Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality
Hölder Inequality
Cauchy-Schwarz and Hölder Inequalities
Weerawat Pornruangsup
Kamnoetvidya Science Academy
November 13, 2024
Weerawat Pornruangsup Cauchy-Schwarz and Hölder Inequalities 1 / 15
Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality
Hölder Inequality
Contents
1 Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality
2 Hölder Inequality
Weerawat Pornruangsup Cauchy-Schwarz and Hölder Inequalities 2 / 15
Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality
Hölder Inequality
1 Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality
2 Hölder Inequality
Weerawat Pornruangsup Cauchy-Schwarz and Hölder Inequalities 3 / 15
Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality
Hölder Inequality
Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality
For all real numbers a1 , a2 , . . . , an and b1 , b2 , . . . , bn ,
a21 + a22 + . . . + a2n b12 + b22 + . . . + bn2 ≥ ( a1 b1 + a2 b2 + . . . an bn )2
with equality if and only if either
ai = 0 or bi = 0 for all i = 1, 2, . . . , n.
There is a real number t such that tai = bi for all i = 1, 2, . . . , n.
Weerawat Pornruangsup Cauchy-Schwarz and Hölder Inequalities 4 / 15
Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality
Hölder Inequality
Power Mean Inequality
For all non-negative real numbers a1 , a2 , . . . , an and for any real
numbers p and q with p > q,
p p p
! 1p q q q
! 1q
a1 + a2 + . . . + a n a1 + a2 + . . . + a n
≥
n n
with equality if and only if a1 = a2 = . . . = an .
Weerawat Pornruangsup Cauchy-Schwarz and Hölder Inequalities 5 / 15
Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality
Hölder Inequality
Let a, b, and c be real numbers. Prove that
2
a2 + b2 + c2
a+b+c
≤ .
3 3
Weerawat Pornruangsup Cauchy-Schwarz and Hölder Inequalities 6 / 15
Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality
Hölder Inequality
(TMO16 P5)
Let a, b, and c be positive real numbers such that abc = 1. Prove
that
4a − 1 4b − 1 4c − 1
+ + ≥ 1.
(2b + 1)2 (2c + 1)2 (2a + 1)2
Weerawat Pornruangsup Cauchy-Schwarz and Hölder Inequalities 7 / 15
Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality
Hölder Inequality
Titu’s Lemma (Cauchy-Schwarz in Engel Form)
For all real numbers a1 , a2 , . . . , an and positive real numbers
b1 , b2 , . . . , bn ,
a21 a22 a2n ( a1 + a2 + . . . + a n )2
+ +...+ ≥
b1 b2 bn b1 + b2 + . . . + bn
with equality if and only if there exists a real number t such
that ai = tbi for all i = 1, 2, . . . , n.
Weerawat Pornruangsup Cauchy-Schwarz and Hölder Inequalities 8 / 15
Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality
Hölder Inequality
(Nesbitt’s Inequality)
Let a, b, and c be positive real numbers. Prove that
a b c 3
+ + ≥ .
b+c c+a a+b 2
Weerawat Pornruangsup Cauchy-Schwarz and Hölder Inequalities 9 / 15
Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality
Hölder Inequality
(TMO17 P3)
Let a, b, and c be positive real numbers such that a + b + c = 3.
Prove that
a6 b6 c6
+ + ≥ 1.
c2 + 2b3 a2 + 2c3 b2 + 2a3
Weerawat Pornruangsup Cauchy-Schwarz and Hölder Inequalities 10 / 15
Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality
Hölder Inequality
1 Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality
2 Hölder Inequality
Weerawat Pornruangsup Cauchy-Schwarz and Hölder Inequalities 11 / 15
Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality
Hölder Inequality
Hölder’s Inequality
Let p and q be positive real numbers. For all non-negative real
numbers a1 , a2 , . . . , an and b1 , b2 , . . . , bn ,
( a1 + a2 + . . . + an ) p (b1 + b2 + . . . + bn )q
q q q p+q
p+q p q p+q p q p+q p q
≥ a1 b1 + a2 b2 + . . . + a n bn .
Weerawat Pornruangsup Cauchy-Schwarz and Hölder Inequalities 12 / 15
Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality
Hölder Inequality
(IMO 2001)
Let a, b, and c be positive real numbers. Prove that
a b c
√ +√ +√ ≥ 1.
a2 + 8bc b2 + 8ca c2 + 8ab
Weerawat Pornruangsup Cauchy-Schwarz and Hölder Inequalities 13 / 15
Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality
Hölder Inequality
Corollary
Let a11 , . . . , a1n , a21 , . . . , a2n , . . . , ak1 , . . . , akn be non-negative real
numbers. Then,
( a11 + . . . + a1n )( a21 + . . . + a2n ) · · · ( ak1 + . . . + akn )
√ √
≥ ( k a11 a21 · · · ak1 + . . . + k a1n a2n · · · akn )k .
Weerawat Pornruangsup Cauchy-Schwarz and Hölder Inequalities 14 / 15
Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality
Hölder Inequality
Let a, b, and c be positive real numbers. Prove that
( ab + bc + ca)3 ≤ 3 a2 b + b2 c + c2 a ab2 + bc2 + ca2 .
Weerawat Pornruangsup Cauchy-Schwarz and Hölder Inequalities 15 / 15
