CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Background

During the 18th century, the electro-optical distance meter’s

development has evolved through the techniques of determining the
velocity of light. Fizeau, who determined the velocity of light in 1840s,
and a lot more inventions; E. Bergstrand was then inspired to design the
first
“Geodimeter” in 1940s. This works has developed and evolved
throughout the history by aspiring Scientists. Moreover, recent scientists
first patent application for an electromagnetic distance meter, this was
made by Löwy in 1923.The use of this ultrasonic distance measuring
device is useful in measuring the distance between two objects. Instead
of using devices such as a measuring tape, an ultrasonic device can
determine the length between two points of up to 4 meters. The
researchers have decided to conduct this study to create a prototype of
an ultrasonic distance measuring device and study and understand the
basic concepts of using ultrasonic as a method of measuring distance.
The concepts on how coding works when using Arduino UNO, ultrasonic
distance measurement, Sonar, etc., This project will be useful in
measuring two points; this device uses the concept of a sonar to
determine the distance of an object.

Distance measurement is a crucial aspect of science and

technology, enabling us to determine the distance between two points or
objects. It plays a vital role in various fields such as astronomy, geodesy,
navigation, surveying, and many more.

1
The concept of distance measurement has been around for centuries,
with early civilizations using primitive methods such as pacing, ropes,
and sticks. However, with the advancements in technology, we now have
access to sophisticated instruments that can measure distances with
high precision and accuracy.

Today's the developing world shows various adventures in every field. In

each field the small requirements are very essential to develop big
calculations. By using different sources we can modify it as our
requirements and implement in various field. In earlier days the
measurements are generally occur through measuring devices. But
now a day's digitalization as is on height. Therefore we use a proper
display unit for measurement of distance. We can use sources such as
sound waves which are known as ultrasonic waves using ultrasonic
sensors and convert this sound wave for the measurement of various
units such as distance, speed. This technique of distance measurement
using ultrasonic in air includes continuous pulse echo method, a burst of
pulse is sent for transmission medium and is reflected by an object kept
at specific distance. The time taken for the sound wave to propogate
from transmitter to receiver is proportional to the distance of the object.

1.2 Global Scenario:

Distance measurement using Arduino and ultrasonic sensors are

vast and diverse. They can be used in autonomous vehicles for obstacle
detection and collision avoidance, in industrial settings for object
detection and positioning, in healthcare for monitoring patient distances,
and in home automation for smart lighting and security systems.

2
Moreover, this technology can also be used in agriculture for crop
monitoring, in sports for measuring ball speed and trajectory, and in
education for teaching basic principles of physics and electronic

The development of smart cars requires new sensors that areable to

measure distances in the range of a few centimeters to a few meters.
Parking aids, as well as intelligent suspensions and headlight leveling,
are some examples of features that require a distance measurement to
be performed with contactless sensors. Several different physical
principles can be employed to measure the distance but price limits
greatly restrict the actual choices.

1.3 Problem Statement:

This study aims to create a simple, effective and efficient ultrasonic

distance measuring device

To be specific, these are the questions that the researchers seek to

answer:

1. Is it possible to create an effective and efficient ultrasonic distance

measuring device with a relatively low budget?

2. How much distance can the ultrasonic distance measuring device

achieve?

a. Is it comparable to any of the measuring devices that are widely

available and used?

b. Does it do a better job of taking measurements than the ones that

already exist?

3. Can the device take measurements with minimal to no errors?

4. Is it not too complicated to adapt the device?

3
1.4 Motivation of the project:
 Our main moto is to reduce the blindspot accidents.

 Blind spots exist in a wide range of vehicles: aircraft, cars, buses,

trucks, agricultural equipments, heavy equipments, boats, ships,
trams, and trains.
 Blind spots may occur in the front of the driver when the A-pillar (also
called the windshield pillar), side-view mirror, or interior rear-view
mirror block a driver's view of the road.
 Behind the driver, cargo, headrests, and additional pillars may reduce
visibility.
 Proper adjustment of mirrors and the use of other technical solutions
can eliminate or alleviate vehicle blind spots.
 A no zone is one of several areas around a large truck, where the
truck driver cannot see. Collisions frequently occur in no zones.
 A blind zone is one of several areas around heavier rolling stocks
 So, we decided to implement a project called distance measurement
using ultrasonic sensor in vehicle application.
 Starting from the base, we have chosen a vehicle parking areas to
implement this project.
 In Future, we can find a efficient solution to implement the project in
various scenario like roads.

4
 CHAPTER 2

2.1 Literature Survey:

The researchers wanted to create an ultrasonic distance measuring
device because of the advantages it can have over the ones that are
widely available today. As described by Zakari and Aliyu (2014), “The
advent of EDM equipment has completely revolutionaries all surveying
procedures and resulted in a change of emphasis and techniques, by
reason of the fact that distance can now be measured quickly and
accurately”. The researchers have examined that if a reliable ultrasonic
measuring device would be introduced in the market, a lot of fields
involving the importance of distance measurement would benefit from
it.According to Sharma and Abrol (2014), when measuring distance,
there are two methods: contact and non-contact. The researchers will be
using a non-contact method because the ultrasonic sensor to be used
does not have to be in physical contact with the object to be measured.
In order to do so, the sensor uses the propagation of ultrasonic sound
waves.The ultrasonic sensor that will be used by the researchers is the
HC-SRO4. The sensor has a transmitter that vibrates short, high-
frequency sound pulses that reach a surface then bounces back to the
receiver. This method of electronically measuring distance is known as
the Pulse Method. According to Rüeger (2012), the way which the Pulse
Method works is that, “A short, intensive signal is transmitted by an
instrument. It travels to a target point and back and thus covers twice the
distance. Measuring the so-called flight time between transmission and
reception of the same pulse, the distance may be calculated.To expound
on how the ultrasonic sensor works, the study of Mehta and Tiwari
(2018) describes the major part of the sensor, the transducer. An
ultrasonic sensor usually has the transducer to convert sound energy

5
into electrical energy and vice-versa. These sound waves are in the
frequency range of 20000hz which is beyond the hearing range of
humans therefore only the sensor can detect them. First, they identified
that signal processing is easier because the speed of sound is slower
than the speed of light in the presence of air. Second, the relatively short
ultrasonic wavelengths allow for a “more highly accurate distance
measurement , therefore measuring the distance from such objects does
not affect the measurements. Finally, ultrasonic is not affected by the
effects of light and airborne dusts, allowing it to perform measurements
of distance in outdoor environments. To elaborate, another paper on the
use of ultrasonic sensor with the inclusion of Arduino by Soni et al.
(2017) explains the theory of sound waves.
According to the authors, “Sound waves are defined as longitudinal
pressure waves in the medium in which they are travelling. Subjects
whose dimensions are larger than the wavelength of the impinging
sound waves reflects them, the reflected waves are called the echo. If
the speed of sound in the medium is known and the time taken for the
sound waves to travel the distance from the source to the subject and
back to the source is measured, the distance from the source to the
subject can be computed accurately”.A similar study on the use of
ultrasonic sensor for distance measurement was also done by Ratan
and Luthra (2015). They also applied the use of an ultrasonic sensor for
distance measuring due to its versatility and applicability in so many
fields. Their objective was to create a low cost simple device with
acceptable accuracy. Although they have met the objective of the
project, the limitations they found on their project was the need to orient
the device perpendicularly to the “plane of propagation of the ultrasonic
waves .Another similar study of an ultrasonic sensor for distance
measurement was also done by Abdullah (2015). They used an
6
ultrasonic sensor (particularly the HC-SRO4) for their study, it is because
they found out that this material is to be the “most reliable and
inexpensive method for distance measurement”. But in their case, a
temperature compensator was added to their system to compensate for
the errors that may possibly occur due to the ambient temperature. The
is because the speed of ultrasonic wave is affected by the “type of
medium and the temperature”.The researchers may consider the
addition of a temperature compensator if temperature has a substantial
effect on the device’s capabilities and if it restricts its effectivity in the
places where it is expected to be used.Carullo, A., & Parvis, M. (2001).
An ultrasonic sensor for distance measurement in automotive
applications. IEEE Sensors journal, 1(2), 143. As ultrasonic sensors
have a wide application in the field, in a paper published by Carullo and
Parvis (2001), they mounted an ultrasonic sensor to measure the
distance between the ground and the bottom of the car. Their purpose
was to get the height of the car from its bottom surface to the ground
with goal of satisfying the requirements in the automotive field. Their
experiment was a success and it exemplifies the versatility of an
ultrasonic sensor in various fields.With regards to distance
measurement, another electromagnetic device patented by Woo and
Lien (1979) works similarly to that of the researchers’ device. Although
the major difference is that they are using an optical sensor for distance
measurement and not an ultrasonic sensor. But their device also has a
display capable of showing the resulting measurements. The display can
show the measurements according to the preference of the user: in
centimeters, inches, or meters. The researchers would like to include
something similar by providing two units of measurements in the display.
A combination of centimeters and inches which are both the most widely
used units in measuring distance worldwide.
7
 CHAPTER 3

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1 EXISTING METHODOLOGY

Ultrasonic sensors are commonly used as affordable methods to
measure distance in industry. However, the accuracy of their
measurements is often low, especially when inexpensive sensors and
reasonably low-priced equipment are used. In this article, a low-cost
ultrasonic-sensor module which is used for threshold-detection
techniques is examined. Several numerical techniques, such as the least
square method (LSM), piecewise LSM, and the Vandermonde method
were applied to the sensor data to increase the accuracy of the distance
measurement. Eventually, the smart filter signal detection algorithm was
applied to the sensor data and the results were compared. The
smartfilter-signal-detection algorithm provides 0.4-millimeter accuracy. In
order to achieve this accuracy, the environment temperature is taken into
account.

3.2 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

The distance measurement system will consist of the HC-SR04

ultrasonic sensor, Arduino board, and various output devices. The
ultrasonic sensor will be mounted on the front of the vehicle, facing
forward to detect any obstacles in its path. When an obstacle is
detected, the sensor will send a signal to the Arduino board, which will
then process the data and provide feedback to the driver through the
output devices. The feedback may include visual cues such as LED
lights or auditory cues such as warning sounds.

8
 To implement this project, we will need an Arduino board,
ultrasonic sensors, jumper wires, and a power source. The
ultrasonic sensors will be mounted on the front and back bumpers
of the vehicle, and connected to the Arduino board through jumper
wires. Once the hardware is set up, we will write a program code
that controls the sensors and processes the distarice the
measurements. The program will use algorithms to calculate the
distance between the vehicle and nearby objects, and display the
results on a screen or through audio feedback.The use of
ultrasonic sensors and Arduino boards in vehicle applications has
a wide range of potential applications beyond just parking and
collision avoidance.

 For example, it could be used in autonomous vehicles to provide

real-time feedback on the surrounding environment and adjust the
vehicle's direction accordingly.

 It could also be used in logistics and transportation applications to

monitor the distance between vehicles in a convoy or track the
position of goods being transported.

 With the increasing demand for smart transportation solutions, the

use of ultrasonic sensors and Arduino boards is likely to become
more widespread in the coming years.

9
3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM :

. Fig:3.3.1

The ultrasonic sensors will be mounted on the front and back bumpers
of the vehicle, and connected to the Arduino board through jumper
wires..

Arduino will receive the data from the ultrasonic sensor and process it to
calculate the distance between the vehicle and the obstacle. In addition
to processing the data, the Arduino board will also be responsible for
providing feedback to the driver through various output devices such as
speakers or LED lights. In this project we have used buzzer to alert the
driver.

10
 CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE AND SIMULATION

4.1 COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

• Jumper wires
• Arduino UNO R3
• Ultrasonic sensor (HC-SR04)
• 16×2 LCD I2C Display
• 10K Potentiometer
• Servo motor
• Resistor (220 ohms)  Breadboard
4.1.1 JUMPER WIRE:

A jump wire (also known as jumper, jumper wire, DuPont wire) is

an electrical wire, or group of them in a cable, with a connector or pin at
each end (or sometimes without them – simply "tinned"), which is
normally used to interconnect the components of a breadboard or other
prototype or test circuit, internally or with other equipment or components,
without soldering.

Fig: 4.1.1

4.1.2 ARDUINO UNO R3 BOARD:

11
 Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the
ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6
can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic
resonator (CSTCE16M0V53-R0), a USB connection, a power jack, an
ICSP header and a reset button.
The Arduino UNO is the best board to get started with electronics and
coding. If this is your first experience tinkering with the platform, the
UNO is the most robust board you can start playing with. The UNO is the
most used and documented board of the whole Arduino family.

Fig:4.1.2

12
4.1.2.1 PIN DETAILS – ARDUINO UNO

4.1.2.2 TECHNICAL DETAILS – ARDUINO UNO

4.1.3 ULTRASONIC SENSORS

Ultrasonic sensors are great tools to measure distance and detect

objects without any actual contact with the physical world. It is used in

13
several applications, like in measuring liquid level, checking proximity
and even more popularly in automobiles to assist in self-parking or
anticollision systems.

Fig:4.1.3

In this project, we have used the HC-SR04 UltrasonicSensor with

Arduino to determine the distance of an obstacle from the sensor. The
basic principle of ultrasonic distance measurement is based on ECHO.
When sound waves are transmitted in the environment then waves
return back to the origin as ECHO after striking on the obstacle. So we
only need to calculate the traveling time of both sounds means outgoing
time and returning time to origin after striking on the obstacle.

The speed of the sound is known to us, after some calculation we can
calculate the distance. We are going to use this same technique for this
Arduino distance measurement project.

4.1.3.1.Ultrasonic Sensor Module:

There are many types of Arduino distance sensors, but in this project we
have used the HC-SR04 to measure distance in range of 2cm-400cm
with an accuracy of 3mm. The sensor module consists of an ultrasonic

14
transmitter, receiver and control circuit. The working principle of
ultrasonic sensor is as follows:

 High level signal is sent for 10us using Trigger.

 The module sends eight 40 KHz signals automatically, and then
detects whether pulse is received or not.
 If the signal is received, then it is through high level. The time of
high duration is the time gap between sending and receiving the
signal.

Distance= (Time x Speed of Sound in Air (340 m/s))/2

4.1.3.2 Timing Diagram:

The module works on the natural phenomenon of ECHO of sound.

A pulse is sent for about 10us to trigger the module. After which
the module automatically sends 8 cycles of 40 KHz ultrasound
signal and checks its echo. The signal after striking with an
obstacle returns back and is captured by the receiver. Thus the
distance of the obstacle from the sensor is simply calculated by the
formula given a
Distance= (time x speed)/2.

Here we have divided the product of speed and time by 2 because

the time is the total time it took to reach the obstacle and return
back.
Thus the time to reach obstacle is just half the total time taken.

15
 Fig:4.1.3.2

4.1.4 16X2 LCD DISPLAY

This is a 16x2 LCD display screen with I2C interface. It is able to
display 16x2 characters on 2 lines, white characters on blue
background. These displays are mainly preferred for multi-segment light-
emitting diodes and seven segments. The main benefits of using this
module are inexpensive; simply programmable, animations, and there
are no limitations for displaying custom characters, special and even
animations, etc.

16
 Fig:4.1.4

Usually, Arduino LCD display projects will run out of pin resources easily,
especially with Arduino Uno. And it is also very complicated with the wire
soldering and connection. This I2C 16x2 Arduino LCD Screen is using an
I2C communication interface. It means it only needs 4 pins for the LCD
display: VCC, GND, SDA, SCL. It will save at least 4 digital/analog pins
on Arduino. All connectors are standard XH2.54 (Breadboard type). You
can connect with the jumper wire directly.

17
4.1.5 10K POTENTIOMETER
The 10K Potentiometer is used for adjusting various parameters
like voltage, current, etc in an electronic circuit. The POT
Potentiometer is a passive electronic component that has two end
terminals with a resistive element and the sliding contact called the wiper
acts as the third terminal.It is mostly used in application where a single
turn can provide enough control resolution.

Fig:4.1.5

18
 Table:4.1.5

4.1.6 Servo motor

Servo motors are electronic devices and rotary or linear actuators that
rotate and push parts of a machine with precision. Servos are mainly
used on angular or linear position and for specific velocity, and
acceleration.

Fig:4.1.6

In this project, an ultrasonic sensor is tied to a servo motor. The servo motor
rotates continuously between 0 and 180 degrees, performing the function of
a radar.
When an object comes in the range of the sensor, the sensor tracks it and
raises an alarm. The corresponding distance of the object from the sensor
gets displayed on the LCD screen.
4.1.7 220 Ohm resistor
The 220 Ohm resistor can be identified via resistor color codes of Red-
Red-Brown-Gold or Red-Red-Black-Black-Gold

19
 Fig:4.1.7

In this project we used resistors to limit the amount of current going to

certain components in the circuit, such as LEDs and integrated circuits.

4.1.8 Breadboard

A breadboard is a solderless construction base used for developing an

electronic circuit and wiring for projects with microcontroller boards like
Arduino. As common as it seems, it may be daunting when first getting
started with using one.

Fig:4.1.8
4.2 HARDWARE CONNECTIONS:
The circuit diagram for arduino and ultrasonic sensor is shown
above to measure the distance. In circuit connections Ultrasonic sensor
module’s “trigger” and “echo” pins are directly connected to pin 18(A4)
and 19(A5) of arduino. A 16x2 LCD is connected with arduino in 4-bit

20
mode. Control pin RS, RW and En are directly connected to arduino pin
2, GND and 3. And data pin D4-D7 is connected to 4, 5, 6 and 7 of
arduino.

First of all we need to trigger the ultrasonic sensor module to

transmit signal by using arduino and then wait for receive ECHO.This
technique of distance measurement using ultrasonic in air includes
continuous pulse echo method, a burst of pulse is sent for transmission
medium and is reflected by an object kept at specific distance.

The time taken for the sound wave to propogate from transmitter to
receiver is proportional to the distance of the object. In this distance
measurement system we had ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 interfaced with
Arduino UnoR3. Programming and hardware part of ultrasonic sensor
interfacing with Arduino UnoR3.servo motors are used to control the
position of objects, rotate objects, move legs, arms or hands of robots,
move sensors etc. with high precision. Servo motors are small in size,
and because they have built-in circuitry to control their movement, they
can be connected directly to an Arduino.

Arduino reads the time between triggering and Received ECHO. We

know that speed of sound is around 340m/s. so we can calculate
distance by using given formula:
Distance= (travel time/2) * speed of sound

Where speed of sound around 340m per second. A 16x2 LCD displaying
distance

4.3 Simulation Model :-

21
 Fig: 4.3a

Fig:4.3 b

4.4 ARDUINO PROGRAM:

#include <LiquidCrystal.h> //LCD library

22
#include<Servo.h> //Servo library

#define echo 2
#define trig 3
#define Buzzer 7

const int scan_Distance = 100;//distance upto which the sensor should

scan float duration; // time taken by the pulse to return back float
distance; // oneway distance travelled by the pulse
Servo myservo ;

LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);//lcd(RS,EN,D4,D5,D6,D7)

void setup() {
myservo.attach(6); // Servo is connected to Digital pin 6

pinMode(trig, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echo, INPUT);
pinMode(Buzzer,OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(16, 2);

void loop() { for (int i = 0; i <=

180; i++) { myservo.write(i);
time_Measurement(); distance =
duration * (0.0343) / 2; if

23
(distance <= scan_Distance)
{ intruder_detected();
} else { lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Scanning...... ");
}
delay(100);
} for (int i = 180; i >= 0; i--)
{ myservo.write(i);
time_Measurement(); distance =
(float)duration * (0.0343) / 2; if
(distance <= scan_Distance)
{ intruder_detected();
} else { lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Scanning...... ");
}
delay(100);
}
}

void time_Measurement()
{
digitalWrite(trig, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);

digitalWrite(trig, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trig, LOW);

24
 duration = pulseIn(echo, HIGH);
}

void intruder_detected()
{ lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" Intruder at ");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(" ");
lcd.print(distance);
lcd.print(" cm");
digitalWrite(Buzzer, HIGH);
delay(3000);
digitalWrite(Buzzer, LOW);}

4.5 Simulation Output using Tinkercad software:

25
 Fig: 4.5 a

Fig: 4.5 b
4.6 AURDINO IDE PROGRAM EXECUTION:

26
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
Distance measurement using ultrasonic sensors and Arduino is a popular
research area with various applications. The results of this review indicate that
ultrasonic sensors and Arduino are widely used in the development of electronic
projects related to distance measurement. Further research is needed to
explore the potential of these technologies in various other applications
Distance =speed*time
The human audible range can be converted measure the distance precisely manner

FUTURE SCOPE

The range can be improved by:

1.Using temperature adjustable devices, it can be used over wide
temperature range.
2. Using High Range Ultrasonic sensors to extend the range of distance
measurement.

References
[1] .Arefin Shamsul MD., & Mollick Tajrian (2013). Design of an
Ultrasonic Distance Meter. International Journal of Scientific &
27
Engineering Research Volume 4, Issue 3
[2].M. Rüeger, J. (1980). Recent developments in electronic distance
measurement. Australia Surveyor30.10.1080/00050326.1980.10442489.
[3]. Czajkowski, S. B. (1984). U.S. Patent No. 4,464,738. Washington, DC:
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
[4].Hils, T. (2010). U.S. Patent No. 7,643,927. Washington, DC: U.S.
Patent and Trademark Office. Win, L. A., & Lam, W. C. W. (1988). U.S.
Patent No. 4,730,190. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark
Office.

28