Small annual range of temperature (only if the answer on rainfall

award marks)
1996 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 MARKING SCHEME: 4.a) If the local time in Nairobi at longitude 37o E is 10.00a.m. What will the time
SECTION A: be at Buchanan in Liberia at longitude 10oW
1. a) Two features resulting from extrusive volcanic activity 1o = 4 Mins
Composite volcano Lava plateau/lava plains/tuff plateau 47o x 4 = 188 mins
Caldera/crater Ash and cinder cones = 3hrs 8 mins
Spine/volcanic plugs Hot spring (any 2 x 1 =2 mks) Buchanani is 3 hrs. 8 mins behind Nairobi its time will be 6.52 am (2mks)
b) The effect of the international date line on time
b) Four ways in which volcanicity has influenced human activities in Kenya
On crossing this longitude while going to west, a day is lost
i) The Volcanic rocks of the Kenya highlands have been weathered to
while a day is gained while crossing to the East. (2mks)
produce fertile soil for agriculture.
5. a) Three examples of mechanically formed sedimentary rocks
ii) Landforms resulting from activity are tourist attraction /scenic beauty e.g
Mt Kenya. - Sandstone - Clay stone, siltstone -shale -Mudstone b) Changes that occur in
sedimentary rocks when they are subjected to intense heat and pressure.
iii) Trachyte and phonolites/volcanic rocks are used for building iv) steams
New Minerals are formed
jets/gerious at Olkaria are used for generating geothermal power. v)
Gases associated with volcanic activities are mined in Kenya e.g Minerals recrystallize further
CO2 at Rock particles become compacted
Kereita and at Esageri in Baringo vi) Steep slopes formed through The physical appearance of the rock changes
volcanic activity discourages settlement/farming/development of transport. Metamorphism without any details(Any 2x 1 = 2 marks)
(4mks)
2. The block diagram below represents part of the earth’s crust which has been subjected SECTION B:
to tensional forces.
1. Study the map of Ithanga (1:50,000 Sheet 135/4) provided and answer the
a) (i) The slope marked A-Heave/Escarpment following questions.
(ii) The angle marked B-hade (2mks) a) i) The six – figured grid reference for the trigonometrical station
b) Three ways in which faulting can influence drainage system to the south – east of the area covered by the map – 300906 (1mk)
Vertical faulting across a river may cause waterfall ii) The bearing of the school at Kamwiendei village from the
Rift faulting in an enclosed area may lead to formation of a lake if rivers church at Riakanau? 029o + 1o (022 – 030o) (2mks)Accept this
drain into the basin/inland drainage
iii) The length of the dry weather road (E 625 ), from the
Some rivers flow along fault lines/fault guided drainage junction at karaba shops to where it ends at Riakanau
Uplifting of landscape which leads to faulting may cause rivers to village in kms.
their direction of flow. (Any 2x1= 2mks) 3 a) What is an isobar? - 10.7 km + 0.1 km (10c- - 10.8) (2mks)
It is an imaginary line connecting places with the same air pressure. iv) The area of Tebere B in the northern part of the map.
It is a line an a map connecting places with the same atmospheric pressure.
-13.5 ± 1 km2 (1.25 – 14.5 ) km2 (2 mks)
(2mks)
b) Student from one of the schools in the area covered by the map
b) Four characteristics of Modified equatorial climate (Lake V. Basic)
carried out a field study on the physical features and economic activities found in the
Rainfall throughout the year area.
Rainfall total between 1000mm-1600mm/heavy/high/high rainfall i) Two types of natural vegetation they are likely to have
Rainfalls mainly in the afternoons identification.
Rain is accompanied by thunder - Scrub - Scattered trees -Woodland
Temperature range between 200-60c/moderate a temperatures ii) Citing evidence from the map, name three economic
There is high humidity activities the students are likely to have identified during their
Double maximum rainfall (any 4x1=4 mks) study.(3mks)
3 c) Convectional type of rainfall

Activity: Evidence
Agriculture / farming Sisal estate / coffee plantation / coffee factory
Commerce / trading Shop / markets
Mining / quarrying Processing
Posho mills / coffee factory Transportation
Roads / ferry * No evidence no marks Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks
(iii) Citing evidence from the map, name two methods the students are likely
to have used to cross River Tana.
Method Evidence
Ferries Ferries
Barrage Merila river Barrage
Bridge points New Tana Bridge
* No evidence no marks Any 2 x 1 = (2 mks)
(c) The drainage of the area covered by the map is as follows
River Tana and its tributaries from the main drainage system in the area
The area has numerous, permanent, surface streams/ rivers 2. a) i) A river dived
Most parts of the area covered by the map are well drained It is a ridge / high ground that separates two or more rivers basins
There are some seasonal swamps found mainly along the valley of river Tana. The highest line of an interflose (1mks) ii)
The main drainage pattern is dendritic with radia pattern noticeable in the South Describe three ways by which a river transports its load
East. Traction process / rolling / sliding – The large and heavy particles of
There are man – made water features including dams water troughs and in the the river load are rolled / dragged along the river bed.
area covered by the map (4 x 1 = 4 Mks) Saltation process – particles that are not too heavy but cannot remain
* If you get a specific point find the evidence from the river. suspended in water are momentarily lifted by the water turbulence
(d) The distribution of settlement in the area covered by the map is as follows: There are and at times dropped onto the river bed.
few settlements/labour lines within Ithanga estate and Kiamutunguru hills. Solution – soluble minerals are dissolved in the river water and carried
There are scattered settlements in the South West and the area immediately away in solution.
to the North of river Tana Suspension – light particles of the load are carried and maintained
There is nucleated settlements mainly in the market/shopping centres/ within the turbulence of flowing water. (any 3 x2 = (6 mks) NB:
villages in the North and South Western part of the area covered by the Correct description can earn marks without process.
map. b) The characteristics of a river in its old stage
Some areas such as Mbondoni and the area between Kamwendei and Karabal The widening of the valley through lateral erosion creates an extensive
have no settlements. area where the river deposits its load, the gradient of the plain is low.
(e) A rectangle 15cm by 10cm representing the area west of Easting 20 and south of The speed of flow is low, the gradient of the plain is low.
Northing 00.on the rectangle the following are marked and named. Due to the slow speed and the high rate of deposition, the river forms
i) The provincial boundary ii) Ithanga hills pronounced meanders.
iii) The sisal plantation to the south west of the area. Due to the slow speed, the main work of the river is deposition
Meanders become more pronounced with narrow neck which are
eventually blocked by deposits to form meander cut off / ox –bow lakes.
Increased deposition along the channel raises the river bed may eventually
form small islands / braided channel / river braids
Deposition along the banks of the river channel leads to formation of
leaves.
 The reduced speed and increased deposition blocks the river mouth It forms on a shallow shore at a point where there is a change in the angle of
forcing the river to form distributaries / delta.(any 7 points = 7 marks) the coastline.
c) Description of drainage patterns / systems. Sand or shingle is deposited by long shore drift / oblique waves
Superimposed Deposition continues and materials accumulates seawards
The drainage system develops on a rock structure that overlay a With time, an elongated feature with one end attached to the mainland projects
totally different one. into the sea and it called a split.
The river valley cuts through the surface rock layer onto the underlying
rocks.
Gradually the surface rocks are removed ad the underlying rocks now
become exposed.
The superimposed drainage system bears on relationship to the existing
rock structure / discordant with the rock structure (3mks)
ii) Centripetal
The pattern develops in an area with a central basin
River drain into the depression from different directions(2mks)
d) You have planned to carry out a study of a river in its youthful
stage preparation for the study.
Carry out reconnaissance survey FORMATION OF BLOWHOLES
Read from reference books / seek permission from the authority Wave erosion acts on a line of weakness at the back part of the roof of a sea
Prepare a sketch map cave
Formulate objectives from the study /Hypothesis of the study At the same time weathering especially by solution acts on the line of weakness
from the surface downwards.
Prepare relevant stationery (Any 2 x 1 =(2 mks)
ii) Two features you are likely to study Eventually, a vertical shaft / hole, which connects the surface to the cave
Interlocking spurs below, is formed and is called a blowhole.
Gorges
Water falls / rapids / cataracts
Potholes, plunge, slope river , slope pools(Any 2Mks)2 x 1
iii) Two problems you are likely to experience during the study
Steep slopes
Thick vegetation
Rocky contours
Poor communication / bad roads
Hostile weather conditions (to be specified) Wave action
Wild animals crossing river valley (Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks) NB** Point must be mentioned to score full marks for text.
3.a) The four process things which are Wave action at the base of a cliff attacks the zone of weaknesses.
By hydraulic action The cave develops and gradually enlarge following the lines of weaknesses. The
cave eventually opens up further inland through a vertical shaft/line of
Abrasion / currasion weakness to form a blowhole group. (2x1= 2mks) Diagram 2 marks.)
Solution / Currasion An atoll
Stage 1
QUESTION 3:
b) i) Formation of a spit.

(i) Thee features formed as a result of coastal emergence that they are likely to
have studied
Raised beaches
Raised wave-cut platforms
Raised coral/exposed coral rocks
Cliffs
Mud flats (any 3x1 = 3mks)
(ii) Three methods the student may have used to record their data
Taking photographs
Drawing sketches/maps/ Diagrams
Tabulating/tallying
Labels samples
Making notes/taking notes (Any 3x1 = 3mks)
(iii) Two ways in which features resulting from coastal emergence are of
significance of Kenya
Some are tourist attraction
Coral provides raw materials for cement manufacturing
Coral rocks are used as building materials
They provide an environment for education/research activities
(2x1= 2mks)
3 a) (iii) Formation of an Atoll(Hurray’s theory) Coral grow
on submarine hills or plateaus. 4 a) (i) Four characteristics of desert soil
These hills/plateaus consist of either volcanic material or accumulated pelagic They are thin/shallow
material
They are stony/sandy
They rise/accumulate to within 60 meters of depth.
They are saline
Coral grows more vigorously outwards
They are loose in texture
The coral on the inner side is slowly dissolved to form a deep lagoon.
They are rich in calcium
b) (iii) formulation of an Atoll (Dely’s theory)
Low moisture content (4x1=4 marks)
During the last ice age, coral islands in the ocean were flattened by marine
(ii) Two factors that contribute to soil leaching
erosion.
Nature of the soil / Solubility of the minerals
At the end or the ice age, the meltoutous caused a global rise in sea level.
Topography
The warmer temperature encouraged growth of coral reefs, which
b) How each of the following factors influences the formation of soil;
kept pace with the rising sea level
Coral grew more vigorously outwards than inwards. (i) Parent rock
The nature of the rock influences the rate of
weathering/hard rock weather slowly while soft rock
weathers fast
The rock determine the soil texture/large grained soils.
The type of minerals in the parent rock are transferred to the
soil during formation. (2x1= 2mks)
(ii) Living organisms
c) Some student carried out a field study on the coastal features found along They assist in the breaking down of rocks through burrowing / ploughing
the coast of Kenya. / root penetration.
 They influence the chemical composition of soil by adding / removing GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 1996 MARKING SCHEME
organic acid solution / minerals. SECTION A
Burrowing / digging influences soil aeration. (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 1. a) Vegetable / tomatoes / onions / carrots.(allow any correct vegetable)
Topography (max 1mk)
It determines the rate of weathering / steep slopes encourage high rate of weathering and Fruits / oranges , pineapples, plums, mangoes (allow any correct fruit)
removal of soil particles. flowers, roses (max 1 mk)
It influences soil depth / gentle slopes have deep soil while steep slopes have thin soils b) Netherlands has a higher urban population than Kenya / there is high
It influences soil drainage / where land is flat, soil are poorly drained. demand both local and foreign for horticultural crops products in
Netherlands than in Kenya.
(2 x 1 = 2 mks)
c) Draw a well – labeled profile Farmers in Netherlands have more access to the capital needed for horticultural
of mature soil farming than in Kenya.
A soil profile There is more advanced and appropriate technology in Netherlands which has
enhanced horticulture farming than in Kenya.
Netherlands unlike Kenya has highly skilled labour for production and handling
of agricultural products.
There is more advanced horticultural farming related research in the Netherlands
than in Kenya.
Netherlands unlike Kenya has well organized marketing procedures / cooperatives
/ auction markets which are conducive for horticultural
farming. (any 3 well compared points 3x1(3mks)
2. To create employment opportunities / solve unemployment problem make use
d) Four ways in which human activities contribute to soil erosion of locally available materials.
Monocultural / farming activities leads to soil exhaustion thus making the soil vulnerable To produce cheap consumer goods / to substitute the expensive imported goods.
to erosion. To reduce importation / save foreign exchange To
Overstocking reduces vegetation cover, exposing soil to agents of erosion. cater for local needs.
Ploughing up and down a slope provides channels for surface run off. To diversify the export goods
These are enlarged to become gullies. Jua kali industries requires little capital investment.
Deforestation / clearing of vegetation cover exposes soil to agent of erosion. Establishment for jua kali industries is a way decentralizing industries which
Mining / quarrying / road construction loosen / exposes the soil making it susceptible reduces rural – urban migration
to erosion. 3. a) X – Amboseli N.P Y – Marsabit G.R
Human settlement and cultivation on steep slope / river frontage increases soil erosion Z – malindi / watamu marine Reserve
processes. b) Setting up the Kenya wildlife services which is responsible for conserving wildlife.
Continues cultivation without replenishment of soil exhaustion making the soil Banning of game hunting
vulnerable to erosion.
Banning of game hunting
Shifting cultivation / bush fallowing leaves land unprotected against erosion.
Banning of trade in wildlife products
(Ant 4 x 2 = 8 mks)
NB: Double tick at the end of the whole explanation = (25) Establishing the Kenya rangelands ecological monitoring Unit (KRMU)
Creating public awareness through mass media, wildlife clubs and
wildlife education centres. (Any 2x 1 = 3mks) 4.
a) Ndola, Kitwa, Mafulira Luashya, Chililabombwe, Chemezi
b) Mining of copper has created employment opportunities.
It has led to development of manufacturing industries
It has facilitated the development of transport network.
It has promotes agricultural production near the mining areas.

It has facilitated local and foreign trade. 1. a) i) Using a scale 1cm to represent 20,000 millions passengers,
It has led to expansion of hydro- electric power production. draw comparative bar graphs based on the data above (9mks)
(Any 3x1 = 3mks)
5. a) High demand for hard wood has led to over – exploitation.
Population pressure on land has led to increased cutting of trees to provide land
for farming and settlement.
The time taken for the hardwood trees to mature does not match the rate at which
they are being exploited.
Softwood forest in Canada are more extensive than those in Kenya
Softwood trees species in Kenya are Exotic while those in Canada are indigenous.
There is a wider variety of softwood tree species in Canada than is in
Kenya. (Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)

SECTION B.
Country Passengers in millions
1996 1997
Canada 4,200 3,000
U.S.A 27,700 16,600
Argentina 14,100 12,000
India 96,800 163,800
Japan 258,400 311,900

ii) They are easy to construct

They are easy to compare
They depict data more accurately
They give clear visual impression
They are easy to interpret
Easy to reach (Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)_
b) 4,200 1,200 x 100
3,000 4,200
1,200 = 28.5% (2mks)
c) Africa countries were administered by different colonial government who
constructed rail lines only with the areas of their jurisdiction.
Many African countries have political differences, which lead to mistrust and
hostility. This works against any efforts undertaken railway construction
jointly.
African countries have railways of different gauges, which makes it difficult
for them to be connected.
There is little inter- state trade among African countries. This does not warrant
construction of railways to transport bulky goods.
 African countries lack sufficient capital to establish railways which rely mainly The rapid growth of population has lead to inadequate provision of health,
of imported raw materials / mountains landscape / swampy terrain have education services and social services.
hindered the development of rails to link the countries. Pollution of the air sound pollution caused by vehicles causes health
d) Establishment of airport has created employment opportunities thus hazard.
solving the problem of unemployment/ improving the standards of the d) Urbanization encourages national unity as people of all nationalities/ethnic
employees. background comes together.
It has promoted tourism by providing direct links with the countries of origin. It promotes links between countries as communication network tends to focus into urban
It has promoted Horticultural products by providing efficient means of transport centres.
to the foreign markets. It creates employment opportunities through the establishment of commercial and
It helps generate revenue through taxation of goods and passengers at the airport./ industrial activities.
foreign exchange earning. It leads to development of infrastructure both within the urban centres and the surrounding
It has promoted international understanding by enabling Kenyans to interact rural areas.
with people from other part of the world. It provide market for agricultural and industrial goods produced in the country.
2. a) Kisumu grew as the terminus of Uganda railways. Urban centers attract large population that labour for manufacturing industries and
It grew as large port handling the regional lake trade. the other commercial activities. Any 3x2=6mks)
The high population in the surrounding areas provided the required labour force. Map of Ghana
Early Asian settlement in the area led to commercial development It
was a regional headquarters for colonial administration.
Water for domestic and industrial use was readily available in the area.
It has rich agricultural hinterland providing food and industrial raw material.
The development of industries has attracted people to the tow.(Fishing
industry) (Any 4 x1 mk 9max 4 mks)
b) Banking / Financial center.
Industrial center
Fashion center
Transport and communication center
Headquarters of U.N b)Pods are harvested using long knives
Leading trade center/stock exchange center Pods are collected and piled at a central place.
Educational center Pods are split open with a sharp knife and beans scooped out by hands.
Cultural center (Max. 5mks) Beans are put in heaps on mat and covered with banana leave
c) The rapid growth of population has led acute shortage of houses. Beans are allowed to ferment for 5-6 days during which the juicy pulp drains away.
There is serious traffic congestion during rush hours especially in Fermented beans are washed and cleaned
Nairobi. This leads to lose of time congestion Beans are spread on tables covered with mats to dry in the hot sun.
The heaps of uncollected garbage cause a health hazard as they can lead Beans are turned frequently as they dry and slowly turns brown.
to epidemics. Dry beans are put in sacks and sent to the harvest-buying center.
The town a large unemployed population which is idle and encourages At the center, the dry beans are weighted and graded ready for export
crime and immoral practices. NB: Sequence should be used some activities may be omitted.
The urban centers suffer from perennial water shortages due to increased (ii) Pest and disease which destroy the crop
Number of consumers Fluctuation of prices in the world market which discouraged the farmers.
There is poor sewage system in some parts of the towns. This causes Low prices paid to the crop discourage the farmers.
a health hazard. The strong Hamattan wind destroys the crop.
The rapid growth of population has lead to inadequate provision of health Inadequate labour during harvest.
hazard.

Poor means of transport make it difficult for farmers to deliver their crop in time. Insecurity in areas such as North-Eastern and Northern Kenya which have frequent
(4mks) attacks from bandits and cattle rustler shapes made some people to migrate to more secure
c) High temperature throughout the years average temperature must be over 210-300 areas.
High rainfall and evenly distributed throughout the year (1000-21000 mm per year. Establishment of large plantation near Thika town and rice irrigation schemes in Mwea and
Ahero attract people from neighboring areas as they search for employment
Deep fertile well drained soils/can withstands a wide variety of soils. /mining/Lumbering/fishing.
Low altitude of up to 700m sea level. Natural catastrophes such as floods in Kano plains and lower Tana Valley cause people to move
Seedling must be sheltered from strong winds. to more secure higher grounds.
High relative humidity Any 4x2 =8mks) Pastoral communities such as the Maasai, Samburu and Boran migrate from one rural area
d) The leaves are used for roofing to another in search of pasture and water for their livestock.
The shells and fiber are used for fuel Drought and famine sometimes cause people to migrate in search of food e.g some people
The leaves are used for making baskets and brooms. who live in semi-arid areas of Kenya temporarily migrate to those districts where they
The sap from the stem is used for making wine The can get food during the time of droughts)
fruit is used for making oil/ cosmetics/soap. d) Explain four factors that influenced population distribution in Kenya.
Crushed nuts are used a animal feeds Rainfall amount and distribution
4 a) It is suited where the number of people living in a country or region exceed the Soil fertility
available resources. Colonial administration
b) The population has lower life expectancy than that of Sweden has an ageing Government policy
population.. Vegetation
Most people live in urban centers Transport and communication network/social amenities
Kenya has a high population birth rate while in Sweden it is low Kenya Pests and diseases
has high population death rate than Sweden.
Development of industries
Kenya’s fertility rate is higher than that of Sweden. (Any 4x 1= 4mrks)
Availability of water
c) Most people live in the central highlands and lake Victoria basins because these
areas have suitable climate for human settlement and for agricultural production. Drainage
Areas with fertile soil such as the central Highlands have dense population Temperature
because the soil support agricultural production/ areas with poor soil have sparse Relief
population e.g most parts of Nyika plateau. NB: Explanation should be attached
Gently sloping and flats lands facilitate settlement and transportation while rugged GEOGRAPHY PAPER 312 / 1 K.C.S.E 1997
slopes/steep landscapes have sparse population or nil higher and steeper slopes MARKING SCHEME SECTIONS A
of Mt. Kenya a nd Elgon.
Transport and communication facilities have encouraged settlements. There are
1. a) P – Atmosphere
many market centres along the Kenya roads and centres such as Nairobi and
Thika, which are, accommodate large population. Q – Crust / lithosphere
Development of industries is a major factor influencing population distribution in Kenya. R – Mantle / mesosphere
There are many people in the industrial centers such as Nairobi, Nakuru, Mombasa and - Silica
Eldoret. - Magnesium
Disease and pest discourages or discourages settlement in given areas. In Kenya, the 2. a) Draw a well labeled diagram of the hydrological cycle.
government discourages population settlement schemes such as Mwea.
Any 4 x 2 = 8mks)
d) (i) Rural-urban urban-Urban Urban-
Rural International
(ii) Population pressure which leads to landlessness in areas such as central
province lead to migration of people to settlement schemes and to less populated rural
areas in search of land.
 End point 1990 –
1960m

c) Drainage
b) Through springs / wells / see page comprises mainly
of rivers that are
Capillary action / transpiration
permanent
3. -X – Stalactite
Peaks forming radial patter
-Y – Stalagmite
Specific rivers such as Turgenon and Kipswes from dendritic pattern
-Z – pillar / limestone pillar / limestone column
The rivers flowing from the Ainamoi hill (grid sq.5566) to the north – west
4. a) It is the creeping , flowing , sliding or falling of rocks and weathered material from parallel drainage pattern.
Under the influence of gravity / Downward movement of the rock materials along
There is a papyrus swamp south of Kipchimchim (grid sq.562)
Slopes under influence of gravity. b) Angle of slope / gradient
There is a pond at 6470
Nature of materials / nature of underlying rock
There is a dam / reservoir in grid 6771 / 5661
Human activities
d) Woodland Scrub Scattered trees
Earth movement /Tectonic movement
Thickets Bamboo Papyrus Riverine trees.
Climatic conditions
Presence or absence of vegetation
e) Condition Evidence
Amount of water in the material
-High / heavy rainfall - Forest / rivers
5. a) Weather is the atmospheric conditions of a place over a short period of time, usually
twenty- four hours , whereas climate is the average weather conditions of a given place over - Well – drained soils -Close contours /rivers
along period of time, usually 30-35 yrs. - Cool temperature -Altitude of over 1900
b) From the graph - Availability of labour - Dense settlement in the neighbourhood
i) The annual range of temperature is 15oC / labour lines.
ii) Total amount of rainfall is 1300mm -Availability of transport -Network of roads / tracks
-Availability of factories -Factories
SECTION B i) Observation Interviewing Administering questionnaire
Taking measurement / measure Photographing
6 a)i) Peak of a hill / trigonometric station Counting Sampling
ii) A school 7. a)(i) Lake Turkana River Athi Mount Kenya
Main tracks / motorable track / foot path The Equator (1mk each)
iii) 6.25km 0.1 (6.15 – 6.35)
b) Cross – section from 570670 to 620670

The snow accumulates in the depression

Frost action / alternating freeze – thaw action enlarges the hallow
Abrasion / scouring action at the bottom of the glacier deepens the hallow
Plucking process steepness’ the back wall
Eventually a deep armchair shaped depression known as a corrie fills up with
melt water forms a corrie lake.
b) Hanging valleys form waterfalls, which are harmless of the generation of
hydroelectric power.
Features found in glaciated landscape attract tourists.(This generate income
for the country.
b) The region receives rainfall throughout the year. Melting glaciers are sources of rivers, which provide water for domestic/
Total rainfall ranges between 1000mm to 1500mm industrial / agricultural use.
The region has double maximum rain fall regime in the East / Single maximum In glaciated highlands, U – shaped valley floors provide suitable areas for
in the wet. settlement and agricultural, communication routes.
The long rains are received between march and may and the short rain Alluvial fans / outwash plains have fertile soils suitable for agriculture
between September and December in the east / peak between may and Provide suitable sits for the development of deep harbours
August in the west.
Floors provide shelter water suitable for fish breeding. This promotes fishing.
Rain is mainly caused by the SE trade winds.
C)i) Identifying the direction they would take
The area receives mainly relief rainfall / or graphic
Identifying the feature they are likely to encounter.
The average temperature range between 17o and 24oC / warm temperature. Estimating the time they are likely to take Estimating
The lower slope are warmer than the high slopes / temperature are modified the distance they would cover.
by altitude / surface relief. Planning the schedule of activities
The area experiences moderate humidity ii) Terminal moraine
The coolest months are between June and August while the ret of the year remains Lateral moraine
warm. Ground moraine
Days are warm while nights are cool / chilly Medical moraine
Mean annual range of temperature is low (3-5oC) iii) Climbing / descending / steep slopes
c) Tree in the region have long root tap water from the water – Cold weather
table beneath
Wild animals
Tree are umbrella – shaped to provide shade that reduces the rate of evaporation
Adjusting to the low atmospheric pressure
around the stem.
Crossing through waterlogged ground
Some plants have thick leaves and barks for storing water
Poor visibility
Some plants have waxy or needle –like leaves to reduce loss of water through
transpiration. Thick vegetation
Some plants produce seeds that lie dormant for along time and germinate when Rain (any 2 1mk)
the rains fall. 9. a) Likmonite – chert
d) On shore winds, on crossing a cold current are cooled leading Travertine / tufa
to premature condensation that causes the formation. Dolomite
On reaching the land they have a drying effect. Rock salt
In temperature area in summer cold currents keep the coastlands cooler than Gypsum
places on the same latitude. If the winds are offshore. Haemitite
8.a) The pressure pre-existing depression on the mountain side. Trona
Snow gets compacted into ice forming a cirque glacier. b) i) Temperature between 20 – 29 oC
 Warm water GEOGRAPHY PAPER 312/2 K.C.S.E 1997
Salty water MARKING SCHEME
Shallow water SECTION A
Clear water / silt free / mud free 1. a) Guernsey
Well – oxygenated water ii) Tiny marine organism called coral Jersey
polyps live in colonies in the sea. Friesian
Polyps extract calcium form the sea water to make their shells. Ayrshire
The spaces between the dead coral polyps are cemented by calcareous Zebu swiss brown
algae. b) well-developed co-operative movement
c) Some rocks are exploited to provide building and construction materials.\ Availability of market for dairy produce
This promotes the industry.
Availability of extension services
Some rocks formation e.g. granite are tourist attractions. This earns the
Suitable climate/moderate temperature
country some foreign exchange.
Handy fodder/ pasture
Rocks have contributed to the development of cement industry through
the provision of lime – stone as raw materials. Advanced technology/specialization
Through weathering, rocks provide soils which are used for agricultural Mechanization
production. 2 a) Availability of water supply/ good drainage
Some rocks have valuable mineral ores which are exploited and sold to generate Availability of land/space
revenue Nature of relief
Some rocks are curved for which are sold to generate revenue Some Suitability of climate/good rainfall
rocks such as rock salt are sources of food. Absence of pest and diseases/health environment fertile soils
d) i) Text books / pamphlets b) Clustered/Nucleated
Maps / geological maps Linear
Journals 3 a) The continental shelf is narrow
Periodicals / Magazines / Newspaper Poor transport connections to the fisheries
Handouts teacher 1 mk each max 3 (3mks) Local fishermen do not have adequate capital
e) A part from reading from secondary sources, state four other ways in which the The coastline is fairy straight/has few indentations
students would prepare themselves for the field study
The water is too warm for fish breeding/ lack of up welling of water/shallow
Setting up study objectives for the study continental shelf
Identifying methods of data collection There is low demand for fish
Carrying out a reconnaissance survey The fishermen lack modern equipment/preservation facilities/storage
Seeking permission from the relevant authority facilities
Identifying / sorting our relevant equipment, tools for the study Inadequate skills/inadequate research/technology
Drawing a route map Competition from developed countries
Identifying relevant stationery b) Provides alternative sources of protein/save foreign exchange
Dividing themselves into groups Encourages development of infrastructure
Discussion It is a source of income for the farmers/earns foreign exchange
It creates employment opportunities
It promotes industrial development
4 a) Presence of sedimentary rocks
Presence of organic remains/fossils

Presence of pressure to compress or organic remains Presence ii) Flooding creates stagnant water in which diseases causing pests
of porous rocks. breed.
b) It causes water, air pollution/noise pollution Flooding leads to loss of property and lives while human life cannot
It leads to soil erosion be replaced.
Dumping of heaps of rock waste litters the surface Flooding causes soil water logging which lowers crop production
Water collects in the open craters forming breeding ground for Floods disrupt farmers’ calendar/wash away crops. This leads to food
shortage/famine.
mosquitoes/pests
Floods wash away bridges and roads/ This disrups transport and
Destruction of biodiversity (plants and animals)
communication/air fields/ telephone lines.
5. Availability of labour
People are displaced /left home less
Availability of agricultural raw materials
c) Construction of dams/check dams which help reduce velocity of river
Well developed transport links with other parts of the country downstream
Availability of ready market Construction of dykes/ artificial levees which restrict outflow of rivers
Availability of power Construction of diversion channels/canals which helps realign meanders
Government policy and restrict the flow of rivers/drai floeded areas
Extensive plan for expansion Planting of vegetation/forest in the river catchment areas to reduce the
surface run-off and increase seepage.
SECTION B Clearing drainage system to facilitate easy flow of water.
6 a) (i) Ground general view ground photograph 7 a) Ahero Perkera Galole/Hola/Bura
(ii) Rectangle measuring 17cm by 12cm West Kamu Mitunguu Kibwezi
Daua Katila Bunyala Taveta
b) The area war sparsely populated thus making it easy and cheap to resettle
the people
Presence of river Thiba Nyamindi, which would provide water for irrigation.
The black cotton soil in the area which was suitable for irrigation because they retain
water.
The fertile soil in the area which ws suitable for crop production
Extensive land for future expansion
The gentle land would allow water to reach the farm through gravity
The unreliable/ inadequate rainfall received in the area mad it necessary for irrigation
to be practiced.
c) The people who live in the area were originally nomads but now they lead
settle live
Initially the people in the area had no regular sources of income, but nowadays, this
is earned from sale of cotton and other crops
(iii) The land rises from the ladle towards the ground The establishment of the scheme led to the provision f social amenities .
The area in the ground is flat Infrastructure which have improved people standard of living
The area is covered by vegetation I slightly raised Tenants are able to grow food crops besides cotton. This has improved their self
The area in the background has hills/ridges There sufficiency if food/has improved their diet.
is a slight depression in the middle ground The establishment of the scheme has created employment opportunities for the people
b) i) Nyando Nzoia Tana in the area.
Kuja/Gucha A forestation has provide firewood/building materials Dairy
Yalla Ewaso Nyiro farming has been introduced.
d) The stagnant water in the scheme encourages breeding of snails and mosquitoes which The government provides credit facilities to the business community through institutions
spread diseases silting of canals/weeds growing in the canals reduce the flow of water such as state banks
into the The government facilitates easy distribution of goods through organization such as Kenya
fields. The farmers spend extra time and money dredging the canal national corporation.(KNTC).
Delayed low payment discourages the farmers d) There is likely to be improved transport links between Kenya and other two countries
Fluctuation cotton prices in the world market (Uganda and Tanzania), which will facilitate faster movement of goods and passengers.
Competition from synthetic fibers discourages/demoralize the farmers Trade in Kenya will likely to increase because expanded hinterland market / strong
Diseases and pests tat attack the crops lead to low yields bargaining power.
Weeds called seid compete with cotton for nutrients lowering crop yields There is likely to be more tourists visiting Kenya as a result of opening of boarders
Salination lowers quality of soils hence lower yields There is likely to increase employment opportunities because of free movement of people
Shortage of labour leading to use of hired labour which is very expensive Expanded market will attract foreign investment which will lead to expansion of
industries.
8 a) i) P- Cameroon Exchange or research finding / training.
Q- Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo). 9.a)i)Tourism is the visiting of places of interest for e recreational purposes
ii) The varied relief features.
ii) Political differences/hostilities between the countries through
which the highway passes Wild animals
There are civil wars in the region Birds / flamingos
There are civil wars in the region Hot springs / Geysers / Fumaroles /Geothermal
Tarrifs charged at the border posts increase transportation costs Vegetation
Parts of highway are incomplete/impassable during wet seasons/are similar goods People culture
Different currencies are used Pre- historic sites /Historical sites e.g. Kapenguria
Long distance covered Mining sites
Language barrier Sports tourism e.g. fishing
b) There is competition from other forms of transport road pipeline which are faster b) The roads leading tourist sites are poorly maintained. Discourages people
and flexible/ sometimes cheaper from visiting such sites.
Maintenance expansions costs of rail network in high thus some of the wagons used are Inadequate local comparing and advertisement of tourist attractions/ special packages
old there has been little expansion of rails lines leads to low public awareness.
There has been mismanagement of rail services leading to deteriorating conditions and Familiarity with the tourist attraction among the local people makes them fail to
lower income appreciate their beauty and value
Inadequate servicing of rail equipment wagons/lines has lead to frequent accidents Negative attitude towards local tourism limits the number of people who engage in
derailments tourism.
c) The government has provided the necessary infrastructure such as roads and Insecurity from gangsters/ poachers in national parks and game reserves scare people
telecommunication which make it possible for the business community to easily away from visiting them.
market their products The high cost of accommodation in the game lodges discourages local tourism / the
The government facilities the organization of Trade Fairs/Exhibition/shows, to enable high cost of hiring tourism vehicles discourages people from touring / low income.
the business community to advertise their products c) Illegal hunting / poaching of wild game threatens the conservation efforts leads
Removal of restriction of movement of goods produce/fixing air market days to the extinction of some species of animals.
Removal of price controls Overstocking of some wild animals leads to destruction of natural environment through
over-grazing.
Imposition of tariffs on imported goods to produce locally manufactured
Frequent drought experienced in some of the nation parks and reserves leads to loss
The government facilities the organization of conferences/seminars, to enable the business of animals through starvation and death.
community to exchange ideas on trade
Staying wild animals from the parks to settlement leads to destruction / high cost of
The government through KBS maintains the quality of goods that are produced and sold fencing.
through Kenya Bureau of standards (KBs).

Inadequate capital limits government conservation efforts / over reliance on foreign GEOGRAPHY PAPER 312/1 K.C.S.E 1998
donor. MARKING SCHEME SECTION A
Rapid human population growth leads to the encroachment of games parks and reserve. 1. (a) The diagram below represents the earth on its axis. Use it to answer question a
Pollution of the environment leads to death of wild animals. Fire (i) Tropic of cancer ( 1mk)
outbreaks destroy wildlife. (ii) 66 ½ 0 ( 1mk)
d) Favourable climate; with warm sunny summer which allow swimming and sun bathing (b) It causes days and nights apparent movement of the sun form East to west
and cold winters which encourages winter sports such as skiing.
It causes differences in time at different longitudes
The varied scenery consisting of snow – capped mountains, cascading waterfall and
It causes deflection of winds/ deflection of ocean currents
glaciated landscape provides varied tourist attraction which are lacking in other
parts of Europe make the country easily accessible from the other European It causes raising and falling of sea tides
countries. It causes variation in atmospheric pressure is the extended service
Political neutrality of Switzerland removes any travel restrictions to the country as a 2. (a) It is the molten rock under the earth’s crust
tourist destination. (b) A sill is a near horizontal/ tabular sheet of igneous rock formed from
Diversity of languages spoken in Switzerland makes it possible for tourist to communicate solidified magma intruded between bedding planes, while a dyke is a shrub of
and move around the area. intrusive rock which cuts near vertical/ discordantly across the bedding
Well- developed transport network tourist sites provide easy accessibility. planes. ( no mark for one side only)
Advanced training in tourist industry enables Switzerland to provide the necessary (c) P – Conelet/ subsiding cone/ acidic presitic
services to tourist thus attracting more to the country / package tours services Q – Layer of lava
offered e.g. hotels. R – Crater
Availability of health resorts. 3. (a) Collision between tectonic plates
Inherent hospitality of Swiss people encourage tourist to visit Switzerland. Faulting/ cracking rocks
Well-developed financial institutions (Banks) have promoted easy transaction, hence Movement of magma within the crust/ violent and volcanic eruption
encouraging tourist to Switzerland. Adjustment of rocks as a result of stress e.g. caused by folding
Switzerland is HQ of several international agencies; this has lead to the influx of delegates Isostatic adjustment Any 3 x 1 ( 3 mks)
to the country later turn to tourist.
Excessive energy release within the mantle which is explosive
Gravitative pressure
Explosions caused by man e.g. yest
(b) Collapsing/ cracking buildings
Loss of life ( human animal and plant)
Disruption of transport and communication lines
Outbreak of fires
Avalanches and landslides my cover the built up area
Tsunamis may drown coastal settlement Any 2 x 1 ( 2mks)
4. (a) Arcuate delta
Bird’s foot/ digitate
(b) Slow moving water at the mouth of a river/ gentle slope at the mouth
Shallow shore
Absence of obstacles/ filters in the river cause
Large amounts of silt in the river
Calm sea/ absence of strong coastal waves/ deposition faster than
removal ( any 3
x 1 = 3 mks)
 5. (a) Weathering solution in limestone area
Deposition/ by water/ ice 7 (a) (i) Weathering is the break down/ disintegration and decomposition of rocks in
Erosion / by wind/ ice situ while weathered materials under the influence of gravity
Meteorite falling (Weathering 2 mks) (Mass wasting 2 mks)
Human activities/ damming/ blowing up of land with explosives (ii) – Solution - Oxidation - Hydration
Mass movement ( 3mks) Carbonation - Hydrolysis
(b) Are reservoirs in the water cycle
(b) Due to temperatures changes, soil particles expand and contract hence shift
Support bio- diversity/ support floras and fauna
position down slope.
Enable self – purification of water and air
Moisture/ rain water causes soil to become wet and compact. On drying
Modify local weather and climate the particles loosen and shift position down slope.
Regulation of river flow/ controlling flooding ( 2mks) Frost heaving beneath soil perpendicularly under gravity.
Removal of soil on downhill side makes the rest of the soil to shift
SECTION B Water perforating within the mass regolith may drag individuals gains
6. (a) Topographical map ( 1 mk) of soil along with it.
(ii) Kilifi and Kwale ( 2 mks) External forces ( animals, vehicles, earthquakes) have a trigger effect
2
(iii) = 39km + 1 on soil particles causing a downslide movement ( Shacking of the
(38.0 – 40.0 km2 ( 2 mks) ground
(b) Availability of water for cattle from rivers, e.g. Ngoni (any one named receiver) Ploughing on slopes when soil is turned in one direction causes the soils
from seasonal swamps e.g. around Kinangop / South Samburu, from piped water to shift down slope.
(water pipeline) from dams/ water reservoirs e.g. near Mariakani town/ from
waterholes and water tanks e.g. around Mariakani town / wells Availability of (c) Soil creep pushes posts and fences from their original position and become
suitable vegetation/ pasture for animals. The sqeub thicket. Availability of inclined/ breaking of stones
veterinary services for improved animal husbandry e.g. veterinary investigation Displacement of fine soil particles down slope leaves the steep upper
laboratory/ cattle dips/ animal research station around Mariakani. slops bare and exposed
Large tracts of land with sparse settlement providing extensive area for grazing, It causes accumulation of particles at the base of a slope causing deep
particularly in the central and western parts of the area. soils.
Availability of transport evidence- roads/ railways, movable tracts gently sloping Soil creep interferes with structure such as roads, railways, making
land maintenance expensive
Terrace ( step partenned) develop across the slope
(c) FUNCTION EVIDENCE The ends of the rock outcraft may be cambered ( bend) downsope.
Administrative center - Chiefs office
Religious centre - Mosque/ church 8. (a) (i) Temperature are higher between September and March/
Transport / communication centre - Post office/ railway station/ relatively low during April to August
road Most of the rainfall is received during the warmer season/ cool season
Collection centre/ trading/ commercial - Store relatively dry/ single maximum R/F regime
Education centre - school (any 3 x 2 = 6 mks) The highest temperature are experienced in December (230C) / the lowest
(d) Difficulties of transport temperature range is large / 140 C
Long distances from one settlement to another The highest rainfall is received in December (125mm) the lowest June to
High temperature August ( 10mm)
Insect / snake bites There is no distinct dry month
(ii) 8.0 km (7.95.- 8.05) Rainfall is low ( 6.55mm)
(iii) 83 m
(iii) Scrub/ thicket/bush/ Shrubs

Grass is tall in the wetter areas and short in drier areas

The vegetation in mainly grass (b) (i) Formulate objectives of the study/ hypothesis
Trees are only found along water courses/ trees scattered Reading from secondary sources
Grass withers during the dry season/ winter but spouts at the beginning Carry out a reconnaissance to ensure that the instruments are in a working
of wet season conditions/ are in their right position
Acacias Seek permission from the relevant authority
Umbrella shaped trees/ thorny trees Procure appropriate stationary
Prepare a table for recording data
(b) Latitude Procure the instrument ( any 3 x 1 = 3 mks)
Areas near the equator are hotter than those far away from the equator.
This is due to a higher concentration of trees in rays per unit area at the (ii) A rain gauge Used to collect rain water
equator. The amount of solar insulation decreases polewards since it
Take the rain water which has collected in the jar/ bottle
passes through a longer distance of the atmosphere and therefore more
interference. Pour the water in the measuring / graduated cylinder
Take the reading
Altitude Record the reading in a book / or table ( 2 mks)
Lowlands are usually warmer than highlands because the atmosphere
becomes thinner as the altitude increases where the ground loses heat to Maximum and minimum thermometer
enter space faster. Atmosphere pressure decreases with increasing altitude. Used to record/ measure maximum and minimum temperature in a day
This is due to the weight of atmospheric air above highlands being less Be at the station at the convectional time for taking records
than in lowlands.
Read the position of the metal indices for both maximum and minimum
temperature
Distance from the sea/ continentally Record the readings in a book or table
During the hot season, coastal lands are relatively hotter than inland areas Reset the thermometer using a magnet ( 3mks)
on the same latitude due to the existing effect of the sea breezes. By the
time the sea breezes. By the time the sea breezes reach inland areas they
have adapted to the temperature of the land for which are passing. During (iii) It enables students collects first hand information
the cold season the effects is reversed. Students develop skills of weather observation
Students are able to make their own records of weather
Ocean currents Students are able to apply knowledge learned from books/ classrooms
When winds are on shore warm ocean currents have a warming effect on in the field
the adjacent coasts./ Lead to higher rainfall than inland areas/ cool ocean They’ll appreciate the usefulness of weather instruments
currents have a cooling effects/ drying effect on the adjacent coastlands.
9. (a) X- Atlas Mountains
Wind/Air Masses Y- Cape ranges
Warm/ cool winds bring a warming/ cooling influences to a place if they Z- Ethiopian Highlands ( 3 mks)
come from a warm / cool zone. Areas under the influence of dry winds
have little or no rainfall/ areas under moist winds are usually wet.
(b) (i) Simple fold/ symmetrical/ isoclinal
Asymmetrical fold
Aspect
Over fold
In the northern hemisphere outside the tropics the non facing slopes are
Recumbent fold
cooler than the south- facing slopes because they do not receive direct
solar isolation. (The reverse is true for the southern hemisphere). Overthrust/ fold thrust/ nappe
Windward slopes are generally wetter than leeward slopes because the
moisture- laden winds rise and drop their moisture on this side first.
 Anticlinorium/ synclinorium ( 4 mks) Fold mountains influence transport systems either as
barriers or as passes. 4 x 2 = 8 mks) GEOGRAPHY PAPER
312/ 2 K.C.S.E 1998
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A
1. (a) It is the process whereby an increasing of the total population in a
country settles in Towns
Changes from primary to secondary and tertiary production
Growth of town in number and size/ process by which population is
transferred from rural based agricultural life style to urban based life
styles.
(ii)
(b) It has deep sheltered harbour
It has fine weather throughout the year
It has larger hinter land
It is located at a straight point on the east
It is well linked to the interior by railway, road and air
Early settlement/ Early trade by Arabs/ Old port

2. (a) The river should have:

A narrow valley/ gorge
Geosynclines are formed on the earth’s surface Regular / reliable water supply
Prolonged and extensive erosion occurs on the surrounding higher Large volume of water
grounds
A hard rock film foundation
Sediments are deposited in the geosynclines forming thick layers
Impervious rocks/ impermeable/ non – porous rocks
The weight of the sediments causes subsidence of the geosyncline
Water fall/ head of water/ steep gradient/ slope
leading to accumulation of more sediments
Further subsidence of geosyncline triggers off
compressional forces, which draw the higher grounds (b) Fish are caught for human consumption
closer The artificial lake for transportation/ road transport
As a result, the sediments are compressed and form folders which The lake provides water for domestic use/ industrial use
are also thrust upwards to form mountains The area is a tourist attraction/ provides recreation/ earns foreign exchange
The main Mt. features are formed at the edge of geosynclines Water for irrigation
due to closeness to the source of the forests. Employment/ source of income

(c) (Fold mountains are water catchments areas. They trap rainfall 3. (a) Motor vehicles are cheaper to buy and maintain than crafts
which feed rivers that provide water for domestic use/ for Road transport is more flexible than air transport/ road leads everywhere
irrigation/ for industrial use/ for HEP generation/ rainfall for Africa
/ carry people/ goods from one place to another
(Fold mountains are often forested and provide valuable timber
used in construction and building industry. Construction of roads is cheaper than that of airports
Some fold mountains have valuable minerals deposits such Fares/ freight charges are lower than that of air transport
as coal and petroleum Skills require to operate aircrafts are higher and rare than those required to
Fold mountains attract tourists, thus earning the countries foreign operate motor vehicles.
exchange.

(b) It encourages the growth of tourists industry (ii) On the railway line ( 1 mk)
It promotes horticultural industry. Perishable goods can be transported easily. Cultivated land ( 1mk)
It enables cultural exchange between Kenya and other countries (iii) Coffee
It encourages international trade There are shrubs in the right foreground
It promotes international cooperation/ facilitates emergency services There are herbs/ grass along the railway line
It earns foreign exchange from industries There are shrubs/ tree hedges separating farms
There are patches of three/ forest in the centre middle ground
4. Expensive farm inputs/ inadequate capital/ insufficient capital fluctuating There is a stretch of forest in the background
prices (b) The vegetation has a thick undergrowth/ dense forest which makes penetration/
Delayed payments development of roads difficult.
Prolonged droughts/ unfavourable weather conditions/ heavy rainfall/ frost/ Uses of tropical hardwoods discourages exploitation. Any 5 x 2 = 10 mks)
hailstorm/ unreliable rainfall
Pests/ diseases (c) Tree planting/ re- afforestation/ -NGO’s planting of indigenous species is being
Pool payments based on pyrethrum content encouraged to preserve the endangered species.
Mismanagement of funds People are required to seek permits if they have to cut tree. This
reduces the rate of tree felling/ unlicensed people do not cut down
5. (a) It is a careful management/ protection of soil against erosion/ exhaustion tree.
(b) Ploughing along the contour Forest reserves have been set aside to conserve indigenous species.
Controlling grazing strip Forestry department of the Ministry of Natural Resources carry out
cropping Making terraces research to produce and distribute seedlings/ to en sure the
Digging cut off drains/ trenches/furrows across the slope extension of forests.
Planting cover crops People are being educated through mass media education on the
importance of forest conservation
Mixed cropping/ intercropping
People are being encouraged to use alternative sources of energy saving
Agro- forestry
jikos
Following field rotation
Group rotation 7. (a) L- Iron Ore/ Iron
Mulching M- Bauxite/ Gold
Adding fertilizer/ manure N- Copper
(ii) P – Johannesburg (3mks)
SECTION B
6. a)(i) (b) (i) Alluvial panting/ placer mining/ dredging (1mk)
Opencast methods/ quarrying/ Scrapping
Adit mining/ draft/ horizontal/ Hill slope Burring

(ii) Vertical shafts are sunk/ dug

Horizontal tunnels are dug to reach the mineral
Props are elected to support the roof
The minerals is blasted/ dugout the roof
The mineral is blasted/ dugout/ drilled
It is transported on light rail tracts/ conveyer to the bottom of the surface
Cranes/gedges used to transport the ore to the surface
 Gedges are used to transport miners and their equipment The local population had acquired the skills on iron working.
(6x1= 6 mks) These formed the foundation of iron and steel industry.
Availability of ready market from Western Europe/ Local Market
(c) It provides raw materials for manufacturing industrial/chemical/ building Tributaries of Rhine e.g Lippe, Ra should be created 5 x 2 = 10 mks
and construction industries (c) It requires less capital to establish since it is made up of small – scale
Mining stimulates development of transport/ infrastructure units
communication opening up remote minerals rich areas It creates employment for the growing labour force raise the standard
The mining industry generates employment opportunities which raise of living of the people/ income
the standards of living for the employees It products mainly for the local market thus the country save foreign
Mining promotes agriculture by proving markets exchange / earns foreign exchange.
Mining facilitates provision of social amenities It does not require expensive machinery since production is manual
Mining encourages development of skills/ technology which can be It facilitates decentralization of industries since it spreads easily thus
applied in other sectors of the economy checking rural urban migration
It leads to settling up other related industry It produces relatively cheap products that are affordable by many
It is a source of income which raises the standards of living of improving the quality migration
people selling minerals. Any 4 x 2 = 8mks) It produces relatively cheap products that are affordable by many
improving the quality of living
(d) Pollution of air/ water/ land noise It uses locally available/ scrap metals recycled raw materials thus reducing
Dereliction of land/ ugly surface/ land slide scars the cost of imports/ conserves the environment
Disruption/ lowering of the water table It imitates the products that are already in the market thus spreading
technological skills/ innovations
Loss of biodiversity/ plants and animals
It operates at grassroots levels thus uses locally available skills
Leads to soil erosion/ degeneration of soils Any 4 x 1 = 4 marks)
It empowers the people to initiate projects thus reducing reliance/
dependence on the government, donors, self sufficiency.
8. (a) (i) It is the process of change from primary to secondary and
tertiary production/settling up of more industries
9. (a)

(ii) Oil refining - Mombasa

Paper manufacturing – Webuye
Motor vehicle assemble – Nairobi / Mombasa/ Thika

(b) Availability of coal from within the region. Iron are from the Rhine valley
and later imported/ limestone provided raw materials needed in the
industry.
Presence of navigable river Rhine which provided cheap transport
for the bulky raw materials and finished products
Rich merchants and companies provided the capital required for the
establishment of the industry (b) Name - Alberta - Manitoba - Saskachewan (any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)
Presence of other industries in the region such as food and textile
industries provided industrial inertia. (c) Wheat growing areas receives between 500mm and 1270m/ moderate
Coal/ imported petroleum provided power require in the industry rainfall which enhance growth of wheat
river Rhine/ its tributaries provided water required for the cooling The area experience a warm dry sunny spell which enhance ripening/ harvesting
in the industry.

The area experiences at least three months with temperatures ranging from GEOGRAPHY PAPER 312 /1 K.C.S.E 1999
150C to 200C warm temperature which enhance ripening/ harvesting of MARKING SCHEME
wheat. 1. Photographs taken from the outer spaces/ satellite show the curvature of earth
The areas have fertile/ Volcanic soils which sustain high production During the eclipse of the moon, the earth casts a spherical – shaped shadow
The land where wheat is grown is gentle/ fairly undulating level which enables on the moon
mechanization Any 3 x 2 ( 6 mks) The earth’s horizon is curved as evidence by approaching ships whose funnels
and masts appear on the horizon before the rest of the ship is seen from the
(d) Wheat growing in Canada is more mechanized leading to higher production coast.
than in Kenya Circumnavigation of the earth along a straight path will spring one back to
More capital is available in Canada enabling farmers to sustain production the same starting point from the opposite direction.
Farmers in Canada are more experienced Skilled/ Technology long history All others planets including the moon are spherical, therefore the earth’s being
of wheat production than in Kenya one in the solar system must be a similar shape.
Advanced scientific research in Canada enables the production of higher yielding The rising and setting of the sun earlier than those to the earths’ rotation
seeds better farm inputs control of pests and disease/ overcome limitations of leads to places in the east seeing the sun earlier than those to the west. If
weather the earth was flat all places would receive sunlight at the same time.
Wheat farmers in Canada specialize in wheat production while in Kenya farmers Any 4x 1 = 4 mks)
practice mixed farming
Government policy incentive of subsidization in Canada which is not available 2. (a) It should be na open space away from tall objects/ buildings/ trees
in Kenya. The ground should be level/ gently sloping
The area should be free from flooding
The area should have a wide view

(b) A thermometer/ maximum and minimum/ six’s thermometer A

hygrometer / wet and dry bulb thermometer

(c) To enables farmers to plan their farming activities It helps

people to plan on suitable clothing for the day
It influences the design of houses
It helps in guiding the landing and tacking off of air crafts/ ships
It helps in guiding tourists activities
It helps in planning military activities
It averts natural disasters related to weather ( accept any relevant reasons)

3. (a) (i) sea/ lake breeze

(ii) Land losses heat faster than sea. Air upon the land becomes cooler
and heavier than that upon the sea. The relatively warmer air upon the sea
is lighter and therefore it rises while the cooler heavier air on the land
flows towards the sea to replace the rising air.

(b) As air rises, it expands thus spreading out its molecules over a
wider area and hence becoming cooler.

4. (a) K The horn

 L Eddy current Presence of water holes/ dams/ ponds
(d) Economic activities
(b) A pre- existing depression/ localized fault is deepened by Evidence
eddy actin/deflation Gradually the depressions excavated - Crop growing/ grain growing - Posho mill (grid square 3280)
through the removal of the unconsolidated materials/ wind - Mining - Gold mine (grid square 3079)
abrasion
- Trading / Commerce - Market shops
The surface is lowered until it reaches the water – bearing rock / aquifer
- Transportation - all weather road/ Port/ ferry
Water oozes out of the ground and collects in the depression to form an oasis
- Grain milling/ processing - Posho mill (No evidence no mark)

5. (a) X- a cave
(e) The land is generally undulating/ gently sloping the lake basin
Y – a blowhole The lowest part of the area, below 1140 metres is the lake basin
There are isolated islands in the lake
(b) Presence of ample materials to be deposited A (weak) long There are some isolated hills, e.g. Usenge, Ramogi
current/ drift
There are wider river valleys
An indented coastline/ presence of a headland
The shoreline is irregular/ has many bays
A relatively weak backwash
The highest point in the area is 1318m/ the lowest parts are between 1120m
A shallow continental shelf and 1140

SECTION B (f) Formulate hypothesis/ objectives

6. (a) (i) 129 + 1 128 to 130 (ii) 0000 – 0015 (south) 15 Make a short/ reconnaissance survey of the area to be studied
Prepare a route map
Carrying out literature review/ secondary information
(b)
Organize into groups
Make transport arrangements
Prepare the necessary stationery and equipment required
Prepare a working schedule
Seek permission from relevant authorities

7. (a) R- Esker
S- Drumlin
V- Moraine – dammed lake
(b) Gradient / relief of the area should be relatively flat to allow for the
accumulation of large sheets of ice and subsequent deposition of fluvioglacial
material
Seasonal melting of ice during alternating warm and cold periods allow materials
embedded in the ice to be released for deposition
(i). Busia District
Stagnation of glacier leads to pressure being exerted at the base of glacier
(ii) Lake sare which in turn leads to melting of the base of the ice. The melt water then
(iii) All weather loose surface road carries and deposits materials underneath the ice mass.
Friction between the moving ice and the surface leads to deposition of the heavy
(c) Seasonal rivers materials beneath the ice mass
Seasonal swamps Climatic changes/ rising temperatures lead to melting of the ice thereby
Scattered trees/ scrub vegetation

Releasing all its load in the lowland Condition – 1 mk each max 3 (ii) River capture may occur by headward extension of the long profile
Explanation – 1 mk each max 3 This happens when rivers are sharing a watershed
The actively eroding river gradually cuts back its slope head until it encroaches
(c) (i) Moraine dammed lake upon the divide or watershed of the other river
Widening of a valley through ice erosion/ melting of the ice at the Eventually the power river reaches the source of the weaker river and diverts
snowline its water into its channel
Deposition of terminal moraine across the widened valley/ at the snowline River capture may also occur where there two adjacent rivers
Accumulation of the melt water behind the terminal moraine One of the rivers has more erosive power than the other
Continued melting of ice boots the amount of melt water behind the terminal The more powerful rivers erodes both vertically and laterally faster than the
moraine to a moraine – dammed lake (1mk each max 3mk) weaker river and diverts its water into its channel
River capture may also occur where there are two adjacent rivers
One of the rivers has more erosive power than the other
The more powerful river erodes away the ridge that separates the two by headward
8. (a) Hydraulic action erosion
Water is forced into cracks on the riverbanks/ water hits the banks Eventually it encroaches into the valley of the weaker river diverting its waters
Air in the crack is compressed into its valley.
As the water retreats, pressure in the cracks is suddenly released (c) (i) L- Centripetal
The compression and widening of the cracks repeatedly M- Radial
The retreating water carries away the loose particles N- Dentritic
The force of the moving water and the eddying effect
(ii) It is formed in the middle or old stage of a river/ where the valley is
Sweep away loose materials in the river channel
wide and gently sloping
The river must be carrying a large load
(ii) Abrasion
The river flows sluggish/ at a low velocity
River water carries sand, gravel and boulders
The river deposits its load on the bed
The load is used as a tool for scouring
The river bed is gradually raised blocking the flow
The load is hurled by the river water against the banks and drafted along the
riverbed The river bed subdivides into channel/ distributaries/ braids across the deposits
The load chips off rock on the bank and the floor ( the size of the load determines
the rate of erosion) 9. (a) (i) X – Rainforest
The load being dragged smoothens the river bend Y – Bamboo forest
Eddy currents rotate rock particles in hollow sand widen them into potholes Z – Health and moorland
(ii) Acacia trees are common/ dominant species
(b) (i) Local uplift of land ( dynamic rejuvenation) lead to a change in the base Savanna trees are common / dominant species
level hence the river revives its erosive activities In the wetter areas the grass is tall and close together
Lowering of the sea level (Eustatic rejuvenation) creates sharp breaks/ knick The grass dominates the undergrowth ( in the woodlands)
points at the river mouth. This leads to revived erosion In the drier areas, the grass is shorter and tufted
Increase in discharge raises the volume of a river thus increasing its erosive Grass dominates the vegetation
power
The trees are shorter more scattered
Presence of a hard rock out crop along the river causes breaks over which
The trees are umbrella shaped
a river drops in falls and renews its erosive work.
Some trees are stunted and have scaly barks/ drought resistance
Presence of a lake in the course of a river causes of static rejuvenation as the
river drops over the lower edge of the lake River valleys have tall trees and thick bushes/ riverine vegetation
 During the wet season, the grass withers away/ trees shed their GEOGRAPHY PAPER 312/2 K.C.S.E 1999
leaves/trees are deciduous MARKING SCHEME
During the dry season, the grass sprouts and the dormant seeds germinate. SECTION A
Some trees/ shrub are deep rooted 1. To protect the endangered animals/ Plant species To promote tourism/ tourist
Some trees i.e baobab have thick back/ trunks To generate foreign exchange/ revenue
To keep them from posterity/ future generations
(iii) The temperatures are too low to support plant growth To sustain the raw materials for supply of drugs
There is no soil to support plants/ bare rock Water is For education/ research purposes
always in a frozen state.
For aesthetic value/ beauty

(b) The frequent outbreak of bush fires destroys the grass retarding its
2. Poor marketing strategies
regeneration
High prices of poultry feeds/ other farm inputs of vaccines
The increasing human population is encroaching into the grasslands replacing
them with settlements and cultivated land Competition from other sources of protein and competition among farmers/
countries
Pests such as armyworms/ locusts destroy the grass reducing the rate of
growth and regeneration The intensive care requirement
Frequent droughts experienced in the country destroy the grass and the Diseases/ pests/ new cattle/ fowl pox/ fowl typhoid/ avain luekosi/ coccidiosos/
vegetation degenerates into a semi – desert type. fleas/worms
Wild and domestic animals over graze and cause stunted growth of grass Inadequate initial capital
Inadequate knowledge about poultry keeping
(c) (i) To find the types of vegetation at different altitudes
To find out the changing characteristics of vegetation at different altitudes 3. (a) (i) Provision of water for domestic use Provision for water for irrigation
To find out the species of trees/ grass at different heights The dams serves as bridge across the river
To find out other factors influencing vegetation distribution other than The dams and the reservoirs are tourists attractions
altitude The reservoirs have modified the local climate Control
Accept other relevant objections of floods
(ii) Taking photographs
- Tallying - Field sketching (ii) Changes in the river regime/ fluctuation/ seasonality
- Tape recording - Note taking Poor maintenance of the machinery at the powerhouses
- Tabulation - Labeling samples Sitting of reservoirs
- Filling in questionnaires - ( Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks) Inadequate capital to purchases spare parts
(iii) Density maps/ chlopleth Distribution map (1 mk each) 2mks)
(b) Limited number of suitable sites
Inadequate capital investment
Scarcity of skilled labour

4. (a) Railways can carry more goods over long distances at once
Railway are cheaper than roads
Railways are less susceptible to traffic jams
Once built, railways do not require frequent relaying unlike roads, which are
frequently resurfaced
Railways are more efficient because they operate on rigid timetable Railways
are free to accidents

(b) (i) X - Nakuru

Y – Eldoret (c) The government has set up demonstrations ranches to educate the pastoralists
on better ways of keeping livestock cattle dips have been constructed to
(ii) They are expensive to maintain control pests
They are not flexible Extension services are provided to give advice to the pastoralists
They do not serve intermediate locations Boreholes and dams have been constructed to provide water for their livestock
They can cause excessive loss incase of leakages Roads have been constructed to enable the pastoralists to transport their
produce to markets
A pipe can be used only for one type of oil product at a time.
Through formal education, the pastoralists have learnt the advantage of keeping
manageable sizes of herds
5. (a) Lightening
The government encourages ranching to enable the pastoralists to view
Strong winds livestock Keeping as a commercial undertaking
Hailstorms Replacement of coarse grasses with alfalfa and corn has improved the quality
Dust storms of pastures of the beef cattle.
Pest/ diseases/ cholera/ typhoid/ malaria Crossbreeding of traditional with higher quality breeds/ Hereford Aberdeen
Floods Angus shorthorn has improved the quality of the yields
Landslide The maritime climate of the area makes grazing of cattle possible throughout
Pollution Garbage the Year
Soil erosion Availability of water supplied using wind pumps ensures constant supply
Fire ( any 2 x 1 = 2mks) of water for cattle
(b) Population pressure/ clearing of forests for farming/ settlement Climatic changes/ Availability of vast lands suitable for cattle grazing encourages beef ranching
Global warming/ direction of Ozone layer Availability of market both local and external encourages the farmers to
Accidental fires expand the beef industry/ sustains the industry.
Poor methods of farming/ overgrazing Availability of refrigeration facilities enables beef to reach far off markets
in good condition.
7. (a) Describe the characteristics of the population
SECTION B
represented by the pyramid The number of male and
female population is almost equal at all levels
6. (a) From 0- 14 years, the population is low
From 14 -44 the population is high
The ageing population is low
The population has high life expectancy
The dependency ration is low
The population has a low birthrate
The population has a low death rates

(b) There is likely to be unemployment rate/ job opportunities do not increase

(b) Sheep survive in a variety of climatic conditions while dairy cattle are
at a rate that can cope with the increasing number of job seekers/ low
restricted to cool and wet climate
standard living.
The farm inputs required for dairy cattle are more expensive than those for
The government is not able to provide adequate social amenities
sheep
It nay lead to a high dependency ratio which will show down the economic
Some breeds of sheep are more resistant to diseases that dairy cattle thus they
growth
are more widespread.
The management of dairy cattle is more demanding than that of sheep
 Strain on natural resources/ scarcity of land which would lead to landlessness • The areas have shallow continental shelves which allow light to penetrate
and land fragmentation to the sea below encouraging the growth of micro- organisms used as
There would be food production/ food shortages food by fish
• The areas experience convergence of warm and cool currents which
(c) Improving medical facilities/ immunization of children to control diseases result in upwelling of ocean waters thus bringing minerals for fish and
This has created a healthy/ environment for child survival plankton from the sea bed to the surface
Providing more education opportunities for parents ensures better care for their •
children e.g. in providing balanced diet Most of the coast are indented/ have numerous sheltered bays which
provide secure breeding grounds for fish.
Introduction of family planning programs has led to emergence of manageable
sizes of families which promotes higher chances of child survival • The shelters bays provide suitable sites for building fishing ports/ fish
Carrying out research on infant related diseases to cope up with ways of controlling landing sites
then ensures higher chances of survival • The large population in these area limits agricultural activities thus
people turn to fishing as an alternative economic activity/ cold climate
(d) Presence of large towns with industries has attracted large numbers of job also limit agriculture
seekers •
High rainfall which influences production of a wide variety of crops hence Cold climate provides natural preservation of fish
sufficient food.
Fertile and which attracts settlements / farming (b)
High fertility rate leads to a high natural increase
The fairly level land encourages agriculture/ settlement
Increased commercial activities e.g. trade attract a large number of population
Early settlement in the region encouraged growth of towns which formed a
focus for migration
Developed communication has enhanced movement in the area.

8. (a) (i)

(iii)R – Trawling S – Basket fishing

(IV)
Basket fishing
• The basket funnel shaped to allow easy entry for fish
•
At the mouth there is a non- return valve which restricts the outward/ escape
movement of fish once inside the basket it is held in position with tropes/ stones/
sticks to prevent it from being swept downstream
• The basket is left in that position for sometime/ overnight then removed for
landing the fish
Trawling
P- Norway Q- Japan • A bag – shaped net is attracted to a ship – trawler
• The nets mouth is kept open by otter boards/ head beam
(ii) The area has cool waters which have abundant supply of plantation which is the
main food for fish • The upper part of the net is kept a float by corks/ floats

• (ii)
Weights are used to keep the lower parts of the net at the seabed
•
• Expansion of tea growing areas and the establishment of the Nyayo tea zones
The trawler drags along the net
•
• Increase in the number of small – scale tea farms in the country
After sufficient fish is caught, the net is hauled to the trawler
• Improved marketing strategies through KTDA
(c) Fishing is restricted to specific seasons to allow for breeding and maturing of • Expansion / increase in the number of tea factories
fish
• The size if the nets used in fishing are standardized to ensure that
(d) When the business are ready only the two top eaves and a bud/ flush are
fingerlings are not caught picked
• •
Licenses are issued to prospective fishermen to control their The green leaves are transported in airy baskets to a collecting centre/ for
number and to ensure that there is no over fishing weighing
• •
The law of the sea restricts fishing in the exclusive economic The weighed leaves are transported by lorries fitted with bags to the processing
zones/ this ensure the protection of marines fisheries from factories and the tea leaves are again weighed in factory
external exploitation •
• The tea leaves are again weighed in factory
Fish farming is being encouraged to ensure that there is sufficient
•
supply of fish from other sources other than the natural fisheries The leaves are then dried by blasts of warm air from beneath the trays
• •
There is restriction of the water remain artificial fertilization is The dry leaves are passed through a set of rollers to chop stem/ the leaves are
carried out is special hatcheries to sustain the supply of fish/ crushed
restocking of over fished waters • The leaves are placed in containers for fermenting, reducing tannic acid and
changing the colour to grey – brown
9. (a) •
(i) The leaves are passed through a conveyor belt which takes them to a tunnel
which is at a temperature of 1000C roasting/ dry based after which they turn black
W- Kapenguria/ Kitale/Cherangani/ Mt. Elgon
•
X-Kericho/ Kisii /Nyamira/ Bomet / Gucha / Buret The leaves are sifted grading tasted for classification
Y – Meru / Embu / Nyeri / Kirinyaga / Mt. Kenya region / Nyambene • The graded tea is packed tea chest for export and small packages for a local
market.
(ii) (d)
• •
Cool/ warm temperatures throughout the years during the growing period Proof feeder roads in the growing areas lead to delays in collection delivery of the
• green leaf hence causing wastage
High rainfall 1000 – 2000 mm of rain
•
• Delayed payments for the tea delivered mismanagement of funds lowers the
Well distributed rainfall throughout the year
morale of the farmers]
• The areas are frost free • Long droughts/ hailstorms lead to destruction of the crop/ lower the quality and
• the quantity of the yield
The tea growing areas have deep soils
• •
The areas have well drained/ soil have gently sloping land Fluctuation of prices in the world market makes it difficult for the farmers to plan
a head
(c) (i) 136,000 High prices of farm inputs/ reduce the farmers profit margin/ leads to low
yields as some farmers cannot afford
56,000 81,000 x 100
81,000 56,000
= 144.6% increase 145%
 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 311/2 K.C.S.E 2000 • Depression of the coastlands/ subsidence of the coastal lands
MARKING SCHEME
•
SECTION A Flooding along the coast
1. (a)
• (b)
Temperature
•
• Fjords
Rainfall
•
• Rias /creeks
Humidity
•
• Islands
Wind
•
• Estuaries
Atmospheric pressure
•
• Sounds
Cloud cover
•
• Broad continental shelf
Sunshine
4. (a)
(b) • Soil is an accumulation of rock particle, minerals, organic matter, water and air found on
• Use of defective instruments the surface of the earth
• •
Human error It is the superficial layer of loose unconsolidated rock material overlaying the crust rock
• and on which plants grow
Interference with the instrument
• Poor siting of weather station (b) Profile Part of cross – section
• R ------------------------ Valley with papyrus swamp
Extreme weather conditions
• S ------------------------ Flat topped hill
Natural calamities
T ------------------------ Slope

2. (a)
5. (a) P ----------------------- Horn/ pyramidal peak
• Heavy rainfall/ high amount/ high intensity Q ----------------------- Arete
• R ----------------------- Hanging valley
Low rate of evaporation
• Sloping ground/ steep slopes (a) By abrasion & plucking the valley is widened & deepened
• • Pre- existing V- shaped valley is filled with ice
Presence of impervious rocks/ soil surface
• •
Bare surfaces/ absence of vegetation Glacier erode the V- shaped valley
• The spurs are truncated
(b)
- X – Resistant rock/ sill/ caprock
SECTION B
- Y – Plunge Dome
6. (a) (i) - 290 degrees
- Z – Rock Boulder
(ii) - 1000m above sea level
(iii) - 12.3 km or 12.2 km or 12.4 km
3. (a)
• Rise in the sea level (b)

• (ii) Fishing
The drainage features consist of rivers/ a dam/ reservoir/ and a swamp
Tading
• Most of the rivers rise form the Aberdare forest and generally flow Quarrying
eastwards
Tourism
• The main rivers have tributaries which form dendritic pattern Transportation
• Processing
The major river flow parallel to each other/ form parallel pattern
• Forestry
The rivers have numerous bend/ meanders along their courses 7a) CONTRAST
• • Plutonic rocks Volcanic rocks
All rivers are permanent Rivers are many/ numerous
-Form from magma -Form from lava
(c) (i) a road (ii) a forest (iii) a river -Formed deep inside the crust/intrusive/ Extrusive -Formed in surface
- Cools slowly -Cools rapidly
(d) -Forms large cry/course grained -Forms small crystals
• -Coarse textured -Fine textured
There are few settlements in the forested areas
(b)
• Most settlements are found along the roads and motorable tracks •
The lava is ultra basic/ extremely fluid / of low viscosity
• There are few settlement along the rivers The lave flows over long distances spreading evenly over large areas
• before cooling
The swampy area has no settlement
• The lava cools slowly forming an extensive plateau.
Karima hill has no settlement
The plateau may form through a series of eruption which results in thick
• layers of lava.
There are no settlement on the ridges than on the valleys
• (d) (i)
There are more settlement on the Eastern part than on the Western part of the area
covered by the map/ higher parts fewer people than the lower parts • Hot springs
• •
There are clusters of settlements at shopping/ market centers Crater/Caldera /crate lake
• •
East of easting 70 is densely settled Volcanic cones/volcanic mountains
• •
The central part (btn Easting 60 – 70) is moderately settled Lava plateaus / plains lava
• •
West of Eastings 60 is sparsely populated ( 5 mks) Ash and cinder cones
• Plug domes / spines
(c) (i) The area lies between 1700 and 1900 metres above sea level as indicated
•
by the contours. This altitude allows coffee growing Fuma roles / solfatara
The area is well drained as indicted by the numerous ridges and the absence of (ii)
swamps/sloping ground as evidenced by close contours • Some volcanic features create barriers making the construction of
• The area receives high rainfall throughout the year as indicated by the presence of communication lines expensive
numerous permanent rivers and presence of forest • The rugged nature of volcanic landscape make settlement and
• agriculture difficult
Availability of transport evidenced by many roads
• • Volcanic mountain range create rain shadow effect which results into
Availability of labour evidenced by dense settlement
• aridity
Availability of water for irrigation (evidence)reservoir
(5mks)
 • •
Recent volcanic lava flows have poorly developed soils unsuitable for The moisture in the air condenses forming clouds
agriculture • Rainfalls mainly on the windward side of the hill/mountain
(d) (iii) • Descending air warms up the leeward side of the mountain
• Text -1mk max-4
To help in designing the research methods to be used during the study
• Diagram` ½ mk each max -2
To help formulate relevant hypothesis for the study c)
• •
To help in working out a programmed/ schedule for the field study Low annual rainfall(less than 250mm) dry climate
• •
To help in identifying the appropriate equipment/instruments to be Occasional flash floods /sporadic rains
used in the study
•
• Clear skies /clear sunny days /high terrestrial radiation
To help in identifying the features and their location before the study
tour • High temperatures during the day
• •
To help in identifying the features and their location before the study A large diunal
tour • Strong winds
• To help get contracts/guides for the study • Develops low pressure in summer and high pressure in winter
•
To identify problems likely to be encourage iv) A hammer • High mean annual temperature
For breaking rocks for closer examination
•
A polythene bag Large mean annual range of temperature
For carrying samples for subsequent studies • Intense solar isolation
8. a) •
• Unreliable rainfall
It is a zone of low atmospheric pressure/doldrums •
• Low humidity
It is a zone within the tropics/between 23.5N and 23.5s •
• High evaporation rate
It is a zone where north-east and south-east trade winds converge •
• Sudden rainfall
It migrates to the south and the north with the apparent movement of the sun d) (i) Familiarize with the route
• Sample different areas with different climate/vegetation
It is associated with conventional rain and thunderstorms
• To identify pertinent areas to visit.
Characterized
(ii) Spatial Non Spatial
by high temperatures
(i) It saves time
b)
(iv) It teaches learners the summary aspect of learning
Saves energy since whole district not studied
(v) Tabulating Tallying Taking photography

9. (a)
(i) Warping of land during volcanic activities in the rift valley
• A water body/ sea/ lake /is heated and causing evaporation of water
(ii) Receive frontal rainfall (high) Good soil for farming
• Moist air from the sea is forced to ascend up a hill/mountain-side
• (b) They are served by inlet and outlet
Forced ascent leads to cooling of air

Little or no volcanic activities still going on

(c) Fishing Transport Sports Irrigation
GEOGRAPHY PAPER 312/ K.C.S.E 2000
MARKING SCHEME
(d) (i) Deforestation: Rivers pouring water into lakes dry up as their sources are interfered SECTION A
with leading to low water levels in the lakes.
1.
(iv) Industrialization: Water matter/ sewage is let to is let to spill in lakes polluting
the water. • The trees are conical in shape
(v) Water weeds Depletion of fish bleeding grounds affected transportation • They occur in pare stands
• They grow tall and straight
• They have needle- like leaves
• They bear cones
• The forests are evergreen
• The forest have no undergrowth
• The trees have thick barks
• They have shallow roots

2. (a)
• Devegetation clearing of vegetation/ deforestation
• Overgrazing/ overstocking
• Fire outbreak
• Over cropping / monocropping/ monoculture
• Ploughing across the contours/ up-down the slope ( along slope)
• Mining/ quarrying
• Cultivating along banks

(b)
• To maintain source of food supply/ maintain soil fertility
• To preserve genetic resources

•
•

.
 • Competition for land from other crops
•
• 4. (a)
• Protecting water catchments areas/ for aesthetic value • Central/ commercial business district
• For preventing desertification • Residential zone
• To sustain sources of raw materials for industries • Manufacturing / industrial zone
• To preserve cultural heritage
• (b)
For medicinal value
•
• It would help to ease traffic congestion
For keeping air clean
•
• It would help safe fuel/ petrol
For maintaining natural habitat for wild animals and plants
•
• Have room for parking required
Modification of climate
• Financial saving will be realized/ government save forex (less imports by
3. (a) commuters)
• High temperature / 200 – 270C) throughout the year
5. (a)
• High rainfall (1200 – 1500mm) • Water/ tides/Biomass
• Undulating / Flat land • Wind/ water/ charcoal
• Fertile soils – Allurial/ clay/ black cotton • Drought/ Sun/ Animals
Well drained
•
Deep soils Steanl/ steam/ Geothermal / Hot springs

(b) (b)
Burning of cane by arsonists/ fire outbreak •
Inadequate capital to invest in coal mining
Delays in harvesting of sugar cane •
• The low local demand for coal
Flooding of the local market with cheap imported sugar •
• The coal reserves are found for from the potential market/ remote areas
Delayed payment to farmers •
• Availability of cheaper alternative sources of energy/ oil/ Hep
Poor management of sugar cane factories/ cooperatives •
• Poor quality of coal
High cost of farming inputs •
• Low quantities of coal reserves
Diseases ratoon stunting diseases/ smut/ mosaic/ yellow wilt/ leaf spot
• Over production
• ••
Pest- white scales/ white grubs/ termites
•

. .

24900
•
• Spices
SECTION B 750 x 15 = 0.45 cm / 0. 451 / 0.5 / 0.452 ( ½ mark)
6. (a) (i) A- Maize 24900
B- Fertilizer
(c)
(ii) A- 750 x 100 = 3.01% / 3,012% / 3.00% It gives clear visual impression of individual component
24900 It allows for comparison
It is easy to construct

B- 2100 x 100 = 11.79% / 11.8% / 11.797%

17800

Title = 1 mark
Segments = 1 mark each
Rectangles = 1 mark
Calculations = ½ mark each

Country A

Maize
12600 x 15 = 7.59 cm / 7.590 / 7.6 ( ½ mark)
24900

Coffee
9990 x 15 = 6.01 cm /6.018cm / 6cm/ 6.02cm ( ½ mark)
24900

Oil cakes ••
1560 x 15 = 0.93 cm / 0.939 / 0.94 / 0.9 ( ½ mark) •

. .
 •• •
•
Can be used to represent a wide range of data / easy to draw •
It would enable both countries to earn income/ foreign exchange • Pumping stations are installed to pump out sea water from the area enclosed by
It would stimulate exploitation of resources the dyke
• •
There would be a sustained market since the two countries are producing Water is pumped out of the area enclosed by the dyke
different goods • Reeds are sown to help out the soil
• It would encourage improvement of communication between the two countries • Drainage ditches and more pumping stations are made on the land being
• reclaimed
Employment
• •
Relations Drainage pipes are laid below the soil
• The trade would create employment opportunities in both countries • •
The area is divided into regular portions using inner dykes and ring canals Soils
• treated with chemical to lower salinity
It would improve relations between the two countries
• The drained land is flushed with fresh water to remove salt from the soil
(d) • Pumping out water from the polders is a continuous process to prevent water
• from accumulating
The vertical scale starts at 0 Zero / Origin
• •
The axes must be clearly labeled / Key Sequence must be followed
• The independent variables are usually on the horizontal axis (x) vertical axis
dependant variables (y) (b)
• Reclamation cerates more land for agriculture / settlement
The bars must be distinct / clear
Reclaimed land has improved agricultural output hence more food
• It must give the correct impression More raw materials for industries
• Land reclamation has resulted in improved fresh water/ supply for domestic and
It must have a comprehensive title
industrial use/ irrigation
• It must have a scale Construction of dykes/ walls around the polders has helped control floods/ sea
• invasion
Bars must be of the same width
• Construction of dykes and canals has improved road transport network
7. (a) • Reclamation has created sceneries that have become tourists attractions
• •
Protective dykes/ sea walls are constructed enclosing the part of the sea to be Improved social amenities
reclaimed
•
• Reclamation and associated activities have created more employment
Ring canals are constructed opportunities and improved the standard of living of citizens

•• ••
• •

. .

•• •
•
(c) (i) •
• 8. (a)
Gently sloping land which permits flow of water by gravity hence reducing the
•
costs of pumping water to the fields Diversity- to diversify her economy
• Employment - to create more employment opportunities
Presence of clay soil/ black cotton soils which retain water for longer use by
crops Self sufficiency- For self sufficiency/ reduce importation/ save foreign exchange
• Use resources – To make maximum use of her resources/ raw materials
Presence of river/ reservoirs/ lake which provide regular water supply/
Standard of – To uplift the standard of living of the citizens
permanent/ constant making it possible to irrigate land throughout the year
Value/ quality – to be able to increase the value of her exports/ quality
• High temperatures throughout the year which allows multiple cropping B.O – To improve balance her trade
continuous farming activities throughout the year
• (b)
Availability of large tracts of land makes the project viable
• •
Sparsely populated land reduces cost of resettlement / Provides land for large Water is used for cooling machines to avoid damage by heat
scale farming • Some industries require water as a medium through which they dispose off their
waste materials / heat
(ii) • Water is used for grading of coffee beans
• Siltation of canals/ pipes/ reservoirs
• Some industries located near large rivers which provided power to turn the
• High rate of evaporation machines
• •
Salinisation of the soil Cheap means of transport
• •
Presence of pests Some industries such as breweries use water as a raw material
• •
Clogging up of canals by water weeds Water is needed in industries for cleaning e.g
• (i) Raw materials as part of processing / improve the quality of the final product/
Presence of waterborne diseases/ bilharzias
fermentation to improve quality/ pulp and paper making/ clean forms
• Fluctuating regimes of rivers/ water for irrigation (ii) The finished products to make them presentable / attractive
• • (iii) Machines as part of normal maintenance
Poor marketing strategies Land tenure problems
• Low pricing for the crops (c) (i)
• •
Delayed payments It would encourage regional equality development / Dev. of infrastructure
• social amenity in rural areas
Mismanagement
•
• It would create employment in the rural areas
Expensive farm in pure/ inadequate capital
•
• It would reduce rural – urban immigration
Delayed payments
••
• Expensive farm inputs
•

. .
 •• • They sell their products mainly to the local markets
• • They require relatively little capital investment / are small scale
• It would allow greater exploitation of local resources • They rely on simple equipments
• Reduces risks during calamities • They are labour intensive
• Reduce strain on social amenities in urban centers • They are ubiquitous / found almost throughout the country
• It would raise the standard of living of people in rural areas
• 9. (a) (i) Sisal - Coconut
It would help reduce congestion in urban centers
Jute - Palm (raffia)
(ii) Flax - Sunn
• Kapok - China grass
Interdependence – Some industries depend on each other for raw materials /
market services, hence it is difficult to separate / relocate them
(ii)
• Low market – Inadequate marketing the rural areas / other areas / • Warm / High/ Hot temperatures 15 – 300C
discourages investors from locating industries away from urban centers
• •
Poor transport – some private investors are discouraged by poor transport Plenty of sunshine during the growing period
facilities/ poor infrastructure in the rural area/ remoteness of some areas. • Moderate/ light rainfall / 510 – 1115mm
• •
Insecurity – Insecurity is some areas discourages investment in such areas A long growing period with at least 200 frost free days
• •
Collapse of industries in rural areas discourage fresh investment in similar Dry sunny period for harvesting
industries.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)

(d)
(b)
• They are owned by families Kenya U.S.A
• - Growing on small scale Growing on large scale
They depend on family labour
• - Manual/ hand labour Mechanized labour
They use locally available raw materials - Mainly rain fed Mainly irrigated
- Grown on varied terrain Grown on gently sloping land
- Inter cropped Monoculture
Complete comparison 2 marks each
(c)
• The government organizes shows/ demonstrations for cotton farmers to learn the
latest development on cotton growing
• The government finances research for high yielding cotton varieties/ pests/ diseases
control/ extension of cotton growing areas ( ecological regions)
• It facilitates setting up of co-operatives/ cotton lint and seed marketing board to
enable cotton farmers acquire farm inputs/ marketing

. .

• GEOGRAPHY 312 /1 K.C.S.E 2001

It provides extension services to offer advice on cotton farming
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A
(d) (i)
• It is used for making thread 1. (a) (i) 21st March and 23rd September
• (ii)
It is used for surgical purposes/ laboratory use
• •
It is used for packaging Because earth is titled on its axis
• •
It is used for sanitary purposes Because of the apparent movement of the sun within the tropics
• • Because of the regulation of the earth
It is used for making furnishing / dolls
• It is used for insulator
(iii) = 366 x 3 = 274 ½ days / 274.5 days
• It is used for making floor rags/ carpets 4
• It is used for decorating Christmas trees
(iv) Summer
(ii)
2. (a)
• Competition from imported second hand clothes has reduced market for locally
•
produced textiles There must be clear sky/ absence of clouds ( to permit free terrestrial radiation)
• The decline in the production of cotton has undermined the textile industry • There must be sufficient moisture in the air
• •
Industries rely on expensive imported fibres which leads to the production of The air must be cooled below dew point
expensive products that cannot complete / importation of cheaper/ new clothes or • The wind must be light/ calm
textiles
• Mismanagement of textiles factories low profit margin/ has led to closures of some (b) (i) R- Cumulus
factories (ii)
The decline in the economy has led to flight of investments capital to other •
countries leading to the declined of the industry. Thunder and lighting
• Hailstones
• Heavy rainfall
•
Dark clouds

3. (a) It is the breaking down/ disintegration of rocks into smaller particles without
altering the minerals composition of the rock/ breaking down or rocks by physical
force

4. (a)
• Rainfall is low/ below 250mm per year / dry climate

. .
 • Old stage / senile stage / plain stage
Rainfall is erratic/ flash floods and sporadic rain/ unreliable
(ii) S. Erosion
• Temperature are high throughout the year/ over 300C/ hot climate (iii) T. Ox – bow/ Meander / Lake cut off
• Intense solar radiation
• SECTION B
The diurnal range of temperature is very large/ very hot days and cool and
nights Answer question 6 and any other two questions in this section
6. (a) (i) Between 2660 and 2680 above sea level
• High rate of evaporation (ii) 5.6 km (0.1) (5.5 – 5.7 Km)
• (iii)Escarpment steep slopes / Kijabe hill
Skies are always cloudless/ clear sunny days/ high terrestrial/ radiation
(b)
(b) • The main drainage feature are rivers, and are many
• Some have long roots to tap underground water •
There are also hot springs
• Some have small waxy leaves to reduce transpiration • Most of the rivers are permanent
• •
Some trees shed their leaves during dry seasons Rivers originating from Kijabe hill are short and disappear underground
• •
Some plants have thick barks stems/ leaves to sore water Rivers on Kijabe hill form parallel and radial drainage pattern
• •
Some plants produce seeds that lie dormant awaiting rains Most rivers from dendrite patter
• •
Some trees are umbrella- shaped to produce shade to the stem roots Main rivers are upper Ewaso Kedong and Bathi which flow southwards while
• river Gatamaiyu and its tributaries flow South – Eastwards
Some plants have quick recovery ability after wilting
• •
Some are halophytic/ salt tolerant to survive in areas of poor drainage Most rivers are in Their youthful stage
• There are more rivers to the East of the escarpment
5. (a)
• (c)
They are river embankments/ raised rivers banks made of alluvial deposits (
•
on the sides of a river channel within the flood plain) Most of the settlement are found at the foot of the escarpment because the land
is gently sloping
(b) (i) • The escarpment has no settlement because the land is steep
• Kijabe hill has a few settlement on the eastern side because the land is gently
slopping/ the Western side of the hill has no settlement as the land is steep
• The land immediate to the east of the escarpment has many settlement because
it is plateau/ gently sloping

(d) Economic activities Evidence

- Forestry / raw industry/ lumbering - Forest station/ forest guard post/ saw mills
- Cattle keeping/ livestock rearing / dairy - Dairy/ cattle dip
- Quarrying - Qua murram pit

. .

-Transportation - Road/ Railway/ Tracks/ foot path These are formed when rocks are precipitated or when solutions of salt
-Trading/ commerce - Shops/ stores/ petrol station/ post evaporate and particles accumulate in layers.
office/ post house (b) - when the weight of the overlying rock layers creates pressure on the
- Processing/ manufacturing - Kagwe carbacid plant lower layers it leads to change in structure/ grain alignment of the rocks.
This process is known as dynamic
- Farming/ Agriculture - Plantations
- During volcanic eruptions, hot magma/ liquids may intrude into a
sedimentary rock. The rock grains will re-crystallize due to heat to form
(c) (i) new minerals. This process is known as thermal/ contact
• Assemble equipment metamorphisms
• Depart for the area of study - In the mountain building process, sedimentary rocks are compressed
and due to this pressure heat is generated. This heat modifies the
• structure of the original rocks. This process is known as thermal –
Arrive at the area of study
dynamic metamorphism
• Report to the forest authorities (c) (iv) Plutonic rocks
• • Granite
Embark on data collection
• •
Report back to the forest authorities Syenithe
• •
Report back to school Gabbro
(ii) Save on time Save on energy • Diorite
Teach the learners the art of swimming
• Poridatite
• They will be able to identify the tree species that are suitable for the area
(v) Hypabyssal Rocks
• They will be able to work out solutions to the problems affecting the forest • Dolorite
• The community will use the report to identify the importance of conserving • Perplymite
forests
•
• Porphyry
People will be able to adopt appropriate methods of utilizing the forest
sustainable • Lamprophyre, biamphyre

7. (a) (i) A rock is a substance made up of a mineral / combination of mineral particle (vi)
cemented together and forms the solid part of the earth’s crust. • Volcanic rocks
(ii) – Mechanically Formed
- Andesite - Pumice - Tephrite
These rocks are formed when eroded rock materials are transported by
agents of erosion and deposited in layers either on land or in the sea - Trachite - Scoria - Ryolite
- Phonolite - Basalt - Obsidian
- Organically formed (d) (i)
These rocks are formed when remains of previously existing plants or • Textbooks/ pamphlets/ journals/ periodicals/ magazines/ newspapers/
animals organizations are accumulated over a period of time forming hansouts
layers
•
- Chemically formed Maps/Geological maps

. .
 • (iv)
Photographs/ pictures/ video tapes/ slides/film
•
• A coat made of soft rocks wears away easily when subjected to sea waves
Tape recorded information
•
(ii) Well jointed / fractured/ unconsolidated rock enhances erosion by waves
• along the line of weakness
Drawing of sketches
•
• Where rocks are soluble or made of limestone/ chalk they are easily
Observation eroded through solution process
• Collecting rock samples
• (c)
Making notes
•
Taking photographs
• Asking/ answering questions
• Study geological map

(iii)
• Inability to identify rocks
• Inability to access the rocks
• Accidents slipping
•
Difficulties in climbing descending steep rocks
• Hindrance by poor weather conditions
• Attacks by wild animals

8. (a)
• Fiord/ fjard/ fyord
• Dalmattan / Longitudinal
• Estuarine
• Ria
(d) (i)
(b) (iii) • The water should be warm about 20 – 300C
• • The water should be shallow to allow sunlight to penetrate/ depth up to
Hard rocks carried by waves increase the erosive power of the waves as
they hit against the coast 60m
• •
Heavy pieces of rocks carried by waves hit against the cliffs thus The water should be clear from silt / mud
weakening the wall making it susceptible to wave erosion • The water should be saline

. .

• •
There should be plentiful supply of Plankton microscopic plant food Steep slopes encourages erosion of the top layer of soil that slowing down
• formation of soil / have a thin soils
The water should be well oxygenated
• Flat plains/ flood plains are saturated with water therefore slows down
(ii) forming process
• Coral features attract tourist who bring foreign exchange into the country • Slow influence arrangement/ sequence of soil
• •
Coral reefs provide breeding grounds for fish. This has promoted fishing Slopes scopes are more exposed to the sun/ rain which influence weathering of
industry at the coast. parents rock/ soil forms
• Coral reefs provided limestone which is used as raw material for cement (c) (i)
making
• Soils are sources of valuable minerals
• Coral rocks provided stones which are used in the building industry
• Soils are used as raw materials for pottery/ ceramics/ bricks
• Coral stones are extracted and sold as ornaments/ for their aesthetic value
• Soils are used in building/ construction of industry
9. (a) • Soils are used for agriculture
• •
Air/ gases Some soils are mixed with herbs for medicine purposes
• •
Water/ moisture Used directly as cattle lick
• Organic matter minerals
• (ii)
Inorganic matter/ minerals
• Cutting down of trees/ deforestation exposes the soil to agents of erosion
(b) • Continuous ploughing weakens the soil structure making it easy for agents of
(iii) Climate erosion to carry it away.
• Rainfall provides water which make it possible for rocks to decay/ • Ploughing across the contour / up and down the slope creates channels which
disintegrate to form soil encourages easy removal of soil by running water/ agents of erosion
• •
Rainfall can affect the rate at which some soil forming processes can occur Overstocking leads to tramping on the top soil by animals thereby loosening
e.g leaching the particles and making them easy to carry away
• •
High temperature increase the rate of weathering/ accelerate the rate of Overgrazing leads to removal of vegetation cover thus exposing soil to agents
bacterial activities which generates some of the organic matter in the soil of erosion
• •
Water, ice and winds, erode, transport and deposit soil particle in other area Continuous burning / cultivation without replenishing soil nutrients deprives
leading to the formation of new soil ( e.g losses) the soil of the fertility which binds the particles together. This makes soils
susceptible to erosion
(iv) Topography • Road construction/ quarrying/ mining loosens the soils making them easily
• Valley bottoms/ gentle slopes encourage the formation of deep and fertile soils eroded.
due to deposition accumulation of materials • Monoculture / over cropping leads to soil exhaustion thus making the soil
vulnerable to erosion

. .
 • GEOGRAPHY PAPER 312/2 K.C.S.E 2001
Shifting cultivation/ bush fallowing may leave land unprotected against the
agents resulting in wing erosion MARKING SCHEME
• SECTION A
Cultivation on steep slopes/ river banks increases soil erosion processes 1. (a) (i) – Comparative bar graph / group/ multiple/ Composite
(ii) – Exports 3.8 + 4.9 4.9 = 13.6 k billion
(a) Sheet erosion
- Imports 6.7 + 7.4 8.5 = 2.6 k billion
• This occurs on gentle slopes which are bare
- Difference 22.6 – 13.6 = K billion
• Calculation 1
When rainfalls, water spreads over a large area
13.6 – 22.6 = -9.0
• As water moves, it moves the top layer evenly over the area Correct answer 1
(b)
(iv) Gully erosion •
• It occurs on steep slopes Kenya exports mainly agricultural raw materials which are a low value
and imports manufactured goods which are of high value
• •
Rain water cuts deeps grooves channels/ rills on the slopes The agricultural goods exported from Kenya face stiff competition in the
• world and imposed quota systems in the world market which leads to
The channels are widened and deepened to form gullies through which soils are
reduce sales and less earnings
carried away
• •
Some of the goods exported are of low quality hence generate earnings
Semi processed goods earns less

2. (a)
• Tea
• Coffee
• Pineapples
• Flowers
• Rice
• Wheat
• Barley
Any 2 x 1 =2
(b)
• Heavy rainfall between 1270 – 2500mm per year
• Well distributed rainfall – throughout the year/ rainfall throughout the year
• High temperatures between 280 – 300C
• Deep soils

. .

• •
Well – drained soils It has created variation in prices of petroleum products
• •
Light sandy soils It has led to mushrooming of many petroleum products dealers
• •
High humidity It has encouraged importation of refined petroleum products
• •
Low altitude It has caused frequent price adjustments by oil dealers
• It has created widespread availability of petroleum products
3. (a)
• Incidences of water- borne diseases, bilharzias
SECTION B
• Pest infestation which lowers production, quelea birds 6. (a) (i) – Ground photograph/ ground general view
(ii)
• Water weeds which compete with the rice for nutrients rhizomes
• Silting in the canals reduces the amount of water
• Low water levels in the rivers during the dry season

(b)
• Planting of trees/ afforestation/ deforestation
• Planting to cover crops/ grass
• Building dams/ reservoirs
• Filling up gullies with brushwood
• Introduction of modern methods of farming- Terracing/ contour ploughing/ use
of fertilizer/ crop protection/ crop rotation/ strip cropping

4. (a) (iv)
• Nakuru •
Trans Nzoia Laikipia Narok The area lacks sufficient vegetation that would provide food for wildlife/ the
• Koibatek/ Baringo area lacks vegetation to provide shelter/ hiding habitation for wild animals
Uasin Gishu Marakwet •
(b) The area is high above sea level where the atmospheric pressure may be too
low to allow some living things to survive
•
In Kenya farming is done on small scale whereas in Australia it is on a large •
scale The high attitude/ presence of s now indicate low temperature unsuitable for
survival of living things
• In Australia Sheep are reared to provide mutton/ wool mainly for export while •
in Kenya it is mainly for local consumption The area is a mountaintop which sometimes 3 experiences snowfall which
would discourage wildlife
• In Australia, Shearing is highly mechanized, while in Kenya it is mainly •
manual The steep slope/ rugged terrain harbours movements of animals in the game
parks.
Any 3 fully compared points 2 ( any 2 x 1( 2mks) 2 = 4 marks)
(b)
5.

. .
 • Q – Nakuru
Encouraging individuals to set up game ranches
R- Dar – el- Salaam
• Banning of trade in wildlife products (b) (i)
• •
Encouraging wildlife conservation education Its strategic position of the East coast of Africa was an ideal calling point for
• traders to and from the far East
Employing anti- poaching unit/ Forest rangers in the game park
• •
Protecting the endangered species in orphanages/ sanctuaries/ arboretum / The island provides a good defensive site against external threats
Natural reserves • The flat land was ideal for construction of buildings
• •
Promotion peaceful co- existence between wildlife and human beings The deep water on Mombasa and Kilindini channels provided a natural harbour
• for traders
Setting up game / forest reserves
(c) • Rivers Mwachi / Kombeni provided fresh water for domestic use
• •
To make use of tourist facilities during the low tourist seasons The coral limestone found in the area was used as building stones for houses
• In order for Kenyans to be exposed to move about their own country
• (ii)
To facilitate interaction / cultural exchange among different communities and •
thus enhance national unity/ patriotism There is an acute shortage of water as the population has outgrown the available
• supply
To expose people locally to produces articrafts •
• The growing population has outstripped/ educational facilities/ health/
To expose Kenyans to a wider variety of recreational facilities sanitation creating pressure and scarcity
• •
To create employment/ income to government or individuals Inadequate housing facilities has led to growth of slums/ informal structures for
(d) dwelling
• •
Switzerland is located in central Europe making it easily accessible to tourist of The narrow streets causes delays/ congestion on roads
European origin while Kenya is far from Europe • The narrow streets cause delays/ congestion on roads
• Some of the tourist attractions in the two countries are similar, hence tourist •
prefer to visit those that are nearer home There is limited space for expansion on the island which has resulted into
expansion of the town towards the mainland.
• The peaceful atmosphere / political neutrality in Switzerland encourages tourists •
as opposed to Kenya where there are reports of insecurity which scare away Due to high rate of unemployment, crime and social evils are common
tourists. • Industrial / domestic wastes has caused pollution
• (c) (v) Mombasa relies on road, railway, air and pipeline while Rotterdam has
Switzerland mounts more effective marketing promotions than Kenya
• a river canals in addition
The well- developed transport network in Switzerland provides easy access to
tourists sites while in Kenya many roads are poorly maintained.
(vi) Rotterdam uses advanced technology in providing services at the port
• while Mombasa port has had very limited expansion in technology
In Switzerland tourists are charged fairly for services while in Kenya charges
are relatively high
• (vii) Rotterdam has expanded to a new outer port known as Euro port while
In Switzerland there is more encouragement on package tours which lowers the
rates charged for tourists facilities while Kenya this is not common Mombasa port has had very limited expansion
7. (a) P – Kampala (viii) Mombasa experiences tropic climate/ modified equatorial while Rotterdam
experiences cool temperature climate/ cool temperature.
. .

Western margin climate • Variation in terrain has hindered the development of various lines

8. (a) (i) Lake Superior Any 4 x 2 = 8 mks

(ii) Niagara falls (d) (i)
(iii) Quebec port • Liberalization of airways/ licensing of more private radio/ T.V stations
•
(b) Introduction of E- mail internet/ fax ( telefax)
• •
It provides cheap mean of transport for both imports and exports, thus Introduction of mobile phones/ cell phones/ pagers
encouraging internal/ international trade • Liberalization of the press
• It has led to growth of ports and towns along its course. These have become • Expansion of telephone facilities
focal points for various economic activities
•
• Liberalization of postal services
Due to accessibility to raw materials, there has been extensive industrial
development in the area. Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)
• The dams found along the route provide hydroelectric power for domestic and (ii)
industrial use.
•
• Development of other and more efficient means of communication e.g.
The sea way is a tourists attraction which generates income in the region electronic mail has led to reduced use of telephones
• The sea way has created employment opportunities in the transport industry • High cost of installation and maintenance of telephone lines limits the number
raising the standards of living of the people in the area of subscribers
•
Tarrifs charged earn the countries income • Vandalism of telephone equipment renders most telephone services would be
unavailable to users
(c) • Mismanagement in the organization that provides telephone services has made
• African countries have railways of different gauges, which make it difficult for it difficult to expand the services to many areas of the country
them to join • Poor reception/ disruption of natural hazards/ overlapping of telephone lines
• The countries were colonized by different European powers who constructed discourages the use of the facility.
railways to transport raw materials from the interior to the ports within their •
own colonies Lack of modernization of telephones in some areas causes delay and
discourages the use of telephones
• Political differences/ differences/ different political ideologies/ political Any 3 x 2 = 6 mks)
instability among African countries hinder efforts to construct railway line to
link them
9. (a) (i) Land pollution/ soil. Ground
• African countries produce similar goods hence there is limited trade between •
them. ( this doeas not warrant construction of railway lines) Noise pollution/ sound
• •
Railways are expensive to construct/ most African countries are poor/ Thermal pollution
inadequate capital and hence expensive to construct/ expand • Radiation
• Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)
Parts of Africa are unproductive so it would be uneconomical to construct
railway lines
(ii)
. .
 • •
Discharge of industrial waste/ oil spillage/ radioactive waste into water bodies The heavy rainfall received in the area id discharged into lake Victoria making
• its level to rise thus flooding the adjacent lowlands.
Disposal of domestic waste into water bodies
(Any 3 x 6= 18 mks)
• Discharge of agriculture chemicals into rivers/ lakes by rain water ii)
• •
Discharge of raw sewage into water bodies Dams have been constructed across the rivers to check their velocity thus
• reducing the incident of flooding.
Abuse of water bodies by human beings
Several dykes have been constructed / artificial levees to restrict the rivers within
• Natural causes e.g. soil erosion/ terrestrial gas their channels/ diversion channels have been constructed in the flood plain and
Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks water used for irrigation thus reducing the effect of the excess water.
(iii) (Any 2 x 2 = 4mks)
• c)
Gases emitted from some factories contain substances which corrode roofs of •
houses and mental structures Strong winds destroy trees
• •
Some gases from factories contain substances which dissolve in water to form Winds blow off roofs of houses
acid which make plants maim or kill animals • Winds cause strong sea storms and lead to boats capsizing / communication
• lines are destroyed / destruction of transport line.
Inhalation for smoke and soot particles / bad smell lead to discomfort / irritation
of the respiratory system / discolouring of vegetable / building. • Winds cause soil erosion
• Gases emitted from factories may contain poisonous substance which can lead • Winds spread air – borne diseases
to poor health / death when inhaled /plant leaves turn yellow.
•
• Winds spread bush fires
Gases / excess carbon dioxide increases the temperature affecting the climate of
the affected areas / depletion of O – Zone layer. (any 4 x1 = 4mks)
• Smoke / dust / smog reduces visibility which way lead to motor accidents. GEOGRAPHY PAPER 312/1 K.C.S.E 2002
• MARKING SCHEME
Dust particles that settles on leaves inhibits photosynthesis
Any 3 x 2 = 6 mks. 1. a) P - Horst block
b(i) Q - Rift valley
• R - Fault scarp / escarpment
Most of the land is low lying which causes the rain water of spread over wide b)
area.
•
• In a normal fault part of the fault is exposed to form an escarpment when
The adjacent highlands receive torrential rainfall which releases large volumes in a reverse fault the plane the plane is not exposed.
of water resulting to rivers overflowing their banks.
•
• A normal fault is cause by tensional forces while a reverse fault occurs due
Silt has filled the river beds making them shallow thus spilling their water over to Compressional forces.
banks
•
• In a normal fault, the up throw move away from down throw while in a
The rivers are at their old stage, thus they have wide flood plains which allows reverse fault the up throw moves over down throw.
water to spread over large areas.
2.a) i) -Acute delta.
• ii) E -Lagoon
The area has black cotton soil which is non- porous and when soaks up allow
water to flow and spread on the surface. F -Distributary’s
G -Spit / sand pit. b)

. .

• SECTION B.
Large quantities of silt / sediments are carried / deposited at the river mouth.
6.i) 139oC + 1oC (138o – 140o)
• Low velocity of the river at the mouth / gentle slope at the river mouth. ii) - 7.2km + or 0.1 ( 7.1 – 7.
• iii) - A lake. R1
Weak sea eaves / weak tidal currents at the coast / lin the sea / at the river
mouth. -A plantation L1 -
River Luanda P1
• A shallow continent / shelf / shore/around the river mouth b) i)
• • The highest area is Nandi escarpment/ 1872m above the sea level.
High rate of deposition than the rate of removal of silt at the river mouth.
3 a) • T he lowest areas is to the south West / which is about 1140m above the sea level.
• It is the process through which marginal lands are degraded. Climate variations •
and human activities / encroachment of arid conditions into formerly productive The east is a plain / kano plain / plateau.
areas. • The North the Nandi escarpment.
• •
It leads to shortage of water / destruction of water catchment areas. The landscape on the northern part is dissected by rivers.
• •
It leads to drying up / of destruction of vegetation. There are numerous river valley these have steep of the highlands are broad in the
• lowland.
It leads to drying up of soils / development of infertile soils.
• It causes out migration of population. ii)
•
4.a) The sep slopes / escarpment have been avoided because they are unsuitable for the
construction of houses / for farming.
i) -1.9oC
ii) – 193 mm. • There are a few settlements on the hilly areas because the slopes are gentler.
• Altitude. • The plains are densely settled as the land is flat / gently sloping.
• •
Aspect The basins are avoided as the land is water logged / flooded / swammpy.
• c) Economic Activities Evidence
Latitude
• Quarrying -Quarry
Distance from the sea Processing -Markets / trading centres/sisal
• factory/cotton ginnery/ flourmills.
Ocean currents
• Transportation -Railways / roads/ main roads/ foot paths. d) i)
Cloud cover / forest
• The river has many meanders / beds.
• Winds
•
The river has tributaries / confluence
• •
The river disappears into a swamp. The river has a wide flood plain
5 a) The solar system is the sun and the planets orbiting around it. • The river is at its old stage.
b) i) Solar eclipse / eclipse of the sun. ii)
ii) L – The moon • It enables students to relate what they have learnt in classroom.
M-Umbra / moon shadow / lunar shadow.
• Students are able to count the number of tributaries.

. .
 • •
Students are able to gauge the impact of the river on the areas. Some parts in the north are plains.
• •
They are able to find out for themselves the uses of the river. The Chalbi desert has sand dunes.
• •
It allows students to use their observation skills to make conclusions There are some young volcanic upland such as mt. Marsabit.
• •
It enables students ton acquire appropriate attitudes towards the environment.\ To the east, the region has a depression, which is occupied by the Lorian Swamp.
• c) i)
It breaks the classroom monotony for the students and the teachers.
• Reading from textbooks.
7.a) i) X – Coastal plain / lowlands • Collection soil samples
Y – Kenya highlands / Central highlands
Z- The lake basin / lake plateau •
Observation
ii) S – Fishing • Interviewing resource persons.
T- Mining
•
iii) Digging the soils
• The underlying molten rock escaped through a vent to the surface / volcanic • Photographing
eruption occurred. ii)
• •
There were violent eruptions, which ejected acidic cooled and solidified. Its colour
• •
The lava piled in layers around the vent. Its texture
• •
The lava did not flow very far from the vent Its porosity
• •
Over the years, eruption ceased and the volcano became extinct. Its nutrient content / organic matter
• •
Erosion set is exposing the plug and producing the jugged peak of the mountain. Its mineral composition
iv) • Its acidity / PH
• •
Due to the conical shape of the mountain, the rivers form radial drainage patterns. Moisture content
• 8. a)
At the lower slopes the rovers form dendritic patterns.
• •
The mountain is a catchment area / source for many rivers. H – Pampas
• •
The mountain has glacial lakes near its top. J – Steppes
• •
The mountain is very high (5199m above the sea level) allowing the formation of K – Downs
snow / ice leading to constant supply of water for rivers. b) b)
• •
The plateau rises from 200m to 1500m above the sea level. The vegetation is tropical rain forest / equatorial forest.
• •
Much of the plateau has been eroded producing residual hills/ inselbergs. The forest consists of mixed variety of tree species.
• •
The hills are scattered over the region. The trees shed their leaves at different time of the year / evergreen.
• •
On the eastern part of the region is the Yatta plateau, which resulted from basic lava The trees have broad leaves / deep trapped leaves.
flows.
• The tree takes long to mature

. .

• •
The forest has little or no undergrowth The sial is rich in silica and aluminium.
• •
The forest has numerous liana /climbing plants / epiphytes The sima is rich in silica and magnesium
• •
Some of the trees have buttress roots The sima is made up of dense rocks /2.8 – 3.0 gm/cc
• The forest has crowns that form canopies three distinct layers. c) i) • •
The sial is made up of lighter rocks / 2.7 / it floats on sima The dial is made up of
• • sedimentary / metamorphic rocks
Some plants have thick / fleshy / succulent leaves / to enable them store water.
•
Some have long roots to tap the ground water The sial rocks are made of rigid / brittle rocks.
• ii) The core.
Some have no leaves/ have thin / spiky/ waxy / needle – like leaves / to reduce
transpiration. • It’s composed of two parts.
• •
Some plants have thick / hard barks to reduce transpiration. The main minerals of the outer core are iron and nickel
• Some plants have shiny surfaces to reflect light. • The main mineral of the inner core is iron
d) i) • The inner core has higher density than outer core/ 16/17gm/cc
• Measure distances / climate distance / heights • The outer core is melted
• •
Collect samples of plants Draw sketches / transects. c) i)
• •
Record / take notes They are sudden earth movements which cause vibrations / rambling within the crust.
• ii)
Take photographs of plants / area
•
• Primary / push waves/ p – waves
Count plants.
•
ii) Secondary / shear waves / S – waves
• •
By their appearance Longitudinal waves? L – waves iii)
• •
Their colour Earthquakes cause lateral vertical displacement of rocks
• •
By their leaves size They cause raising and lowering / uplifting and warping of parts of the sea ploor.
• •
By their area They cause raising / lowering of land
• •
By the nature of their bark They cause landslides / slumps
• • •
By the texture of their leaves By the system of their leaves They lead to faulting of the crust
•
• They lead to volcanic eruptions.
By their fruits / flowers.
d) i)
9.a) U – mohorovicic discontinuity / moho discontinuity
V – The mantle / asthenosphere • Written material / books/ magazines / newspapers
b) i) The crust • Maps
• It is made up of solid rocks.
• Photographs / video cassettes / films
• It is divided into two layers / the sial / continental crust and sima / oceanic crust. • Resource persons

. .
 • •
Electronic media / radio /TV Inadequate use of the required farm inputs leads to low output of foodstuffs which
ii) affects the food reserve.
• Inaccessibility of the area due to massive destruction / restriction. • Laxity / corruption in control of importation/ exportation of foodstuffs.
• Lack of informers because people may have been evacuated. 3. a)
•
• The over fished areas are being restocked.
The rubble may obscure the evidence of the amount of damage.
• There are laws enacted against indiscriminate fishing / types of nests/ seasons for
GEOGRAPHY PAPER 311 / 2 K.C.S.E 2002 MARKING SCHEME. fishing areas free for fishing.
1. • Special hatcheries have been set up for artificial fertilization of eggs pisciculture.
• •
The area receives low / unreliable rainfall / 250 – 500 / dry. Disposal of effluent into fisheries is prohibited / control of water pollution through
• Most parts have thin / undeveloped soils / sandy soils unsuitable for agriculture. legislation.
• •
The area has scanty vegetation that cannot support livestock Research is carried out of expand and improve fisheries
• •
Some areas are insecure and therefore avoided Institutions have been set up to train personnel to manage fisheries. b)
• •
Some area have a rugged terrain unsuitable for settlement It has an extensive continental shelf.
• •
There is inadequate supply of surface water. Its water are rich in plankton
• •
The area experience high temperatures unsuitable for settlement . It has a long forded coastline which provides sheltered waters ideal of fishing /
breeding ground for fish.
2. a)
•
• Cold climate / rugged terrain drove people to fishing
To ensure self sufficiency in foodstuffs.
•
• Norway has a long tradition in sailing and fishing
To ensure that there are sufficient food reserves
•
• Its cool climate makes preservation of fish easy / it has advanced technology in fish
To ensure that every citizen has access to sufficient foodstuffs.
preservation / fishing advance techniques.
• To ensure that the available food is of balanced nutritional value
• To give government control over exports / import of food
4. a)
P Jinja
• To allow free movement of foodstuffs within the country. Q Bukoba
b) R Mwanza
• Drought / floods have caused food shortages.
• Food storage facilities are inadequate. b)
• •
• They guard against destruction of goods They make loading and offloading of
Farmers have little information on the expected weather trend to enable them plan their
calendar. goods easy
• •
Inadequate monitoring of food supplies makes it difficult to identify needy areas They are even in shape hence occupy less space.
• •
Some citizens have inadequate education on the nutritional value of foodstuffs They guard against theft of goods.
• It saves time when loading and offloading is easy.

. .

5 a) • Agro forestry is a land use system, which enables the production of

• trees, crops and livestock on a given unit of land either in spartial
The farmers are self – employed / it created employment.
• arrangement or/over time to maximize productivity and sustainability of
The farmers generate income by selling the pigs and pig products. the land.
• • (ii)
They use the pig manure in their farms They use pig meat to diversify their diets.
•
b) To ensure continuous supply of wood fuel/timber/herbal/medicine/raw
• Expensive pig feeds material for paper making.
•
• Poor marketing strategies / lack of co –op / organizations to sell their products To protect the soil from erosion.
•
• To protect the water catchment areas/create microclimates/maintain
Competition from other types of meat which are relatively cheaper hydrological cycle.
• •
Inadequate capital to expand pig farming To create scenic beauty.
• •
Diseases e.g. African swine fever, foot and mouth, pneumonia. To expand the habitat for wildlife/conservation of wildlife.
6 i) • To create employment opportunities.
Forest
•
Workers/people To reduce importation of forest products/save foreign exchange.
Logs/heap of logs c)(i) Trees harvesting.
Cleared area • In Canada, harvesting is done through clear cutting while in Kenya it is
Stumps selective logging.
Cleared area •
In Canada logging is done in winter while in Kenya cutting takes place
Poles throughout the year.
• •
Litter In both countries, commercial logging is mechanized. N.B. Comparisons
• must be complete.
Sky/clouds/horizon
ii) (ii) Transportation of logs.
• • In Canada, logs are transported using melt water/rivers while in
The trees have straight sterns
Kenya transportation is by road.
• The forest has tall trees d)
• •
The trees are close to each other/thick forest Accidental fires which consume large tracts of the forests reduce the
• area under the forests.
The trees are almost the same height.
• •
They are of the same species. The cold climate leads to trees taking too long to mature which
delays harvesting time.
• There are some scrubs/undergrowth • Rugged landscape especially in the mountainous areas hinder smooth
• exploitation of the forests.
Some trees are conical shaped
• •
Trees are thin Northern parts are inaccessible in winter due to very cold climate
b)(i) conditions.

. .
 • •
Overexploitation in some areas have created a shortage in some of Groundnut/peanuts
the true species while taking a long time to mature. • Cashew nuts
7 a) -On the map shade the main oil palm growing area
•
-mark and name Lagos Coconut
b) • Sim sim
High temperatures throughout the year/ 230C- 300 • Cotton
Plenty of sunshine
•
High rainfall evenly distributed throughout the year / 1500- Soya beans
2100mm 8. a) (i)
Deep fertile well drained soils •
Petroleum /oil
Low altitude of up to 100m above sea level
•
High humidity 80-90% Natural gas
• Uranium
c) (i) • Coal/peat
• Oil palm is harvested three years after planting (ii)
• •
The ripe fruit is cut using curved knives /pangas / chisels/ hooks. Presence of large volume of water from a river /Lake / large catchments
• area to provide water to drive the turbines
Cutting goes on throughout the year.
•
• Regular / constant supply of water to ensure continuous generation of power
Fruits are carried in baskets or on poles to lorries for transportation to the factory
•
• Hard basement rock to provide a firm foundation for the construction of a
Fruits are collected and transported quickly to the processing factory
dam
• At the factory the fruits are weighed • Provide space for reservoir
• They are offloaded into tube like cages or trucks • Non-porous rock to prevent seepage
• Fruits are put in digester for further cooking to soften them up b)
• It filters silt to save the other dams which are down stream
The pulp is separated from the kernel
(ii) It provides a fishing ground for the local communities It
provides water for domestic use.
• •
The leaves are used for roofing The shells /fibers are used for fuel. It is a tourist attraction/reaction
• The dam provides a link role river Tana.
The leaves are used for making baskets/ hats/ mats/ brooms
Water for irrigation
• The stems are used as building poles Provides employment Non-exhaustible/
• renewable.
The sap from the stem is used for making wine / alcoholic drinks
Lean to use / non-pollutant
• Crushed nuts grown for animal feeds/fertilizers Relatively heap
(iii) Easy to use
• Adjustable to any fraction of energy using transformers
Maize /corn
• Convenient to use in a variety of ways. c)
Sunflower
. .

• •
It would encourage setting up of industries in the rural areas Congestion at the seal ports cause delays in loading and off
thus stimulating decentralization of industries. loading copper
• •
It would reduce the cutting down of trees and electricity Loss of copper through theft while on transit deprives Zambia
would be available for domestic use of part of expected revenue.
• •
It would attract/improve social amenities in rural areas Copper is bulky thus it can only be transported by train, which
reducing the need for people to move to urban areas. is slow.
• c) Explain three ways in which coal contributes to the economy of
Most people would invest in the rural areas, which would lead
Zimbabwe .
to higher standards of living.
Coal provides energy that is used for industrial / domestic purposes
• It would encourage development of horticultural farming / to Some coal is exported to earn foreign exchange
have ideal storage of perishable of products.
Coal mining created employment, which provide a means of livelihood
d)
Coal mining has led to the extension of railway line to serve the mining
• areas
It leads to closure of some industries
• Col is used as fuel of heating /Locomotives that save foreign exchange
It led to unemployment /redundancy/early retirement of
that would have been used to import other fuels
workers.
Coal mining has led to the extension of railway line to serve the mining
• It led to an increase in the cost of electricity / purchase and use areas.
of generators Cols used as fuel for heating/ Locomotives that save foreign exchange
• that would have been used to import other fuels
It led to power rationing. Which slowed down rate of
production Coal mining has led to growth of urban centers creating growth poles
in the country.
9. (i) name the minerals mined in the areas marked S, T and V.
Coal led to the diversification of economy reducing reliance on
S - Oil Petroleum
agriculture.
T - Bauxite/Gold
d) Describe three negative effects of open cast mining on the environment
V -Diamond
• The land is left with gaping quarries, which are ugly, interfere

(ii) State two formations in which mineral ores occur. with the natural beauty of the landscape.
Some minerals occur as evaporates • The heap of rock waste hinder any of land use/creates a
Other occur as evaporates landscape that is expensive to rehabilitate/barren landscape.
Some mineral occur as alluvial deposits/placer deposits • The dust produced during the mining pollutes the
Some minerals are found in seams /beds atmosphere/is a health hazard
b) Explain four problems, which Zambia experiences in the exportation of • Open cast mining causes shortage of land it hinders
copper.
settlement/leads to displacement/hinders agriculture
• Zambia is landlocked/has no coastline hence copper has to
• Large scale blasting of rocks leads to instability of the
pass through other countries
basement rocks
• The distance from Zambia to coast is long which makes • Water collects in the hallows left by open cast mines creating
transportation of copper expensive
ponds which becomes habitants for disease causing organisms
• Political instability in the neighboring countries makes it
insecure to transport the copper through them to the coast.
. .
 • •
It interferes with the natural vegetation, which is cleared before Nature of materials
extraction of the mineral begins to take time to generate. • Extent of saturation /amount of rainfall
• The angle of slope/gradient of the land
• Human activities/ mining /building
GEOGRAPHY PAPER 312/1 K.C.S.E, 2003 MARKING
SCHEME. • Occurrence of earthquakes/volcanic eruptions
1. a) b) (i)
• •
The amount of stream discharge Rock fall
• •
The amount of load P- cliff face/steep slope
• •
The composition/size of sediments/loads Q-Talus/ talus creep/scree
• 4 a) (i)
The slope / gradient of the landscape
• The rock type

b) (i) it is the renewed erosive activity of a river

(ii)
• River terraces
b) Atlas Cape Ranges
• Incised meanders 5. a) (i) Granite - Gneiss
• (ii) Clay - slate
Knick point
• •
Valley within a valley The costal plain is a lowland, which has facilitated deposition of sediments
• •
Water falls/rapids The shallow continental shelf has conclusive environment for he formation of
coral rocks
2 a)
6 a) (i) -2000m (2000-2019m)
•
An area of limestone (ii)
• • Contours
Thick layers of calcium carbonate rocks
• Moderate to abundant rainfall • Trigonometrically points
• •
A low water table Depression symbol (lake Nkunga)
b) (iii) -2480 + /- 1”
• b)
The areas are rocky
• •
They have thin soils The high density of settlement shows that there is market/high demand
• for goods
They have poor vegetation •
• The high density of road network provides means of transportation for
There is inadequate water supply goods
3 a)

. .

• •
The variety of economy activities show that the area is productive Ice accumulates in several cracks/hollows on mountain sides
with encourages trade. • Ice exerts pressure on the cracks /hollows
d)
•
• Plucking action of ice enlarges the hollow allowing more ice to collect in them
J - A plantation
•
• Freeze-thaw action leads to expansion of cracks/hollows making them large basins
K - A lake/sacred lake
•
• Moving ice plucks off loose rock materials from the basin thus enlarging them further
L - A river/river munyi
•
(i) 7.2 + /- 0.1 km Nivation eats into the back wall of basins making them recede into the mountain side.
(ii) Scrub scattered trees (iii) • Steep sided knife edged ridges are formed separating the basins
•
Use of questionnaires Three or more of these ridges/arêtes converge at the mountain top forming a jagged
peak known as a pyramidal peak/horn.
Interviewing
c)
Reading from secondary sources
•
Taking measurements the warm glaciated valleys are suitable for livestock farming/cultivation
Taking photographs • Glacial upland areas form magnificent features that encourages secretion and tourism
Sketching
•
(iv) Glaciated mountains encourage the growth of forests hence lumbering is practiced
• •
Report writing Waterfalls formed in glaciated uplands provide suitable sites for hydro-electric power
production
• Class discussions • Corrie lakes/tarns offers suitable areas for trout fishing
• Displaying collected specimen • U-shaped valleys form natural route ways
• Asking/answering questions • Flood coastlines form deep well sheltered natural harbours/good fishing grounds.
• Reading more about the topic d) (i)
• •
Analyzing photographs/tape recorded work Climbing the mountain is difficult due to the rugged terrain
• Rejecting and accepting hypothesis • The features are found far from schools/settlements
7 a) i) • Time may be inadequate
It is mass of moving ice
•
ii) Valley glaciers are formed on highlands above the snow line while ice The study may be hindered by poor weather conditions/rain/low temperatures
sheets are found in lowlands in the high latitude regions/valley glaciers are •
confined in valleys while ice sheets cover extensive landscapes The thick forest/vegetation cover may be difficult to cross/may have dangerous wild
animals
b) i)
•
• D- Truncated spur It would be expensive to prepare for the kind of field study
•
• By dividing it into parts
E- ribbon lake
•
• By observing and identifying the features in each part of the photograph
F- glacial trough/U-shaped valley
• By drawing sketches of the feature observed
ii)
. .
 • •
By labeling the features observed Attrition ii)
8 a) i) X - 31- 28= 30C - Suspension
Y - 12-12=9C The fine dust particles are lifted and suspended in the air
Eventually they are blown away by wind currents
(ii) -Saltation
• -Larger fragments/sand particles are lifted from the ground by eddy
The station received low rainfall
action
• Rain falls throughout the year -They are moved in a series of hop(s)/ along with wind currents
• - Surface Creep
The wettest month is June/the driest moth is February
• The heavy materials/small stones. Pebbles are dragged along the ground
Summers are relatively dry while winters are relatively wet by wind currents
• b) (i)
Most rain falls between May and August
• • A pre-existing depression formed through faulting or otherwise is
The station experiences warm summers and cool winters
• exposed to wind erosion
Temperature’s are moderate throughout the year
•
c) i) Wind eddies removes unconsolidated materials through deflation
• •
water surface/sea is heated intensely by conduction As deflation continues, the depression is deepened and enlarged
• •
Maximum heating occurs in the afternoon The process of deflation is aided by weathering
• •
Moisture laden air rises in conventional currents With continued deflation, the level of the water table is reached.
• •
As the warm air rises, it is cooled After oozes out of the ground and collects into the depression to form an
oasis
• The moisture laden air condenses at high altitudes
• (ii) How zeugens are formed
The condensed water vapour forms clouds which develop into cumulonimbus clouds
with time • Zeugens are formed in desert area where alternating horizontal layers of
• hard and soft rocks occur
The clouds give rise to heavy/torrential rain accompanied by thunder an lighting and
sometimes hail stones • The top layer of hard rock is jointed has cracks
ii) The torrential rains cause floods which displace people • Weathering opens up the joints deepening them to reach the soft layer of
• The hailstones destroy crops
rocks
• •
The strong winds blow off roots of houses/ uproot trees Abrasion continues, furrows are formed and gradually widened.
• •
Lightning strikes causing deaths of people and animals The hard/resistant rock forms ridges separating the furrows
• This process creates a ridge-furrow landscape.
C(i)
9. a) i)
•
• Reading from relevant written materials
Deflation
• Assembling relevant tools/ equipment / materials for the study.
• Abrasion

. .

• •
Formulating hypothesis / objectives It is a state capital It is a national capital
• •
Grouping / appointing group leaders It is an international commercial It is a national commercial
• financial centre centre.
Planning a schedule of activities
2 a)
• Carrying out reconnaissance • Through irrigation
• Studying / drawing a route map • Through controlling pests
• Identifying methods of data collection. • By introducing drought resistant crops
ii)
•
• By using fertilizer/ manure
Sparse vegetation / large patches of bare soil
•
• By a forestation
Sparse settlements
b)
• Presence of drought resistant crops • Floods were controlled
• Stunted trees / tuffs of grass • Pests waterborne diseases were controlled
• Dust storms / sand storms • There was an increase in the land for agriculture/ more land was made
• available for agriculture.
Evidence of wind erosion. iii)
• •
Planting of trees Better farming methods were introduced
• •
Controlling overgrazing There was increase in the employment opportunities.
• 3. a)
Avoiding bush fires
•
• Temperature ranging from 14oC – 26oC
Controlling tree cutting
•
• High rainfall – 1000mm – 2030 mm per year.
Practicing appropriate methods of cultivation / planting cover crop /
•
irrigation / mulching / terracing strip cropping / contour farming. Well – distributed rainfall throughout the year.
• •
GEOGRAPHY PAPER 312 / 2 K.C.S.E 2003 MARKING Gently sloping landscape – 1500 – 2300 M above sea level. Deep well
SCHEME. drained soils
• Volcanic soils.
1. a) b)
It is the process whereby an increasing proportion of the total population in
•
a country settles/concentrates in town / the process through which towns or The crop is attacked by pests and diseases i.e. pests – lady bird/Thrips/
cities grow in numbers and size / a process by which a population is aphids diseases – CBD, Leaf rust / root rot.
transformed from rural based agricultural lifestyles to urban based non • Fluctuation of coffee prices in the world market.
agricultural lifestyle.
•
New York Nairobi Poor infrastructure
b) • Mismanagement of coffee co-operatives
• It is a sea port it is an inland port • Inadequate rainfall

. .
 • importation of heavy machinery // so that Kenya is also able to export.
Inaccessibility to credit / inadequate capital.
•
• Restricting the importation of luxury items through taxation
Expensive prices of inputs e.g. fertilizer, pesticides
•
• Establishing/ providing import substitution industries to cut down on
Delayed payments
importation of some commodities.
• Poor marketing strategies • Developing alternative sources of energy in order to reduce importation of fuels
• / petroleum.
Low payments.
4 a) • Encouraging the production of high quality manufactured goods for export in
• order to earn higher income // high prices // production of high quality
To ensure that there is supply for present and future generations
agricultural products.
•
To maintain hydrological balance. • Diversifying the agricultural export base to enable the country to have a variety
b)
of exports.
• By reducing surface runoff which ensures that rainwater seeps slowly • Opening new markets to avoid dependence on the traditional partners.
into the ground.
•
5 a) Popularizing trade to increase earnings from the invisible trade.
• c)
To preserve the natural beauty
•
• The imported industrial inputs have led to the growth of manufacturing
To conserve wildlife plants and animals
industries in the country.
• To promote tourism / provide for recreation • Demand for Kenya’s exports have led to the expansion of the industries that
• produce those goods.
Provide an environment for education and research
b) • Transport and communication network in Kenya has been improved to facilitate
• the movement of trade goods // modernization of the facilities for handling
Sandy beaches / coral reefs
goods at the port of Mombassa.
• Sunny / warm climate / warm conditions • Taxation of commodities and services rendered has generated revenue for the
• Historical sites country.
• •
Traditional culture of the people / i.e dancers / shrines / Kaya forest/ craft. Employment opportunities have been created in the manufacturing service
industries that handle imports and exports.
• Water sports.
6 a) • Trade has enhanced cooperation between Kenya and the trading partners.
• Trade encourages specialization which leads to production of high quality
goods in some industries in Kenya, thus enabling the country to earn higher
income.
• Kenya is able to import what it needs from other countries to satisfy its people.
• Kenya gets a ready market for its surplus goods
• Kenya has foreign exchange which enables it to import goods from other
b) countries/ credit foreign exchange.
• Encouraging development of Jua kali industries which do not require 7 a) i)

. .

• •
National census head count The rate of population growth is higher than the rate at which job opportunities
• are generated leading to high unemployment.
Sample survey
•
• The high demand for social amenities caused by the high population growth rate
Vital statistics / registration of birth / death / marriages / migration. leads to congestion in schools /hospitals/ housing/transport facilities.
ii) •
• The large number of youthful population create a high dependency ratio which
The size of the population causes slow economic growth.
• •
The different age cohorts(age groups) The high demand for food caused by the high population growth rate has lead to
• food shortage
The proposition of males to females.
•
• The high demand for agricultural land cause land fragmentation. //
The composition by sex.
•
• The large number of poor people /unemployment lead to temptation to commit
The proportion of the youthful/working / ageing/ dependency ratio. b)
crime/high crime rate
• The population of Kenya has a large number of young people below 20 years 8. a)
of age while Sweden has an ageing population. • Tobacco processing
• Kenyans population has a lower life expectancy while Sweden has a lower life •
expectancy. Soap manufacturing
• •
Population birth rate in Kenya is high while it is low in Sweden Foot wear making
• •
The fertility rate in Kenya is high while in Sweden Vegetable chemical products making/ pyrethrum processing
• •
The population growth rate is high in Kenya and low/negative in Sweden. Textile manufacturing
• •
A high percentage of the population in Kenya live in rural areas while in Saw milling/pulp/paper making
Sweden most people live urban areas (the difference must be complete) c) • Leather tanning
• b) (i)
Pressure on land makes people buy/look for land elsewhere and move to settle
there.
• People move from the rural areas makes people to move to safer places
• Setting up of government development projects cause displacement of people
who are settled elsewhere such projects cause displacement of people who are
settled elsewhere such projects attract settlements in those areas (settlement
schemes)
• Natural hazards force people to migrate ato other areas for safety
• Pastoral communities migrate from one rural areas to another in search of
pasture / water for their livestock (ii)
• -
Change in land tenure system/ and disputes cause people to move and settle Thika
elsewhere.
- Nairobi
d)
-Mombasa

. .
 c) (i) • Advanced technology/research as promoted efficient
• methods of production/high quality goods competitive in
Large-scale importation of second hand clothes has reduced demand
for locally produced textile products/second hand clothes are the world market.
cheaper than the locally produced new clothes. • The numerous sea ports ease the importation of raw
• materials and importation of finished electronic goods
There has been a decline in the production of cotton which has led
to limited supply of raw materials for the textile industry. • Japan has skilled industrious workforce, which enhances
• efficiency in production.
Mismanagement of textile factories has led to closure of such
operations textiles from other countries instead of selling produced 9. a) (i)
ones. • Trawling
•
Belief that imported garments superior to locally produced ones has • Purse-seining
reduced demand from local garments
•
• Drifting /gill net
Decline in the economy has discouraged investors who would set up
textile industries in Kenya. • Lining /Line /hook and line/longline
(ii)
(ii) Water pollution • Salmon
Treating the industrial waste to reduce the negative impact
particularly industrial effluents/enforcing environmental laws on the • Mackerel
use of improved technology for industrial efficiency • Herring
Recycling wastes in order to reduce the industrial waste turnover. Rural
urban migration • Haddock
• Improved agriculture to create employment in rural areas. • Flounder
• Encourage growth of Jua kali industries in rural areas to • Tuna
promote self employment
•
• Decentralize industries so as to control the number of Sardine
people moving to industrial centers in search of • Pilchard
employment. (iii)
d)
Indented coastline
• Availability of adequate financial resources which have
helped in the setting up and expansion of the industry. • These provide secure breeding grounds for fish because the bays are

• Presence of large population, which provide a large sheltered from the sea waves.
domestic market for electronic goods/availability of large • The sheltered bays provide suitable sites for building fishing ports/fish
external markets. landing sites Ocean currents
• Government policy on industrialization has led to rapid • The meeting of the cold and warm currents cause up welling of the
development of electronic industries. ocean water which bring plankton/fish food to the surface.
• The highly developed sources of power encourage growth • Colder currents provide ideal temperature for survival of numerous
of electronic industries.
species of fish/growth of planktons.
b)

. .

• K.C.S.E 2004 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1

To increase the fish number/ restock over fished areas by breeding
fingerlings in fish farms and then release them into the sea/induced fish MARKING SCHEME
regeneration.
• 1. a) Loamy Clay Silty Sandy Gravel
Standardizing the size of fish nets used in fishing to ensure that only the
mature fish are caught. (Any 2x1 =2mks)
• b) Helps soil to retain moisture
Restricting disposal of untreated waste into the sea to ensure that the Aerates the soil
water remains clean for survival of fish.
It provides essential minerals to the soil
• Enforcing the international conventions in order to protect the It improves the soil texture/structure Any 2x1=2mks
endangered fish species 2 a) It is the angular distance north or south of the equator. It is an imaginary
• parallel line drawn from west to east and measured in degrees north or south of the
Licensing fishermen to control their numbers and ensure that there is no
ever-fishing equator.
• b) The earth rotates 150 in 1 hour so Hola will be a head by: 400 2hrs 40 mins
Restricting fishing to specific seasons to allow for breeding and
(2mks)
maturing of fish/ ensuring natural regeneration of fish..
150 so it will be 240 pm at Hola (2mks)
c) (i)
• Freezing 3 a) P-Joint R-Clint 1-Crike
• b) Rain water absorbs carbon dioxide to form a weak acid (carbonic acid)
Salting
• The rain falls on jointed limestone rocks
Canning
The percolating rain water reacts with limestone rock to form calcium
• Sun drying bicarbonate (Ca(HCO3)2). (3mks)
• 4. a) i) This is a climatic condition is a restricted area due to small
Smoking
differences 3.g aspect, slope, vegetation and human landscapes
(ii)
(2mks)
• The occurrence of strong wind lead to high waves causing accidental ii) It is a condition where the incoming solar radiation passes through
drowning/destruction of fishing vessels and nets the atmosphere while the outgoing terrestrial is blocked by the gases/
• atmosphere making the earth retain most of the terrestrial radiation. This
Most fishermen have poor fishing equipments/ motorboat engines which are inefficient.
This leads to a low catch delayed landing. makes the earh to be warmer than it would have been or it is a condition
where the atmosphere balances the incoming and out-going and out-going
• terrestrial radiation making the earth to retain optimum heat.
Fishermen lack appropriate storage/preservation facilities lead to low catch
• Any 1 x2 =2mks.
Presence of floating vegetation/water hyacinth entangles and tears the fishing nets,
which is a loss to the fishermen. // hunters movement of fishing boats. b) Instrument Element
• i) Rain gauge Rainfall
Parts pf the lake shores are swampy/marshy which makes the landing of the catch ii) Thermometer Temperature iii)
difficult Barometer Pressure iv)
• Hygrometer Humidity
Insecurity // theft of fish and fishing equipment discourages the fisherman.
v) wind vane Wind Direction
vi) Anemometer Humidity
vii) sun shine recorder Sun shine (any 3x1=3mks)

. .
5. a) A lake is an accumulation of water in a wide hollow or depression/it an (ii) Labelling axis
extensive hollow in the earth’s surface which contain water (Any 1x1= 1mk) Horizontal 1mk
b) By erosion Vertical 1mk
By Earth Movements Features (1x 4) = 4Mks
By vulcalnicity/ volcanic activity
By human activity (iii) VE = V.S
Mass movements e.g landslide Any 3x1 =3mks H.S
SECTION B
= 1 /10000 X 50,000/1
6. a) i) Latitude- 00 151 N, Longitude- 350 30 1 E
ii) 8.5km2 (8.0 – 9.0) (2mks) b) i) Wattle
=5
ii) Relief
d) (i) Motorable track
- On the slopes of Keiyo escarpment there are thickets, forest and
woodland. Dry weather road Any 2x1 = 2mks
- The lowland areas/ low attitude areas support scrub and scattered trees - (ii) Residential
The high plateau area to the west have woodland, ppyrus swamps. Communication
(Any 2x1 = 2mks) Trading
Health Services
Human Activities Transport Any3 x 1 = 3mks
- Areas with human settlement have scattered trees and woodland
- The forests are protected through creation of forests reserves e.g Tingwa 7a) i) Tilt block Any 3x1
hill forest. Escarpment/scrap slope
- On the western side of the map most of the natural vegetation has been Block mountain/ horsts Any 2x1=2mks
cleared for wattle plantation.
- Saw milling has reduced the size of natural forest in the west (ii) Residential
Any 2x 1 = 2mks Communication
c) A cross section from x to y Trading
Health Services
Transport Any 2x1 = 2mks

Key
Tension force

Layers of crustal
forces

(i) Title – 1mk Trend -1mk

. .

- Layers of rocks are subjected to tensional forces when there is some tensional forces c) i) To enable them draw
when there is some instability within the earth’s crust. up study objectives /
- Parallel normal faults develop/lines of weakness develop. hypothesis
-To familiarize themselves with the area of study
- To enable them draw a route map
- To enable them prepare a work schedule / plan of activities
- To enable them identify / sort our relevant tools / equipment for the study
- To identify suitable methods of data collection
- To seek permission from the occupants of their site of study.
Normal faults - To enable them prepare financial (Any 4x1 = 4mks)
d) i) -It is expensive
- It is time consuming
-It is tiresome
- It is limited only to direct sources / primary sources
- It is only suitable to the signed people (Any 3x1 =3 mks)
(a) Amount of precipitation / rainfall
The middle part gradually sinks/ subsides. - The nature of the slope of the land / of gradient of the land
- The nature of the solid / the level of saturation
- The nature of the underlying rocks
- The amount of vegetation cover
- The rate evaporation
- Human activities (Any 4x1 = 4mks)
b) The fine, materials are carried in suspension because they are light.
The heavy materials are rolled / pulled along the bed of a river.
The sunken middle part forms a depression known as the Rift Valley
(Any 3x2 = 6mks)
Rift Valley Rift valley
c) i) Dendritic

b) Faulting / fault scraps make it difficult to construct roads/ railways.

- Depression in the Rift valley contain water that forms lakes The river has many tributaries that join the main river at acute angles.
- Faulting exposes minerals such as diatomite The river and its tributaries form a pattern of a tree and its branches. ii)
- Step faulting makes rivers to have water falls, rapids and cataracts - The scrap Trellis
slopes / steep slopes tend to discourage settlement.
- Some rivers such as the Katonga in Uganda have had their directions
of flow changed. (Any 4 x 2 = 8 mks)

. .
 The molten rock / magma forces itself through the cracks / fissures.
- When magma cools and solidifies in a horizontal crack or bedding plane
it forms a feature called a sill. (4mks)
c) It has a vertical vent or pipe
- It is composed of alternating layers of ash / and lave
- It is conical in shape / steep sided
- It has a side vents
The main river has tributaries / streams that flow parallel to each other. - It has conelets / parasitic cones on the sides
The tributaries join the main river at right angles. - At the peak it may have a caldera / crater / plug ( Any 4x1 = 4mks)
iii) Centripetal d) Volcanic mountains are sources of rivers which provide water from domestic,
industrial, transport and irrigation.
- They influence the formation of relief rainfall that encourages agricultural
activities.
- Volcanic soils are suitable for agriculture.
- Timber for construction / building industries
- The volcanic mountains form beautiful sceneries that attract tourists. - Hot
springs / geysers are used to generate geothermal - The crater laters are
fishing / breeding grounds for fish.
Many rivers flow into a central basin from all directions. d) - Volcanic rocks provides materials for construction / buildings.(Any 4x2 = 8mks)
i) Stating the objectives / hypothesis of the study d) There is no field laboratory where the rock samples can be analyzed.
- Identifying / selecting suitable methods of data collection. • Students do not have adequate skills to analyze the samples so there is need for
- Seeking permission from the relevant authority expert opinion.
- Pre – visit the area of study • There is no adequate time in the field
- Reading relevant materials
•
- Fixing the date for the study To enable them build a collection of rock samples / future studies
- Dividing themselves into groups and appointing group leaders. • It would expose more students to their findings through display of their findings.
- Identifying / Selecting suitable methods of data analysis •
- Drawing a route map To create interest / motivation and to deepen the understanding of the subject.(Any
4x1 = 4mks)
- Collecting relevant materials / tools to use (Any 5x 1 = 5mks) ii) Taking photographs
•
- Interviewing resources persons ii) Some students may have been cut / injured by the rocks
- Estimating / measuring the height of the falls There may have been harsh weather / weather change.
- Drawing the waterfall • Inability to collect the right samples.
- Reading information brochures •
9. a)i) X – Laccolith Inaccessibility of some sample sites
Z –Dyke • The heavy weight of the rock samples (Any 2x2 = 4mks)
ii) Rocks beneath the crust are in a semi –solid state due to high temperature and GEOGRAPHY PAPER II 2004
high pressure. MARKING SCHEME
- When pressure decreases the rocks become semi- fluid and are known as magma. SECTION A
- Earth movements cause vertical or horizontal cracks in the rocks 1. a) Climate / rainfall / temperature

. .

Altitude Relief Aspect Soils / edaphic factors Charolais Red Angus

Animals Human Activities Government policy Short Horn Galloway
(Any 2x1 = 2 mks) Santa Gertrudio
b) Provide poles for construction / furniture making 6a) ii) They allow ease in comparison interpretation.
Source of fuel They give clear visual impression
For aqua – culture They are easy to read
For export / earn foreign exchange / income They easily show the trend of the given data.
The bark / fruits are a source of tannin (Any 3 x 1 = 3mks) Easy to draw / construct (Any 2x1 = 2mks)
2. a) L – gas b) 130,000
M – Oil / petroleum - 70,000 60,000 x 100 = 85.7 / 85 2mks
N – Water 60,000 70,000
o o
b) Wax c) Cool / warm climate / condition. 10 c to 28 c throughout the year
Bitumen / tar / asphalt High rainfall/ 1000 – 2000 mm per year.
Sulphur Well distributed rainfall through the year.
Lubricants / grease Areas the are frost – free
Resin / petrol – chemicals (Any 2x1 = 2mks) Deep light and well drained soils
3 a) Sandy beaches Gently sloping / undulating land
Marine life / wild life / mangrove forests Acidic / Volcanic soils / ph of 4 – 6
People culture (accept examples of cultures) High altitude / 100 m – 2300m a.s.l (Any 5 x 1 (5mks)
Coastal land forms e.g. caves / cliffs / Cora (Any 2x1 (2mks) b) d) Delayed payments / low payments that lowers the morale of the
They are tourist attraction farmers mismanagement / Embezzlement of funds thus farmers are
For education purposes/ research purposes. discouraged
For easthetic beauty Poor feeder roads in the tea growing areas lead to delays in collection / delivery of
the green leaf hence wastage.
For posterity / for future generation
Adverse weather conditions such as long droughts / hale storms lead to
For preservation of culture (Any 3x1 = 3mks) destruction of the crop / lower production.
4a) Manufacturing is a process of changing raw materials into a finished product / Fluctuation of prices in the world market makes it difficult for the farmer to plan
commodity ready for use while tertiary industries provide services facilities for use ahead/ lower morale/ discourages farmers
by other industries / consumers.(any 2x1 = 2mks)
High production costs due to high prices of farm inputs leads to lower yields since
b) Availability of coal / iron ore / raw materials most farmers cannot afford to buy them
Cheap water transport on River Rhine Pests/ Fungal diseases destroy crops. Reduce yields ( pests e.g. red spider-mites,
Availability of capital from rich merchants / krupp family / founders weevils and beetles), termites, nematodes.
Abundant sources of power such as coal / H.E.P. Inadequate/ unreliable transport facilities delays the collection/ delivery of green
Ready market from control / Western Europe / local market leaf reducing the quality.
Availability of water from river Rhine / lipper / Ruhr (Any 3x1 = 3mks) Labour shortage/ expensive labour leads to low products/quality.
5a) Presence of undulating landscape
Adequate water supply 7. (a) (i) P- Kasese
Large tracks of land / expansion tracks of land Q – Butere
Adequate pasture for the animals (Any 3x1 = 3mks) b) Aberdeen Angus R - Kigoma
herefore (ii) S- Maize / wheat/ Cattle/ / Coffee/ Passengers Any 1 x 1 = 1 mk

. .
 T- Soda Ash
(iii) U- Tanga ( 1mk) (ii) Nyando
V- Malawi/ Nyasa ( 1 mk) Nzoia
(b) (i) It is cheaper to construct/ Maintain Yala
Roads are flexible/ provide door to door services Kuja/ Gucha Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks
Roads can be used by a wide range of transport agents/ they are
more Versatile (b) The stagnant water become breeding ground for vectors that cause water related
The roads are faster to use diseases.
There is greater demand for road transport than railway transport Flood causes loss of property/ lives
Any 4 x 1 = 4 mks) Floods away crops leading to food shortages/ Famine
(ii) Narrow – roads where heavy traffic limit ease of movement and Floods wash away bridges/ roads/ telephone lines/ Air fields
overtaking the Pot- holed sections of the roads may cause tyre Disrupting transport and communication
burst/ vehicle breakdowns/ may make drivers who are avoiding People are displaces by floods/ are made homeless Any 4 x 2 = 8 mks
potholes crash the vehicles
(c) (i) The presence in the environment of contaminants, which are
The sharp beds may cause vehicles to veer off the roads/ stiff
injurious to human. Land plant and animal life 2 mks
grade may make drivers to lose control of vehicles
(ii) The garbage may result to foul smell/ air pollution, which is
The narrow bridges may cause vehicle to crash
hazardous to human health.
Sub- standard surfaces may cause vehicles to skid/ overturn
Blurred/ missing road signs may make drivers lose control of When it rains, the dumped waste. Garbage is washed to rivers
vehicles ceasing water pollution
Unavailability of pedestrian paths/ sidewalks may cause Garbage can is a breeding ground for rodents/ flies/ cockroaches,
pedestrians to walk on the road. which can cause disease outbreak e.g. plague
Dusty roads may reduce visibility leading to accidents Accumulation of garbage leads to blockage of roads/ drainage
Muddy roads during the rainy season may cause vehicles to collide systems
Any 4 x1 4 mks) Garbage heaps is na eye sore as they make the environment ugly.
Oil spillage/ Industrial wastes leads to destruction of flora.
(c) (i) Flowers: Roses/ Carnations/ orchids
Any 3 x 2 = 6 mks)
Fruits: Oranges/ Mangoes/ avocados etc
(d) Burning waste materials
Vegetables: French beans/ cabbages, etc Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks
Digging pits for throwing rubbish
Minimizing use of harmful chemicals/ sue of organic manure
(ii) The horticultural crops are highly perishable thus necessitating
Creating awareness on the dangers of land pollution and how to
faster means of transport
control it.
Same are light in weight which makes it easy/ suitable to export by
Recycling of waste materials/ treatment of industrial waste
air
Government legislation against dumping.
There is high demand for the produce thus the need to supply urgently Setting up proper garbage collection/ management program.
High market prices are able to pay/ compensate for the airfreight charges Any 4 x 1 = 4 mks
Any 2 x 2 = 4 mks)
(a) (i) Nulcuted/cluster
Scattered / dispersed
8. (a) (i) Central highlands Linear Any 2 x 1 = 4 mks
The Nyika Plateau (ii) Urban - Urban
Coastal lowlands/ plains 5 mks) Rural – Rural
. .

Rural – Urban GEOGRAPHY 312/1 KCSE 2005

International - External Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks MARKING SCHEME.
(iii) Retirement from formal employment in urban areas / retrenchment. SECTION A
Lack of jobs in urban centers 1.a)
Insecurity in urban centers/ high crime rate -The passing star theory (2mk)
The strategy of district Focus for Rural Development/ government - The Nebula cloud theory
policy. b) -Troposphere
Provision of infrastructure facilities in the rural areas/ social -Stratosphere
amenities. -Mesosphere
Setting up industries in rural areas/ discovery Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks
-thermosphere (4x1 mks)
(b) Insecurity leads to fear
2 a) E – Surface run off
Unemployment / idleness leads to high crime rate/ social evils
F – Evaporation
Inadequate housing has led to emergence of slums/ poor housing/
high rents limited land leading to limited urban extension. G – Condensation (3 x 1 mks)
Traffic congestion cause delays/ slows movement b) a watershed is a ridge / high ground that separates two or more river basins, while a
catchments area is the entire area from which a river draws its waters.
Inadequate transport facilities leads to delayed movements/ long
queues
Inadequate social amenities leads to congestion in hospitals/ schools/ 3. a) -They occur in layers called strata
water shortage / poor sanitation -They contain fossils
High rate of crime leading to insecurity/ loss of proper life. -They are not crystalline in nature but are composed of particles of pre-existing
Any 4 x 2 = 8 mks) rocks.
(c) Leather tanning b) – Rock salt
Tobacco treatment/ processing - Gypsum
Textiles - Flint
Cotton spinning - Travertine / trona
Tanning industry Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks - Limonite
- Hematite
(ii) The abundant water supply from river Chania which is used for
industrial Purposes. 4. (a) Mount Kenya
The roads/ railway links/ accessibility have made it easy to receive raw (b)
materials and sell the industrial products. - Snow accumulate in pre- existing depression on the mountain side
The high population around Thika provides ready market for the - The snow action/ navigation/ alternating free-thaw action enlarges the hollow
industrial products. - Plucking process steepens the back wall
The rich agricultural hinderland has provided raw materials for industries - A deep armchair shaped depression called corries fills up with molt water forming a
Nearness to Nairobi has led to industrial interdependence / ease of access tarn ( 4 x 1 = 4 mks)
to supplies.
The government policy of decentralization of industries has encouraged
4. (a) This is a type of vegetation that grows without interference and
the growth
modification by human activity.
There is expensive flat land for setting industries Any 4 x 2 = 8 mks

. .
 (b) - Mediterranean vegetation is composed of shrubs/ thickets/ bush/thorn (ii)
bush - Sandy soil
- Grasses dry off, during summers drought and winter - Clay soils
- Some trees are deciduous - Loamy soils
- Some plants have fleshy leaves - Cotton soil ( 2mks)
- Trees have thick rough barks/many plant have waxy/ spiny/ small leaves
- Plants have long tap roots 7. (a) H - bay
- Many plants are evergreen J- sand bar
SECTION B K – Tombolo
6. (a) L- Headland
(i) 1 cm represents ½ km or 1 cm represents 500m ( 1mk) M- Estuary ( 5 mks)
(ii) 298938 ( 1mk)
(iii) Thicket 3 x 1 = 3 mks) (b) (i)
- The shore should be gentle for deposition to take place
(b) (i) - The wave breaking must have a strong swash and weak backwash / be
- Rivers constructive wave
- Dams/ lake - The sea should be shallow towards the coastline/ shone
- Water holes 2 x 1 = 2mks) - The sea water should have a large load

(ii) Function Evidence (ii) Hydraulic action- the power of waves remove lose rock particles from
- Health services center - Dispensary the cliff/ rocks. The waves also enter.
- Educational services - School Cracks / crevices of the rocks enlarging the crevices/ joints/ cracks by creating
- Religious services - Church shock waves
- Commercial center - Shop Abrasion- the materials/ load carried by the waves scour coastal rocks
making them smooth as they erode.
- Transportation - Roads
Attrition- the materials carried by waves constantly collide against each
(Function ½ Evidence ½ x 4 mks)
other and coastal rocks, thus, reducing in size.
(c) (i) & ii) – Cross – section – graph paper
(iii) Vertical exaggeration = Vertical scale
Horizontal scale
= 1/2000 ÷ 1/50,000 = 1 x 50,000 = 25 times
2000 1
(d) (i) Reasons for a reconnaissance
- In order to be familiar with the area before the field study
- To establish contacts possible respondents for the study
- In order to help in preparing methods for data collection
- In order to determine the cast of the study
- To identify possible problems likely to be faced and their possible solutions
( 4 mks)

. .

Cross section between grid references 4000915 to 500915 8. (a)

i. Asia - Himalayas ( 1mk) ii. North America - the rockies / Appalachians (
1mk) iii. South America- the andies ( 1mk)

(b)
- Cuestas
- Escarpments
- Intermountain basins/ plateaus
- Synclinal valleys ( 4 mks)

Diagram & explanation = 6 mks (c)

Solution – the sea water dissolves and removes and removes materials in Effects of fold Mountains of human activities
solution. This is common along limestone coasts (any 3 x 2 = 6 mks) - Fold Mountains are water catchments areas. They trap rainfall which feed rivers
- Intense Compressional forces act upon rock strata resulting in a that provide water for domestic use/ for irrigation/ for industrial use/ HEP
fracture along its axis generation
- The upper limb is pushed over the lower limb along the thrust plane - - Fold mountains are often forested and provide valuable timbers used in
Horizontal displacement of the limb occurs along the thrust construction and building industry
plane - Some fold mountains have valuable deposition such a coal and petroleum
- Fold mountains attract tourists, thus earning countries foreign exchange
7. (a) Objectives - Fold mountains influence transport systems either as barriers or as passes
- To find out the type of depositional features along the Kenya coast (Any 4 x 2 = 8 mks)
- To find out the factors influencing the formation of depositional features
- To find out the economic significance of coastal features of deposition (d) (i) – They would divide themselves into groups
- To find out the process involved with formation of coastal features of deposition - They would review secondary objectives and hypotheses for study
- To find out the location of depositional features along the coast of Kenya - They would formulate objectives and hypothesis for study
( 5 x 1 = 5 mks) - They would conduct a pre – visit / reconnaissance to the areas under study
(b) - They would prepare a working schedule for the study
- Making notes - They would seek for permission from relevant authorities
- Taking photographs/ videos (Any 3 x1 = 3 mks)
- Filling in tables/ tallying
- Field sketching (ii) They would get first hand information about land forms in their districts
- Drawing maps (sketch) mapping - It enables students to relate what has been learnt in classroom to what is in
the field
- It allows students to use their observation skills to make conclusions
. .
 - It enables students to acquire appropriate attitudes towards the (d) (i)
environment - The site should be flat and free from flooding
- It breaks the classroom monotony for the students and teachers - It should be open to the surrounding landscape
(2 x1 = 2 mks) - It should be far from obstacles such as tall trees and buildings
9. (a) (i) Q- Polar cold climate/ tundra climate - It should be secure and free from intruders ( 2 x 1 = 2 mks)
(ii) Ocean currents R – Canary ocean current
S- Gulf stream ( 2 mks) (d) (ii) Stevenson screen
(b) T – Tropical equatorial climate - Painted white to help in reflecting heat from the sun, thus maintaining shade/
Characteristics room temperature in the screen ( 2mks)
- Temperatures are high throughout the year at about 270C (50C) - Has louvers to allow free circulation of air/ keep the screen well ventilated
- Experiences high rainfall of between 1,500mm and 2, 000mm evenly ( 2mks)
distributed throughout the year GEOGRAPHY 312/2 KCSE 2005
- Experiences a double maximum rainfall region/ two rainy seasons caused by MARKING SCHEME
overhead sun twice a year 1. (a) Two type s of human settlements
- The region also has high humidity due to heavy rainfall and high evaporation - Rural settlements
rates
- Urban settlements ( 2 mks)
- Major winds experienced are the south – East and North – East trade winds
(b) Settlement patterns marked
- Experience low pressure all year round thus no distinct season.
Q - Nucleated/ clustered
- Rainfall is mainly convectional type usually accompanied with thunderstorms,
R – Linear ( 2 mks)
highlands experience relief/ orographic rainfall (8mks)

2. (a) Characteristics of Jua Kali industries in Kenya

9. (c) Factors influencing climate
- Are operated by individual or small groups
(i) Altitude
- Are pursued as part time or full time occupation
- This is the height above sea level
- They require low capital investment
- Lowlands are usually warmer than highlands because the atmosphere
becomes thinner as altitude increases where the ground losses heat - They use simple equipments
faster - They use local/ recycled raw materials
- Atmospheric pressure decreases with increase in altitude. This is due to - They use basic/ simple skills in craft
the weight of atmospheric air above highlands being less than in - They are mostly operated in the open / sheds
lowlands
- They are widespread ( Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks)

(ii) Distance from the sea

(b) Problems facing Jua kali industries in Kenya
- During hot seasons, coastal lands are relatively hotter than inland areas
- Difficulty in getting raw materials
on the
- Inadequate capital for expansion
same latitude due to the existing effects of the sea breezes. By the time the
sea breezes reach inland areas they have adapted to the temperature of the - Competition from other well established industries/ competition from
land over which they are passing. imported products
- Coastal lands receive more rainfall that the interior of continents. This - Inadequate marketing skills/ strategies
is due to the coasts receiving moist winds from the sea but by the time - Inadequate security ( Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)
the winds reach inland areas they are usually dry. ( 3 x 2 = 6 mks)
3. (a) (i) The H.E.P stations marked

. .

S- Masinga ( 1 mk) - Nearness to Nairobi- Many people live in Thika town and work in Nairobi
T- – Kindaruma ( 1 mk) because house rents are lower. This increases the population of the district
(ii) The proposed H.E.P station marked - Thika town is an industrial centre and attracts large population of workers
U- Mutonga ( 1 mk) unlike Murang’a were there are few industries that are rural based.
- Thika town is a larger commercial centre compared to Murang’a town. -
Thika attracts many people who operate different businesses. This increases
the population of the districts. ( Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)

(b) Renewable sources of industrial energy other than water

A pie chart representing the population of the four districts
- Wind
- Wood biogases
- Solar
- Geothermal / underground steam

4. Ways in which drought affects the agricultural sector in Kenya

- Leads to shortage / lack pasture
- Leads to crop failure
- Leads to shortage/ lack of water for livestock / irrigation
- Leads to shortage of agricultural raw materials for agro- based industries
- Leads to reduction in export of agricultural commodities in the farmers
income ( any 4 x 1 =4 mks)
Title – 1 mk
5. (a) Conditions necessary for bee keeping Calculations for each segment 1 x 4 = 4 mks)
- Availability of water Each correctly drawn segment 1 x 4 = 4 mks)
- Availability of flowering plants (iii) Other statistical methods of representing data
- Sheltered area from winds/ direct sun - Divided rectangles
- An area free from disturbances/ free from predators/ free from people and - Compound bar graphs
other livestock - Simple bar graphs Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)
- Hot conditions/ 200C – 300 ( Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks) (b) (i) Advantages of using a pie chart to representing data
- Gives a clear visual impression
(b) Reasons why the government of Kenya is encouraging bee keeping - Easy to interpret
in the country
- Easy to compare
- It provides employment / income
- Easy to read Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks)
- It is a source food supplements/ medicine
(ii) Reasons for carrying out population
- It is a source of raw materials for industries census - For planting purposes
- It is an alternative land use for arid/ semi arid lands - To help in the distribution of resources
- It is way of diversification of the economy ( any 3 x1 = 3 mks) - To make estimate of population growth e.g. though migration
- To identify the rates of deaths and births
6. (a) Two reasons why Thika districts has a higher population than Murang’a
District
. .
 - To help government in creating more administrative units (3x1 -It creates employment opportunities
= 3 mks) (c) How the following factors have lead to population increase in Kenya -It provides raw materials to the manufacturing industries leading to
i. Early, marriages industrialization e.g the glass manufacture
People who marry early are likely to get more children because they have along -It has led to the development of social amenities in the area
period during which they can get children -It has led to the growth of Magadi town
-It has led to the growth of local and foreign tourism
ii. Improved medical facilities
-provide revenue to the government through taxes (Any 2x3=3mks)
The child, mothers and the general population have better chances of survival
e) Ways in which mining derelicts can be reclaimed
because of the available medical facilities. The country is able to control the
spread of diseases and has ability to cure diseases. -planting trees
This leads to higher survival rates ( 2 mks) -Creating a park to attract tourists
-Introducing aqua culture
iii. Cultural beliefs -Landscaping for settlement or farming
Some cultures encourage large families, in almost all culture; there is a tendency - Refilling the holes (any 3x1=3mks)
of people preferring male children. This may led to those who are not getting
male children to have a large family as they hope to get a boy. ( 2 mks) 8 a) i) provinces in Kenya where wheat is grown on large scale
7. (a) (i) Minerals mined in areas marked - Central
W- Fluospar ( 1mk) - Rift Valley
X- Gold ( 1mk) - Eastern (Any 2x1=3mks)
Y- Diamonds ( 1mk) ii) Physical conditions that favour wheat growing in Kenya
Z- Copper ( 1mk) -Moderate rainfall/500 mm to 1270mm to enhance the growth of
ii) Three methods of mining wheat
- Underground /shaft/adit/slope/solution - Temperatures ranging from 150C to 200C /warm conditions to facilitate
growth /maturity of wheat.
- Alluvial/placer/dredging/hydraulic
- A warn/dry/sunny spell for ripening and harvesting
- Opencast/strip (3mks)
- fertile volcanic soils to sustain high production
- Gently sloping/undulating landscape to allow proper drainage/mechanized
i) Sea parts through which some of the minerals mine in East Africa
cultivation (Any 4x2=8mks)
are exported.
b) Comparison of wheat farming in Canada and Kenya under the following
- Mombasa (1
mk) Sub-headings
- Dar es salaam (1mk) Storage
c) Factors that influence exploitation of minerals i) -In both Canada and Kenya wheat is stored in grain silos -In
- Modes of occurrence Canada wheat on transit is stored in huge grain elevators and
special car boxes while in Kenya it is stored in sacks
- Economic value of mineral/quality of the ore/cost of mining
(Any 1x2 =2mks)
- Level of technology ii) Transport
- availability of transport facilities -In Canada wheat is transported by railways (CPR and CNR) roads
- Government policy/ political influences and water ways while in Kenya it is transported by roads and
-Availability of market (Any 5x1 =5mks) railways (Any 1x 2 =2mks)
d) Ways in which soda ash contributes to the economy of Kenya -It is exported to each
foreign exchange which is used in the economic development of the country. ii) Market
. .

- In Canada wheat is for both local and export markets while in Kenya wheat is -Machinery
for local market -capital equipment
- Canada has a larger and reliable local market than Kenya -Capital equipment
- In Canada wheat is marketed by industries/government while in Kenya its -Pharmaceutical products /medicine
marketed by N. C.P. B. or directly to the millers. -Fertilizers
c) Climatic problems that affect wheat farming in Canada -automobiles
- Low rainfall/unreliable rainfall which leads to crop failure/low yields. - Low b) Factors that influence the import and export of goods in Kenya
temperature /long and cold winters which limit outdoor activities/ delays -Government policy/government legislation/imposition of tariffs on imports.
cultivations of wheat
-Demand for goods both locally and outside Kenya
- Frost which destroys wheat
- Variation of natural resources/ goods / quality of goods
- Hailstones which destroy wheat leading to low yields
-Availability of transport /communications
- Strong winds causes soil erosion especially after ploughing resulting to loss of
-The purchasing power
fertile soils. (Any 3x2 =3mks)
-the level of industrialization
-Quota system/tariffs imposed on Kenya’s imports (Any 4x1 =4mks)
d) Negative effects of international trade
c) Ways through which Kenya will benefit from the renewed East African
-Overspecialization/ overdependence on a particular item is risky incase of Cooperation
a fall in the prices in the world market.
- There will be improved access to raw materials for industrial development -The
expanded market will attract new investments from local and foreign sources which will
iii) Market lead to expansion of industries/more earnings
- In Canada wheat is for both local and export market while in Kenya wheat is -There will improved access to raw materials for industrial development -The
for local market expanded market will attract new investment from local and foreign sources
- Canada has a larger and reliable local market than Kenya which will lead to expansion of industries/more earnings
- In Canada wheat is marketed by industries/government while in Kenya its -there will be exchange of research findings/training which will help in economic
marketed by N.C.P.B or directly to the millers. development.
C i) Climatic problems that affect wheat farming ub Canada. -There will improved negotiating powers in the international arena
- Low rainfall/unreliable rainfall which leads to failure/low yields. -There will be improved transport links between Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania
-Low temperature/ long and cold winters which limit outdoor activities/delays which will facilitate faster movement of goods and people
cultivations of wheat -There will be increased employment opportunities because of free movement of
-Hailstones which destroy wheat leading to low yields people within the region/expanded trade.
-Strong winds cause soil erosion especially after ploughing resulting to loss of -There will be mutual political understanding between Kenya and its neighbors.
fertile soils. (any 3x2 = 6mks) (Any 4x2 =8mks)
d) Negative effects of international trade
i) Uses of wheat -Overspecialization/overdependence on a particular item is risky incase of a fall in the
prices in the world market.
- Used as animal feed
-Imported items may become a threat to the local industries leading to closure of
- Used as human food
some of them
- Used for making adhesives/glued
-some imported goods e.g expired goods or sub standard goods may have adverse
- Used for paper/straw boards (any 3x1 =3mks) effects on the citizens
9. a) i) International trade is the exchange of goods and services between different countries -If a country depends on another, it may sometimes have to tolerate some
(2mks) undesirable gestures from such countries
(ii) Major imports from Europe to Kenya
. .
 -There may over exploitation of natural resources leading to their depletion e.g. • Oxidation
minerals. (any 4x 2=8mks)
GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 (312/1) 2006 • Carbonation
MARKING SCHEME • Hydration ( Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)
SECTION A
(a) Name the plants marked F and G
1. (a) How does a sea breeze occur?
F - Mars ( 1 mk)
• During the day, the land heats faster than the sea
G - Neptune ( 1 mk)
• The air over the land rises •
(b) State three effects of the rotation of the earth on its axis
• It causes the occurrence of day and night
Cooler air from the sea blows towards the land to replace the rising air
• The cool air from the sea is called the sea breeze (Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks) • It causes deflection of winds and ocean currents

(i) Name the ocean currents marked H, J and K • It causes the rising and falling of the ocean tides
H - Mozambique/Agulhas ( 1 mk) • It causes variation in time at difference longitudes
J - Benguela ( 1 mk)
•
K - Guinea ( 1mk) It causes difference in atmospheric pressure on the surface of the earth
(ii) State two effects of a warm ocean current on the adjacent land ( Any 3 x 1 =3 mks)
• It warms up the adjacent land (a) Name two scales used to measure the intensity of an earthquake
• The Rossi – forrel scale
• It increases the humidity of the adjacent land
•
• The Mercelli scale ( 2 x 1 = 2 mks)
It may lead to rainfall on the adjacent land ( Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)

(b) Give three causes of earthquakes

Give two processes involved in each of the following types of weathering
• Gravitative pressure
(a) Physical weathering
• Pressure release/ offloading/ sheeting • Collision of tectonic plates
• •
Block disintegration Energy release in the mantle
• •
Exfoliation Isostatic adjacent
• •
Frost action/ frost shattering Violent Volcanic eruptions
• •
Crystal growth/ crystallization Nuclear explosions
• •
Slaking/ wetting and drying Adjucent along fault lines
• •
Granular disintegration ( Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks) Building reservoirs
• Magma movement within the crust ( Any 3x 1 = 3 mks)
(b) Chemical Weathering
• Hydrolysis (a) (i) Calculate the annual range of temperature for the town
• 280 – 240C = 4 ( 1 mk)
Solution
. .

(ii) Calculate the total annual rainfall for the town ( 1mk)

(b) State two characteristics of the climate experienced in the town

• The town experiences high temperatures throughout the year 24- 280C
• The annual range of temperature is small / 40C
• Rain falls throughout the year / there is no marked dry season
• The rainfall pattern has double maxima
•
The weather month is July/the driest months are December and January
• (c) Citing evidence from the map, explain
Rainfall is high/ 1803mm
(i) Two physical factors that may have influenced the location of
• Nyahururu Town
The hottest months are February to April/ coolest month is August
(Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks) • Availability of water from the nearby rivers fro domestic and
industrial use
SECTION B • The high altitude ( over 2300m) which makes the area experience
(a) (i) Give the six grid reference of the junction where the road to Ndaragua
cool climate which makes the area ideal for settlement
(D388) meters with the road to Nyeri and Nanyuki ( B5) 114031 (2mks)
• The gently sloping terrain/ flat land which is ideal for settlement and
construction of roads as shown by contours wide apart
(ii) Calculate the bearing of point X from point Y
•
-312 - 3140 (2mks) Presence of the Thompson’s falls which are a tourist attraction
encourage settlement
(iii) Name three physical features found along the line XY • Availability of building stones, for construction of houses from the
• River nearby areas/ quarries
• (Factors, evidence & explanation must be mentioned to score)
River valleys
• (ii) Two factors that favour Saw milling in the area
Scarp slope/ escarpment/ scarp face
• covered by the map
Gentle slope
•
• Presence of extensive forests to provide raw materials
Seasonal swamp
•
• Availability of transport by roads and the railway for transporting
Woodland vegetation ( Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks) sawn timber and logs
•
(b) (i) & (ii) Large population shown by settlements provide market for the
products ( Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)
(d) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map
• The area has many rivers/ high density of rivers
• The water courses are generally permanent

. .
 • •
The rivers form dendrites patterns The abandoned meander with its water forms an ox-bow lake
• ( any 5 x1 = 5 mks)
There are water sheds along Gitunda and Ol Ngarua road
(b) State five characteristics of a flood plain
• There are many reservoirs/ dams along the water courses • They have a gently sloping gradient/ flat surface
• Some of the rivers end in swamps • They have thick alluvial deposits/ silt/ fertile soils
• There are swamps, papyrus and seasonal swamps • They have levees on either side of the river banks raised river
• There are rapids near; Thompson’s falls beds
• •
Some of the rivers disappear underground especially in the north- west Some flood plains have marshes/ swamps
• •
There are some artificial drains/ drifts especially in the south- western Some flood plains nave braided channels
and southern parts of the area • Some have deferred tributaries
• The rivers flow to different directions ( Some to the north, others north- • Flood plains have river bluffs
west wards and others north – eastwards)
•
• They have meander/ bends and some have Ox- bow lakes at
There is a pond ( 020130)
their edges
• There is parallel drainage pattern along the escarpment • Some have wide river valleys
• Short disappearing rivers ( Any 6 x 1 = 6 mks) • Some have deltas/ distributaries (Any 5x1=5mks)

7. (a) (i) Name the process that takes place at

(c) Explain three causes of river rejuvenation
• Point P: deposition ( 1 mk) • A fall in sea level which increases the velocity of the river,
• Point Q: erosion thereby increasing the erosive power of the river
( 1mk)
(ii) Name the feature formed at print R
•
A cliff / bluff ( 1 mk)
(iii) Describe how an ox- bow lake is formed
• An ox – bow lake forms when a river starts to meander on a
flood plain
• Lateral erosion dominates on the outer side of the bend while
deposition takes place on the inner bank
• Lateral erosion results in the reduction of the rock of land
between adjacent bends
• Deposition on the meander side, especially during floods
blocks off the meander
• The river abandons the meander and follows the newly short
cut tat was the neck of land

. .

• •
Regional uplift which creates negative sea level moment It is a continuous mass of ice covering a large area/ surface
and thus makes the river to renew its erosive activity. (2mks)
• (ii) Give two reasons why there are no ice sheets in Kenya
Vertical erosion by the river may expose resistant rock
which creates a knick point thus renewing the rivers • Kenya experience high temperatures under which ice-
erosive power. sheets cannot from
• • Most parts of Kenya have low altitudes
Presence of a lake along the river flow out of the lake, its
erosive power increase • Kenya is found at low latitudes ( Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)
• (ii) Explain three factors that influence the movement of ice
Increase in river discharge due to increase in precipitation
from the place of accumulation
of river capture may cause a river to renew its erosive
power Gradient of the land- Ice moves faster when the slope is
steep
• Unequal regional subsidence of land along the river course •
increases the gradient and therefore the erosive power of Temperatures/ seasonal changes-Higher temperatures result
the river. (Any 3 x 3 = 6 mks) into thawing, leading to faster movement of ice
• Nature of the surface – when the surface on which ice is
(d) Your class is required to carry out a field study of a river moving is rough, it causes friction lowering the speed of
(i) What would be the advantage of diving the class into groups the movement of ice
According to the stages of the long profile of the river? •
Size/ thickness of glacier – large masses of ice exert
• The class will be able to study the entire course of the pressure which lead to melting of ice underneath. This
river increases the speed of ice movement (Any 3x2 = 6mks)
• (b) Describe how an arête is formed
It will enable them to obtain detailed information on each
stage of the river • Two adjacent cracks/ hollows exists on a mountain side
• •
It will save on time The two hollows/ cracks are filled with ice
• •
It will enable the study to be carried out in an orderly way The ice erodes the sides through plucking and deepens the
• hollow through abrasion
It will encourages participation of all the members of the
class/ encourage individual roles • Through erosion, the back walls of the hollows slowly recede
• •
It will facilitate interaction among the group members Eventually the hollows/ ciques are separated by a knife- edged
( Any 4 x 1 = 4 mks) ridge
(ii) What would be disadvantages of using secondary methods of • The ridges called an arête ( Any 4 x 1 = 4 mks)
Collecting data in this kind of study?
• Recorded data could be out of date (c) (i) Name the types of moraines marked S, T and V
• Conditions under which such data was collected may be S - Medial ( 1 mk)
changed T - Lateral ( 1 mk)
• Obtaining records on the particular river was collected V - Terminal ( 1mk)
may be difficult ( Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks) (ii) Explain four positive effects of glaciations in lowland area
8. (a) (i) What is an ice sheet? • Glacial till provides fertile soils for arable farming

. .
 • •
• Ice sheets, in their scouring effect reduce the land surface •
Along river valleys there are tall trees/ riverine trees and
and depth to expose mineral seams which become easy thick bushes ( any 6 x 1 = 6 mks)
to extract (iii) Name the temperate grasslands found in the following countries
• Outwash plains comprises of sands and gravel which are
• Canada
used as materials for building and construction - Prairies ( 1 mk)
• Lakes formed though glaciation can be exploited for • Russia - Steppes ( 1mk)
various economic uses such as fishing, transportation or as •
tourist attraction. Australia - Downs ( 1 mk)
(b) Explain the causes of the decline of the areas under forests in Kenya
• Ice melts into rivers exploited for domestic use
•
• Glaciated features are tourists attractions Fire; often areas of forests are destroyed by accidental and sometimes
• Glaciated lowlands are generally flat due to erosion and intended fire. Such forests take long to recover
deposition and are ideal for construction of buildings and • Diseases caused by pests and parasites attack mainly the planted
communication lines ( Any 4 x 2 = 8 mks) forests causing many trees to die
(a) (i) Name the vegetation zones marked •
W - Rain forest ( 1mk) Human activities/ settlements/ charcoal burning/ farming/ logging
have destroyed many forest areas many of which are transformed
X - Bamboo forest (1 mk) into farms or grasslands
Y - Health and moorland (1 mk)
•
(ii) Describe the characteristics of the Savannah vegetation Over – exploitation leads to depletion of certain tree species such as
Meru, Ork, Camphor and Elgon teak. These trees take long to mature.
• Savannah vegetation consist of trees and grass
•
Wetter areas/ near the forests the vegetation consists of tall Government policy of degazetting of some forests made people free
scattered trees similar to those found in the forest/ to clear many forested areas.
woodland • Prolonged droughts lead to degeneration of forests some of which
• take long to recover ( Any 3 x 2 = 6 mks)
The wetter areas also have fall thick grass
• (c) (i) state three reasons why it would be necessary for you to visit the area
Gradually, away from the forest, the trees become fewer
before the day of the study
and shorter
• To familiarize in order to design the appropriate research method
• The grass also becomes shorter
•
• To prepare the working schedule
In drier areas the trees are short and more scattered
•
• To be able to formulate the appropriate objectives and
Some trees are deciduous type
hypothesis
• Most of the trees are umbrella- shaped • To be able to identify relevant equipment for data collection
• The most common trees species are the acacia and other • To identify suitable areas for study to meet the people who will
thorny trees.
provide information during the study
• Where rainfalls is lowest, grass is tufted and coarse/ • To seek permission from the owners of the land/ authorities
scrub
• There are scattered baobab trees and other drought
resistant trees

. .

(ii) Give four uses of vegetation you are likely to identify during the (b) Give three factors that determine the colour of soil
study. • The type of parent rock
• Use as fodder
• The amount of organic matter/ humus
• Use for providing fruits/ roots/ vegetables/ food e.g. fruit • The chemical composition/ the degree of concentration of iron
• Providing wood fuel/ charcoal wood oxides/minerals
• •
Controlling soil erosion/ protecting catchments areas The amount of water in the soil/ the drainage of the soil
• ( any 3 x 1 = 3 mks)
Use for ornamental/ Beauty/ aesthetics
(c) Describe how laterization occurs
• For cultural / rituals/ worship •
During the season, mineral salts in the top layer of the soil dissolve in
• Production of building/ construction materials/ timber rain water
(Any 4 x 1 = 4 mks) • The dissolved minerals percolate/ steep downwards from the top soil
to the sub- soil ( Silica and bases)
10. (a) (i) What is soil catena? •
Soil catena is the sequence of different soils from the same parent The dissolved minerals move/ are deposited further downwards to the
lower layer
rock on a slope ( 2 mks)
•
(ii) Draw a labeled diagram to show a well developed soil profile Insoluble minerals such as iron and aluminium accumulate on the
top layer to forma a crust of laterites ( Any 3 x 2 = 6 mks)

(d) Explain how the following farming practices causes soil erosion

(i) Burning
• Burning destroys micro- organisms which are essential for the
formation of humus which binds soil particles together
• Burning destroys vegetable matter that protects the soil against
erosion/ form humus hence less protection
• Burning destroys the nitrogen fixing bacteria making the soil less
fertile and therefore few plants and less protection of the soil
(iii) State three characteristics of soils found in the arid regions of Kenya
• Burning loosens the soil making it susceptible to erosion/ leaching
• The soils are light in colour
which drains away soluble minerals nutrients (Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)
• They are saline
(ii) Continuous application of fertilizer on farm lands
• They are sandy/ stony • This increase the acidity of the soil/ changes the pH of the soil.
• The acidity destroys the micro- organisms in the soil / fungi/
They are loose in texture
bacteria which could have helped in the formation of humus/
• They are thin leaf binds soil particles
• They have low moisture content ( Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks) • Acidic soils are unsuitable for a variety of crops which would protect
the soil from erosion

. .
 • Part of the low lying land covered by sea water is enclosed using
strong walls/dykes
•
(iii) Monoculture Ditches are constructed to lead water to pumping station
• Monoculture leads to exhaustion of certain minerals from the soil • The water is pumped out using windmills
making it infertile and bare leading to its erosion
•
• Monoculture leads to loosening of soils particles thereby Canals are then dug to drain the excess water from the enclosed
land
encouraging soil erosion ( Any 1 x 2 = 2 mks)
• Chemicals are added to the soil to reduce salinity/ fresh water is
GEOGRAPHY 2006 PAPER 2 (312/2) pumped into the enclosed land to reduce salinity
MARKING SCHEME •
Oats, rye and sugar beets are planted to improve the PH of the
SECTION A soil and reduce the water further
(a) Differentiate between transport and communication •
Transport is the movement of goods and people from one place to The land is dry and ready for use ( any 3 x1 = 3 mks)
another while communication is the transmission of ideas of information
from one person to another. (2mks) 3. (a) Which province had the highest change in population between years 2000
and 2005?
(b) State the causes of the decline in the use of letter writing as a means of Rift valley ( 2 mks)
communication in Kenya (b) Calculate the percentage increase in population in Kenya between years
• The high rate cost of postage 2000 and 2005
• 10.795% ( 2 mks)
Competition from cheaper and faster means of communication 4. (a) State three physical conditions that are necessary for the growing of
• cocoa High temperatures / 25.300C
The delay in the delivery of letters
• High rainfall / 1,200 – 1,500mm
Loss of letters
Well distributed rainfall throughout the year
• Tampering with letters ( Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks) Deep, well drained, fertile soils
High relative humidity
2. (a) Give two methods used to reclaim land in Kenya Shade from strong sun rays for seedlings
• Irrigating dry land Shelter from strong hamattan winds
• Undulating lowlands below 750m above sea level(Any 3x1=3mks)
Draining of swamps
• (b) List three economic problems experienced in cocoa farming in Ghana
Adding manure to the infertile soils
• Fluctuation of prices in the world market
Introducing drought resistant crops
Competition from other land uses
• Planting of trees ( any 2 x 1 = 2 mks) Inadequate labour during harvesting
High production costs
(c) Outline the stages though which land is reclaimed from the sea in the Competition from other beverages ( Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)
Netherlands

. .

5. (a) State two reasons why some industries are located near the sources of Aggressive promotion of trade abroad leading to a wide/ ready
raw Materials market in foreign countries
The raw materials may be too bulky and thus expensive to Improved ways of packaging have made the produce more
transport competitive
Some raw materials are perishable so they have to be processed Improved infrastructure/ air/ road transport have helped in the quick
before transportation means of transportation of fresh produce to the market
Processing reduces transport costs ( any 2 x 1 = 2 mks) The decline benefits from traditional agricultural exports leading to
the expansion of the areas under horticultural crops
(b) Give three characteristics of the cottage industry in India The government has encouraged the formation of organizations that
They rely on simple equipment/ machines are assisting horticultural farmers ( Any 3 x 2 = 6 mks)
They are labour intensive
(v) Give three advantages of using simple line graphs to represent data
They are owned by families
They give clear visual impression
They use locally available raw materials
They produce mainly for local markets They are easy to construct
They are widespread in the country (Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks) They are easy to interpret
They can be used to represent a wide variety of variables
SECTION B They are appropriate for comparison ( Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks)
6. (a) (i) What was the percentage value of the tea exported
in the year 2000? (b) Give four reasons why Kenya’s agricultural export earning generally are
29.3% ( 29 – 29.5%) ( 2mks) low
Kenya sells most of her agricultural products in their raw form and
these are priced lowly
(ii) What was the difference in the percentage values of the
horticultural products and coffee exports in 1999? International prices keep fluctuation from year to year
5% (4.8 – 5.2%) ( 2 mks) Prices of some commodities are externally determined
There is competition from other producing countries/ from other
similar products
(iii) Describe the trend of the value of coffee exports from years 1999
to 2003 Some products are inferior in quality
The value was generally declining over the five year period There are fixed quarters for some agricultural products (Any 4x1=4mks)
The value was highest in 1999
The decline between 1999 and 2000 was minimal (c) State five reasons why the common market for eastern and southern
Africa ( COMESA) was formed
The highest drop was between 2000 and 2001
To encourage member countries to reduce duties charged on good
There was a minimal drop between 2002 and 2003
entering their countries from COMESA member states
( Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks)
To promote trade among member states
To acquire greater economic strength/ higher bargaining power
(iv) Explain three factors which may have led to the increased export with other trading blocs of the world
earnings from horticultural produce in Kenya between years 1999
To establish a larger market for the goods produced in the region
and 2003
To remove trade barriers among member state/ create similar trade
Improved technology which leads to advanced crop[ husbandry,
laws
increasing the volume of fresh horticultural products

. .
 To create regional specialization in order to improve the quality
of goods (c) Explain four measures that Kenya should take in order to attract more
To create political cooperation among member states tourists
To create monetary and financial co- operation among members Improving infrastructure/ roads/ airports/ communications to all tourists-
states (Any 5 x 1 = 5 mks) sites in order to make them easily accessible.
Improving security to ensure the safety of the tourists is guaranteed
7. (a) (i) Name the national parks marked P,Q and R Marketing the country more aggressively in order to make it more known/
P - Ruwenzori ( 1mk) improve the image of the country abroad
Q - Serengeti ( 1 mk) Establishing a diversity of tourists attractions to avoid depending entirely
R - Tsavo (1 mk) on the traditional attractions and reduce competition with other tourists
destinations
Establishing/ modernizing tourist facilities in areas that have high potential
(ii) Explain the differences between the tourist attractions in East
such as western Kenya where such facilities are inadequate.
Africa and Switzerland under the following sub- headings
Intensify domestic marketing to reduce reliance on foreign tourists.
Climate (Any 4 x 2 = 8 mks)
While the climate of East Africa is warm and sunny most
of the year, encouraging sun bathing in Switzerland there
8. (a) (i) Name the zones marked X and Y
are cold winters which enable winter sports and hot
X- Industrial zone/ lower class housing ( 1 mk)
summers that expose beautiful sceneries (2mks)
Y- Suburb area ( 1 mk)

Culture
(ii) List three functions of the central business District
In East Africa, there are varied/ a diversity of African
cultures while in Switzerland the main culture is European Trading
(2mks) Administration
(b) Explain five benefits that Kenya derives from tourism Recreation
Development of tourists facilities provide employment opportunities, Commerce/ banking/ insurance
thus reducing unemployment and raising the standards of living. Offices
Tourists pay for the variety of services offered from which Kenya gains Location of light industries ( Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks)
foreign exchange revenue
Tourists provide a ready market for trade items such as handcrafts and (iii) State two ways in which the residents of the zone labeled
other curios. agriculture land benefit from the urban centre
The need for more agricultural products for tourists in hotels and They have easy access to social amenities such as medical and educational
lodges has stimulated the growth of agriculture and other related facilities
industries They have ready market for their farm produce
The need for improved transport and communication has let to the The working class can commute to and from the centre of work while
promotion of infrastructure of tourist sites which also benefits the local living in cheaper houses
people They have better chances of job opportunities than those living far away
Establishment of national parks and museums as tourist attractions has from the centre
enabled Kenya to protect/ preserve its rich cultural heritage They enjoy cheaper goods and services from the centre due to closeness to
Tourism encourages cultural exchange which promotes international the town ( any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)
understanding ( any 5 x 2 = 10 mks)

. .

The rich hinterland with mineral and agricultural resources

(b) List four factors that contribute to the emergence of slums in urban areas provided raw materials for the development of industries and food
in Kenya supply for the town residents
Low income due to unemployment . underemployment The high population in the surrounding areas provided the required
Shortage of proper houses] labour force for the development of industries
Inadequate financial ability The nearby rivers and lake Victoria provided fresh water for the
industrial and domestic use.
High cost of land/ houses in others parts of the towns
The well developed means of transport/ road/ railway/ airport makes
Poor urban planning
the town easily accessible from other parts of the country. ( Any 5 x 2
High rates of migration into urban centers ( any 4 x 1 = 4mks) = 10 mks)

(c) Explain the measures that could be taken to control the following 9. (a) (i) Name the power dams marked J,K and L
problems in urban centers in Kenya
J - Aswan high dam ( 1 mk)
(i) High rate of crime
K - Akosombo dam ( 1mk)
Encouraging community policing to complement the effort of the
L - Kariba dam ( 1mk)
police force
Controlling the influx of illegal arms in order to reduce the
(ii) Explain four ways in which Kenya has benefited from the
incidents of thuggery
development of the seven forks hydro- electric power scheme
Enforcing laws without favour to provide protection to the law
It has led to control of floods in the lower parts of river Tana, thus
abiding citizens
reducing the incidents of loss of life and farm produce in the area.
Getting rid of street families to reduce the number of idlers in the
The dams are used for generating electricity which is used for
towns ( any 1 x 2 = 2 mks)
industrial and domestic purposes
(ii) Water pollution
The dams are tourists attractions which generates foreign exchange
Educating the residents on the appropriate ways of refuse disposal for the country
to avoid polluting water resources
The scheme led to the development of industries thus creating
Enacting and enforcing laws on environment management/ employment opportunities
charging those found contravening the laws ( Any 1 x 2 = 2 mks)
Some of the dams in the scheme provide water for irrigation thus
improving agricultural production
(d) Explain five factors that led to the growth of Kisumu town The reservoirs provide fishing grounds which supply fish to the
Its location at the shores of Lake Victoria led to its growth as a local people
lake port handling trade among the three East African countries It has led to the improvement of roads making the area more
In 1901 Kisumu became a terminus for the Uganda railway accessible
allowing the influx and settlement of early Asian traders. This led It has led to the reduction of importation of power, thus saving the
to commercial development of the town foreign exchange
Kisumu was a regional Asian traders. This led to commercial The dams have provided useful sites for educational purposes
development of the town
( Any 4 x 2 = 8 mks)
Kisumu was a regional administrative centre during the colonial
period
(b) (i) Apart from oil, name two other non- renewable sources of energy
This led to setting up of administrative offices and other
infrastructural facilities. Coal
Uranium

. .
 Natural gas ( Any 2 x 1 = 2mks) Namibia ( Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)
(b) Explain four factors that favour the fishing industry in Japan
(ii) Explain four effects that the increase in oil prices had on the The cool waters are ideal for fish breeding because of the abundant
economies of oil – importing countries of Africa supply of plankton / fish food
The countries spend more of their foreign exchange on importation The coast has many off- shore islands which provide sheltered inlets
of oil, thus negatively affecting other sectors of their economies ideal for the establishment of fishing port/ villages
There has been increasing cost of transport causing a rise in the The intended coastline provides secure breeding grounds for fish
cost of movement of both people, goods and services The meeting of the warm Kuro Siwo and the cold Siwo Ocean
Production costs have increased leading to an increase in prices of currents result in upwelling of the sea water thus bringing minerals for
commodities thus reducing the demand on the commodities the planktons from the sea bed to the surface
Some industries rely on by- products of petroleum have collapsed The mountainous nature of the country restricts agricultural activities
leading to redundancy and unemployment hence fishing is an alternative economic activity
The countries have experienced low economic growth leading to Most settlements are found along the coast and main occupation of the
general poverty among the citizens people there is fishing
It has led to the need to establish/ look for cheaper sources of The Japanese have advanced technology that is used in fishing,
energy to replace/ supplement the oil processing and preservation of fish
It has created an awareness on the need to conserve energy Japan has a large population which provides ready local market for
The countries that have oil potential have started exploring the fish.
possibilities of drilling their own oil to reduce/ stop importation. Japanese have a long history of sea faring thus are highly experienced
( Any 4 x 2 = 8 mks) in fishing
The shallow continental shelf allows light to the sea bed for growth of
(c) State four ways in which Kenya can reduce the use of petroleum as a micro- organisms which are food for fish
source of energy The cool waters encourages thriving of numerous species of aquatic
Encouraging people to use bicycles over short distances life. ( Any 4 x 2 = 8 mks)
Developing alternative sources of energy
Pooling transport/ encouraging people to use public transport] (c) Describe purse seining as a method of fishing
Importing vehicles that consume less fuel It uses two boats, one large and one small
Improving traffic flow to reduce usage of petrol/ diesel It uses a large net
Improving the roads to avoid delays that increase consumption of The net has floats on top and weights at the bottom to keep it in a
petrol/ diesel vertical position while in water
Proper maintenance of vehicles to avoid high consumption of The net has a string along its bottom edge
petrol/ dieses ( Any 4 x 1 = 4 mks) The fishermen begin by locating a shoal/ area rich in fish
The small boat drags the net to enclose the area that has fish
10. (a) (i) Define the term fisheries The string at the bottom of the net is pulled to close the net at the
Fisheries are water bodies where exploitation of aquatic bottom and trap the fish
organisms is carried out. (2mks) The net is pulled out of the water and fish hauled into the large
(ii) Name two countries in Southern Africa that are important for boat for preservation and transportation to the shore.
marine fish Production ( Any 6 x 1 = 6 mks)
South Africa
Angola (d) (i) State four problems experienced in the marketing of fish in Kenya

. .

Some fishing areas are far from the markets and roads are in poor -Causes changes in the altitude of the mid-day sun at different seasons -
condition thus fish goes bad enroute Causes lunar eclipse
Fishermen lack appropriate storage and preservation facilities 2 a) name two types of coastal deltas (2mks)
There are limited local markets due to cultural beliefs - Arcuate delta
The external markets are limited by tight restrictions/ competition - Birds foot delta
from other producers - Estuary/estuaries (2x1)
The limited number of fish species limits the market b) State two conditions that lead to deposition of silt at the mouth of a river.
( Any 4 x 1 = 4 mks) (2mks)
- Overloading
(ii) State three ways in which the Kenya government is promoting - Loss of velocity
fishing industry in the country
- Freezing of the stream
Fishermen are given loans
- Slow moving bodies of water
Fishermen are encouraged to form cooperatives
- Decrease of stream volume
Research is carried out/ the over – fished are re- stocked with
- Reduction of stream gradient
fingerlings
- Present of barriers (Any 2x1)
There is standardization of the size of nets used in fishing
There is restriction of fishing from some specific parts of the sea
where fish breeds 3. The diagram below represents a barchan. Use it to answer question (a).
Laws have been enacted against water pollution to protect fish a) Name
Clearing of water hyacinth from the fresh water fisheries i) The features marked x (1mk) - horns
( Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks) ii) The air current marked Y. (1mk)
-eddy currents
iii) the slope marked z. (1mk)
K.C.S.E 2007 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 -steep concave leeward slope
MARKING SCHEMES b) Give two ways in which wind transports its load
SECTION A -suspension
-saltation
1. a) State two effects of the rotation of the earth. (2mks) -surface creep (Any 2x1)
- causes day and night 4. The diagram below represents the structure of the earth. Use it to answer
- Causes the deflation of winds and ocean currents. questions (a).
- Causes the difference of an hour between two longitudes. a) Name
(Any 2x1) i) The parts marked P and Q (2mks)
b) Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow p- hydrosphere
Q- Core
i) Which movement of the earth represented by the diagram? (1mks) ii) The discontinuity marked r. (1mk)
ii) Give two effects of the movement represented by the diagram Gutenberg discontinuity (1mk)
(2mks) b) State three characteristics of the mantle. (3mks)
- creation of seasons -It’s made up of liquid rock.
- Causes varying lengths of day and night of different year. -It has very high temperature

. .
 -It has a light density -Gentle slope
5 a) Name the two major types of earth movements that occur within -sparse population
the eath’s crust -Low altitude
(2mks) -cattle rearing –cattle dips
- Horizontal earth movement/ original/lateral d) i) Describe settlement in the area covered by the map (5mks)
- Vertical earth movement/epeirogenesis - Dense settlement along transport route.
b) Describe the origin of the continents according to the theory of -Dense settlement close to Teita sisal estates
Continental drift. -Scattered settlement on the s.E part/on the lower altitude part.
-there was one land mass called pangea. No settlement on the slopping areas
-surrounded by an enormous sea called pantalassa. The Norther No settlement on the rock out crops.
hemisphere was called laurasia and southern Godwana land
ii) citing evidence from the map, give two economic activities carried
- Due to crustal forces led pangea to break into the present six continents out in the area covered by the map other than sisal farming. (4mks)
drifting apart (Any 6x ½ ) - Trading –shops
- Transport-roads and railway
SECTION B - Mining-quarry
- Lumbering animals –national parks
6. Study the map in Taita Hills (1:50,000) sheet 189/4 provided and answer the following
questions.
a) i) What is the bearing of peak of mwatunga hill in grid
square 3214 from the water tank in grid square 2619?
(2mks)
- 1350
ii) What is the length in kilometers of the section of the
Mwatate-voi railway line in the south-eastern part of the map
(2mks)
b) Draw a rectangle measuring 16cm by 12cm represent the area enclosed
by the Easting 24 and 40 and Northings 20 and 30. (2mks)
on the rectangle, mark and name the following features:
-Mgange hill (1mk)
-A rock out crop (1mk)
-All weather road, bound surface (1mk)
-River Ruhia (1mk)
-ronge forest (1mk)
c) using evidence from the map, explain three factors that may have favoured
the establishment of the Teita sisal estates in the southern part of the area
covered by the map. (6mks)
-Railway transport-provide transport
-Goods road network
-availability of labour from the settlement

. .

6 b) Draw a rectangle measuring 16cm by 12cm to represent the area enclosed 7a) Describe the following characteristics of minerals:
by the Eastings 24 and 40 Northings 20 and 30. (1mk) (i) colour (2mks)
-All minerals have their specific characteristics colour. Some change colour
when exposed e.g gold is yellow, copper oxides are blue or green e.t.c
(ii) Cleavage (2mks)

- Minerals have distinct cleavages. They have patterns in which they split
or divide e.g mica split into thin layers. Plant and glass has distinctive
facture.
(iii) Hardness (2mks)

- Minerals differ in hardness depending on their chemical constituents and

mode of formation. E.g Talc is soft, quartz is moderately hard and
diamond is the hardest.
b) i) Give two types of igneous rocks (2mks)
-Intrusive/plutonic rocks
-Extrusive/hypabyssal rocks (2x1)
ii) Explain three conditions necessary for the growth of coral polyps. (6mks)
- Shallow water
- Well oxygenated
- Clear water i.e. silt free
- Warm water with temp 200C-290C (any 3x2)

c) State four uses of rocks (4mks)

- Valuable source of minerals like gold
- Store underground water i.e impermeable rocks - source of income and
employment -tourist attraction sites.
- provide construction materials.
- Making of artifacts e.g soap stones
-Breakdodown into fertile soils (any 4x1)

d) You are planning to carry out a field study on the rock within your school
environment.
Give two secondary sources of information you would use to prepare for the field
study. (2mks)
-journals
-maps
-magazines
-Newspapers

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 -extracts downloaded from the internetr - It receives the maximum rainfall in march 130mm
-statistical abstaracts - The lowest rainfall is received in the month of June 28mm
-books - The rainfall decreases with the decrease of temperature and increase with
-periodicals the increase in temperature. ( Any 4 x 1)
-Census reports (any 2x1)
ii) state why you would need the following items during the field study: (iii) Calculate the average monthly temperature for the station
-a fork jembe (1mk) (Show your calculations) ( 2 mks)
Marble – metamorphic 24 + 24+ 23+22 +19 + 17 + 17+ 18 +19 + 20 +22 +23
Sand- stone-sedimentary = 248 = 20.660C / 20.670C / 210C
Granite- igneous (2mks) 12
8 a) i) What is climate? (2mks) (c) You are supposed to carry out a field study on the weather within your
school compound
Is the average weather condition of a particular place for a long period of
time between 3o -35 years. (i) Describe how you would use the following instruments during the filed study:
ii) Explain two effects of climate change on the physical environment. - The Hygrometer (3
mks)
(4mks)
The wet bulb thermometer is wrapped in wet muslin and dipped into water
-High rainfall results to flood that will a proof vegetation
to keep the muslin moist. This record the lowest temperature as the water
-High temperature- results to dying of vegetation evaporates from the muslin.
-Ice will melt leaving the mountation tops bear Dry bulb thermometers is left in normal environmental to record the
-soul erosion to drying vegetation (any 2x2) highest temperature. The difference between two readings is used to
calculate the relative humidity.
b) The table below shows rainfall and temperature figure of a station
in Africa. - The rain gauge ( 3 mks)
Insert the beaker on the ground
Take the rain water collected in the jar or bottle
Months J F M A M J J A S O Pour the water in a measuring or graduated cylinder
N D Take the reading
0
Temp. in C 24 24 23 22 19 17 17 18 19 20 Record the readings in a book or table
22 23
Rainfall in mm 109 122 130 76 52 34 28 38 70 (ii) State two ways in which the information collected during the filed study
108 121 120 would be useful to the local community ( 2 mks)
Know the type of crops to plant
(i) On the graph paper provided draw a bar graph to represent the rainfall Know the type of animals breeds to rear
figures. (Use a vertical scale of 1 cm to represent 10 mm) ( 5 mks) Know the type of attire to wear
Know the wind control measures ( any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)
(ii) Describe the rainfall pattern of the station (4
mks) - It receives high rainfall January to March and October
9. (a) Give three processes that lead to formation of lakes ( 3mks)
- Rainfall decreases from April to June then it increases from July to
Down warping/ tilting
December
Tectonic movements

. .

Man- made lakes wasting- down slope movement of the weathered material by the aid of
Lava dammed lakes gravity.
Glacial erosion lakes
Maraine dammed lakes ( any 3 x 1 = 3 mks) (ii) Apart from plants. Give three other factors that influence the rate of
weathering ( 3 mks)
(b) (i) Describe how lake Victoria was formed ( 4 mks) - Water
Formed when the earths surface downwarped and tilted forming a hollow - Heat/ temperature
depression that was fitted with water. - Chemicals/ dissolved substances

(ii) Explain how lake Victoria influences the climate of the surrounding areas (iii) Explain two ways in which plants cause weathering ( 3 mks)
( 6 mks) - Plants roots e.g. trees grows into joints and cracks, they widen the joints
Heavy rainfall due to moisture from the lake and cracks as they grow causing rock blocks to disintegrated.
High temperature due to low altitude caused by the depression - Plants like algae, mosses and lichen retain water on rocks resulting to
chemical weathering processes
Availability of water has attracted the industrial set up that pollute the
environment - Decaying plant material produce organic acids. That reacts with some of
the rock minerals causing it to decay.
(c) (i) Apart from Lake Magadi, name two other lakes within the rift valley in
(c) (i) List two types of mass wasting other than soil creep ( 2mks)
Kenya that have a high level of salinity ( 2 mks)
- Talus creep/ scree creep
L. Natron
- Solifluction
L. Bogoria
(ii) Explain three factors that causes soil creep ( 6 mks)
L. Elementaita
- Heating and cooling of soil
(ii) Explain three causes of salinity in Lake Magadi ( 6 mks) - Freezing of soil
- Lack of underground outlet - Ploughing down hill
- Acidic volcanic rock layer on the lake bed - Shaking by earth quakes/ heavy tracks
- Lack of surface outlet - Alternate drying and wetting of the soil
- River entering the lake flowing on acidic rocks - Trampling and burrowing of the ground

(d) Give four economic uses of lakes other than mining ( 4 mks) (d) Explain four effects of mass wasting on the environment ( 8 mks) -
- Source of fish Leads to loss of fertile soil
- Leads to loss of life and property
- Irrigation
- It may block the river or stream
- H.E.P production
- Source of river - Leads to displacement of people
- Tourists attraction - It may lead to destruction of infrastructure and buildings
- It may lead to formation of lakes
10. (a) (i) What is the difference between weathering and mass wasting?( 2 mks)
Weathering – is the breaking down and decomposition of solid rocks on the
earth though physical and chemical processes without movement. Mass

. .
 K.C.S.E 2007 K.N.E.C. GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 United Arap Emirates 1,900
MARKING SCHEME Iraq.

1a) Name two exotic breeds of dairy cattle reared in Kenya

Fresian / Hoisten
Ayshire
Guernsey a)i) What is the difference in production between the highest and the lowest producer?
Jersey 8,800 , 000 barrels
Alderney ii) What is the total amount of petroleum produced in April 2006 in the region?
Brown Swiss / Swiss Brown 634,500,000 barrels (2.55 x108) iii) Calculate the average daily petroleum
b) State three physical conditions that favour dairy farming in Denmark production for Kuwait for April 2006.
The landscape is gently sloping which is suitable for grazing 2,550,000 barrels ( 6.34 x 106)
The climate has warm / sunny summer / moderate temperature (10o – 17oC) b) State three conditions that are necessary for the formation of petroleum.
that allow out door grazing. Deposition / presence of florescent and trauna over a long period of time / fossils
There is cool climate suitable for pasture growing presence of presence of porous rocksks / presence of non porous underneath in the
deposits of the flora and trauna.
The moderate rainfall (500 – 1000mm) that supports growth of grass / fodder
crops Deposition of other layers of rocks / non porous / over the remains of flora and
fauna
Boulder clay soil are fertile support high pasture
Compression of the remains of flora and fauna due to folding of the layers of
NB if one writes moderate rainfall of 11000mm – its wrong
rocks.
2a) State two climatic conditions that favour the growing of oil palm in Nigeria.
- High temperature throughout the year (21oC – 30oC)
- High rainfall 1500 – 2000mm evenly distributed throughout the year
- High relative humidity 80% to 90%
- Plenty of sunshine during the ripening season.
b) Give two problems experienced in the marketing of palm oil in Nigeria.
- Competition from other vegetable oil - Poor road network /
impassable roads.
- Production of low quality oil 4. Below is a sketch map showing part of the great lakes and st. Lawrence sea way.
- Reduced production which has lowered the amount of oil expored. Use it to answer questions(a)
3. The table below shows petroleum production in thousand barrels per day for See map on the questions paper
countries in the middle East in April 2000. Use it to answer question(a)
Name
Country Production in ‘000’ barrels i) The port marked p.
Quebec
Iran 3,800
ii) The canal marked Q
Kuwait 2,550
New York State Barge Canal. Erie Canal
Qatar 800
Saudi Arabia 9,600 iii) The lake marked B
2,500 Lake Ontario

. .

b) State three ways in which the Great Lakes and st. Lawrence sea way has ii) Draw a rectangle measuring 15cm by 10cm to represent the area of the
contributed to the growth of industries in the region. photograph. On it sketch and label the main features shown on the
- It has increased (internal and external ) trade photography.
- It has facilitated the transportation of bulky products
- It has reduced the cost of transportation of bulky products
- The dams along the sea way provide HEP for industrial use
- It has led to the development of lake ports and towns which provide market /
labour / housing facilities.
5a) A part from HIV and AIDS, give two other causes of mortality in East Africa
Natural calamities
Low nutritional standards/ famine
Conflicts / wars
Other epidemics / disease
Inadequate medical facilities / poor medical facilities
Road carnage
b) State two ways in which the spread of HIV and AID in Kenya may slow NB: If rectangle is disoriented, award one mark only, mark the rectangle
down economics development. and not the features.
-The sickness leads to absenteeism form work/ reduced pro
- Money spent in treating the sick could be used for other economic activities iii) Identify two features from photograph that shows that this is a small scale
- Death resulting from disease leads to loss of economically productive tea farm.
population. - The type of simple houses / houses within the farm.
- Care takers at family level use more time caring for the sick / orphans instead of - The mode of transport by using donkeys
engaging in economic activities / high dependency ratio. - Houses within the farm
6. The photographic below / provided shows a tea growing area in Kenya. Use to - Untrimmed edges of tea bushes
answer questions a and b. - Dry maize stalks near the houses.
a) What evidence in the photograph shows that this is a ground general b) Describe the stages involved in the cultivation of tea from land
- View type of photograph preparation to the stage shown on the photograph.
- It focuses on all / many objects - The land is cleared of vegetation
The object becomes progressively smaller towards the background - Land is ploughed / tittles
It captures the general appearance of the area. - Seedling / cutting are planted in nursery and allowed to grow to
20cm – 30cm.
- Seedlings are transplanted on to the cleared land at the beginning
of the rainy season / in rows. Which are about 1.5metres apart.
- The plants are weeded / manure / mulching applied regular.
- Once the bushes start growing, the tips of their branches are
pruned /pegging regular to encourage the plant to form more
branches. - After 11/2-4 years the crops is ready for harvesting
(18 – 48 months) - The crop is harvested every two weeks once
it attains maturity.

. .
 - After harvesting, the green tea leaves are transported to the and Thika.
collection centre within 24 hours. The short rail and road connection between Nairobi and Thika provided
NB : Sequence is necessary cheaper movement of goods and services for the industries in Thika.
C)i) Name two districts in Eastern province where tea is grown Nairobi provides a ready / large market for the manufactured goods from
Embu Thika
Meru North/ Nyambene / Tigania / igembe ii)Availability of water
Meru south River chania which passes through Think town provides fresh water for industrial use
Meru Central / Iment south / Imenti North ii) Explain four ways in especially for coffee processing and fruit canning measures.
which the Kenya Tea Development Agency (KTDA) assists small scale tea iii) The hinterland
farmers in Kenya. Thika town has rich agricultural hinterland which provides raw materials for the
It established tea nurseries from where tea farmers buy tea seedlings industries.
It organizes farmers education days / provide extension services for the The hinterland is densely populated hence provides cheap labour for the industries. c)
farmers to learn new ideas about tea growing. Explain four ways in which Kenya has benefited from industrialization. - Kenya exports
It buys farm inputs in bulks and sells to the farmers at low prices. / taxes industrial goods, thus earning foreign exchange/ revenue which is then used to
It provides credit facilities to the farmers to enable them purchase farm develop other sectors of the economy.
inputs -It has created employment opportunities hence raising the standards of living of
It collects the green tea on behalf of the farmers. the people / reducing unemployment.
It establishes factories where the green tea leaves are processed. - It has led to the development of transport and communication network
thus faciliting the development of other sectors of the economy.
It undertakes the marketing of tea on behalf of the farmers.
-It has facilitated the establishment of social amenities in the area where
It improves feeders roads to improve the transport of green leaves. industries are located.
Conducts research on disease / pests /improved tea for higher yields / - It has led to the acquisition of management / technical skill which are also
better quality tea. used in other sectors of economy / enhancing the expansion of industries. - It has
7.a) Name three agricultural food processing industries in Kenya led to the diversification of the economy thus reducing reliance on the agricultural
- Tea processing sector.
- Coffee processing - It has led to the improvement in the balances of trade since there is added
- Milk processing value to the export exchange.
- Sugar refining -It has led to the growth / expansion of settlement / urban centre as labour
migrates to the industrial centres.
-Fruit canning / fruit processing
-It has let to reduction of the importation of some industrial goods thus saving
- Brewing
foreign exchange.
- Bakering
d) i) Name two towns in Kenya where motor vehicles assembling
-Graining milling
plants are located
-Meat canning / meat processing
Nairobi
- Oil pressing / processing
Mombassa
-Vegetable canning/ processing.
Thika ii) Explain three factors which have favoured the
b) Expain how the following factors have favourable the development of
industries in Thika town development of acar manufacturing industry in Japan.
-The country has adequate capital to invest in the industry - Advanced
i)Proximity
technology / research has led to the efficient methods of production / high
Nairobi provides some inputs required by the industries in Thika quality cars which are competitive in the world market. -Japan has highly
There is industrial interdependent among the industries in Nairobi skilled / industrious work for which enhances efficiency in production.

. .

-Japan has many sea ports which markets the importation of raw materials - The government policy / peace and stability has led to rapid
/ exportation of cars possible. development of the industry
Japan has highly developed hydro electric power projects which provide
power needed for the industries
- The presence of large population/ high purchasing power provides a
large local market for the cars
- The presence of large population / high purchasing power provides a
large local market for the cars
- Japan’s terrain is too lagged unsuitable for development of agriculture
and thus industries / provide an alternative source of income to be
used for buying and other requirements
- The strategic position of Japan in relation to other countries encourage
trade thus promoting production of vehicles/ Japan is accessible from
all direction through the se
Factor – 1 mk Explanation – 1 mk ( Explanation alone has no
mark)
8. (a) (i) What is forestry
It is the science of planting, caring and using trees/ forests and their
resources
It is the practice of managing and using trees/ forests associated resources
(ii) Explain three factors that favour the growth of natural forests on the
slopes of Mt. Kenya.
- The area receives high rainfall 1000- 22000 mm throughout the year
which encourages continuous growth of trees.
- The area has deep fertile volcanic soils that allow the roots to penetrate
deep into the ground to support the trees
- The area has well drained soil thus there is no water logging which can
choke plants and interfere with their growth
- The area has moderate cool condition/ climate are ideal for the growth
of a variety of trees.
- The area is a gazeted forest reserve/ settlement and cultivation are
prohibited hence allowing forests to grow without interference
- The steep slopes discourages human activities thus enabling forests to
thrive well
Explanation 1 mk Factor 1 mk

. .
 (iii) State five factors that have led to the reduction of the area under forests on Early spring
the slopes of Mt Kenya Transportation mainly road transport Mainly water transport
- The illegal encroachment of human activities
- The illegal cultivation has led to clearing of parts of the forest 9. (a) (i) Name three international Airport in Kenya
- Prolonged droughts have caused drying of some forests Nairobi Jomo Kenyatta Airport
- Plant disease/ pests destroy some trees in the forest Mombasa Moi International Airport
Outbreak of forest fires/ charcoal burning destroy some trees in the Eldoret International Airport
forest
Over exploitation of certain species of trees. (ii) Give four advantages of air transport over road transport
- Air transport is faster/ quicker response in case of emergency
(b) Explain four measures that the government of Kenya is taking to conserve
- It is more efficient transporting perishable goods/ valuables / high
in the country
value goods
Registering/ recognizing the efforts of NGOs like the green Belt Movement
- It experiences less traffic congestions
which have mounted campaigns on planting of trees
Helicopters can land in remote areas
Gazeting forested areas to reduce encroachment of the public
Planes can be used for activities like spraying of farms
Creating public awareness through mass media/ public bazaars on the importance
of conserving forest resources There are fewer accidents in air/ more safer
Enacting laws to prohibit the cutting of trees without a license/ protecting It is more comfortable
indigeous tree species (b) Explain four measure that should be taken to improve road transport in Kenya -
Establishing NEMA/ ministry of environment and natural resources to coordinate Construction of by passes/ sub ways/ tunnel/ flyovers/ under passes to reduce congestion
environmental management and conservation activities of the large towns
Setting aside national tree planting day to encourage people to plant more trees - Construction of highways/ dual carriages road expansion to accommodate more traffic/
Advising people to practice agro- forestry so as to avoid cutting trees from the improve traffic flow
forests - Repair/ maintain the roads in goods state to reduce accidents/ improve traffic flow -
Employing forest guards to protect forests form fires/ other illegal human Educate road users on road safety precautions/ discipline on roads to ease traffic on
activities roads/ reduce road accidents
Encouraging recycling of paers/ wood based products/ use of other sources of - Control the amount of load carried by large lorries/ trucks to reduce damage on road
energy to reduce demand of trees surface
Carrying out research through KEFRI and ICRAF in order to come up with ways - Enforce traffic rules to regulate traffic flow/ reduce road accidents
of controlling diseases/ pests/ develop species suitable for different ecological Provide paths for cyclists / pedestrians to reduce congestion on roads/ improve road
regions safety

(c) Give the differences in the exploitation of softwood forests in Kenya and (c) Explain why there are few rail links among African countries
Canada under the following sub- headings - Most of the existing rail lines were constructed by the colonialists who had no interests
(i) Period of harvesting in linking the colonies
Transportation - The rail lines are of different gauges making it difficult for the countries too link them
- Political differences/political instability discourages attempts to link the lines
Kenya Canada
Period of harvesting is done throughout the year Harvesting is in winter and
---- ----

. .

- Inadequate capital limits the construction of new lines/ maintenance of railways - Large (ii) Give two effects of water pollution on the courses
areas of the continents are economically unproductive thus it would be uneconomical - It may cause death of aquatic life
to link railways - It destroys aesthetic/ beauty of beach/ water bodies
Difficult terrain/ thick forests makes it expensive to construct rail line - It leads to spread of waterborne diseases
Limited trade links of production of similar commodities makes it unjustifiable to - Causes foul smell
construct railway lines - Results to sutrophictaion/ water hyacinth/ water weeds/ alga
- Competition from/ prevalence of other means of transport lead to neglect of railway
transport.
(c) Explain four methods used to control floods in Kenya
- Dykes are constructed along river banks levee of rivers to increase
(d) Give four reasons why there is limited use of river transport in Africa their height in order to prevent water from over flowing
- Some rivers have rapid/ water falls/ cataracts
Dredging of river channels to deepen/ widen them to make it possible for
Some rivers have seasonal regimes/ varying volumes them to accommodate excess water
Some rivers have shallow water/ sited five mouths - Dams are build across the rivers to control the amount of water
Some have floating vegetation that choke the course discharges downstream/ construction of earth dams to hold back
Some rivers have narrow channels unsuitable for sailing vessels water
Some are short - Training/ re- directing a river/ straightening of a river to control its
Inadequate capital to develop waterways/ purchase vessels to develop ports wild flow ( training means cut meander loops
- Planting of trees in the catchment areas to reduce surface run off
and increase infiltration
10. (a) (i) State two causes of water pollution
- Divering tributaries to other rivers to reduce the volume
- Oil leaks from ships/ trucks
(d) Explain how the following soil conservation methods are usded to
- Industrial effluent when discharged into rivers/ lakes
improve the quality of soil.
- Washing away ( into rivers and lakes) chemical/ fertilizers/ pesticides/
i) Contour farming
insecticides
- It helps to rap water hence improving soil moisture content
Washing/ bathing/ watering animals in rivers/ lakes
- It helps to reduce the speed of water down slope thus preventing
Disposing of raw sewages into rivers/ lakes
the removal of top soil.
Surface turnoff/ soil erosion into water depositing silt
ii)Mulching
Dumping of solid waste into water courses
The mulch adds humus in the soil as it decomposes thus enriching the soil
- The enhances the rentention of water in the soil by protecting from
direct sunlight / wind.
- It controls / stop run –off / speed of surface run – off by acting as
acover to the soil
- It provides a suitable habitat for organism that aerate the soil by
burrowing.
iii) Crop rotation
Since different crops utilize different mineral, rotation helps in balancing
the mineral content in the soil.
--

---- -

. .
 (e) You intent to carry out a held study on pollution in the local open air ANSWERS TO GEOGRAPHY KCSE 2008 QUESTIONS
market PAPER 1
i) State three reasons why it would be necessary for you to visit SECTION A
the market before the actual field study.
1. a) Give three reasons why it is necessary to study the plate tectonics theory. -
- To get permission from the relevant authority It explains the current position of the continents
- To be able to formulate the objectives / hypothesis To familiarize - It enables one to understand the creation of the structural land forms
with the area of study.
- It helps one to understand how the earth maintains balance/isostasy
To be able to prepare a working schedule / to decide on the
- It explains the cause of earth quakes/volcanicy
appropriate method of data collection.
b)
To determine the respondents / resource persons
- Divergence/extension/constructive - Convergence/compress
- To asses the likely problems to be encountered. - To determine ional/destructive - Transform /conservative. 2. a) P- Mercury
the equipment /materials required.
Q- alcohol/oil of Cleo salt
ii) Give two methods that you would use to collect information on R- Metal index.
pollution.
b) i) The diurnal range of temperature for Tuesday; 27-18 =900C
-Interviewing
ii) The mean temperature for Saturday
-Taking photographs / sketching / filming
29 + 21 = 250C
-Observation
2
-Measuring the extent of polluted area
3. a) -Coal
- Administering questionnaires -Tape recording / video taking /
-Petroleum
shooting
-Diamond
iii) Give two follow up activities you would carry out after the field study
-carbon
- Discussing the findings
b) Because it is the hardest
- Analyzing the data
mineral/ it does not break
- Writing a report easily
- Giving relevant advice to the stake holder 4. a) -Dust particles
- Drawing sketches -Pollen grains
- Displaying photographs / sketches. -Gases
-Salt particles/sodium chloride
-Smoke Any 2x1 mks
b) i) -Their height
-Their
shape/form
-Appearance
ii) -Cumulonimbus
-Cumulus
-Nimbostratus
5. a) V - The sun W - The moon b)
The gradual emergence of a ship approaching the shore.

. .

Circumnavigation of the earth along a straight path leads one to the starting - Kericho town is the main settlement are/forms a large cluster of settlement
point from the opposite direction. - Few settlement in the tea estate.
The different times during which the sun rises and sets in different parts of d)
the world. - The high relief modifies temperatures making the area suitable for the
The appearance of the middle pole to be relatively higher than other poles growing of the area suitable for the growing of tea bushes.
placed along a straight line on a level ground at equal distances. (curved) - The relatively undulating slopes allow proper drainage of soils making it
The circular shape of the earth seen on photographs taken from satellites ideal for tea farming/allows mechanization
The circular shadow cast by the earth during a lunar eclipse - Presence of forests/many permanent rivers show that the area receives
The earth is a planet and all planets are sphere. Any 4x1 mks high rainfall which is suitable for tea growing.
- The area has fairly dense settlements which indicates availability of labour
SECTION B needed in tea farming.
6. a) i) -350 15’ to 350 25’/ 10’ ii) Map scale 1: 50,000 km - The area is well served by all weather roads which are needed for the
transportation of tea from the farms to the factory /transportation of labour
100,000
Any 3x2=6mks
= 0.5 km
7. a) Magma is the molten rock material which originates from the interior of
Statement scale is 1cm represents o.5 km / ½ km
earth, cools while below the earths surface (and has large crystals) while
iii) Just over 2120 m and below 2140m
lava is the molten rock materials that has reached the surface. (Has
iv) 10.5 - 11.0 km2
solidified and has small crystals. (2mks)
b) i)
b) E- Dyke F- Lapolith
• Scrub
G- Sill
• c) i) A crater
Woodland
• - Eruption of lava through a central vent causes building up of a cone.
Scattered trees
- The lava in the vent cools and contracts.
• Thicket - The cool lava withdraws into the vent leaving a shallow depression of the
• cone
Papyrus/papyrus swamp vegetation Any 3x1 = 3mks ii)
3050C (3040 – 3060) / N 550 (550- 560) iii) All weather loose - Gas explosions may blow away surface rocks causing a crater
surface iv) Dry weather road Examples
v) Motorable tracks/main track vi) Mt Longonot
Foot paths /other tracks. Menengai
c) Mt/suswa
- There are few settlements/labour lines within the tea estates and forested Mt Marsabit
areas ii) A geyser
- To the north and west of Kericho-Lumbwa road, the settlements form a - Rainwater percolates down through cracks in the rocks.
dispersed pattern - The water gets into contacts with hot igneous rocks
- To the north of Tugenon river, there are few or no settlements - The water gets into contacts with hot igneous rocks -
- There are nucleated settlements in the market/shopping centres/labour The water is super heated and gases/steam form -
lines/villages Pressure builds up in the cracks.
- Some areas with the steep slopes and river valleys have a few or no - The pressure causes steam and water to be ejected explosively as jet to
settlements the surface intermittently.

. .
 - The water and steam are emitted intermittently as pressure level • Plunge pools
changes.
•
Example – Lake Bogoria iii) Interlocking spurs
A lava plateau Mature stage
- It is formed when magma reaches the surface of the earth through a series • Meanders
of vents/fissures
•
- The lava is extremely fluid/ultra-basic River cliff/bluff
- The lava spreads evenly over a large area • Wide v shaped valley
- The lava cools slowly and solidifies •
Example Slip –off- siopes
Yatta plateau • Alluvial fans
Uasin Gishu plateau • Braids
Laikipia plateau
Old stage
d)
• Meanders
- Volcanic highlands/mountains are sources of rivers which provide water
for domestic/agriculture/industrial use. • Ox-bow lakes
- Volcanic rocks weather down to form fertile volcanic soils which support •
agriculture Braided channel/isels
- Volcanic rocks are important building materials in the construction • Flood plain
industry
•
- Volcanic features are tourist attractions which promote tourism. Levees
- Volcanic mountains/highlands influence formation of relief rainfall which • Devees
encourages agricultural activities. • Deferred tributaries
- Volcanic highlands influence formation of relief rainfall which encourages
agricultural activities • River terraces
- Volcanic highlands/mountains modify temperatures making them making •
them attractive to human settlements Distributaries/deltas
- Volcanic features such as steam jets and geysers provide suitable sites for • Bluffs
geothermal power generation. • Meanders scar
8. a) i) -Lake /swamp
b) Traction process
-Melting ice/snow
The large and heavy loads of the river are rolled /dragged along the riaver
-Springs
by the force of the moving water and gravity.
-Surface run off.
ii) Saltation
Youthful stages Some large fragments that cannot remain suspended in the water are
• Rapids/water fall/cascades momentarily lifted and dropped by water turbulence. The series of hops
move the load down the river.
• V-shaped valleys/canyons Suspension
• Potholes

. .

Light insoluble materials such as sand and silt grains are carried and ii) Width of a glacier channel
maintained within the water by river turbulence and transported - When the channel is wide ice movement is slow that is because ice
downstream. spreads out forming a thin layers there is less pressure to cause
Solution process thawing that would facilitate ice movement/vice versa.
The soluble minerals /materials are dissolved in river water and carried c) i) A corrie
away Is a deep rock basin
c) i) Dendritic patterns Has steep sides
- It develops in areas where rocks have uniform structures. Is arm-chair in shape/semi circular
- The direction of flow is influenced by the slope of the land Has a high back wall
- The tributaries converge on the main river forming a shape like Has a reverse slope on the lower side
that of a tree and its branches.
ii) Fiords
ii) Trellis pattern
Has steep walls
- The pattern develops where soft and hard rocks alternate vertically
- The tributaries join the main river at acute angles. Is a narrow sea inlet
- The consequent streams flow to the opposite direction of the main Is a U-shaped
river Has hanging valleys
- The main river and its tributaries form a rectilinear pattern. Has deep water shallower seawards/deeper landward
d) i) d) i) M- Hanging valley
- Observation/digging up the deposits to expose the inner layers N-Water valley
- Collecting samples P-U-shaped valley / glacial trough
- Taking photographs ii)
- Interviewing the people around the river. ii) - A large block of rock stands on the path of oncoming glacier
- It enables one to collect first hand information - The moving ice plucks off/erodes weak rock fragments from the
- It promotes development of practical skills upper side of the rock
- It promotes application of acquired knowledge - One is able to - As the ice moves round and over the resistant rock it carries the
develop skills of data analysis. eroded materials to the lee side
9. a) i) - The lee side does not experience erosion.
- Due to low temperatures, water vapour freezes and forms snow - Eroded materials are deposited materials increase on the lee side.
- Snow falls and accumulates on the mountain top/higher slopes - With time the moving ice smoothens the side of the on coming ice
deposited materials increase on the lee side
- Snow continues pilling and new layers exert pressure on the lower layer
- The resistant rock is the crag while the materials deposited on the
- Lower layers become compressed/compacted as air is expelled from the leeward to form the tail.
spaces by show particles - The compacted layers are ice. ii)
10. a) i) H-Trough
- Ice caps - Cirque glaciers b) i) Temperature
J-Crest
- Glaciers move faster in summer/when the temperatures are higher
K-Swash
because the ice melts due to the warm conditions whereas in
ii) A backwash is the return flow of water down the
winter/ when temperatures are low, ice movement is slow due to
beach to the sea after a wave is broken.
cold conditions.
b) Abrasion/corrosion
- The temperature of the bottom of the valley glacier rises with
Pressure. Thereby thawing and enabling its movement down slope.

. .
 - Rock fragments carried by waves are used as a tool to grind
against the cliff . As waves break rock fragments carried by the
back wash erodes the sea.

Solution/corrosion
- The solvent and chemical action of the sea water dissolves and
removes the minerals that are found in the cliff/sea floor especially
where there are limestone rocks.
Hydraulic action
- The swash/breaking waves hit against the cliffs shattering the
rocks. The breaking waves compress air into the cracks/joints in
the cliff face. This widens the cracks and parts of the rocks may
break off.
Stage 1
Attrition
Longshore drift deposits materials at the entrance
- Particles that are carried by waves are constantly colliding against
each other and wears them into smaller sizes
c) i) Gradient of the shore
A show with a gentle gradient reduces the velocity/speed of the
flow of the backwash causing the waves to deposit the load on the
shore. Where the shore is steep, the velocity/speed of flow of the
backwash will cause the materials to be moved from the shore
back into the sea. (There will be little or no deposition)
Gentle gradient 2 marks
Steep gradient 2 marks
ii) Depth of the sea
Shallow water causes waves to break thus encouraging
deposition. Where the sea is deep, there is less deposition because
the sea bed is not in contact with the waves carrying deposits.
Stage 2
Shallow water 2 marks
A spit forms at the entrance of the bay
Deep water 2 marks
d) Using well labeled diagrams, describe how a bay bar is formed

. .

3. a) Land reclamation is the process of converting less productive land into a

more productive state for agricultural or settlement purposes while land
rehabilitation is the process of restoring degraded/impoverished/damaged land
back to a useful state.
b) i)
- Diversifying the crops produced in the scheme.
- Improving the quality of the rice produced through research
- The government should restrict the importation of rice to reduce
competition.
- Improve the marketing strategies to enable farmers to source for market
outside Kenya
ii)
- Continuous dredging of canals/deepening of canals
Stage 3 - Construction of dams to store water for use during dry season.
The alongshore drift continues to deposit materials and the spit extends - Government to enforce laws on proper land use in the catchment areas of
towards the other end of the lagoon. Eventually the spit reached the other the rivers that supply water to the scheme.
end thus forming a bay bar. Diagrams 3 marks 4. - To maintain the genetic diversity/genetic pool - To preserve
Text 3 marks PAPER wildlife for future generation/posterity.
2 ANSWERS - To protect the endangered species of plants and animals
SECTION A - To ensure sustainable utilization of
species
1. - Vegetation is cleared by slashing and burning
- To attract tourists/to earn foreign exchange.
- There is the use of little or no manure/use of ash
- To use wildlife for research/for education. - To
- The land is communally owned
maintain aesthetics for recreation - To provide
- The yields decline after a certain period of continuous use. The land is materials for medicinal extracts.
abandoned when the yields decline
- Both the settlements and plots are temporary 5. a)
- Farming depends mainly on family labour - It has created a large market for goods produced in members countries
- The farmers use simple implements - It has resulted in the availability of a variety of goods
- It is mainly for subsistence - It has led to the establishment of common tariff
- Plots are small and scattered - The removal of visa requirements has mad it easier for traders to move
2. a) across borders within the region.
- In Kenya, softwood forests are found mainly in the highlands while in b)
Canada they are found both in highland and lowland areas. - Membership to different trading blocks by different countries.
- In Kenya, softwood forests cover a small percentage of the total land area - Lack of a common currency.
while in Canada they cover large tracts of land.
- Underdeveloped infrastructure/poor transport network
b)
- Restriction of movement of people and goods/high taxes rates
- In Kenya, logs are transported by road/trucks while in Canada transport is
- Political instability
mainly by water by rivers.
- Political differences
- In Kenya, transportation is expensive while in Canada it is cheap.
6. a) i) Ground /ground general view

. .
 ii) - Animals are kept for use to pay dowry.
- On the foreground there is bare ground/some short vegetation - Animals are used as a source of food/milk/meat/blood
cattle browsing /grazing. - Animals are a source of income
- In the middle ground there is a herdsman and some cattle on the ii)
move/raising dust. - It encourages research /the cross-breeding of traditional cattle
- There is a road in the middle ground breeds with exotic ones. This improves the quality of the
- At the background there are some patches of grass/some animals/cross breeds are more resistant to diseases than pure exotic
trees/shrubs/thickets breeds
- Some parts of the background are bare surface - It strengthens community education to teach beef cattle farmers
- There are in the middle better livestock managements
- Clear skies in the background - It has constructed roads to make services accessible to
- There is a fence in the middle ground farmers/make transportation of animals to markets easier
iii) - It encourages the replacement of the coarse grass with nutritious
pasture to improve the quality of animals.
- The cloudless sky
- It has sunk bore holes/dug wells/constructed dams to provide water
- The malnourished/thin animals for the animals.
- Dust raised by moving animals - It has revived Kenya Meat Commission (KMC), a government
- Bare ground/sparse vegetation /patches of vegetation/little parastatal that buys animals from farmers for slaughter.
vegetation 7. a) i)
- Patches of dry /brown grass - National census report
b) i) The pastoralists keep mainly indigenous breeds such as - Text books
Zebu and Boran.
- Magazines
ii)
- Periodicals/Journals
- Their movement is seasonal.
- Statistical abstracts ii)
- During the dry season the pastoralists migrate with their livestock
- The number of male and female is almost equal to all ages.
to the highlands where there is pasture and water
- The dependency ratio is high
- During the wet season they move to the plains since pasture is
- The number of infants from age 0-4 is high/the population has a
available.
high birth rate.
iii)
- The middle age/working population is low
- Some cattle are sold to slaughter houses/to individuals.
- The number of youth aged 5-19 is high
- Some pastoralists sell their livestock through community
groups/ranches. b) i) -28.7 – 21.4 = 7.3
- Some livestock are sold to the livestock are sold to the livestock 7.3 x 100 = 3.4%
21.410
marketing Department ii) Early marriages.
- Some pastoralists sell their animals to Kenya Meat Commission. Many people in Kenya get married early and this allows them a
c) i) longer period of fertility resulting in many children being born.
- It is a form of insurance against natural calamities /diseases /
drought.
Improved medical care:
- Animals are kept as a sign of wealth/prestige/social status.

. .

This leads to higher chances of survival for both the mothers and Areas that are infested with pests and disease-carrying vectors discourage
infants as well as the general population, thus increasing the settlement since the conditions are unhealthy
survival rates.
Improved Diet: Drainage:
This results into better health for the entire population hence Low-lying areas that are prone to periodic flooding and water logging
reducing the mortality rate. have sparse population because they are unsuitable for agriculture and
Cultural beliefs: other economic activities/well drained areas attract settlement
Some cultures encourage large families due to the preference of Vegetation:
one gender to other/some /some cultures/religions discourage the Forested areas/savannah woodland have wild animals, disease vectors and
use of contraceptive/family planning leading to couples getting discourage human settlement and other economic activities
many children. 8. i) Soda ash average production for 5 years
Migration: =1668446 ÷ 5
Due to political instability in neighboring countries e.g Sudan, =333689 .2 Tonnes
Ethiopia there was an increase of refugees hence high population ii) Mineral production for the year 2003
increase.
=45369.2 Tonnes
c) - It leads to high dependency ration resulting into little savings by the
working group /low investments/low living standards iii)
- There is likely to be a high unemployment rate since job - It is a raw material for making glass
opportunities may not increase at a rate that can cope with the - It is used in king detergents
increasing number of job seekers /may increase the rate of crime - It is used in some chemical industries /petroleum refining
- It increases demand for food which may lead to food shortage - It is used as a water softener/water treatment - It is in desulphurising
- It increases demand for agricultural land causing land steel
fragmentation/landlessness/destruction of forests. - It is used in paper industries.
- Expenditure while meeting demands for the large population b) i) E- main shaft/vertical shaft
reduces revenue that would be used for development of income F- Tunnel/horizontal shaft/Gallery
generating projects hence slow economic growth. G- Mineral ore
d) Climate: ii)
The cool and wet/hot & wet/high & reliable rainfall areas are densely
- Sometimes, mines get flooded with sub/terrain water.
populated because they are suitable for farming/hot dry areas have sparse
population because they are unsuitable for farming Relief: - There are occasional emission of poisonous gases in the mines.
- The dust produced causes respiratory diseases
Mountains and hilly areas have low temperatures/are rugged and this - Sometimes tunnels collapse causing deaths of miners.
discourages settlement/development of infrastructure/agricultural
activities. c)
Plains and gently sloping areas are usually densely populated because they - Gold is highly prices, thus it earns foreign exchanger which used to
are suitable for settlement and other economic activities. Flat areas improve other sectors of the economy.
depression are sparsely populated because of poor drainage, which causes - Gold provides raw materials for industries that make jewellery and other
swampy conditions/flooding. highly valued items thus promoting industrial expansion.
Soil: - Gold as a medium of exchange in the world is used in South Africa as a
Fertile soils are suitable for agriculture thus attracting large means of paying international debts.
population/areas that have poor soils have sparse population. - Gold mining industry has generated employment opportunities, which
Pests and diseases: raises the standard of living of the people /earn more income

. .
 - Gold mining has led to development of towns in the Rand and the Orange - Pests such as termites and white grub/diseases such as ratoon stunting and
Free State creating a large demand for agricultural products. smut attack the plants and lowers the yields leading to low income for the
- Mining of gold has led to the expansion of infrastructure such as transport farmers
and communication/provision of social amenities. - Accidental fires/fires set by arsonists destroy the cane resulting in heavy
- Gold mining has led to the development of industrial mining skills that are losses to the farmers.
useful in other sectors of the economy. - Flooding of market by cheap imported/sugar results in unfair competition
d) causing delay in payments to the farmers.
- The dumping of rock waste had led to the loss of biodiversity/destruction - Delays in harvesting reduce the quality tonnage of the cane reducing the
of natural vegetation farmer’s earnings.
- Dereliction of land due to dumping of waste materials is an eye - Closure of some factories such as (Ramisi and Miwani ) has deprived
sore/destroys the natural beauty of the land farmers of the source of income/annual closures of factories for servicing
of machines disrupts the farmers’ calendar of activities.
- Dereliction of land due to dumping of waste materials is an eye
sore/destroys the natural beauty of the land - Poor feeder roads in some areas leads to delayed delivery of the cane to
the factory lowering the quality and subsequently the profit to the farmers.
- Pollution of the areas by noise/blasts smoke and water pools are all health
hazards. - Prolonged droughts in some areas destroys the crop leading to heavy
losses.
- Mining disrupts the water table which may lead to shortage of water.
- High cost of farm input reduces the farmer’ profit margins
- Mining takes up land that would have been used for agriculture thus
interfering with food production. - Mismanagement of factories and cooperatives leads to delayed payments
thus discouraging the farmers
- Mining displaces human settlements thus disrupting people and
necessitating expensive resettlement processes. d) i)
9 a) - Weighing of the cane
- Well drained fertile soils /Black cotton soils - Chopping of the cane
- Gently sloping/undulating landscape - Crushing of the cane
- High rainfall 1200 to 1500 mm well distributed throughout the year. - Boiling
- Moderate high temperature/200C- 280C - Long periods of - Filtering
sunlight. - Grading
b) - Packing/bagging of sugar
- The land is cleared of its natural vegetation ii)
- It is ploughed using either tractors or ox-drawn ploughs - - Molasses
Harrowing is done to loosen the large lumps of soil. - Bagasse
- Shallow furrows are dug at intervals of 1.2 and 1.8 metres apart. - Wax
- Cutting/seed cane are planted in the furrows - Aconitic acid
- Top dressing/nitrogen fertilizers are applied - Filter cake/mud
- Weeding is done regularly/herbicides are applied 10. a) i)
- After 18 months the cane is ready for harvesting - Canada
- The cane is cut/harvested using pangas ii)
- The harvested cane is loaded into Lorries for transportation to the factory. - The convergence of the warm and cold currents causes upwelling of
c) ocean water which bring minerals for planktons to the surface attracting
large number of fish to the area

. .

- The convergence of warm and cold currents modifies the temperature of ii)
the ocean water making the area ideal for fishing throughout the year - Canning
- The cool waters favour survival of a wide variety of fish species which - Freezing
makes the area an important fishing ground - Smoking
b) - Salting
- The area has a broad shallow continental shelf which provides suitable - Sun-drying
conditions for the growth of plankton used by fish as food - Frying
- The region experiences low temperatures that are favourable for the
survival of fish/for preservation/storage of fish.
- Due to the ruggedness of the land bordering the shaded area/the short K.C.S.E GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 YEAR 2009
growing season. Many people therefore concentrate on fishing as an
alternative economic activity. SECTION A
- The hinterland is densely populated thus providing ready market for the
fish. 1. (a) Differentiate between the process of formation of plutonic and volcanic
- Advanced technology has resulted in highly developed ship
building/fishing vessels are equipped with modern preservation facilities, rocks
thus making it possible for fishermen to carryout large scale fishing.
- The indented coastline provides ideal fish breeding sites/sheltered bays are
ideal for setting up fishing villages and ports. - Plutonic rocks form from magma which cool’s slowly and solidifies
c)
within cracks and chambers in the earth’s crust while volcanic rocks form
- There numerous inland fishing grounds such as lakes and rivers which are
accessible to many people. from the lava that cools fast and solidifies onto the surface of the earth.
- There is low demand for sea fish compared to fresh water fish making
fresh water fishing more preferable.
- The narrow continental shelf along the coast of East Africa limits the (b) For each of the following sedimentary rocks, name the resultant rock that
growth of plankton thus limiting the breeding of fish/limiting the variety
forms after metamorphism
of edible fish.
- The stiff competition if the open sea from the industrialized countries
whose fishermen use modern fishing equipment discourages local (i) Sandstone - Quartzite/ late
fisherman
- The limited technology and inadequate capital make it difficult to (ii) Limestone - Marble
develop marine fishing.
d) i) (iii) Clay - Slate/ Schist
- A bag-shaped net is attached to a trawler/ship
- The net is cast into the water by the trawler 2. Use the diagram below to answer the questions that follows
- The nets’ mouth is kept open by other boards/head beam
- The upper part of the net is kept afloat by corks/floats. ( See the diagram in the questions paper)
- Weights are used to keep the lower part of the net at the sea bed
- The trawler drags the net along the sea bed. - Outline the process through which moist winds shown go through to
- After sufficient fish has been caught, the net hauled to the trawler to
eventually become dry winds
empty the fish,

. .
 - The moist air which is lighter ( forced) ascends) the highland in/ the moist ( 2 mks)

air is subjected to prographic force 4. (a) Outline the steps followed when measuring humidity using a hygrometer

- Read ( and record) Temperature of the West bulb thermometer

- The force ascents leads to the expansion of the air
- Read (and record) the temperature of dry bulb thermometer -
- The moisture in the air condenses forming clouds
Calculate the difference in temperature reading of wet and dry
- Descending air is dry wind
thermometers.
Any 5 x 1 = 5 mks

3. (a) What is line of longitude? - Use the conversation scale o determine the humidity/ interpretation
Line based on
of the temperature differences.

0
It is the angular distance of a place east or west of the Prime Meridian ( 0 ) it is an
(b) Give two factors that influence relative humidity
imaginary line which is drawn on a map from Prime Meridian (00)
- Distance from large water bodies/ sea
- Altitude
( 2 mks)
- Natural vegetation/ forests
(b) What is the local time at Alexandra 300E when the local time at
- Latitude
Malindi 400 is 12.00 noon?
- Temperature
- The differences in degree of longitude between Alexandra and Malindi is
Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks
400 - 300 = 100
5. The diagram below shows types of folds. Use it to answer question ( a)
- The difference in time between 10 longitudes is 4 minutes
See the diagram on the question paper)
- So the total difference in time between the two towns is 100 x 4 minutes =
(a) Name the type of folds marked E, F and G
40 minutes.
- E - Overfold 225

- Alexandria is west of Malindi so it is behind in time by 40 minutes

F - Recumbent fold

- Therefore, the local time at Alexandria is 12.00 – 40 minutes = 11. 20 am

G - Over thrust fold/ Nape ( 1 mk)

. .

(b) In which countries are the following fold mountains found Between 1720 and 1780 in above sea level

(i) Andes - Chile/ Peru/ Bolivia/ Argentina/ Equador (b) Describe the characteristics of the long profile of river Yurith

(ii) Cape Ranges – South Africa - It has two main tributaries, Itare and Kitoi

(iii) Alps – Austria/ Switzerland/ Italy/ France - River Kitoi flows from the north Eastern direction/ river Itare flows from

SECTION B the south / river Yurith flows westwards.

6. Study the map of Belgut 1: 50, 000 ( Sheet 117/ 3) provided and answer the
- The river has many meanders
following questions.
- The river becomes wider from grid square 3247 just before the bridge

(a) (i) Name the three districts crossed by the all- weather road ( bound - There are interlocking spurs along the course.

surface) in the north – western part of the map extract - The river has many small tributaries that form a dendrite/ pattern along the

course
- Kisumu district

- Homa bay - There are rapids/ waterfalls

- Kericho - Some parts of the long profile have a steep gradient

(ii) Using the marginal information, give the magnetic variation of the area
- There are sand/ mud deposits downstream
when the map extract was drawn.
- The river is permanent/ premier
(c) Describe the relief of the area covered by the map

- The lowest altitude is 1360/ highest altitude is 2020 m

(iii) Measure the shortest distance along the loose surface road from the
- The land rises from the West to the North East
junction at Murumbasi (grid reference 286548) to the school at Chebirbei

grid reference 344518). Give your answer in kilometers - the landscape is generally hilly/ has many hills

- There is a main ridge to the East of Sondo River

0.1 km) 8.4 – 8.6 km
- There are many interlockings spurs along the river valley
(iv) What is the approximate height of the papyrus swamp to the north-
- The landscape is dissected by many river valleys
east of Kabiaranga Farm Institute ( grid square 3750).

. .
 - There are many, narrow river valleys M Evapotraspiration / Evaporation/ water vapour

- There are numerous steep slopes to the west/ gently slopes to the east

(d) Citing evidence from the map, explain three factors that favour (ii) Explain the factors that influence the occurrence of surface- off

growing of tea in Belgut area - Amount of water/ nature of rainfall- there should be sufficient rainfall to make

the soil saturated in order to allow the excess water to flow on the surface/
- The area experiences cool temperature that favour tea growing due to the
intense rainfall accelerates the rate of surface run off be steep 15
high altitude as evidenced by contours that rise above 1700 meters above

sea level - Gradient of the land- The gradient of the slope should be steep to allow flow

of water by gravity
- The area receives high rainfall that is adequate for growing tea as

evidenced by the presence of forests/ many permanent rivers - Nature of rocks/ soils- The rocks/ soil should be responsible to allow for

limited infiltration and percolation for the excess water to form surface run-
- The area has well drained soil suitable for tea growing this is due to the
off
gently sloping, Terrain as indicated by moderately spaced contours

- Water table/ level of saturation – the water table should be high to reduce
- The area has adequate supply of labour necessary for tea picking evidence
infiltration and allows surface run- off
by the high density of settlement/ labour lines

(b) (i) what is mass wasting?

- The area has well development transport network for transporting tea
- It is the movement of weathered/ rock material down the slope under the
leaves to the tea factory evidenced by road and tracts
influence of gravity

7. The diagram below shows a hydrological cycle

See question paper (ii) Give two processes of slow mass movement

(a) (i) What do the arrows labeled K, L and M on the cycle represents? - Soil creep

K- Radiation/ half from the sun/ sun’s rays/ in solution - Talus creep/ screen creep
- Solifluction
L- Percolation/ Underground water

. .

- Rock creep (d) Explain the effect of mass wasting on the following

(iii) State two physical conditions that may influence Landslides (i) Tourism Features created through mass wasting are
tourist Attractions
- Steep slopes which allow soil to move down slowly
(ii) Soil & Fertility Mass wasting facilities soil leading to soil
- Presence of loose soil/ absence of firm rock which means that soils are easily
Degeneration/ may lead to formation of fertile soil where such
destabilized
soils are deposited.

- Occurrence of earthquakes which interferes with stability of soils

8. (a) (i) Name three type of faults
- Heavy rain facilities movement of material/ down slope.
- Normal fault
Any 2 x 1= 2 mks
- reverse fault
(c) Describe the following processes of mass wasting
- Tear/ shear fault/ slip/ transform/ wrench/ strike slip
(i) Rock Fall
- Thrust fault
- It occurs where rocks are well jointed and with steep slopes. Rocks parts
- Ant clinical fault
are detached from the steep slopes and fall rapidly at the base of slope/
(ii) Apart from compression forces explain two other processes that may
frequent freeze- thaw action on steep slope/ produces particles which get
Cause faulting
detached and fall at the base of rock face.
- Faulting may be caused by force acting horizontally away from each other
(ii) Subsidence
which cause tension in the crystal rocks. Due to tensional forces the rocks
- Subterranean weathering leads to formation of caves/ cavers. Where the stretch and fracture causing faults
roof is too heavy to remain suspended, it collapses vertically.
- Faulting may occur where horizontal forces act parallel to each other in the
(iii) Mud flows- wet and loose soil materials saturated with water will move opposite/ same direction resulting in shearing
down the hill. (As the semi- liquid mud collects more materials it comes
- Faulting may also occur due to vertical movements which may exert a strain
rest at the roof of the slope.
in the rocks making them to fracture.

. .
 (b) With the aid of diagrams, describe how compression forces, may have led to - Layer Diagrams 4 mks)

the formation of the Great Rift Valley - Fault line explanations ( 5 mks)

- Compression
- Layers of rocks are subjected to compression forces
- Upward force
- Rift Valley

(c) Explain five ways in which faulting is of significance to human activities

- Faulting leads to formation of features that form beautiful scenery which

attract tourists

- Faulting leads to formation of lakes that are important fishing grounds/

tourists sites / mining sites/ provide water for irrigation/ for domestic use/

industrial use.

Two parallel lines of weakness development and these reverse faults

- Faulting causes displacement of rocks which exposes minerals that are

mined

- Faulting may lead to the formation of mountains/ horst which attract

rainfall that give rise to rivers which provide water for industrial/

domestic/ agricultural use/ industrial use for production of H.E.P

- Block mountains formed through faulting lead to formation of relief

Compression forces may push the outer blocks towards each other the outer ride
rainfall on the windward side which favours agriculture/ and settlement /
over the middle block) the middle block sinks/ subside/ may remain stable
forestry

- The sunken middle part forms a depression called a rift valley

. .

- Subsidence of land as a result of faulting may lead to loss of life and

property

- Springs occurring of the foist of fault scarps attract settlements

- Faulting creates deep faults which are passages of stream jets which may

be utilized for geothermal power production

- Rivers flowing over fault scarps may form waterfalls

- When faulting occurs across a ridge it may provide a dip which could

form a mountain pass where transport and communication lines can be

constructed/ may hinder development of transport.

(ii) Describe how a bird’s foot delta is formed

- It forms at river where waves, tides and currents are very week
- Deposition of large amounts of fine sediments occurs at the river mouth
9. (a) (i) Apart from Bird’s foot delta, name two other types of deltas?
- The deposits block the channel of the river
- Arcuate delta
- The river divides into few distributaries
- Estuarine delta
- Each distributary’s continues to deposit its load maintaining levees as it
- Cuspate delta
extends into the sea.
(ii) Draw a diagram to show a bird’s foot coastal delta
- Some distributaries extended further than others creating the shape of a bird’s

foot

(b) Explain four factors that influence the development of coasts

- Climate of an area will determine the growth of coral polyps. Coral coats

develop in tropical regions of the world/ fiord coats were formed as a

result of ice erosion in areas that experienced very cold climates

. .
 - Nature of the coastal rocks will either encourage rapid erosion or reduce - A barrier reef is formed a long distance away from the sore and is

the speed of erosion. Hard rocks result in the formation of cliffs while less separated from the shore by a wide lagoon whereas a fringing reef is

resistant rocks results in the formation of inlets/ bays closer to the shore and is separated from the shore by a shallow lagoon

- The gradient of the coast slope of the coast influence the development of (ii) The diagram below represents some coastal features. Name the

coasts steep coasts encourage wave erosion resulting in the formation features marked P, Q and R

cliffs and wave cut platforms/ gently sloping coasts because increased
(See question paper)
deposition resulting in the formation of beaches
P - Blowhole
- Alignment of the coast in relation to the prevailing winds will either cause
Q - Cave
wave erosion or deposition
R - Cliff

- The rise in the level of the sea results in drowning features along the coast (iii) State three conditions necessary for the formation of a beach

to give rise to new feature/ landforms the fall in the sea level exposes - A gently sloping land at the sea shore

features that were once covered by the water - The shore should be shallow

- Human activities interfere with the natural state and appearance of the - Strong swash/ constructive waves/ weak backwash/ wave deposition should
coasts exceed erosion

- Nature of waves- where waves are destructive the West is characterized - Waves should carry a lot of materials to be deposited
by erosion/ features/ where waves are constructive the coast is 10. The diagram below represents underground features in a limestone area. Use

characterized by depositional/ features it to answer question (a)

See question paper

(c)(i) Differentiate between a barrier reef and a fringing reef (a) (i) Name the features marked X, V and W

X - Stalactite

V - Stalagmite

. .

W - Cave - The surface rock must be thick limestone to allow solubility by rainwater

- The rock should be hard and well jointed to allow water to percolate

(ii) Describe how the features marked Y is formed through the lines of weakness

- Solution of solution carbonate trickles down slowly through the roof of a

- The climate should be hot and humid to facilitate chemical reaction/
cave/ cavern
weathering/ carbonation.

- Solution droplets hang on the roof of the cave

- The water table should far below the surface to allow for the formation of
- Water evaporates and calcium carbonate it is precipitated the features

- The precipitated calcium carbonate gradually builds downwards over a

(Any 3 x 2 = 6 mks)
period of time as the solution continues to drip from the roof. This forms a

stalactite

(c) You are supposed to carry out a field study of an area eroded by
- The solution splashes on the floor and water evaporates
water
- The calcium carbonate in it precipitates and gradually builds upwards to

form a stalagmite. (i) Give three reasons why you would need a map of the area of the study

- To show the extent/ delimit the area of the study

- Over time, the stalactite and the stalagmite join to form a pillar/ column
- To show the route to be followed during the study
(b) (i) What is an artesian basin
- To show drainage features
- It is a saucer – shaped depression consisting of layer of permeable rock
- To be able to estimate distances
lying between two layers of impermeable rocks, with part of permeable
- To show the general nature of the terrain
rock exposed to the surface along the edges of the basin.
(ii) Name two erosion features you are likely to identify the field study
(ii) Explain three factors which influence the formation of features in
- Exposed rocks
limestone areas
- Ridges / clients

. .
 - Gullies/ wades/ grikes/ dry river bed ANSWERS TO K.C.S.E QUESTIONS 2009
- Earth pillars
GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2
(iii) State three recommendations that you would make from your study to
SECTION A
assist the local community to rehabilitated the recorded area
1.(a) Name two exotic species of trees planted in Kenya.

- Building of gabions - Pine

- Constructing of terraces - Cypress

- Planting trees - Blue gum /eucalyptus

- Adapting farming methods that allow conservation of soil. i.e. planting of - Wattle
over crops / mulding/ strip farming.
- Kei-apple

Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks) - Jacaranda

- Bomb ax

- Grevilea

- Cedar

b) State three reasons why it is necessary to carry out Afforestaion

programmers in Kenya.

- To protect water catchment areas

- To protect soil from erosion by wind/water

- To ensure sustainable supply of forest products

- To put more land under forest cover

- To check the extinction of indigenous trees.

- To regulate climate

. .

2 a) Give three physical conditions that favour maize cultivation in Trans - Presence of waterfalls/rapids/steep gradient

Nzoia district in Kenya. - Presence of narrow steep sided river valley/deep gorges
- Temperatures ranging from 100C to 300C/Moderate to high
- Presence of impervious rock
temperature/warm to hot condition
- Regular flow/constant of R.Tana

- Rainfall ranging from 800mm to 2500mm/moderate to high rainfall

b) State two problems facing hydro-electric power projects in Kenya
- Deep (fertile) well drained soils/volcanic
- Seasonal fluctuation of water levels in the rivers
- Gently sloping/undulating land
- Frequent silting of the reservoirs
- Sunny/dry season for ripening.
- High cost of maintenance of machines
b) State three reasons facing maize farming in Kenya
- High cost or transmission of power from remote sites
- High cost of farm inputs poor quality seeds
- Inadequate capital to expand the projects any 2x1 (2 mks) 4.
- Unpredictable climatic conditions
Use the sketch map below to answer questions (see question
- fluctuating/low prices
paper)
- Pests e.g. cornea warms/silk warms and diseases affecting the

crop/impassable roads during the rainy seasons. a) Name the main settlement pattern in

i) The Northern part of the area represented by the map-linear

- Poor storage facilities.
ii) The Southern part of the area represented by the map-
- Inadequate capital

- Striga weeds/ couch grass nucleated/ scattered

3 a) Outline three physical factors that favoured the development of the b) State two ways in which government policy may influence the

distribution of human settlement.

Seven Forks hydro-electric power scheme.

- presence of har basement rock - the government may displace people in order to set up projects in an

- Presence of large volume of water from River Tana area/projects setup by the government attract settlement.

. .
 - The government may set up settlement schemes to resettle the landless Europe 942,000 965,000

- the government may gazette certain areas as reserves, thus controlling Africa 120,000 154,000

settlement. Any 2x1 (2 mks) Asia 97,000 128,000

5 a) Apart from windstorms name two other environmental hazards

North America 94,000 103,000
associated with climatic conditions.
Australia & New Zealand 19,000 24,000

- Lighting All other countries 29,000 41,000

- floods Total 1,301,000 1,415,000

- Drought/desertification

- landslides
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics
-Heat waves a) i) which continent had the highest increase in the number of tourists

b) State three problems caused by windstorms in Kenya visiting Kenya between 2005 and 2006?

- Windstorms destroy trees and crops Africa

- They blow off roofs of houses ii) Calculate the percentage increase in the number of tourists visiting

- They disrupt transport and communication lines Kenya between 2005 and 2006?

- They spread bush fires 5000 x 100 = 26.3%/26.32%/26%

10,000
- They cause strong sea storms
iii) Draw a divided rectangle 15 cm long to represent the number of
- Accelerate erosion
tourists that visited Kenya in 2006. Show your calculations.
SECTION B

6. The table below shows the number of tourists who visited Kenya from various
parts of the world in 2005 and 2006. Use it answer questions (a) and (b)

Place of origin 2005 2006

. .

Geographical data

- They give clear visual impression of individual components

- They allow easy comparison

- They can be used to represent a wide range of data

- They are easy to draw

- They are easy to read/interpreter.

(Any 2x1 (2 mks)

ii) Give four reasons why in 2005 and 2006 there were more tourists visiting

Kenya.
Europe- 965,000 x 15 = 10.2 cm ½ /10.23 cm
- There were many direct flights from European capitals to Kenya
1,415, 000
- There has been aggressive marketing for tourism in Europe

Africa- 154,000 x 15 = 1.6 cm ½ cm - Europe has had long historical ties with Kenya/good relations
1,415,000
- European countries encourage package tours to Kenya.

Asia – 128, 000 x 15= 1.4 cm ½ /1.09 cm (Any 4 x1(4 mks

1,415,000
c) Give five reasons why domestic tourism is being encouraged in Kenya.
North America 103,000 x 15 = 1.1 cm ½ /1.09 cm
1,415,000 - To expose Kenyans to the wide variety of recreational facilities

- To make use of tourist facilities during the low tourist seasons

Australia & New Zealand 24,000 x 15 = 0.3 ½ /0.25 cm - To ensure that Kenyans become familiar with the different parts of the
1,415,000
Country
All other countries 41,000 x 15 = 0.4 cm ½ /0.43 cm
- To make Kenyans appreciate the country’s national heritage
1,415,000 (10 mks)
/artifacts/culture/wildlife.
b) (i) State twp advantages of using divided rectangles to represent

. .
 - To enable people from different communities to interact / to enhance - The beans are fermented in tanks for sometime. - The beans are washed

national unit and then sun dried for about a weak

- To enhance circulation of money within the country/to promote domestic - The husks are removed and the beans winnowed.

trade - The beans are sorted out and graded according to size and quality

- The beans are roasted at temperatures of about 100C

- To create employment in the country.
- The beans are ground into powder ready for sale.
7 i) State three physical conditions that favour coffee growing in the
NB: The sequence should be followed. (Any 4x2= (8 mks)
Central Highlands of Kenya
c) Explain four problems facing coffee faming in Brazil
- The highlands experience high 1000-1500 mm well distributed rainfall per

year which is ideal for coffee. - the wasteful techniques of growing the crops leads to soil exhaustion

which makes the coffee yield per hectare low unregulated cultivation leads
- The soils are deep fertile volcanic type. to soil exhaustion/low quality coffee.

- The area experience cool to warm conditions 14-240C throughout the year
- Climatic hazards/ frost destroy coffee plants reducing the yields.
- The land has gentle slopes that allow good drainages/well drained soils
- Unplanned planting leads to overproduction surplus production which
(Any 3 x1 (3 mks)
lowers the prices.
b) Describe the stages involved in coffee production from picking to

marketing - The fluctuation of coffee prices in the world market sometimes leads to

low profits.
- The ripe/deep red berries are picked by hand

- The harvested berries are carried in baskets/sacks to the factory

- Stiff competition from other coffee producing countries reduces Brazil’s

- The berries are sorted out to remove the outer/diseased berries dominance in the world coffee market. Any 4x2 = (8 mks)

- The different grades are weighed

- Berries go through a machine that removes the outer covering /pulp NB: Explanations alone cannot earn a mark

Problems max 4

. .

Explanations max 4 (total (8 mks) Any 1x2 (2 mks)

d) Your geography class carried out a field on a coffee farm ii) List three major imports to Kenya from Japan.
i) State four methods the class may have used to collect data.
- automobiles/Motor vehicles parts
- Administering questionnaires
- textiles
- Interview/asking questions - Machinery/electronic appliances/radios /TVs

- taking photographs/video tapping - Watches/precision instruments.

- Observation (Any 3x1 (3 mks)

- taking photographs/video tapping b) Explain four factors that influence internal trade in Kenya.

- Observation - The demand for a variety of domestically produced goods, leads to

- taking measurements expansion of trade.

- Collecting analysis
- The cultural differences lead to distinctive specialization in production
- Content analysis (Any 4x1 (4 mks) of goods for exchange.

ii) During the field study the class collected data on quantities of coffee
- The production of similar goods/products by different regions limits the
produced in the farm in the last five years. State two methods the class may
market potential./Different goods enhance trade among different regions.
have used to present the data.

- The low purchasing power by a majority of Kenyans limits the market

- Drawing charts
for goods produced.
- Drawing tables

- Drawing graphs (Any 2 x1 (2 mks) - the level of development networks/limit/enhances trade as certain

8 a) i) what is visible trade? commodities may not/may be carried over long distances/the market

potential is restricted/expanded.
- Visible trade involves exchange of goods between countries / visible
trade
- Security encourages expansion of trade/discharge trade.
Involves the import and export of goods.

. .
 NB:/ Explanation alone cannot score but factor alone can score. - The transfer of technology/capital within the trading area has been

C) State four ways in which trade is of significance to Kenya enhanced.

- Trade generates revenue through taxation of the goods and services

- The transfer of technology/capital within the trading area has been
- Trade creates employment opportunities in the industries that are enhanced
established/creates self employment
- Cooperation in other fields such as education/health/and communication
- The demand for goods stimulates industrial growth/agric growth has been enhanced.

- The exports of goods enable the country to earn foreign exchange

- The need to reach far off markets leads to expansion of transport facilities - The reduction in other fields such as education/health/communication has

- Trade stimulates specialization in the production of goods been enhanced.

- Trade enhances cooperation between Kenya and the trading partners.

- Cooperation in other fields such as education/health/communication has

been enhanced.
4x1 (4 mks)

d) Explain four benefits which the member states of ECOWAS have derived

from the creation of the trading bloc.

- The volume of trade has been boosted as a result of an expanded in the

region.

- More transport facilities have been constructed to link the member states

of the Cooperation.

- The removal of trade barriers has extended the market for the finished

products/secured the market for the member states

. .

- -
The reduction in hostilities between members’ countries has enhanced b) Explain three problems arising from industrialization in Kenyan.

peace resulting in rapid economic development. - Industrialization has led to rural-urban migration which has increased the

urban population leading to congestion/shortages of houses/ increase in

(4 x2 (8 mks)
crime

Some industries emit toxic gases which are harmful to people/ wildlife
9. (a) (i) Name three agricultural non-food processing industries in Kenya.
- Industrial effluent pollutes water sources making the water unfit for
- Tobacco processing
human/animal use.
- Footwear making
- Fumes from chemical industries corrode metallic roofs of buildings hence
- Leather training
destroying them.
- Beeswax processing

- Sisal processing - Fumes from chemical industries corrode metallic roofs of building hence

- Pyrethrum processing destroying them

Any 3 x 1 (3 mks)
- Congestion of infrastructure and social services in the industrial waste has
ii) State four ways in which Kenya has benefited from the mot-vehicle industry.
led to the degradation of land
- Kenya saves foreign exchange
- Some industries have led to the displacement of people thus disrupting
- Kenya earns foreign exchange through motor-vehicles export
their social and economic life.
- The industry has created employment opportunities
(Any 3x2 6 mks)
- The industry has created employment opportunities
c) Explain three factors which influenced the location of iron and steel industry
- The industry has promoted transport sector by availing
in Ruhr region of Germany in the 19th Century.
buses/lorries/vans/cars

. .
 - -
- Availability of coal- iron ore as well as limestone from the Rhine valley /Germany provided ready market for iron and steel.

provided raw materials needed in the industry. (any 3x2 6 mks)

d) You intend to carry out a field study of furniture-Making industry in the

- River Rhine/Ruhr/lipped/wupper/Escher provided water required for

cooling machines in the industry/industrial use. local market centre.

i) State two reasons why it would be necessary for you to visit the area
- The region is served by navigable rivers e.g. R. Rhine/ruhh/ port manual
of study in advance.
ems, cheap transport for the bulky raw materials and finished products.

- To be used to be used to prepare a route map

- The region is served by navigable rivers e.g. r. Rhine canals e.g. which
- To determine the suitability of the area for the study
provided Rheine
- To be able to formulate appropriate objective for the study
Cheap transport for the bulky raw materials and required for cooling
- Preparation of work schedule
machines in the industry/ industrial use.
- To be able to formulate appropriate objective for the study.
- Coal from the Ruhr region/imported petroleum provided power required
- Preparation of work schedule
in the industry
- To be able to prepare appropriate data collection methods
To find out possible problems likely to be experienced during the field
- The local population had acquired skills on iron working/availability of
study
local skilled labour and this formed the foundation of iron and steel

industry. - To seek permission for the visit.

- To determine appropriate tools for the study-to determine the likely cost to
- Presence of rich companies e.g. Ruhr Khlet Krupp provided capital for the
be incurred during the study.
development of the industry

- The dense and affluent population in (central and Western) Europe

. .

- 10. The map below shows the location of some urban centers in east Africa. Use
ii) For your field study, you have prepared a work schedule. State two items
it to answer question (s). (See question paper)
you would include in the schedule.

- Time for departure

a) i) name the towns marked P, Q & r
- Time to spend in the study
P - Kampala
- Time for lunch
Q - Kigoma
- time to end the study
R - Mandera
Any 2x1= 2mks)
ii) Name the minerals that influenced the growth of the towns marked
iii) Give two advantages of studying about furniture-making through field work
X and Y.
- It enables one to get first hand information

- It makes learning real

- It enables one to share information

X- Diamond
- It enables one to retain information learned
Y- Trona / soda ash (2mks)
- It enables one to apply skills learned
b) Explain four factors that influenced the growth of the towns marked
- It enables one to apply skills learned/acquired skills.
X- and Y.
Any 2 x 1= 2mks)
- Eldoret started as a railway station on the Kenya Uganda railway and thus

attracted settlement by the people from around the town.

- Eldoret has a rich collection and processing centre

- It is located in an area that experiences cool and wet climate ideal for

settlement

. .
 - The terrain of the land is a plateau which allows for expansion iv) Port facilities- both ports have containerized terminals. Rotterdam has

- The modern infrastructures such as the international airport have. very large warehouse and more modernized/ sophisticated port facilities

Encouraged trade (2mks)

- High population in the surrounding region provides market for
d) Explain two ways in which urbanization negatively affects the surrounding
agricultural/manufactured goods/provides labour for the industries.
agricultural areas.

- the government policy of decentralization of industries led to setting up of - Dumping- The nearby agricultural lands are sometimes used as dumping

some industries in the town grounds for the waste generated in the urban centers, thus polluting the

environment
- Eldoret is a district headquarters for Uasin- Gishu district and this has

attracted administrative services in the town. - There is conflict in land use as the urban centers expand into the land that

would otherwise have been used for agriculture

- Establishment of many educational institutions has attracted settlement

c) Compare the ports of Mombasa and Rotterdam under the following - There is competition for labour as urban centers offer higher wages than

subheadings agricultural areas.

Any 2x2 (4 mks)

i) Site-Mombasa is located on the drowned mouths of rivers Mwachi and

Kombeni while Rotterdam is at the mouth of the river Rhine.

(2mks) ii) Transport links to the interior-Mombasa relies on road,

railway, air and pipeline to the interior while Rotterdam has in addition, river

Rhine and canals Rotterdam is a major transshipment centre.

iii) The hinterland

Both ports have extensive hinterlands. Mombasa’s hinterland extends to

DRC congo while Rotterdam serves the continental Europe.(2mks)

. .