IET Renewable Power Generation

Research Article

Voltage stability improvement of wind power ISSN 1752-1416

Received on 27th June 2018

grid-connected system using TCSC-STATCOM

Revised 30th September 2018
Accepted on 12th October 2018
E-First on 5th November 2018
control doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.5492
www.ietdl.org

Honghai Kuang1,2 , Liping Zheng1, Shengqing Li1,2, Xiaowei Ding1

1College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, People's Republic of China
2Key Laboratory for Electric Drive Control and Intelligent Equipment of Hunan Province, Zhuzhou 412007, People's Republic of China
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Aiming at the voltage stability problem of wind power grid-connected systems, a cooperative control scheme of
Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) and Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is proposed in this study.
The proposed scheme is applied in the wind power grid-connected system, a combined control strategy based on STATCOM
double closed-loop feedback control and TCSC device is used to ensure that the system has enough reactive power to maintain
its normal work during operation. The corresponding simulation model of wind power grid-connected system is built in MATLAB/
Simulink. By analysing and comparing the waveforms of the operating examples with only TCSC, only STATCOM and TCSC-
STATCOM, it is shown that the cooperative control of TCSC and STATCOM can quickly and effectively recover the bus voltage
at the point of grid-connected wind farms after fault, which has a good performance on improving the voltage stability of wind
power grid-connected system and increasing the low-voltage ride-through capability, and the cooperative control effect of TCSC
and STATCOM is better than only using the control of TCSC or STATCOM.

1 Introduction shows that the large-capacity wind farm access has a negative
impact on regional voltage stability, and local reactive power
With the depletion of conventional energy sources, the compensation helps to improve regional voltage stability [8]. The
development of new energy sources has received more and more stability of the constant-speed induction power generation system
attention. Wind power generation with its mature technology, is improved by the hybrid control strategy of STATCOM and
superior economic performance and huge market attraction has battery [9].
made the development of new energy by leaps and bounds [1–3]. In wind power grid-connected system, the asynchronous wind
However, due to the intermittent and random nature of wind turbine and the series controllable compensation equipment TCSC
energy, wind turbines connected to the grid have an adverse impact are used to deliver electric energy to the public grid, which
on the stable operation of the grid. effectively prevents the abnormal operation of the grid-connected
At present, grid-connected wind turbines also use asynchronous system [10]. A combination of Fixed Series Compensator (FSC)
wind generators. While the squirrel-cage asynchronous generator and TCSC is used to improve the stability of power system [11].
provides the active power for the grid and also absorbs certain The collaboration of Static Var Compensator (SVC) and TCSC
reactive power from the grid to maintain the normal operation of is used in power system line, and the dynamic continuous power
the wind turbine. If the reactive power cannot meet asynchronous flow method is used to calculate the static voltage stability margin
generator requirements, it will not only affect the normal operation of the power system, it is shown that the proposed new method can
of the generator set but also reduce the stability of the grid voltage effectively improve the static voltage stability of power system
[4, 5]. Therefore, how to improve the stability of the grid- [12].
connected system is one of the current major problems facing wind The simulation model of SVC and TCSC is established in
power grid integration. This paper focuses on the research of power system simulation toolbox PSAT. The results show that SVC
asynchronous squirrel cage induction generators, the research on and TCSC can effectively improve the stability of power system
doubly-fed induction generators will be carried out in another [13].
paper. SVC and TCSC are cooperatively applied to power system
When the system is in normal operation, the wind farm needs to lines, and the research results show that it can effectively improve
absorb a certain amount of reactive power from the grid side, the the stability of power system [12, 13]. However, its practical
voltage stability is reduced; and when a fault occurs in the system, application research in wind power grid-connected systems is very
more reactive power is required to restore the voltage to normal. rare. Compared with SVC, reactive power control capability of
In the measures to maintain the safe and stable operation of the STATCOM is not affected by system voltage, the voltage support
system, Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) has been capability in a transient state is stronger than SVC, which can
widely used because of its fast and flexible adjustment capability better meet the needs of wind farms for reactive power
[6, 7]. As a main component of FACTS, in the transient process, compensation.
Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) can quickly In this paper, it is proposed that a cooperative control of TCSC
change the equivalent reactance of the line to improve the stability and STATCOM is applied to improve the voltage stability of wind
of the system, so it has become a representative of the new series power grid-connected systems when the reactive power
compensation technology in recent years. compensation is carried out under three-phase short-circuit fault,
However, as an important part of FACTS, Static Synchronous and wind farm and its related power grid model are built in Matlab/
Compensator (STATCOM) has become a representative of the Simulink, which verifies that the cooperative control of TCSC and
current reactive power compensation field due to its advantages of STATCOM can improve system voltage stability.
low loss, flexible control and less occupied land area.
The related method is proposed to improve the system voltage
stability by using STATCOM connected to the system, the research

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2 Basic principles and models
2.1 Basic principles and models of TCSC
The module structure of TCSC is composed of an inductor
connected in series with an anti-parallel controllable thyristor and
then connected in parallel with a capacitor [14–17]. The parallel
bypass breaker CB and the variable resistor MOV are used to
prevent overvoltage and control whether the capacitor is connected
to the line. The basic principle of TCSC is to use a thyristor
controlled reactor TCR to offset the capacitive reactance of some
series capacitors for obtaining a continuously controllable
inductive and capacitive impedance. The module structure of Fig. 1 Structure of TCSC
TCSC is shown in Fig. 1.
The TCSC can change the thyristor branch current by
appropriately changing the trigger angle α of the thyristor, therefore
changing the equivalent reactance value of TCSC branch. The
fundamental reactance of the LC circuit in the TCSC module is

XTCSC = K β XC
ω02 4ωcos2 βtan β Fig. 2 Power injection model of TCSC
= 1+ 2 2 − 2β − sin β
π(ω − ω )
0 ω0 + ω
1 1 ω02 4cos2 βtan β (1)
× − = − −
ωC ωC πC(ω02 − ω2) ω0 + ω
(2β + sin β)ω02
+
πωC(ω02 − ω2)

In (1), Kβ is the reactance standard value of TCSC; β = π−α; XC is

the capacitive impedance; ω is the fundamental angle frequency; Fig. 3 Control block diagram of TCSC
ω0 is the resonant angle frequency. The equivalent power injection
model of TCSC access system is shown in Fig. 2.
The impact of TCSC on the system is transferred to and
superimposed on the nodes at the ends i, j of the branch. The TCSC
is approximately considered as a variable reactance a variable
reactance in series with the system. The TCSC uses virtual
equivalent additional injection power for virtual equivalent, so it is
Fig. 4 Equivalent circuit of STATCOM
considered that the node admittance matrix of the original network
is still symmetrical. The active power and reactive power injected
from the TCSC into the system nodes i, j are, respectively, voltage. By adjusting the amplitude and phase of the output
voltage, the reactive power required by the system can be quickly
U iU j compensated in real time. The equivalent circuit diagram of
Pi = sin(δi − δ j) (2) STATCOM connected to the system is shown in Fig. 4 [22–24].
XTCSC
The output active power and reactive power of STATCOM are
Ui P = − YUcUssin δ (6)
Qi = − [U − U jcos(δi − δ j)] (3)
XTCSC i
Q = Y(UcUscos δ − Us2) (7)
UiU j
Pj = sin(δ j − δi) (4)
XTCSC where Y = 1/X is the reciprocal of transformer leakage reactance, δ
is the angle between the grid voltage Us and STATCOM output
Uj voltage Uc. Since δ is close to 0, sinδ is ∼0. From (6), the active
Qj = − [U − Uicos(δ j − δi)] (5)
XTCSC j power of STATCOM is ∼0, so it is ignored. However, (7) can be
expressed as
where Ui, Uj are the voltages of the bus nodes i, j, respectively, and
δi, δ j are the voltage phases of the bus nodes i, j, respectively. Q = Y(Uc − Us)Us (8)
From (1)–(5), the equivalent reactance of TCSC is continuously
changed by controlling the trigger angle α, thereby the distribution From (8), when the output voltage of STATCOM is less than the
of active power and reactive power of the line is adjusted and the grid voltage, i.e. Uc < Us, STATCOM device absorbs reactive
power flow distribution of the line is optimised. It can be seen from power from the grid; when the output voltage of the STATCOM is
Fig. 3 that the firing angle α or impedance will vary with the power greater than the grid voltage, i.e. Uc > Us, the reactive power is
flowing through the line to achieve the purpose of changing the provided to the grid by STATCOM device; when the output voltage
total reactance of TCSC, in this way, the line reactance is of STATCOM is equal to the grid voltage, Uc = Us, the reactive
compensated to suppress the power oscillation [18–21].
power of the STATCOM device is zero. Because the output voltage
of STATCOM can be quickly and continuously controlled, the
2.2 Fundamentals and models of STATCOM reactive power exchanged between STATCOM and the grid can be
The voltage type STATCOM connected to wind power system can quickly and continuously adjusted.
play its role of reactive power compensation to improve the system The STATCOM controller uses double closed-loop feedback
voltage stability. The basic principle of STATCOM is that it is control. The outer loop of the controller is composed of a voltage
connected in parallel with the system via a reactor or a transformer, regulator which performs a proportional control with a static
which can convert the DC input voltage into the AC output difference. The inner loop of the controller is a current regulator,
which makes the output current of STATCOM follow the output

216 IET Renew. Power Gener., 2019, Vol. 13 Iss. 2, pp. 215-219
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Fig. 5 Control diagram of STATCOM

Fig. 6 Wind power grid-connected system based on TCSC-STATCOM control

from the outer loop voltage regulator without any static error [25, stability of the system, and the reactive power demand of the
26].The control diagram of STATCOM is shown in Fig. 5, where system can be compensated by STATCOM, so that the voltage
U1 is the voltage at the point of STATCOM connected to the grid; stability of wind power grid-connected system can be improved.
I1 is the fundamental reactive current value at the AC side of
STATCOM, δ1 is the phase difference between the output voltage 4 Wind power grid-connected system based on
at the AC side of STATCOM and the system voltage. TCSC-STATCOM control
Fig. 6 shows a wind power grid-connected system. The wind farm
3 Control scheme of TCSC-STATCOM consists of six 1.5 MW wind turbines with a total installed capacity
Asynchronous wind turbine without an excitation circuit is of 9 MW. The output voltage of the wind farm is 575 V, which is
different from the synchronous generator, the excitation can only increased to 25 kV by a step-up transformer and integrated into the
be done with an external power supply. In the case of constant grid. The STATCOM device in this paper is installed at the high
speed, the electromagnetic torque of the asynchronous generator is voltage bus B2 of this step-up transformer. The electrical energy is
proportional to the square of the unit outlet voltage. The then transmitted to the booster substation via a 25 km transmission
asynchronous wind generator is connected to the grid and the grid line and is finally input into the grid. The TCSC is installed at the
provides its own required excitation and reactive power which is end of the 25 km transmission line. At t = 2 s, a three-phase short-
the reactive power load of the grid. If the mechanical torque circuit ground fault occurs on the 120 kV output line of the system
remains unchanged, when the power grid is a failure, the terminal and the fault will be removed after 100 ms. The wind speed is
voltage of wind farm will decrease, which will reduce the always kept at 12 m/s during simulation, if using Matlab/Simulink
electromagnetic torque of the generator and then cause the rotor to to build a wind farm grid-connected simulation model based on
accelerate. asynchronous generator sets with TCSC and STATCOM control, it
After the power grid fault is cut off, the generator needs to is as shown in Fig. 7.
absorb a large amount of reactive current from the grid to rebuild If the power flowing through the line where the TCSC is
the internal electromagnetic field of the generator during the located changes, the trigger angle of TCSC will change, which will
system voltage recovery, which will cause a large voltage drop on affect the reactance of TCSC and further change the total reactance
the bus of grid-connected wind farm, and further reduce the of the line, thereby improving the stability of the system.
terminal voltage of wind farm. Under normal circumstances, the STATCOM compensates reactive power by adjusting the output
required value of the wind farm terminal voltage needs to be voltage to maintain system stability. In order to study the influence
adjusted frequently to maintain the rated voltage value. Therefore, of TCSC-STATCOM control on the voltage stability of the wind
it will be taken into consideration that the STATCOM device is put power grid-connected system, when the wind power grid-
into the system to provide the required reactive power for the wind connected system is subjected to a three-phase short circuit fault,
turbine, thus it is not necessary to frequently reset the required four operating conditions are simulated in this paper. Condition 1 is
value to maintain the wind farm terminal voltage at the desired when a fault occurs in the system, TCSC and STATCOM are not
value. However, while asynchronous wind turbine injects a used for control; condition 2 is when a fault occurs in the system,
variable output current into the grid, at the same time it also will only TCSC is connected to the system; condition 3 is when a fault
increase the damping. If there is no excitation controller in the occurs in the system, only STATCOM is connected to the system;
wind power grid-connected system, the system will not be able to condition 4 is when a fault occurs in the system, the system is
operate stably only with STATCOM device. Therefore, it will be cooperatively controlled by TCSC and STATCOM.
taken into consideration that the cooperative control of TCSC in The simulation model of wind power grid-connected system
Fig. 3 and STATCOM in Fig. 5 is applied in a wind power grid- with the coordinated control of TCSC and STATCOM is built by
connected system. STATCOM is connected in parallel with the using Matlab/Simulink in this paper, the comparison between
wind power access point, and TCSC is connected in series with the condition 1 and condition 2, condition 3, condition 4 is performed.
transmission line of the grid. The simulation waveform comparison diagrams are shown in
When STATCOM device is connected to the system, it can Figs. 8–10.
provide necessary reactive power for the wind farms, and Fig. 8 shows the comparison of voltage curves at bus B2 of
dynamically provide the reactive power consumed during the grid-connected wind farm under operating condition 1 and
transient process of the asynchronous generator to raise the operating condition 2. Before the three-phase short-circuit fault
terminal voltage and reduce the possibility of asynchronous occurs, the bus voltage amplitude at grid-connected wind farm
generator out-of-step. Installing TCSC on the line can change the without any compensation system fluctuates greatly under
line reactance, suppress fault current, increase the low-voltage ride- operating condition 1, and cannot quickly stabilise. Under
through capability of wind farms, and improve the damping of the operating condition 1 at about 1 s, the bus voltage value at grid-
system. When both STATCOM and TCSC have simultaneously put connected wind farm begins to fluctuate slightly around 0.95 p.u.,
into the wind power grid-connected system, the damping of the the three-phase short-circuit fault occurs in the system until 2 s, the
system can be improved by TCSC to increase the oscillation voltage at grid-connected wind farm suddenly drops to around
0.05 p.u. After the fault was removed at 2.1 s, the bus voltage not
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Fig. 7 Simulation model of wind power grid-connected system

Fig. 8 Bus 2 voltage at grid-connected wind farm under condition 1 and condition 2

Fig. 9 Bus 2 voltage at grid-connected wind farm under condition 1 and condition 3

Fig. 10 Bus 2 voltage at grid-connected wind farm under condition 1 and condition 4

only still fluctuates frequently and fails to stabilise, but also the oscillation subsidence time and the oscillation amplitude value to
voltage is slightly lower than before the fault. restore the bus voltage to a stable value 0.936 p.u., but TCSC
For a system only with TCSC compensation under condition 2, cannot significantly increase the bus voltage of wind farm, it is still
before the three-phase short-circuit fault occurs under condition 2, lower than the bus rated voltage value 1.0 p.u.
the bus voltage amplitude at grid-connected wind farm still Fig. 9 shows the comparison of voltage curves at bus B2 of
fluctuates, but the bus voltage value at grid-connected wind farm grid-connected wind farm under operating conditions 1 and
begins to stabilise around 0.97 p.u. at about 1 s. In addition, when operating conditions 3. Before the three-phase short-circuit fault
the fault is cut off, the bus voltage can be quickly stabilised to occurs, the bus voltage amplitude at a grid-connected wind farm
reduce the oscillation frequency and oscillation amplitude of the with STATCOM compensation system under operating condition 3
voltage. was significantly higher than the bus voltage amplitude under
Comparing these two conditions, it shows TCSC can improve operating condition 1. Under operating condition 3 at about 1 s, the
the voltage stability of the system and shorten the oscillation time bus voltage value at grid-connected wind farm begins to fluctuate
when the system is disturbed and can reduce the oscillation around 1.0 p.u. and is about 0.05 p.u. higher than operating
amplitude. After the fault is removed, TCSC can reduce the condition 1. During 1–2 s, the voltage amplitude fluctuation of
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condition 3 is smaller than that of condition 1. Although the bus Laboratory for Electric Drive Control and Intelligent Equipment of
voltage has been increased under operating condition 3 after the Hunan Province (grant no. 2016TP1018).
fault is cut off, but its voltage is always oscillating. The bus voltage
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This work was financially supported by Scientific Research Fund
of Hunan Natural Science Foundation (grant no. 2018JJ4076), Key

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