09.

BIOTECHNOLOGY : PRINCIPLES
AND PROCESSES
■ Restriction endonculease purified from bacteria can
9.1 Principles of Biotechnology be used in vitro is possible - Genetic engineering
.................. should be chosen for best yield if one ■ Advancement in genetic engineering has been
were to produce a recombinant protein in large possible due to– Endonucleases
amounts– A continuous culture system ■ Cleaving DNA segments with endonuclease and
The most important feature in a plasmid to be used rejoining them with ligase construction of -
as a vector is– Origin of replication (ori) Recombinant DNA
An antibiotic resistance gene in a vector usually ■ Nobel Prize of 1978 for restriction endonuclease
helps in the selection of– Transformed cells technology was given to– Arber, Nathans and Smith
The controlled use of biological agents, such as ■ Vector must be present to make it autonomously
microorganisms, plant or animal cells, for beneficial replicate in host cell– Ori site
use to humans is called– Biotechnology ■ The restriction enzyme Hind II isolated from
Gene cloning, Synthesis of a gene, Correcting a bacterium– Haemophilus influenzae
defective gene, Developing a DNA vaccine the Gave the definition of biotechnology–
techniques can be included under– Biotechnology European federation of biotechnology
The core techniques of modern biotechnology ............. techniques has given the birth of
is/are– biotechnology– Genetic engineering,
Genetic engineering, Bioprocess engineering Maintenance of sterile ambience
The term 'recombinant DNA' refers to– First recombinant DNA was developed– 1972
DNA with a piece of foreign DNA Structure is involved in genetic engineering–
Plasmid used to construct the first recombinant Plasmid
DNA was isolated from ............... bacterium Genetic engineering aims at– Destroying wild gene,
species– Replacing defective gene, Curing human disease
Salmonella typhimurium by introducing new gene
We can cut DNA at specific sites by restriction The procedure through a piece of DNA is introduced
endonucleases is possible– Genetic engineering. in a host bacterium is called–
The term 'chemical knife' refers to– Endonucleases Transformation
EFB stands for– European Federation of
In recombinant DNA technology, the term vector
Biotechnology
refers to– A plasmid used to transfer DNA into a
Extrachromosomal, self-replicating double stranded
living cell circular DNA in bacterial cell is called–
One of the key factors, which makes the plasmid the Plasmid
vector in genetic engineering is– Biotechnology is not related to– Transfer of a
Its ability to carry a foreign gene gene from parent to offspring
■ First recombinant DNA was made using– Sexual reproduction results in– Introduction of
Plasmid for antibiotic many undersirable variation along
resistant gene for Salmonella with desirable variations.
■ Genetic engineering and bioprocess engineering are - Genetic engineering has been made possible due to–
Principles of Biotechnology Availability of restriction endonucleases
■ In EcoRI 'R' stands for– Strain RY13 in purified form
■ DNA fragments are– Negative charged Growth of desired organism in biotechnology results
■ The DNA fragments movement on agarose gel. The in– Genetic engineering,
smaller the fragment size, the farther it move is Use of restriction enzyme,
known as- Gel electrophoresis Maintenance of sterile ambience
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Technique result in introduction of one or more Technique of separation of DNA fragments through
desired gene only into the specific host – the pores of agarose gel under the influence of
Tissue culture electric field is known as – Gel electrophoresis.
Modern biotechnology is based on– Having become an expert on gel electrophoresis,
Genetic engineering you are asked to examine a gel. Where would you
find the smallest segments of DNA– Near the
9.2 Tools of Recombinant DNA positive electrode, farthest away from the wells.
Technology The steps that should be performed by a person in
order to visualise the bands of DNA fragments
A gene whose expression helps to identify obtained from gel electrophoresis Staining with
transformed cell is known as– Selectable marker ethidium bromide followed by –
During the purification process for recombinant Exposure to UV radiations
DNA technology, addition of chilled ethanol Separation of DNA fragments according to their
precipitates out– DNA size is used for– Gel electrophoresis
The Nobel Prize for the development of PCR If we want to recover many copies of the target
technique was awarded by– Kary Mullis DNA, we will choose a vector– Whose origin
The techniques that made it possible to genetically supports high copy number
engineer living organisms– The effect that if pBR322, a cloning vector does not
Recombinant DNA techniques carry 'ori' site– Replication will not take place
The equipments that is essentially required for Cloning vector is– pBR 322
growing microbes on a large scale, for industrial The gene 'rop' present in pBR322 cloning vector,
production of enzymes– Bioreactor codes for–The proteins involved in the replication
DNA strands on a gel stained with ethidium of the plasmid
bromide when viewed under UV radiation, appear A recombinant DNA is inserted within the coding
as– sequence of enzyme β-galactosidase, resulting in
Bright orange bands inactivation of the enzyme– Insertion inactivation
The DNA fragments separated on an agarose gel The bacteria that is used as a vector for plant genetic
can be visualised after staining with– engineering– Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Ethidium bromide The microbes transform normal plant and animal
Formation of phosphodiester bond between two cells to cancerous cells respectively–
DNA fragments construction of recombinant DNA Agrobacterium tumefaciens and retroviruses
molecule is– The role of DNA ligase Increasing the efficiency with which DNA enters
the bacterium through pores in its cell wall refers
The steps that are catalysed by Taq polymerase in a
to– Competent
PCR reaction– Extension of primer end on the
Required for gene gun method of gene transfer is–
template DNA
Microparticles
In agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA molecules are
Inject recombinant DNA into the nucleus of an
separated on the basis of their– Size only animal cell is a method used to– Micro-injection
Rising of dough is due to– In biolistic method of gene transfer, the micro-
Production of CO2 particles coated with foreign DNA are bombarded
The first restriction endonuclease isolated was– into target cells at a very high velocity. These
Hind II micro-particles are made up of– Gold or tungsten
The source of the restriction enzyme EcoR I is– ■ Autoradiography technique is used in-
Escherichia coli RY 13 Photographic film
The sticky ends of a fragmented DNA molecule are ■ ELISA is based on the principle– Antigen-antibody
made of– Unpaired bases interaction
■ Ethidium bromide can be used to visualize the DNA-
If a plasmid vector is digested with EcoR I at a
In agarose gel electrophoresis
single site, then– ■ DNA staining dye used in elctrophoresis is–
Two sticky ends will be produced Ethidium Bromide
In recombinant DNA technology, a plasmid vector ■ Popularised the ____ Avaliability of thermostable
is cleaved by– The same enzyme that cleaves DNA polymerase -
the donor DNA PCR (Polymerase chain Reactions)
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■ The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a powerful pBR322 has two antibiotic resistance genes. These
technique to– Amplify genes are against– Ampicillin and Tetracycline
■ Primers get attached with DNA strands in– Genetic engineering would not have been possible if
Annealing step of PCR one of these were absent– DNA ligase
■ Agarose extracted from sea weeds finds use in– Restriction enzyme cut the palindromic DNA
Gel electrophoresis, DNA fingerprinting sequences– At little away from centre and
■ In gel electrophoresis, the separated bands of DNA between the same bases on opposite strands
are cut out and extracted from the gel piece, step is The 'sticky' ends of a fragmented DNA molecule are
called– Elution made of– Unpaired bases
■ Heat is applied in PCR– Denaturation In pBR322, BamH1 site is located in–
Enzyme joins sticky ends of DNA– Tetracycline resistance gene
DNA ligase Ideally in a process of genetically modifying an
Specific region or sequence of DNA is responsible organism a vector should have– Recognition site
for initiating replication– First restriction endonuclease is– Hind - II
Origin of replication nd
While naming the restricting enzyme, 2 word is–
Vector can clone only a small fragment of DNA– Species name
Plasmid The virus have ability to transform normal cells to
Plasmids are used as vectors in genetic engineering cancerous cell– Retrovirus
because of their– Restriction endonucleases are the most widely used
Ability to carry foreign genes in recombinant DNA technology. They are obtained
Biolistic technique is used in– from– Bacterial cells
Gene transfer process DNA sequence of base pairs that reads same on the
Types of bonding facilitates the action of DNA two strands when orientation of reading is kept the
ligases– Hydrogen bonding same is– Palindrome sequence
Electrophoresis is used to separate molecule– In presence of chromogenic substrate, recombinant
DNA, RNA, Protein bacteria will give–
Most common matrix used in gel - electrophoresis– Colourless colonies
Agarose The substrate for restriction enzyme is–
DNA fragments separate according to size through– Double stranded DNA
Sieving effect Biolistics (gen-gun) is suitable for–
Visualize DNA fragment help to– Transformation of plant cells
For a DNA to function as a cloning vector the most
Ethidium bromide, Exposure to UV radiation
essential requirement is– Ori sequence
................ proteins involved in replication of
For transformation, micro-particles coated with
plasmid– Rop
DNA to be bombarded with gene gun are made up
If the r-plasmid does not have an insert, it will give
of– Gold or Tungsten
colonies of colour is– Blue colour
DNA cannot pass through a cell membrane as–
A restriction endonuclease breaks bond between–
It is hydrophilic molecule
Sugar & phosphate components of
Recombinant DNA bearing ampicillin resistance
a nucleic acid molecule
gene is passed in E.coli. The latter are spread on agar
........... is not cloning vector- Sal I plates containing ampicillin. Then–
r
In pBR 322, tetracycline resistance gene (tet ) has Transformed recipient cells grow
recognition site for endonuclease– BamH I
and untransformed cells die
........... is not a tool of genetic engineering– GMO After incubation of bacterial cells with recombinant
Enzyme will get inactivated in insertional DNA on ice, heat shock is given in, the bacterial
inactivation– β-galactosidase cells are exposed to a temperature of– 420C
Palindromic DNA sequence for EcoRI is– The criterion for DNA fragments movement on
3' - CTTAAG - 5' agarose gel during gel electrophoresis is–
Minimum number of plasmids in a bacteria can be– The smaller the fragment size,
1-2 the farther it moves
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 In r-DNA technology or genetic engineering elution The polymerase chain reaction is a technique used
means– The separated band of for– Amplification of DNA
DNA are cut from the gel and Chemically synthesised oligonucleotides that are
extracted from the gel piece complementary to the regions of DNA are– Primers
9.3 Processes of Recombinant DNA Enzyme 'Taq polymerase' used in PCR, has been
isolated from bacterium– Thermus aquaticus
Technology
The required to perform polymerase chain reaction
The genetically-modified (GM) brinjal in India has
is– Primers, Taq DNA polymerase
been developed for– Insect-resistance
DNA polymerase used in PCR–
The commonly used as a vector for introducing a
It remains active at high temperature
DNA fragment in human lymphocytes is–
Retrovirus Used to transfer the recombinant DNA into the host
In RNAi, genes are silenced using– dsRNA is– Bioreactors
Silencing of a gene could be achieved through the A device in which large volume of living cells are
use of– Both RNAi and antisense RNA cultured in order to get a specific product is called–
A probe which is a molecule used to locate specific Bioreactor
sequences in a mixture to DNA or RNA molecules Stirred tank bioreactor have been designed for–
could be– Either RNA or DNA Availability of oxygen throughout the process
A foreign DNA and plasmid cut by the same After completion of the biosynthetic stage in the
restriction endonuclease can be joined to form a bioreactors, the product undergoes separation and
recombinant plasmid using– Ligase purification processes, collectively termed as–
The feature of the plasmids is not a– Single- Downstream processing
stranded At which stage after fermentation, its desired
The cutting of DNA at specific locations became product is screened and purified– Downstream
possible with the discovery of–Restriction enzymes processing
The organism is used to transfer T-DNA– ■ There is a restriction endonuclease called EcoRI, 'co'
Agrobacterium tumefaciens stands for– Coli
The enzyme used to join the fragments of DNA ■ Restriction endonuclease-Hind II always cuts DNA
during the process of replication is– DNA ligase molecules at a particular point by recognizing
The vector that can clone only a small fragment of specific sequence of– Six base pairs
DNA– Plasmid ■ Restriction enzymes belong to a large class of the
enzyme called– Nucleases
■ Using recombinant technology, genes from a donor
Significance of 'heat shock' method in bacterial
cell can be transplanted into a bacterium for DNA
transformation is to facilitate– Uptake of DNA
replication and protein synthesis. The kinds of cells
through transient pores in the bacterial cell wall
that can be used as a donor in this technology are–
An enzyme catalysing the removal of nucleotides
Any kind of cells
from the ends of DNA is– Exonuclease
■ The first restriction endonuclease– Hind II
The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium
■ _____ enzyme is used to degrade cell wall of plants–
to another through the mediation of a vector like
Cellulase
virus is termed as– Transduction
■ The palindromes are groups of letters that form the
'Restriction' in restriction enzyme refers to– _____ when read in both direction forward and
Cutting of DNA at specific position only backward– Same words
In the isolation of DNA, removal of protein and ■ First step in genetic engineering is– Isolation of
RNA is carried out by enzymes .............. and genetic material
............ respectively– Protease, ribonuclease ■ _______ discovered recombinant DNA (rDNA)
During isolation of genetic material, the chemical technology– Stanley Cohen and Herber Boyer
used to precipitate out the purified DNA is– ■ Utilization of living organisms/systems/processes for
Chilled ethanol producing materials useful to human society is known
Process used for amplification or multiplication of as– Biotechnology
DNA in DNA fingerprinting is– ■ Any protein encoding gene is expressed in a
Polymerase chain reaction heterologus host, it is called– Recombinant protein
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■ A procedure through which a piece of DNA is ■ Stirred-tank bioreactors designed for– Availability of
introduced in a host bacterium– Transformation oxygen throughout the process
■ Additional or removal of gene is - ■ Large scale production of biotechnological products
Genetic engineering involves use of– Bioreactor/fermenter
■ Thermostable enzyme– Taq polymerase ■ Bolivar and rodriguez the scientists who synthesized
■ DNA polymerase (Taq) and deoxynucleotides are the plasmid- Plasmid pBR322
added (works) during the PCR– Before extension ■ In a plasmid vector, any restriction endonuclease site
■ In convention for naming restriction endonuclease, should be preferably– Only one
second two letter com from species of the ____ from ■ The introduction of T- DNA into plant involves
which they were isolated - Prokaryotic cell
infection of the plant by- Agrobacterium
■ To isolated plasmid from a yeast cell, this purpose we
tumefaciens
used ______ enzyme in initial step– Chitinase
■ The colonies of recombinant bacteria appear white in
To isolate DNA, bacterial cell is treated by–
contrast to blue colonies of non- recombinant bacteria
Lysozyme
because of insertion inactivation of _________ in
Process used for amplification or multiplication of
recombinant bacteria. β- galactosidase
DNA in– PCR
■ First artificial cloning vector– pBR322
Stirred - tank bioreactors have advantages over
shake flasks because they– Provide better 9.4 Miscellaneous
aeration & mixing properties 'Restriction' in restriction enzyme refers to–
Isolation of the genetic material in pure form, free Prevention of the multiplication of
from other macromolecules can be achieved by
bacteriophage by the host bacteria
treating the bacterial cells/plant or animal tissues
with enzymes except– Ligase Isolating DNA from bacteria, enzymes is not used–
Chilled ethanol Deoxyribonuclease
Component of a stirring tank bioreactor is meant for Contributed in popularising the PCR (Polymerase
mixing the oxygen with the contents– Chain Reaction)– Availability of 'Thermostable'
Agitator system DNA polymerase
Appropriate techniques have been developed for An antibiotic resistance gene in a vector usually
large scale cell culture using bioreactors for helps in the selection of–
producing– Vaccines, Hormones, Transformed bacterial cells
Foreign gene product Significance of 'heat shock' method in bacterial
Taq polymerase enzyme is a– transformation is to facilitate– Uptake of DNA
DNA polymerase obtained from a bacterium through transient pores in the bacterial cell wall
Most important enzyme in Polymerase Chain The role of DNA ligase in the construction of a
Reaction (PCR) is– DNA polymerase recombinant DNA molecule is– Formation of
■ The properties of a good vector– It should be able phosphodiester bond between
to replicate autonomously two DNA fragments
■ Competent host in recombinant DNA technology is–
During the purification process for recombinant
The cell ready to uptake alien DNA
DNA technology, addition of chilled ethanol
■ Two bacteria found to be very useful in genetic
engineering experiments– Escherichia and precipitates out– DNA
Agrobacterium The sequence that controls the copy number of the
■ In the process of recombinant DNA technology, the linked DNA in the vector, is termed–
isolated foreign DNA is inserted into another DNA Ori site
molecule known as– Closing vector In a mixture, DNA fragments are separated by–
■ A foreign DNA precipitated on the surface of Electrophoresis
tungsten or gold particles and shot into the target cells In recombinant DNA technology antibiotics are
is known as– Biolistic method used– As selectable markers
■ A method of gene transfer in animals–
Spooling is– Collection of isolated DNA
Microinjection
■ In recombinant DNA technology, a plasmid vector The correct order of steps in Polymerase Chain
must be cleaved by– The same enzyme that Reaction (PCR) is–
cleaves the donor genes Denaturation, Annealing, Extension
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 EXAM POINT
What is Biotechnology?
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary branch which is concerned with the Karnataka CET-2006
application of– Information science in analysing the biological data
Product of biotechnology is– JIPMER-2012
Transgenic crops (GM crops), Humulin, Biofertilizer
Genetic engineering involves– Use of restriction endonuclease on AIPMT-1998
bacterial DNA and formation of new traits
In India, the organization responsible for assessing the safety of introducing NEET-2018
genetically modified organisms for public use is–
Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC)

Principles of Biotechnology
Cloning is meant for– To preserve the genotype of organism AMU-2011
Plasmids are ideal vectors for gene cloning as they– are self-replicating CG PMT-2007
Extra nuclear genes occur in– Mitochondria and inherited by female CG PMT-2007
Useful in identifying the different strains of a causal microbe of an infectious AP EAMCET-2003
disease is– Complementary DNA
Extra,Circular double helical DNA molecule is a– Plasmid AP EAMCET-2001
Production of a human protein in bacteria by genetic engineering is possible CG PMT-2006
because– The genetic code is universal
Genetic recombination by transduction in bacteria was discovered first in this– AP EAMCET-2002
Salmonella typhimurium
The vector suitable to clone long fragments of DNA as– Cosmids AP EAMCET-2002
The first live healthy cloned mammal of the world was– Dolly sheep CMC Vellore-2007
A technique which involves deliberate manipulation of genes within or between J&K CET-2007
species– Genetic engineering
Produced by genetically engineered bacteria is– Insulin AFMC-2010
The two microbes found to be very useful in genetic engineering are– CMC Ludhiana-2015 /
Escherichia coli and Agrobacterium tumefaciens JCECE-2013,
AIPMT-2006 / VMMC-2002
Manipulation of DNA in genetic engineering become easy due to the invention Manipal-2006
of– Polymerase chain reaction
Genetic Map is one that– Establishes sites of the genes on a chromosome AIPMT-2003
Eugenics is the branch concerned with– Improving the quality of AIIMS-2009
human populations by the application of genetic principles
Scientists make an animal superior by view of genotype, introducing some AIPMT-1996
foreign genes in its called– Genetic engineering
The organelles that is related with genetic engineering is– Plasmids AIPMT-1994
Ti plasmid is obtained from– Agrobacterium AP EAMCET-24.09.2020
Shift-I
A technique to alter the chemistry of the genetic material DNA and RNA is– AP EAMCET 11.07.2022
Genetic engineering Shift-II
Agarose extracted from sea weeds finds use in– Gel electrophoresis AIPMT (Screening)-2011

Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology

In EcoRI. R and I denote– Enzyme isolated from strain of bacteria AP EAPCET-23.05.2023,
Shift-II
GUJCET-2017
The technique used to detect the antibodies synthesized by host against the AP EAPCET-11.05.2023,
pathogen– ELISA Shift-I

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Restriction endonucleases are – AMU-2015 / AIPMT-2004
Enzymes that recognize a specific DNA sequence
Animal is mostly used in genetics experiments– Fruit fly UP CPMT-2003
GAATTC is the recognition site for restriction endonuclease– Eco RI VMMC-2013
Construction of a recombinant DNA involves– Cleaving DNA segments Karnataka CET-2002
with endonuclease and rejoining them with ligase
Used in the production of insulin by genetic engineering is– Eschereria coli UP CPMT-2012 / DUMET-
2008
The linking of antibiotic resistance gene with the plasmid vector became possible JCECE-2018 / BHU PMT
with– DNA ligase (Screening)-2010
Separation of proteins on the basis of their being polyelectrolytes can be brought CG PMT-2007
about by– Electrophoresis
Restriction enzyme was discovered by– A. Warner , H. Smith and Nathans Haryana PMT-2002
Cultivation of Bt cotton has been much in the news. The prefix Bt means– Haryana PMT-2004
Carrying an endotoxin gene from Bacillus thuringiensis
The first step in the Southern blot technique is– Haryana PMT-2004
Digestion of DNA by restriction enzyme
Various enzymes and hormones can be produced on large scale by employing the Haryana PMT-2004,
recombinant– DNA technique Manipal-2003
Biolistics (gene-gun) is suitable for– Transformation of plant cells JCECE-2018
The plasmid pBR 322 used in biotechnology is– Cloning vehicle Uttarakhand PMT-2010,
AP EAMCET-2002
Antibiotic which inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria– Penicillin CG PMT-2010
The enzyme employed for amplification of DNA during PCR is commercially Manipal-2010
obtained from– Thermus aquaticus
First discovered restriction endonuclease that always cuts DNA molecule at a NEET-2020 Phase-II
particular point by recognising a specific sequence of six base pairs is–
Hind II
The most throughly studied of the known bacteria-plant interactions is the– AIPMT-2004
Gall formation on certain Angiosperms by Agrobacterium
Commonly used vectors for human genome sequencing are– BAC and YAC AIPMT-2014
The vector that can clone only a small fragment of DNA is– Plasmid AIPMT-2014
The two antibiotic resistance genes on vector pBR322 are for– NEET (Odisha)-2019
Ampicillin and Tetracycline
An enzyme catalysing the removal of nucleotides from ends of DNA is– NEET (Odisha)-2019
Exonuclease
Commonly used as a vector for introducing a DNA fragment in human NEET-2018
lymphocytes is– Retrovirus
DNA fragments generated by the restriction endonucleases in a chemical reaction NEET-2013
can be separated by– Electrophoresis
A gene whose expression helps to identify transformed cell is known as– NEET-2017
Selectable marker
In gene cloning that are used as vehicles for carrying foreign DNA fragment is– SRM JEEE -2017
Vector
In E. Coli, during lactose metabolism repressor binds to– Operator gene AIPMT-2002
A tumor inducing plasmid widely used in the production of transgenic plants is AIIMS-2005
that of– Agrobacterium tumefaciens
In ti-plasmid is removed– Virulent gene AIIMS-25.05.2019 Shift-II
Chimeric DNA is– Recombinant-DNA AIIMS-25.05.2019 Shift-II
EcoRI is– A restriction enzyme Karnataka CET-2014
The enzymes that absolutely necessary for recombinant DNA technology are– Karnataka CET-2012
Restriction endonucleases and Ligases
415
The vector for T–DNA is– Agrobacterium tumefaciens JIPMER-2014
Restriction endonucleases are most widely used in recombinant DNA Karnataka CET-2006
technology. They are obtained from– Bacterial cells
In cloning vectors, antibiotic resistant genes are helpful for– Karnataka CET-2019
Selection of recombinants
A giant rat is formed in the laboratory, the reason is– Gene manipulation AIPMT-2000
For transformation, micro-particles coated with DNA to be bombarded with gene AIPMT (Screening)-2012
gun are made up of– Gold or Tungsten
The techniques made it possible to genetically engineer living organisms– AIPMT (Mains)-2011
Recombinant DNA techniques
During the process of isolation of DNA, chilled ethanol is added to– NEET (Karnataka)-2013
Precipitate DNA
Genes of interest can be selected from a genomic library by using– NEET (Karnataka)-2013
DNA probes
There is a restriction endonuclease called EcoRl. "co" part in it stand for– AIPMT (Screening)-2011
Coli

Method of Recombinant DNA Technology

PCR is used for– DNA amplification Karnataka CET-20.05.2023
McClintock is related to– Transposons HP CET-2011
An antibiotic resistance gene in a vector usually helps in the selection of– Karnataka CET-2022
Transformed cells
Annealing’ is a phenomenon related to– Renaturation of DNA CG PMT-2010
In biotechnology now-a-day a much use technology in biolistic. Identify the CMC Ludhiana-2015
method where this technique is used during genetic engineering experiments–
Gene transfer process
Spooling is– Collection of isolated DNA NEET-2020 Phase-II
DNA- dependent RNA polymerase catalyses transcription on one strand of the NEET-2016 Phase-II
DNA is called the– Template strand
Stirred-tank bioreactors have been designed for– NEET-2016 Phase-II
Availability of oxygen throughout the process
During the purification process for recombinant DNA technology, addition of NEET-2021
chilled ethanol precipitates out– DNA
The DNA fragments separated on an agarose gel can be visualised after staining NEET-2017
with– Ethidium bromide
The antibiotic inhibits interaction between tRNA and mRNA during bacterial AIPMT-2006
protein synthesis– Neomycin
Recombinant DNA technology involves several steps in which initial step is of AIIMS-2010
isolation of the DNA. Which enzymes are used in the process for the breakdown
of fungal cell, plant cell and bacterial cell respectively–
Chitinase, cellulase, lysozyme
Electroporation procedure involves– Making transient pores AIIMS-2005
in the cell membrane to introduce gene constructs
Now-a-days, the early diagnosis of bacterial or viral infection in humans is Karnataka CET-2020
possible using– PCR
Biolistics method is suitable for gene transfer into– Plants cells Karnataka CET-2020
dsRNA is used to develop pest resistant tobacco plant by a technique called– Karnataka CET-2018
RNA interference (RNAi)
The equipment that introduces DNA into cells is– Gene gun SRM JEEE-2019
Polyethylene glycol method is used for– Gene transfer without a vector AIPMT-2009

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