers
• Mobilization of communities though the pre-school to improve the
care, health, nutrition and education of young children;
• Development of a localized curriculu m;
o Participation in th_e evaluation of pre-school programs;
e Collabor~te/networking with NGO 's/Health;
• Canying out ofbasic research on the status of pre-school age
children in and out of school;
• Organize for short courses for ECDE teachers.

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MANAGEMENT OF EARLY CHILDHOOD

DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION,
COMMUNI_TY DEVELOPMENT
& RESEARCH .
I I Test Paper 5 !itff,~
1. (a) Explain the concept of achievement tests. (2 mks)
• It is an evaluation method that intends to measure the developed
knowledge/skillsat a given level through planned instruction such
as classroom instruction/training.

(b) Discuss five benefits of achievement tests in Early

Childhood Development and Education (ECDE). (IO mks)
• Determines how much the learner has understood the objectives/
content/lesson.
• Enhance learner's motivation by serving as indicators to enhence
progress that may have been made.
• Helps the learner to confirm learner's weakness/strengths hence
promotes autonomy in their learning experiences.
• Establishes learner's progress so as to determine the value added
progress.
• Assist the teachers in evaluating their effectiveness of the teaching
approaches used.
• Evaluate the curriculum's validity/worthiness/relevancethat may
necessitate a review
• Are used in selection of learners for placement to the next level,
• Used for comparing learner's performance within the class or
across the level with other learners/facilitates ranking.
• Helps in making prediction/judgment on learner's performance
that guides on way forward/remedial.
• Provides immediate feedback au learner's progress ~,~-

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(c) Justify the use of qucstiounaire method in a research

concerning ECDE in Kenya. (8 mks)
• Respondents have enough time to reflect on before answering
questions.
• Tend to be more objective since the respondents do not indicate
their names they tend to give honest answers.
• Can reach a large group ofrespondents within a short time.
• It is relatively less expensive.
• Respondents who are not easily approachable can be reached
conveniently.
• Large samples can be made use and thus the results can be made
more dependable and reliable.
• Easy to analyze the results of a questionnaire.
• It is quick to collect information using a questionnaire.

2. (a) Examine six considerations necessary in developing a

statement of the problem in an. ECDE research proposal.
(6 mks)
• Undertaking a preliminary survey/pilot study to be able to identify
the problem.
• Identifying the gap to be addressed.
• Enables the researcher remains focused.
• Restricts the area under study/scope.
• Assists in formation of the research design.
• A clear rationale for the hypothesis explains the issues at hand.
• Ensure the viability/research ability of the study.
• Phrasings of the problem for clarify.
• Highlights the possible contribution of the study towards the
improvement of the education process.

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(b) The table below shows the enrolment ofECDE teacher

trainees in. various ECDE training institutions.
Table 1: Enrolment of ECDE teacher trainees.
INSTITUTION C,ERTIFICATE DIPLOMA ·-
MALE FEMALE MALE FEJ\'lALE
A 50 78 22 40 __[
B 40 32 56 58 I
c 38 73 50 52 ]
D 38 36 50 60 I

E
F
G
38
32
36
38
44
50
40
50
22
40
50
38
J
H 36 50 40 50 j
(i) Calculate the mean of the female teacher trainees in
certificate level and diploma level respectively (4 mks)
• Mean - Certificate - Female trainees
x == LX
N
78 + 32 + 73 + 36 + 38 + 44 + 50 + 50 == 401
8 8
== 50.125
50

• Mean-Diploma female trainees

X == }:x
N
40 + 58 + 52 + 60 + 40 + 50 + 38 + 50 = 388
8 8

= 48.5

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(ii) Give the range of male- teacher trainees in certificate level

and the range offema le teacher trainees in diploma level
(4 mks)
• Range = Male trainees - Certificate Highest - Lowest
50 - 32 = 18
• Range Female trainees - Diploma Highest - Lowest
60 - 38 = 22

(iii) Justify the enrolment data of the ECDE training institutions

as indicated in Table 1 above. (6 mks)
• More female at the certificate levels than males.
This is due to the fact that females are more inclined to child
development issues than males.
e The number of males increases at Diploma level due to awareness/
the need for self development/self actualization esteem/promotion.
c The enrolment of the certificate teacher trainees compared to
Diploma reveals a notable increase as a result of ministerial
policies on employment/main streaming ofECDE to primary cycle
and vision 2030.
• More females in training attributed to their attitude such as friendly/
receptive/nurturing/caring/patient which is more acceptable for the
opportunity as a professional in children's career.
• The minimum requirement for tbe ECD E course is more
accommodative hence attracts the female trainees.

3. (a) Define the term planning. (2 mks)

~ Planning refers to the process ofsetting goals/developing
strategies/outlining tasks/developing schedules.to accomplish the
set objectives.
or
• Planning refers to a process of organizing activities within a given
time frame for a particular purpose set objectives/goals .

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(b) Examine eight factors that may contribute to withdrawal of

donor funding of E.CDE centre in Kenya. (8 mks)
• Lack of transparency and accountability in management of the
funds.
• Impunity in the management of the program activities.
• Inadequate qualified human resource.
• Lack of/weakmonitoring and evaluation structures.
• Misappropriation of funds.
• Lack of/weak control mechanism/management structures.
• Lack of the political will/the existing government may not support
the program.
• Lack of ability to sustain the program/no strnctures put inplace to
ensure continuity of the program.
• Failure to adhere to the memorandum of understanding.
• Poor workmanship/lack of refined/skilled products.

· (c) Discuss five challenges that a District Centre for Early

Childhood Education (DICECE) trainer may encounter in.
using assignments to assess ECDE trainees. (10 mks)
• Limited resources - Trainees may not access adequate
information/reference materials.
• Limited time-.Inadequate time therefore unable to accomplish
targeted tasks during the in service.
• Plagiarism/copying 'other trainee's work-which affects
reliabilityand validity.
• Hallo effect - Biasness/subjectivity in marking.
• Misplaced assignments - That may result to missing scores.
• Record keeping - Maintenance of record over a long period/
retrieval of the records.
• Construction of poor instruments/task- Which affects validly
and reliability of assignments. .
• Failure to meet deadlines - Trainees may delay in handling
assignments which affects marking.

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4. (a) Justify the me nf particinaror, a;iproad1 in training the

ECDE teachers at the certificate level in Kenya. (6 mks)
• It offers an opportunity for trainees to put theory into practice.
• Facilitates mastery of content and acquisition of skills.
• Promotes teamwork through practical work.
• lt incorporates various teaching methods/tools.
• It is a multi - sensory approach that arouses interest/sustains
attention.
• Enhances creativity/imagination/freedom of expression,
• Gives learners an opportunity to think through expression.
• Develops leadership skills/responsibility/qualities.

(b) Identify Seven functions of the Kenya Education Staff

Institute (KESI) currently known as the Kenya Education
Management Institute (KEMI) (7 mks)
• Undertake resource generative in a cost effective manner to build
self sufficiency.
• Generally promote and carry out the work of management
institutions.
• Provide a fomm for effective collaboration between the public,
private and interested parties for capacity building in the education
sector.
• Undertakes research In relation to training needs assessment,
quality assurance process, training impact assessment policy,
management and emerging issues for the purpose of designing
appropriate management and ensuring the integrity of these
programs.
• Produce, maintain and dissemiriate documentation information
services and equipment relating lo administrative management,
technical and educational reform issues.

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• Serve as a management advisory, consultancy ano resource centre

for personnel involved in educational work.
• Provide training programs, seminars and workshop and pm duce
publications aimed at promoting rnanageria l competency and
integrity in the education sector, wh i le utilizing diverse learning
methods including open and distance learning approach.
• Provide directly or in collaboration with other i,, ·'i-,;_1tions, 0 ·
leam:ing, management training, reser=ch and consultancy se ·/ ·: ::;
in the education sector on a conu..ercial basis to the public :-.rel
private sector and to any other person; local. or .oreign who r. ·:,,:
request for such services from it.

(c) Examine Seven challenges in usbh lL,u;·nudon

Communication Technology (IC'I; in fo<2 management ,:;f
ECDE centres in Kenya.
• Lack of technical support.
• Most ECDE teachers lack literacy skills in computer.
• Lack of/inadequate desktop/computer.
• Outdated computer/dumped/baggage hard wares that hardly add
value to the teaching I learning process.
• The cost of maintaining the required continuous rpgrading cf
teachers in the ICT.
• The high cost of procuring adequate computers.
• Lack of/minimal support to facilitate networking and collzboration
between the relevant ministries.
• Failure to incorporate ICT to the ECDE cu.riculurn/inappropriate
teaching approaches.

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5. (a) Define the following terms in relation to community

development:
(i) Community mobilization;
• Refers to the process of pulling resources together for a common
purpose/ goal.
(ii) Advocacy.
• Refers to a process of pleading or arguing on behalf of. self/
another person I client/group with an aim ofinfluencing public
policy/resource allocation decisions within political/economic and
social institutions.

(b) Explain five benefits that would make the chairperson of a

Community Based Organization (CBO) to delegate
responsibilities in the management of the ECDE project.
(10 mks)
• It is a way of making work effective and efficient.
• It allows sharing of decision making and thus avoiding delay.
• Allows fast decision making and duties allocated.
• There is room for members to grow professionally/mentoring.
• It dilutes indispensability making it easy for the next person in line
to take over.
• It prepares people to shoulder more responsibilities to enrich their
careers.
• Enables a review on strengths and weakness of those being led.

( c) Propose six ways in which political instability may

negatively affect the development of ECDE programmes in
the community. (6 mks)
• Economic retrogression - Many ECDE activities may suffer/
slow down the process of the development ofECDE
programmes/constructions may stall due to hostile conditions.
• Insecurity - ECDE staff/teachers/workforce are likely to flee
from the affected area/movement may be restricted hence
absenteeism of staff in the ECDE centre.

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• Destruction - ECDE programmes may destroy/households may

lose their shelter and family investments.
• · Social trauma - Parents and children may be affected clue to
unexpected deaths/suffering/torture that results to fear/anxiety/
mistrust and uncertainty.
• Displacement - Some families may be compelled to live as
internally displaced, persons (ID P's) in the camps hence high
drop-out rate at the ECDE centre
• Poor health/diseases - Unhygienic conditions may prevail due to
change of environment/weather/limited medical -services which
may lead to frequent ailments or death.
• Inadequate basis - Limited supply of water/food which would
lead to starvation/malnutrition/death.

6. (a) Explain the concept of empowerment as used in community

development. (2 ml:s)
• Empowerment is a process of enabling/authorizing an individual/
organization to be able to control their own life/situation/work in
autonomous ways.
OR
• Refers to enabling a person/organization to control/work and
make decisions in autonomous ways.

(b) Discuss four elements of communication process that l.T'.:Y

contribute to effective management of ECDE programmes.
(2 U]~(i:)
• Source/Sender/initiator - Community mobilize who shares
ideas/knowledge I skills/experiences concerning ECDE activities in
the community.
• Encoding/Packaging - The leader chooses a suitable/appropriate
language/symbols/signs information that will be transmitted in the
community.
• Message/Information - Involves the already agreed upon
infonnation/ECDE activities by the community.

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.. \ .: '': : :1.· :,,, ·::·: · >·cii !h:ough the message may be

>..,\..,. j_;' :.. ~ •I,

-The community internalizing/understanding the details concerning

the ECDE activities.
o Receiver
- Target/Recipient of the indented message on ECDE planned/
discussed and agreed upon activities.
:, Feedback
- Response elicited by the information enables the community
interpret/use/react on the information.

( c) Describe five strategics used by the coinmunityin carrying

cut civic education in the development ofECDE
programmes. (10 mks)
~- Needs Assessment- to understand the civic education needs of
the target group to get situational analysis.
e Identify the target audience and design the civic education activity
according to the gaps identified and the capacities assessed during
the situational analysis. _
61 This stage involves identifying possibleengagement options and
the level and Formality of the civic education activity.'. .
a Develop civic education modules and materials to fit the.design.or .
use existing ones if available;
e Train civic educators and conduct one or two pilot activities to test
the training process and materials: ·· -~
c Make revisions necessaryandapply the full-scale civic education
activity. . _ . . ._
@ Measure the impacts of civic education activity and ask
participants for feedback to improve experience ..

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MANAGEMENT OF EARLY CHILDH001!)

DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
& RESEARCII ---~
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Test Paper 6 I ·-J
1. (a) Distinguish between aptitude tests and achievement test
(2 mks)
Aptitude tests - Predict an individual's ability to learn a skill
Achievement tests - Measures what a person has learnt/skills that a
person has mastered

(b) (i) Explain the purpose of correlational research (6 mks)

• To determine to what degree relationships exist between two or
more variables.
• To explore discover relationships between variables
• It is a basis for carrying out causal-comparative or experimental
studies to determine if there relationship is causal
• To predict a subject's score on variable given a score on another
variable
• To explain important human behavior
• To identify variables that relate to one another
•. Deductions/conclusions can be made ·

(b) Identify four characteristics of a graph as used in data

presentation (4 mks)
e Characteristics of a graph as used in data presentation
• Horizontal/x -axis
• Vertical/y-axis
9
Scale
• Title

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A zero intersection point

° Key

(c) Identify eight challenges a researcher may experience while

using ethnographic method in early childhood development
and education (ECDE) research (8mks)
It requires a well trained researcher/expert
Quality of data is problematic
Too large data obtained may not be effectively processed
Too little data can lead to false assumption about behavior patterns
It is time consuming
It is expensive to conduct
0
Data collector first impression may bias the results/information
It is not easy to replicate
It may not be possible to generalize findings
Itis unreliable/not scientific

2. (a) Analyze seven advantages of globalization in Kenya (7mks)

0
Enables building of regional economies/societies/cultures
• Promotes interconnectedness to other countries
Leads to expansion/growth of world trade -
Enables interaction between people across borders
People learn new life styles/culture/languages
Output bring best technology/intellectual capita; -
Enhances global information systems/satellite/technologicalsystems
Improves social/economic status
Develops common markets
Increase industrial development leading to improved quality of
products
Encourages competition thus reducing i:nonopoly of trade

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(b) Examine how an ECDE teacher would use experimental

research method in conducting a study in an ECDE centre
• Identify the problem of the study
• Identify the varibles of the study
• Divide the group into two.
• Experimental group receives treatment.
• Not treatment for control group.
• Compare results of the two groups.
• Write a report.

(c) Outline four advantages of using experimental method in

carrying out research.
• Participants are assigned to their groups randomly .
• Other researchers can replicate the experiments later on.
• It allows the researcher to distinguish between cause and effect
relationships.
• Research is able to determine interaction between variables.
• The research can compare the group's performance.

3. (a) Give the meaning of the terms in relation to community

development
(i) Coalition
Refers to a group of organization working together voluntarily in a
coordinated way desired goal
(ii) Networking
Refers to a process where individuals or organizations that have
similar development links to share information useful for their success
or achievement.

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(b) Identify five reasons that make collaboration important in

ECDE programmes (Smks)
• Enhances information of ideas in order to learn from others with
similar interest puts participants experience and skills together in order
to enhance their collective and individual impact
• Enhances a sense ofownership among different stakeholdersinvolved
in the implementation of programmes
• Reduces costs in terms of human.and other resources
• Helps to create cross-border awareness of common problems
• Allows effective utilization of available resources
• Enhances a sense of ownership among different stakeholders involved
in the implementation of prop grammes
• Helps to create cross-border awareness of common problems
• Provides the majority of people to influencepolicies locally/nationally/
international

(c) (i) Outline the process of building partnership in community

development (8 mks)
• Identify possible partners
• Establish links
• Discuss modalities ofnetworking and collaboration
e Assign roles and responsibilities to different partners
• Creating networking/collaboration coordination structures
• Establish work modalities and mechanisms for monitoring and
evaluation
• Establish agreement for areas for joint decision making
• Establish forums for discussions and consultation

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4. (a) (i) Describe simple random sampling methods as used in

research (21nks)
• Description of simple random sampling
• Simple random sampling method refers to a method whereby every
item in the population is given an equal chance of induction in the
sample.

(ii) Give seven reasons that would make it necessary for a

researcher to use simple random sampling methods when
studying children (7 mks)
• To give individuals in the defined population an equal and
independent chance/opportunity to participate in the research
• To reduce biases and prejudices in research
• To be able to apply inferential statistics
• It is simple to use
• To allow the researcher to be able to generalize the findings of a
larger population
• It requires minimum advance knowledge of the population
•
.. It is relatively easy to interpret data collected
It is free from classification error

(b) Examine how an ECDE teacher would use experimental

research method in conducting a study an ECDE centre (7mks)
• Identify the problem of the study
• Identify the variable of the study
• . Divide the group into two
• Experimentalgroup receives treatment
..
• No treatment for control group
Compare results of the two groups
• Write a report

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( c) Outline four advantages of using experimental method in

carrying out research (4mks)
• Participants are assigned to their groups randomly
• Other researchers can replicate the experiment later on
• It allows the researcher to distinguish between cause and effect
relationships
• Researcher has control over variables
• The researcher is able to determine interaction between variables
• The researcher can compare the group's performance

(d) Examine seven challenges of integrity the community may

face in the development of ECDE project (7mks)
• Lack of transparency among committee members
• Bribery in the tendering process
• Conflict ofinterest among the project committee members
• Wrong procurement procedures/singles sourcing
• Misuse/misappropriation of funds
Lack of transparency among committee members
• Purchase oflow quality materials
• Provision of sub-standard services
Nepotism/tribalism in recruitment of workers resulting to in efficiency
0
Negligence and laxity in performance of duties
a Ignorance of policies on managing the projects
• Collection ofillegal funds from community members
e Diversion of funds from the intended/planned for projects

(e) Propose six benefits of community involvement in decision

making in ECDE programmes (6 mks)
0
Ensures optimum of resources
• Enables members to adopt the best course of action
Leads to policy formulation .

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• Enables sustainability of the programmed

• Helps in finding solutions to problems
• Enables the members to prioritise their needs
• Enables resolution of conflicts
• Promotes ownership of the programmes by the members
• Leads to identification of the cause of a problem

5. (a) Identify eight activities that an ECDE teacher would plan for
during a material development Workshop (Smks)
• Receive the workshop participants
• Register the workshop participants/provide identification badges/
writing materials
• Guide the participants on where to sit
• Introduce the workshop participants/theme/set climate
• Avail the necessary workshop resources/materials for material
development
• Make presentation on material development
• Demonstration on material
• Evaluation of display materials
• Open forum for questions and answers
• Evaluation of the workshop
• Presentation of certificates
• Closing the workshop and departures
(b) Discuss four merits and four demerits of using essay
techniques in assessing ECDE trainees (8 mks)
(i) Merits
• Enables trainees to express themselves
• Allows freedom/creativity in expression and organization of thought
• Requires less time to construct
• Easy to construct

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• Itmeasures high level skills/measures highest level outcomes

• Integration and application ofideas can be emphasized
• There is deep thinking and active participation is involved in the
work
• They portray evidence of substantial understanding of content.
(ii) Demerits
• Poor content coverage thus content validity is limited
• They are time consuming ~o answer
are
• Extraneous factors which not part of the testing may be involved
• Achievement may not be adequately sampled due to time limit for
answenng
• Scoring is time consuming/subjective/possibly unreliable
• It may be difficult to relate essay responses to intended learning
outcomes be select/organize/express ideas.

(c) Outline four necessary requirements in ensuring the success

of project method in training ofECDE teachers. (6 mks)
• The project must have educational value/be worthwhile
• Problems should be presented in a challenging manner
• Should provide for discussion by the trainer and trainees.
• It must be well planned by the trainer
• It should engage trainees with some interest

6. (a) State six factors that a head teacher would consider while
selecting stationery suppliers for an ECDE centre (6mks)
• Cost of the supplies has to be competitive
• Should be durable/of good quality
• The supplies have to meet the requirement order
• Appropriate design of the stationery
• Safety/be non-toxic/environmentally friendly

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• The stationery should be well packaged to ensure they are delivered

in good conditioning
• Colour combination should appeal to the user/children/should have
visual appeal

(b) Assess the importance of training ECDE personnel at the

supervisory level (7 mks)
• Ensures optimum use ofresources at the ECDE centre
• Enable the teacher to identify problems affecting the centre and offer
solutions
• Enables them improve instructional effectivenessin order to maintain
quality standards
• The teacher is able to acquire skills to promote healthy working
relationships in the ECDE centre team work.
• Enables them to understand and implement policies of the ECDE
centre
• To equip them with skills on co-ordination/organizationof programmes
to gear the curriculum towards the goals/objectives ofECDE.
• The teacher gets to acquire skills on how to improve communication
among stakeholders
• Enables the teacher to understand the need to motivate/support
childrenistaffi'parents/communitymembers.
• Equip them with skills on monitoring an evaluation ofECDE ·
programmes
• Enables the teacher to understand ways to stimulate staff growth/
development

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( c) Examine seven factors that a manager would consider while

developing a work plan for an ECDE centre (7mks)
• Serialize activities according to their priorities
• Identify activities to be done within the specified period
• Set specific/measunible/achievement/realistic/timebound objectives
to be achieved
• Set a time frame within which the activities should be accomplished
• Budget/make financial estimation for the activities
• Identify the source of funds to finance the activities
• Allocate responsibilities/duties to the relevant officers/personnel with
relevant officers/personnel with relevant skills/expertise
• Set performance targets to be achieved
• Stipulate performance indicators for evaluation/identify clear
performance targets to be achieved

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MANAGEMENT OF EARLY CHILDHOOD

DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION,
COMMUNITY DEVELOPlVIENT
& RESEARCH-----
~015 Test Paper 7 I j
1. (a) Define the following terms as applied in community
development:
(i) Sustainability (1 mk)
Ability to keep a programme going on I continue to exist I happen
for a period of time.
(ii) Participation (1 mk)
The ability for all members of the community to actively take part in
all developmental activities in the community

(b) Identify eight communication barriers a teacher may face in

community capacity building and mobilization in ECDE
programmes (8 mks)
• In some communities elderly people are listened to more than
the younger people
• Instances where people listen only to well-off individuals
Themessage may not have been well thought making it irrelevant
• The teacher may use a language which is not to the level of the
audience
• Incase the teacher withholds useful information :from the audience
they may not be willing.to receive the ifnormation
• The teacher may present the message or information poorly
• The teacher can portray lack of confidence and self esteem
• The audience may consider the facilitator as incredible
• Some communities are prejudiced against women
• The teacher may use examples that are unfamiliar to the

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• The channel of communication may have problems

• Unacceptible mode of dressing

(c) Discuss how an ECDE teacher may use the following

principles to mobilize the community for development
Felt needs. (10 mks)
• The teacher should assist the community member to identify their
problem areas
• Assist the community in establishing a specific I appropriate
communal programme to address their problem area
• Help the community to come up with sustainable programs
• Hold consultation with the relevant people to discuss and plan how
to solve the identified problems
• Organize for workshops I seminars to create community awareness
on the identified needs
• Help them to source for funds to start the program according to
priority
Co-operation
• Encourage community members to work as a team to bring about
cohesion/unity
• Encourage them to own the projects they have come up with
• Assist community members to solve their conflicts in amicable ways
/that would bring peace I avoid confrontation
• All members should be involved depending on their ability/
professionalism I skills
• The teacher should encourage all members to participate in decision
making acknowledge their opinions I attitudes I feelings of other
people
• Encourage honesty and ?"ansparency I accountability
• Respect and show that each member is worthy

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2. (a)Outline six challenges an ECDE teacher may experience due

to increased enrolment of older siblings (6 mks)
• Older child may influence young children to engage in undesirable
behaviour
• Older children are not at the same cognitive level with younger ones
• The older children may not socially interact well with the young ones
• Young children may be bullied by the older children
• Low self-esteem among the older children as they feel out of place
because of their physical maturity
• Teacher- child ratio - one teacher dealing with many children may
not satisfy each child's needs effectively /adequately cater for
individual differences
• Overcrowding of classrooms due to limited space
• Older children may become a trnant which may lead to poor
performance
• Older children may drop out of school because of preference of
out of school activities which negates the set goals ofincreasing
enrolment in order to achieve Universal free Primary Education
(UFPE)
• Lowering of teacher morale
• Orphans I vulnerable children who head their families

(b) Discuss five negative effects of disintegration of the

extended family system on child rearing (10 mks)
• Collective responsibility of disciplining children is affected leading
to moral decline
• Lack of cohesion I weakening of family ties I attachment /bonds
• Transmission of cultural values I norms is impaired I leading to
breakdown of societal standards ofbehaviour

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• Lack of guidance may lead to inability to make the right choices/

decision/ conflict with parents I authority I inability to solve identity
crisis/role confusion.
• Parents tum to alternative care givers which may lead to children
with social maladjustment' /maltreatment
· • Disintegration 1Tiay lead to lack of social support/ child neglect/ abuse
leading to development oflow self-esteem
• Lack of support from others to stimulate child's language
development intellectual development.
• Children are brought up in a small family set - up I nuclear family
exposing them to individualism leading to lack of co-operation I need
to share.

(c) Identify four roles of micro-finance to the community

• Provision ofloans to start a small scale business
• Keep financial records of undertaking
• Educate the community on the kind of groups to form in order to
qualify for loans
• To provide banking services
• Train loanees on financialmanagement skills/business skills training/
on financial management skills /leadership skills
• Guiding the community on investment tactics
• Facilitates the community towards meeting the required standards
by holding awareness meetings
• Recovery ofloans from defaulters
• Taking legal action against any defaulter
• Market linkage
• Research on behaviour ofloanees
• Reduce poverty

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3. (a) Give four reasons to justify why a researcher.may use

stratified sampling (4 mks)
• When the population is heterogenous
• To ensure that different groups of the population are represented
in the sample I ensures inclusion in the sample
• Enables one to get more precise estimates for each stratum
• Allows accuracy
• Bias is minimized

(b) Explain five factors to consider when deciding on data

analysis procedures and presentation in an Early Childhood
Development and Education (ECDE) research (10 mks)
• Research design should be appropriate to give information to the
variables /research questions one is interested in
• Samplingteclmiquesfor group representation to enable generaliz.ation
of the information
• Type of data it determines whether the information will be analyzed
· descriptively
.
for qualitative or statistically
·- -·
for quantitative data
• Objectives help the researcher to keep to the scope by defining
the area of knowledge that the researcher is focussing on
• Type of measurement that meet the test of validity/ reliability I
accuracy I practicability
• Coding categorises of data are transformed ( converted into
symbols) numerical codes representing attributes/measurements
of variables to permit quantitative analysis
• Editing involves examining the collected raw data to detect errors
and omissions and correct them to ensure the data are accurate I
consistent with other facts gathered
• Tabulation summarizing information in a logical format/ sequence

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to conserve space I reduce descriptive

explanations I facilitate comparison I summation ofitems/detection
of errors I omissions I provide a basis for various statistical computations.
• Classification arranging data in homogenous groups I the basis
of common characteristic~ to get meaningful relationships

(c) The Ministryof Planningand National Development

conducted a National Populationand Housing census
in 2009 in Kenya:
(i) Identify the research design that was used to collect data
• Survey I census survey
(ii) Give five advantagesof the research design mentioned
in~ro ~m~
• A great deal of information can be obtained from a large population
• Information is accurate within sampling error/ whole population is
involved thus no random or systematic errors caused by sampling.
• There is a high response rate
• It contributes to the development of explanations of economic
phenomena.
• It is a good method for studying integration and its impact on
communities
• Everyone is invited thus there is a maximum chance of identifying
negative feedback

4. (a) Define the term evaluation (2 mks)

Evaluation refers to a process of making judgement of the learner
and the learning programme in order to determine its worth I value I
effectiveness I quality I efficiency.

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(b) Examine the purpose of historical research in ECDE (6 mks)

• Enables th~ researcher to get :first hand information
• Itmakes it possible to synthesize I merge old data with new historical
facts that other researchers have discovered.
• Allows the researcher to seek clarification
• Helps the researcher I ECDE teacher to acquire creative productions
such as artork I literature/ photographs/constumes I museum pieces.
• Attemps to interpret ideas /events that previously seemed unrelated
by looking at ECDE books/articles.
• Re-interpretes past events that have been studied
• Helps a researcher to arrive at conclusions concerning causes I effects
I occurences of events I situations

(c) (i) Why is the use of human beings discouraged in

experimental research? Give five reasons. (6 mks)
• It is not easy to replicate the study
• May be harmful to the subject both physically and psychologically
• It is expensive
• Difficult to have control group
• Tends to be unfair I treatment administered to the groups may be
unfair
• Infringes on individual rights
• Human beings cannot be exposed to some experimental conditions
in research.

(ii) Highlight seven demerits of plagiarism in ECDE research

(7 mks)
• Errodes the integrity of the victim I researcher
• Does not bring in new knowledge
• The author is not acknowledged

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• Leads to serious professional consequences

• Results in false presentation of research methodology and results
• Researcher fakes data
• It kills creativity I originality
• Encourages laziness
• It infringes on intellectual property rights
• Provides no solution

5. (a) Give five reasonsfor maintainingfinancial recordsin an

ECDE centre {5 mks)
• Facilitates auditing ofECDE accounts
• Helps in planning for present and future I controls expenditure
on how ECDE funds are used
• Acts as a guide in decision making
• Itprovides financial status of an ECDE centre
• Acts as a record of all transactions in an ECDE centre
• Ensures transparency of all the funds collected in the centre
• Indicates source I rate of income to know where the money is
coming from
• Enhances efficiency I effectiveness
• Gives accountability of finances collected
• Control expenditures on how ECDE funds are used

{b) Outline five benefits of subject allocation in ECDE

{5 mks)
• Helps the teacher to avoid monotony
• It facilitates coverage of a syllabus
• Brings organization/ orderliness
• Helps in allocation of sufficient time to each subject
• Broadens the child's scope oflearning

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• Coordination of activities
• Allows the teacher to concentrate in his/her area of specialization
• Fair distribution of work load I facilitates division oflabour

(c) Analyse five ways in which a manager in an ECDE centre

would control staff behaviour (10 mks)
• Be a role model by setting a good example that others can emulate
• Appraisal of staff as per laid down goals
• Hold frequent meetings with staff members to iron out any
issues regarding smooth running of the centre
• Signing attendance register for the staff to adhere to laid down
time schedules
• Monitoring class activities to ensure teachers behaviours and
performance in the classroom is acceptable.
• Discipline errant staff to reduce recurrence ofundesired
behaviour
• Have core values for the ECDE centre to maintain the required
behaviour standards
• Supervision of teachers work to ensure that teachers discharge their
duties assigned to them
• Get report from children I parents I stakeholders regarding
staff conduct
• Motivation of staff
• Encourage team work to enhance performance
• Guidingand counselling

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6. (a) Identify five functions of the Kenya LiteratureBureau (KLB)

inECDE (5 mks)
• To acquire copyrights/ licences ofliterarywork
• To publish ECDE books I periodicals I journals I magazines
• To print ECDE books/ periodicals /journals I magazines
• To promote I encourage I assist Kenyan authors through financial
incentives
• To promote through appropriate government agencies the production
oflow cost books
• Translation of materials from foreign to local languages
• To co-operate with other bodies engaged in publishing, printing,
distribution ofbooks/periodicals I journals/magazines

(b) Give seven reasons for supervision in an ECDE centre

(7 mks)
• Identify and meet children's holistic needs in order to develop them
to their maximum potential
• Gearing the curriculum towards set goals and objectives
• Gives support/motivation/ guidance I assistance to children/staff I teachers
/parents I community I stakeholders
• Identifies I suggests solutions to needs of children I parents I
community I caregivers
• To ascertain/ check how far the objectives have been achieved
• Upholds basic standards I quality in ECDE centres
• Enhances efficiency /instructional effectiveness for smooth running
of the centre
• Offers guidance on sufficient/ adequate utilization ofresources to
minimize wastage.

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(c) Outline eight ways in which the head teacher can manage an
ECDE centre in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASAL) in Kenya
(8 mks)
• Sink wells/boreholes/providepots/clean cups/drinking containers .
• Transport water from other places
• Water harvesting from rocks I roofs I sub-surface dams
• The area constituency development fund (CDF) can be used to
initiate water projects
• Proper management of community support grants
• Plant drought resistant trees
• Organize for /build storage tanks to harvestwater during rainy seasons
• Educate children I community on water conservation measures
• Train children on basic hygiene I toilet training
• Parental involvement in fetching water for their children to enable
children have time to play
• Networking/ collaboration to get relief food from World Food
Programme (WFP) andotherorganizations
• Sensitize parents on the importance of early years of life so that they
can care for their young children instead of a younger child given ·
greater responsibility to care for the younger sibling
• Mobile ECDE centres I other amenities
• Security I safety
• Soliciting for funds

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MANAGEMENT OF EARLY CHILDHOOD

DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION,
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
& RESEARCH-----
Test Paper 8 I
1. (a) Outline the procedure for registration of an ECDE centre in
Kenya (8mks)
• Application to DEB and local authority for permission to establish
an educational institution in specific location by providing name of
proposed institution/ business name
• Name and qualifications of the manager/ teacher
• Land registration number/ copy of title deed/ leasehold and site plan
• Public health inspection report
• Approval by DEB and insuance of registration guidelines
O
Application for registration and submission of the form to the DEB ·
through the DEO
• Issuace of provinsional registration certificate
• Application for full registration certificate
• Application for fulI registration within 18 months ofinitial registration
• Payment of registration fee
• Inspection report from the DEO I DQUASO

(b) Examine six reasons that should make a manager evaluate

activities in an ECDE centre
• It improves management of activities giving information for decision
making
• Offer alternative for consideration
• Motivate the staff members
• Help in identifying discrepancies between actual and planned activities
• Assess whether materials I manpower/ time and other resources are
being used effectively

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• Assess whether activities planned are directed towards the

achievement of programme objectives
• For the purpose of accountability
• It enables the manager to determine strengths and weaknesses of
the programme

(c) Discuss the importance of the following in the

administration of ECDE centres:
(i) Remuneration (3 mks)
• Motivation of staff/ job satisfaction
• No desertion of duties
• High productivity
• Responsibility I commitment to work/ handling of children
(ii) Personnel ( 3 mks)
• Effectiveness in work
• High productivity
• Provision of quality services
• Coping with current educational trends
• Efficiency at work

2. (a) Describe the characteristics of the following styles of

leadership:
(i) Democratic (Smks)
In democratic style of leadership the leader:
• Assists group members to achieve their goals
• Encourages division/delegation oflabour/ responsibilities
• Promotes participation and involves each member in the group
activities and determination of objectives
• Attempts to reduce inter group tensions/ conflicts
• Encourages group contacts/ cohesiveness/ networking
• Praises and critique where need be

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• Encourages the staff members to find solutions as a group

• Monitors performance against set goals and objectives
• Creates a conducive working atmosphere
• Make decisions as and when they are needed
Involves staff in decision making in matters affecting them/
discussion
• It is time consuming

(ii) Laisser Faire

In Laissez Faire style of leadership the leader(s)'
• Role is limited
• Does not participate in group acitivites
0
Does not offer assistance to the group
• Does not evaluate performance of members of the group
0
Lacks rules and regulations to guide the members of thegroup/
organization
• Allows people to do what they want/ gives freedom to the workers
• Has no way of determining whether someone is right or wrong .
• Has no authority
• Leadership lacks direction
Leader lacks coordination of his members/ authority is diffused
• Leads to confusion and utter despair and lowers the morale of the
workers

(b) Discuss six ways in which democratic style ofleadership

strengthens the operations in an ECDE centre (6 mks)
• Promotion of cohesiveness/ cooperation/ harmony/ unity of the
staff
O
Increasing efficiency/ delivery of services in the centre
• Developing self respect/ esteem among staff
• Encouraging participation/ responsibility by staff
• Making people creative I initiative/ bring in new ideas

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• Building the capacity/ morale of staff/ job satisfaction of staff

members I motivating staff
• Decision are flexible/ quickly implemented

(c) Justify the role of advocacy in the ECDE programme in

. . Kenya (4 mks)
Create awareness/ campaign for issues which are for the good of
the community
• Helps to draw people's attention towards critical issues affecting
the community hence making the community to act
·•· Defends/ supports an idea I programme before policy or decision
makers and any other interested party like the donors or the
government
• Criticize/ challenges defective las I policies and programmes which
make the community members to be vulnerable

3. (a) (i) Write the acronym SAGAS in full (1 mk)

• It refers to Semi-Autonomous Government Agencies

(ii) State five functions of the Jomo Kenyatta Foundation

(5 mks)
• Publish I print/ distribute educational books/ materials to schools
• Offer scholarships to needy high schools/ other educational
institutions in Kenya
• Organize literacy competitions suitable for publication
• Grant/ give prizes I rewards to winning literacy competitors
• Cooperate with other publishing bodies
• Sell/ distribute educational materials to schools/ other educational
· institutions in Kenya at reasonable prices

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(b) Discuss six factors that affect quality of supervision in

ECDE programmes (6mks)
• Authoritarianism
• Uncooperative staff
• Untrained supervisors I supervisors with limited /inadequate
knowledge in supervision
• Biased judgement of issues
• No sense ofresponsibility
• Poor time management
• Emotional immaturity/ instability/ lack of self control
• Disorganization/ disorderliness/poor planning skills
• Insecurity
• Shortage of supervisors
• Dishonesty among supervisors
• Inaccessibility to some ECDE centres

(c) Outline eight functions of a school committee in the

management of an ECDE centre (Smks)
• Organizing collection of funds to run the schools
• Construction of physical facilities/ classrooms/ toilets
• Organizing feeding programme
• Collection I banking/ accounting for all funds raised in the school
• Hiring and paying teachers/ support staff
• Solving children/ staff problems
• Organizing meetings for parents
• Monitoring/ evaluation ofECDE programmes
• Carrying out registration ofECDE centres

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4. (a) (i) Explain four limitations of using observation method in

conducting r~search in young children (4mks)
• Observer influence/ tendency of participants to react to the
presence of an observer and behave in unnatural ways
• Observer bias/ tendency of observers who are aware of the study
to seed record what is expected rather than participant's actual
behaviour
• Time consuming/ taking time to observe (research subject)
• Conveys little about thinking that underlies behaviour
• More resources needed/ expensive
• Environmental factors/ weather/ windy/ rainy/ floods, which are
likely to affect behaviour therefore interfere with observation

(ii) Explain four ways a researcher would minimize the

limitations of observation method in a(i) (4mks)
• Allowing for adaptation periods/ observers visit the research
centres/setting so that the participant can get used to their
presence I making prior visits
• Asking individuals/ care givers/ teachers/ parents who are
part of the children's natural environment to assist in the
observation /monitoring behaviour change
• Use people who have no knowledge of the investigator's
hypothesis/who have little personal interest in them. This limits
observers bias.
• Data collection triangulation I to improve on the interpretation of
the results obtained
• Train more reseach assistants/ to save time
• Researchers to avoid the seasons/ periods of the year which are
not favourable for the observation I proper timing/ planning .:
• Use of obstruisive method of collecting hidden data .

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(b) Describe six charectaristics an Early childhood development

and education (ECDE) teacher would consider in developing
a good research problem (12mks)
• Have knowledge of the relevant research literature
• Adequate literature review - survey the available literature
concerning/ related to the problem of study/ up to date with the
current trends in particular field
• Have appropriate data collection methods - the research design
should concur with the research problem and data analysis
• New knowledge should be generated- should contribute to new
knowledge and fill in existing gaps I should be significant
• Be clear I specific/ concise/ operationalized I unambiguous - the
topic should not be vague/ not leading to various interpretations
• Time frame- enables the researcher to stay on schedule
• Budget- should be cost effective I realistic
• Should have two or more variables
• Relevant to the area of study
5. (a) Explain five factors that positively influence community
organization in ECDE programme in Kenya (lOmks)
• Set goals and objectives- these should be acceptable to the
majority in the community members I the community can work
together ifthey find some common ground/ common purpose
• Proper communication channelsI accountability-
communicationfacilitiesinteractionby which common life/common
values are established
• Involvement of community leaders- leaders of the community are
identified, accepted and involved in the organizationmatters because
they have influenced and can support community projects
• Development of a sense ofbelonging among members - this
promote togetherness/cohesion/ participation/ ownership I
community integration at all times

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• Use goodwill of members of the community- only those of good

will/ are willing to identify with it' contribute and participate in
constructive community work, will participate in organizing ECDE
programmes
• Use information technology- internet/ mobile phones
• Availability of funds/ resources, which enhance productivity
• Security-which promotes participation

(b) Give five reasons that would make.a teacher unsuccessful in

implementing ECDE programmes in the community
(5mks)
• Untrained teachers
• Lack of support
• Lack of support from members of the community
• Conflict of interest
• Parent's ignorance on the importance ofECDE programmes
• Lack of political good will
• Inadequate resources/ finances
• Insecurity
• Poor infrastructure

( c) Highlight five causes of conflicts in community groups

(Smks)
• Unclear job descriptions in the groups leading to an overlap of roles
• Personality differences
• Lack of transparency I accountability among group members
• Making administrative decisions without consulting members
• Some individuals may want to misuse common resources of the
organization
• Lack of harmonious methods/ approaches in handling common
tasks
• Political influence
• Lack of rules and regulations

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6. (a) Distinguish between qualitative and quantitativeresearch

(4mks)
Qualitative Quantitative
• Descriptive in nature • Svstematic methodical collection
• Humanistic • Statistical
• Inductive in nature • Deductive
• Subjective • Objective
• Produces detailed/ in-depth • Results are generalized
data about a much smaller
number of people
• Naturalistic • Controlled investigations/ done
under controlled conditions

(b) Justify the importanceof the following in conducting

research in ECDE:
(i) Reseach design (Smks)
• Facilitates smooth sailing of various research operations making it
efficient/ it is the glue that holds the various parts together.
• It is advance planning to generate answers to research problems
• It keeps objectives of the research/ makes researcher to be
focused
• It can be regarded as an arrangement of conditions for data
analysis/ it lays the basis of that analysis
• It helps the researcher to organize his ideas to avoid flaws and
inadequacies
• It constitutes the blue print I programme for the collection,
measurement and analysis of the data
(ii) Sample and sampling (Smks)
• A sample is a representative part of a population therefore we can
know more about that population without studying the whole
population

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• It is more accurate/ less errors produced thus sampling may be

more accurate
• It is less expensive/ saves on resources and manpower
• It is impossible to research on entire population
• Saves time/ less time consuming
• It controls bias
• The findings can be generalized to the population

(c) Discuss six challenges faced by researchers in ECDE

programmesin Kenya (6mks)
• Lack of instruments to measure the variables under investigation
• Lack of adequate information I inaccessibility/ unavailability of
current information
• Inadequate scientific training in data collection and analysis
• Most of the available tools are developed in western countries
therefore culture biased/ culturally inappropriate
• In some cases the researcher comes up with his/ her own
tools that have not been tested for reliability and validity
• Lack of cooperation in providing relevant/ necessary information
to the researcher by the stakeholders
• Lack of :funding I most researchers have to look for their own
fonding for research
• Inadequate time
• Poor infrastructure/ weather
• Communication barrier
• Insecurity in some areas may affect the quality of research and
increase costs/ completion time

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