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Lesson 07

The document covers various aspects of logical addressing protocols, including Network Address Translation (NAT), IPv4 and IPv6 addressing formats, and routing algorithms. It explains the differences between routers and switches, various routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, and BGP, and the role of ICMP in network management. Additionally, it discusses utilities like Ping for verifying IP connectivity and other protocols such as ARP, RARP, BOOTP, and DHCP.

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2 views29 pages

Lesson 07

The document covers various aspects of logical addressing protocols, including Network Address Translation (NAT), IPv4 and IPv6 addressing formats, and routing algorithms. It explains the differences between routers and switches, various routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, and BGP, and the role of ICMP in network management. Additionally, it discusses utilities like Ping for verifying IP connectivity and other protocols such as ARP, RARP, BOOTP, and DHCP.

Uploaded by

dreamy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lesson 07

Logical Addressing Protocol


Network Address Translation (NAT) Protocols

• Address mapping
• Routing algorithms
• Routing protocols

2
Network Address Mapping

local network
(e.g., home network)
192.0.0.0/24 192.0.0.1
Internet
192.0.0.4
192.0.0.2
138.76.29.7

192.0.0.3

Public IP
All packets leaving local Private IP’s
network have same single source Packets with source or
NAT IP address: 138.76.29.7, destination in this network
different source port numbers have 192.0.0/24 address for
source, destination (as usual)
3
Network Address Translation/ Mapping

● Allows use of one public address to many internal hosts


● Outside world does not know your internal IP addresses

● Increased addressing flexibility:


● User can change internal IP addresses without notifying to ISP.
● ISP can change your public IP without changing your internal IP
addresses.

4
Network Addressing
Two type of addresses: IPv4 addresses
IPv6 addresses

IPv4 addresses:
An IPv4 address has the format x.x.x.x, where x is called an octet and
must be a decimal value between 0 and 255.
Ex:
• 92.21.33.4
• 81.102.103.104

5
Network Addressing

IPv6 addresses:
IPv6 address consists of 8 groups , there are 4 digits and each digit can
be created with 4 bits.
with these numbers:
The address become 8 x 4 x 4 bit = 128 bits.

6
IPv6 addresses structure:

7
formats of IPv6 addresses:

• An IPv6 address have two formats:


1. Normal - Pure IPv6 format
2. Dual - IPv6 plus IPv4 formats

8
1. Pure - IPv6 format

An IPv6 address has the format y:y:y:y:y:y:y:y,


where y is called a segment and can be any hexadecimal value
between 0 and FFFF.

Ex of IPv6 addresses:
2001:db8:3333:4444:5555:6666:7777:8888
2001:db8:3333:4444:CCCC:DDDD:EEEE:FFFF

9
2. Dual - IPv6 plus IPv4 formats

An IPv6 (dual) address combines an IPv6 and IPv4 address and has the
following format: y:y:y:y:y:y:x.x.x.x
The IPv6 portion of the address (indicated with y's) is always at the
beginning, followed by the IPv4 portion (indicated with x's).

In the IPv6 portion of the address, y is called a segment.


In the IPv4 portion of the address x is called an octet.

EX addresses:
2001:db8:3333:4444:5555:6666:10.21.62.4
10
What is Routing?
● Forwarding: move packets from router’s input port to the suitable
router output port.
● Routing: determine the optimum path taken by packets as they flow
from a sender to a receiver
● Routing algorithms run inside routers
● Routers have a destination address-based forwarding table

11
Routing and Forwarding

12
Routing vs Switching

• Router routes packet at layer-3


• Communication between devices in two VLAN’s or two networks:
Requires routing and forwarding table

• Switch forwards packets at layer-2


• Communication is within a single physical LAN:
Requires only L2 switch

13
Router vs L3 switch

• Layer 3 switch used


to connects hosts in
two VLAN’s at the Routing to
WAN
local area networks (across Data Link Layers)
(LANs).

• Routers connect
multiple LANs into
wide area networks Inter-VLAN
(WANs). Routing
(Same data link layer)

14
Router vs L3 switch

• What is the main difference


between Layer 3 switch and
a router?

Source: CCNP Practical studies, Justin Menga


Routing Algorithms

How to determine the optimal path to the destination?


● Uses an algorithm that is complex mathematical computations on the routing
information,
● It received from routers to routers

● Main types of Routing Algorithms:


● Distance Vector routing Algorithms
● Link State routing Algorithms
● Path Vector routing Algorithms

16
Distance Vector Algorithm

• With the Distance Vector Routing algorithm, the nodes contains the
routing information in distance table.
• Each router is distributed the distance to each node, router receives
that information from one or more.
• Each router maintains a distance table known as Vector

17
Link State Algorithm

• Every node constructs a map of the connectivity to the network,

• Each node independently calculates the next best logical path from it to
every possible destination in the network.

18
Path Vector Algorithm

• The principle of path vector routing is


similar to the distance vector routing.
• Each router is distributed the path to
each node, router receives that
information from one or more.
• Each router maintains a distance table
known as Vector

19
Routing protocols

• Standard set of rules that defines the behavior of a routing process


• Different Routing protocols are defined based on the algorithms:
• RIP - Routing Information Protocol - (Distance Vector)
• OSPF - Open Shortest Path First - (Link State)
• BGP - Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) - (Path Vector)

Routers use one or more protocols for routing.

20
RIP

• Routing Information Protocol- the oldest distance-vector routing


protocol which employs the hop count as a routing metric.

21
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol

• OSPF is an Open protocol, i.e. publicly available and uses Shortest Path First
(SPF) algorithm to compute the optimal path to destination.

22
BGP - Border Gateway Protocol

• BGP - Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)


• it uses in the path-vector routing
algorithms.

23
ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol

• IP packets may be lost, duplicated, delayed, delivered out of order, or


delivered with corrupted data.
• IP does not worry about the packet problems not a network
problems.
• ICMP performs error reporting and network management and
attempts to keep Internet as efficient as possible

24
Typical ICMP messages

Code Description
0 0 Echo reply [Tool: Ping]
3 0 Destination network unreachable
3 1 Destination host unreachable
3 2 Destination protocol unreachable
3 3 Destination port unreachable
3 4 Fragmentation needed [Tool: PMTU]
3 6 Destination network unknown
3 7 Destination host unknown

8 0 Echo request [Tool: Ping]


9 0 Route advertisement
10 0 Router discovery
11 0 TTL expired [Tool: Traceroute]
12 0 Bad IP header
25
ICMP based utilities: Ping

• Purpose: Verify the IP connectivity

• Uses an ICMP ECHO (8,0) Request


• Interprets the results of the ECHO Reply
• Request timed out
• Host unreachable
• Network unreachable
• TTL expired in transit
• Ex: ping google.lk

26
Other Routing protocols:

• ARP
• RARP

• Compare ARP with RARP

27
Other Routing protocols:

• BOOTP
• DHCP

• Why use DHCP?


• What are the benefits of DHCP?
• What is DHCP server ?
• Compare BOOTP with RARP

28
Thanks!

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