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Machine Elements I chapter 1

The document outlines the principles of machine design, emphasizing the creation and improvement of machines to enhance cost-effectiveness and functionality. It covers key considerations such as load types, material selection, safety, and the general procedure for solving design problems. Additionally, it discusses the importance of understanding material properties and the concept of allowable stress and factor of safety in design.

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daniel mangistu
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24 views11 pages

Machine Elements I chapter 1

The document outlines the principles of machine design, emphasizing the creation and improvement of machines to enhance cost-effectiveness and functionality. It covers key considerations such as load types, material selection, safety, and the general procedure for solving design problems. Additionally, it discusses the importance of understanding material properties and the concept of allowable stress and factor of safety in design.

Uploaded by

daniel mangistu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Machine Element I (MEng 3152)

Introduction

Daniel Mengistu Acc. Year: 2023/24


Introduction
The subject Machine Design is the creation of new and better
machines and improving the existing ones. A new or better
machine is one which is more economical in the overall cost of
production and operation.
To design is either to formulate a plan for the specified need or
to solve a problem.
If the plan results in the creation of something having a
physical reality, then the product must be functional, safe,
reliable, competitive, usable, manufacturable, and marketable.

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Classification of Machine Design
The machine design may be classified as;

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General Considerations in Machine Design
1. Types of load and stresses caused by loads
2. Motion of the parts or kinematics of machine
3. Selection of materials
4. Form and size of parts
5. Frictional resistance and lubrication
6. Convenience and economical features
7. Use of standard parts
8. Safety of operation
9. Workshop facilities
10. Number of machines to be manufactured
11. Cost of construction 3
12. Assembling
General Procedure in Machine Design
The general procedure to solve a design problems is as follows

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General Procedure in Machine Design Cont..

Fig. 1. General procedure in Machine


Design.
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Engineering Materials
The machine elements should be made of such a material which
has properties suitable for the conditions of operations. In
addition to this, a design engineer must be familiar with the effects
which the manufacturing processes and heat treatment have on the
properties of the materials.
Selection of Materials for Engineering Purposes:
The selection of a proper material for engineering purposes is one of the
difficult problem for the designer. The best material is one which serve the
desired objective at the minimum cost. Here are the factors determining the
selection of material.
1. Availability of the materials
2. Suitability of the materials for the working conditions in the service 6
3. The cost of materials
Allowable stress
When designing machine parts, it is desirable to keep the stress
lower than the maximum or ultimate stress at which failure of the
material takes place. This stress is known as the working stress or
design stress. It is also known as safe or allowable stress.
Note: By failure it is not meant actual breaking of the material. Some machine parts
are said to fail when they have plastic deformation set in them, and they no more
perform their function satisfactory.

Factor of Safety: It is defined, in general, as the ratio of the


maximum stress to the working stress. Mathematically,

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Factor of Safety Cont..
In case of ductile materials e.g. mild steel, where the yield
point is clearly defined, the factor of safety is based upon the yield
point stress. In such cases,

In case of brittle materials e.g. cast iron, the yield point is not
well defined as for ductile materials. Therefore, the factor of safety
for brittle materials is based on ultimate stress.

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Selection of Factor of Safety
The selection of a proper factor of safety to be used in designing any
machine component depends upon a number of considerations, such as
the material, mode of manufacture, type of stress, general service
conditions and shape of the parts.
The values of factor of safety based on ultimate strength for different
materials and type of load are given in the following table:
Table. 1. Values of factor of safety.

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Summary
In designing a machine component, there is no rigid rule. The
problem may be attempted in several ways.
The knowledge of materials and their properties is very important
for a design engineer. For more details knowing about
Engineering materials read material text book of Machine Design
by Khurmi and Gupta.
By failure it is not meant actual breaking of the material. Some
machine parts are said to fail when they have plastic deformation
set in them, and they no more perform their function satisfactory.

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