Statistics 9 - Introduction & Gathering Data (1st Q)
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aeonStatistics 9 - Introduction & Gathering Data (1st Q)
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aeonIntroduction to statistics
Statistics – Is a branch of mathematics that deals with
● Collecting
● Organizing
● Analyzing
● Interpreting
Collection of data
- Refers to the process of obtaining information.
Organization of data
- Refers to the ascertaining manner of presenting the data into tables, graphs, or charts.
Analysis of data
- Refers to the process of extracting relevant information from the given data from which
numerical description can be formulated.
Interpreting of data
- Refers to the task of drawing conclusions from the analyzed data
Data
- Set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables.
- From which conclusions can be drawn to answer the problem posed at the start of the
study.
Uses of Statistics
● Education
● Government
● Medicines
● Psychology
● Sociology
● Business/Economics
Common Statistical Instruments
● Questionnaires
● Checklist
● Rating Scale
● Test Items
Reliability of an instrument
- Means that it always gathers relevant data that is intended to.
Validity of an instrument
- Means that it gathers accurate data.
Types of Question
1. Closed-Format Question – is a question whose response is restricted and pre-defined for
the respondents to choose from.
2. Open Format question – is a question whose response is not limited. It generates a
thorough answer or explanation.
Gathering Data
Population
- Is the entire collection of people, animals, objects, procedure, measurements, and
events that fit in the purpose of your study.
Sample
- Is a part of portion of the population.
Sampling Techniques
Probability Sampling – All members of the population have equal chances being chosen
as a part of the sample.
1. Random Sampling – Members of Your sample are selected through lottery.
2. Systematic Sampling – Members of your sample are written in a list
systematically with corresponding numbers.
3. Stratified Sampling – Members of your population are grouped. Choose equal
number of respondents in each group.
4. Cluster Sampling – Members of your population are grouped. Selection of all
respondents in your selected group.
Non-probability Sampling – All members of the population do not have equal chances
being chosen as a part of the sample.
1. Convenience Sampling – this are selected because of their immediate
availability.
2. Purposive Sampling – this are determined based on the purpose of the study.
3. Quota Sampling – Samples are selected to achieve the needed number of
participants in the study.
4. Snowball Sampling – Samples are selected base on the recommendation of
other members in the sample.
Methods of Data Gathering
1. Direct Method – Includes observation and interview where you get the information
firsthand.
2. Indirect Method – Includes ways in which you can obtain the needed data without your
actual presence.
Classification of Data
Qualitative Data – Categories that show classification or attributes.
Quantitative Data – Numbers or values that represent counts or measures.
Discrete Data
Continuous Data
Levels of Measurement
Nominal - Data that are categorical.
Ordinal - data that are in ordered or ranked
Interval - Data that have no real zero
Ratio - Data that have real zero
Lesson 3.1: Frequency Distribution of Ungrouped Data Interactive Content
● A Frequency Distribution is a way of presenting and organizing the data collected in
tabular from using classes and frequencies
● The most convenient method of organizing data is to construct a frequency distribution
in order to describe situations, draw conclusions, or make inferences about events, the
researcher must organize the data in some meaningful way.
Ungrouped Frequency Distribution
- Classifies a given data set (usually n<30) under a specific category or class.
- Frequencies of each data is treated individual data points or as discrete data.
Grouped Frequency Distribution
- Having an interval or ratio-level data, and beyond a sample size of 30.
- Frequencies of each data point are clustered in a specific class interval.
step 1: tally the data
step 2: get n (n is the number of data you have, here n = 30 because there are 30 responses)
step 3: use this: 2^k > 30, solve for k (here k is 5, 2^5 = 32 and 32 > 30) k will be the number of
classes
step 4: subtract the smallest number from the highest number in the data (smallest number
here is 14, highest is 63, 63-14 = 49)
step 5: get the number (49) and divide it by number of classes (5) and round up -- (49/5 = 9.8 or
rounded up its 10) (10 will be the class width, how big the classes are)
step 6: make the class intervals (we know there are 5 classes, class width is 10) start with the
lowest number in the data (14), expand until it reaches class width (class width is 10) (we
expand 14 by 10 so the class becomes 14-23) (continue this until you reach the highest number)
(class 1 = 14-23
class 2 = 24- 33
class 3 = 34-43
class 4 = 44-53
class 5 = 54-63)
(it works, 5 classes, class width of 10)
step 7: tally the data into each class (II/II - II/II <- this thing)
step 8: write the f or frequency (just count it lol, so if the tally is "IIII" then write 4 in the
frequency)
step 9: write the class boundaries (literally subtract the lower limit by 0.5 and add to the upper
limit by 0.5) (for example, class 1 is 14-23, the class boundaries will be 13.5-23.5, and do the
same for the other classes)
step 10: write the class mark (average the upper and lower limit) (for example. class 1 is 14-23,
so what you do is add 14 and 23, 14+23 = 37, then divide by 2. 37/2 = 18.5, so the class mark of
14-23 is 18.5)
