Operations on Decimal

Numbers
The photo shows a popular attraction for visitors to Prince
Edward Island. Have you ever travelled on vacation to another
Canadian province or territory? Where did you go? How did you
spend your money?
When you travel, it is important to plan ahead to make sure you
do not run out of money. It is also important to keep track of your
money as you spend it. Estimation and mental math are very
valuable skills for travellers.
This chapter will help you become better with money calculations
and working with other numbers that involve decimals. It pays to
know your math!

What You Will Learn Key Words

φ to perform and estimate the results
of decimal number operations estimate
φ to add, subtract, multiply, and divide
overestimate
decimal numbers underestimate
φ to use a calculator to multiply and
order of operations
divide decimal numbers

MATH LINK
At the end of this chapter, you will plan a week-long dream
vacation. Where would you like to go? Why do you want to
go there?

42 MHR • Chapter 2
;DA967A:H /
-ÌÕ`ÞÊ/œœ

Make the following Foldable to organize

what you learn in Chapter 2.

Step 1 Staple seven sheets of notebook

paper together along the top edge.
Step 2 Make a line 9 cm
up from the
bottom of the
top page. Cut
across the entire
page at this mark.
Step 3 Make a line 7.5 cm up from the
bottom of the second page. Cut
across the entire page at this mark.

Step 4 Cut across a line 6 cm up from

the bottom of the third page.

Step 5 Cut across a line 4.5 cm up from

the bottom of the fourth page.

Step 6 Cut across a line 3 cm up from

the bottom of the fifth page.

Step 7 Cut across a line 1.5 cm up from

the bottom of the sixth page.

Step 8 Label the

Chapter 2:
tabs formed Operations on
Decimal Numbers
as shown.

Key Words
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
What I Need to Work On

Literacy Link
As you work through Chapter 2, take
notes under the appropriate tab.
Include information about the key
words, examples, and key ideas.

Chapter 2 • MHR 43
 Add and Subtract Decimal
Numbers
Focus on…
After this lesson,
you will be able to…
φ use estimation
to check if
solutions are
reasonable
φ use front-end
estimation to
place the decimal
point in a sum or
difference
φ solve problems
using addition
and subtraction
of two or more
decimal numbers

The Trans-Canada Highway from

Winnipeg to Prince Rupert is also known The Yellowhead Highway is
as the Yellowhead Highway. How could named after the Métis guide,
you estimate or calculate distances Pierre Bostonais. Pierre was a
between locations along the route? well-known trapper and guide
in the Yellowhead Pass region
of British Columbia. He was
nicknamed “Tête Jaune” by
French voyageurs because of
How can you make reasonable his blond-streaked hair. Tête
Jaune means “yellow head.”
estimates?
Ashley and her brother Marshall live in Winnipeg. They are travelling
with their family along the Yellowhead Highway to Jasper. Their car
odometer shows the following readings, in kilometres.
An odometer is a
device for measuring Winnipeg to Minnedosa Yorkton to Saskatoon to Lloydminster Edmonton
the distance Minnedosa to Yorkton Saskatoon Lloydminster to Edmonton to Jasper
travelled in a vehicle.
209.5 257.9 341.7 274.3 247.8 360.4

44 MHR • Chapter 2
Ashley and Marshall each use the odometer readings to estimate estimate
the distance from Winnipeg to Jasper. • to approximate an
answer

Estimate of Distance
Odometer
Winnipeg to Jasper (km)
Distance
(km) Ashley Marshall
209.5 200 200
257.9 300 200
341.7 300 300
274.3 300 200
247.8 200 200
360.4 400 300
Total 1700 1400

1. How do you think Marshall estimated his answer? Explain.

2. It is helpful to know if an estimate is an overestimate or an overestimate

underestimate of the actual answer. Is Marshall’s estimate more or • estimate that is larger
less than the actual distance from Winnipeg to Jasper? Show how than the actual answer
you know, without calculating the total of the distances.
underestimate

3. How did Ashley get her estimate? • estimate that is smaller

than the actual answer

Reflect on Your Findings

4. a) Whose estimation method do you prefer? Explain why.
b) What are three examples of applications that involve estimates?
Is an overestimate or an underestimate better in each case?
c) If you are budgeting for a vacation, would you want to
underestimate or overestimate the costs? Why?

2.1 Add and Subtract Decimal Numbers • MHR 45

 Example 1: Use Estimation to Place the Decimal Point
Place the decimal point in the correct position in the answer to
make a true statement.
a) 87.85 + 14.60 + 73.52 = 175970
b) $485.20 + $38.73 + $20 + $785.10 = $132903
c) 4189.675 - 1501.941 = 2687734

Solution
a) Method 1: Use Front-End Estimation
The leading digits 8, 1, and 7 all represent tens.
Think: 80 + 10 + 70 = 160
The answer closest to 160 is 175.970, or 175.97.
Method 2: Use Relative Size
The leading digits are all in the tens position, so estimate each
number to the nearest ten.
87.85 is between 80 and 90, and closer to 90.
14.60 is between 10 and 20, and closer to 10.
73.52 is between 70 and 80, and closer to 70.
Think: 90 + 10 + 70 = 170
The answer closest to 170 is 175.970, or 175.97.

Literacy Link b) The leading digits do not all have the same $485.20
$20 = $20.00
Adding zeros
place values. Arrange the numbers vertically $38.73
• Adding zeros after and align the decimal points. $20.00
the decimal point In this case, the 4 and 7 represent hundreds. + $785.10
does not change Think: 400 + 700 = 1100.
the value.
The answer closest to 1100 is 1329.03, or $1329.03.
27.83 = 27.830
• When there are no
digits for place c) Method 1: Use Front-End Estimation
values before a The leading digits 4 and 1 represent thousands.
number or after a Think: 4000 - 1000 = 3000
decimal, you can
The answer closest to 3000 is 2687.734.
add a zero as a
placeholder. Method 2: Use Relative Size
38.73 → 038.73
4189.675 is between 4000 and 5000, and closer to 4000.
This shows there
are 0 hundreds in
1501.941 is between 1000 and 2000, and closer to 2000.
38.73. Think: 4000 - 2000 = 2000
The answer closest to 2000 is 2687.734.

Without calculating the answer, place the decimal point in the correct
position. Show your thinking.
a) 423.6 - 107.2 = 31640 b) 7.85 + 2.06 + 4.123 = 14033

46 MHR • Chapter 2
Example 2: Add and Subtract Decimal Numbers
a) Add 1.23 and 1.7.
b) Subtract 0.23 from 0.7.

Solution
a) Method 1: Use Hundreds Grids

23 .
1.23 means 1 and ____
100

7
1.7 means 1 and ___
10
70 .
or 1 and ____
100

Add the grids.

1 + 1 + 0.7 + 0.23
= 2 + 0.93
= 2.93
So, 1.23 + 1.7 = 2.93.
Method 2: Use Paper and Pencil
When you add decimal numbers, align 1.23
the decimal points so that digits with + 1.70
1.7 is the same as 1.70
the same place value line up. 2.93

b) 0.7 - 0.23 = 0.70 - 0.23

To subtract 3 from 0, you need to regroup or change 1 tenth into
10 hundredths.

Method 1: Use a Place Value Chart Method 2: Use Paper and Pencil
Ones Tenths Hundredths 61

0 • 6 10 1 tenth (0.1) 0.70

has the same – 0.23
0 • 2 3 value as
0.47
10 hundredths
0 • 4 7 (0.10)
0.7 - 0.23 = 0.47 0.7 - 0.23 = 0.47

Calculate each answer.

a) 8.04 + 1.839 b) 1.65 - 1.37

2.1 Add and Subtract Decimal Numbers • MHR 47

 • There are different ways to estimate the answer to any addition or
subtraction question, including front-end estimation and relative size.

Estimate 125 + 476.

Front-End Estimation: Relative Size Estimation:
100 + 400 = 500 125 is between 100 and 200 but closer to 100.
476 is between 400 and 500 but closer to 500.
100 + 500 = 600
• When you add or subtract decimal numbers, 1 1 1

align the decimal points, then add or 41.65 1

1
7
1
subtract digits with the same place value. 9.4 24.869
+ 0.365 - 9.570
51.415 15.299

1. You have $50 to spend on a class party. As you place items in the
grocery cart, should you overestimate or underestimate the cost of
each item? Explain your thinking.

2. Is the answer to the following subtraction correct? Use hundreds

grids or a place value chart to help explain your reasoning.
1.6 - 0.46 = 1.26

3. How is relative size estimation similar to methods you have learned

in the past for rounding numbers when estimating? How is it
different? Discuss which method you prefer and situations where
one method or the other might work better.

5. Show where the decimal point

belongs in each answer without
For help with #4 to #7, refer to Example 1 on calculating. Explain your
page 46. thinking.
a) 0.458 + 0.319 + 0.2 = 9770
4. Place a decimal point in each
sum without calculating. b) $9.14 + $6.99 + $0.49 = $1662
Show your thinking. c) 296 cm + 38.7 cm + 429 cm = 76370 cm
a) 62.57 + 28.41 = 9098 d) 324.4 + 57.5 + 126.8 = 5097
b) 75.83 + 37.9 + 28 = 14173
c) 631.5 + 902.4 + 217.83 = 175173

48 MHR • Chapter 2
 6. Place a decimal point in each
answer without calculating.
Show your thinking. 11. Twila is looking at two bicycles.
a) 68.4 + 26.8 = 952
b) $335.61 - $240 = $9561 $248.90

c) 4.831 + 2.765 = 7596

7. Position the decimal point in

the answer without calculating.
Show your thinking.
a) 28.3 - 5.19 = 2311 $399.99

b) $3402.50 + $4102.05 = $750455

c) 627 m - 580.9 m = 461 m

For help with #8 and #9, refer to Example 2 on

page 47. a) Estimate how much more the blue
mountain bike costs before tax.
8. Calculate. b) Is your estimate higher or lower than
a) 46.1 + 13.27 the actual difference in price? How do
b) 105.86 + 47.3 + 10.5 you know?
c) 87.49 - 5.13 c) How much more does the blue
d) 7.8 - 0.64 mountain bike cost before tax?

9. Calculate. 12. At a winter camp, Mary melted three

pieces of lake ice for water. The pieces had
a) 27.689 - 15.471
masses of 5.76 kg, 4.86 kg, and 9.7 kg.
b) 0.317 + 1.4 + 0.38 How much ice did she melt?
c) $113.99 + $25.80 + $100 + $23
13. A steel bar is cut into five pieces with
10. Replace eachwith a number to lengths 37.62 cm, 49.23 cm, 21.5 cm,
make each of the following statements 76.43 cm, and 45.1 cm. If you ignore the
true. small amount of material that is lost in
a) 12.03 b) $117.68 cutting, how long was the bar?
+ +
15.13 $120.70 14. Mechanical pencil leads have widths of
0.3 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.7 mm, or 0.9 mm.
c) 1.619 d) $870.49 How could you lay four leads side by side
- - in order to make a total of exactly 2.0 mm?
1.407 $630.20 Give at least three possible answers.

2.1 Add and Subtract Decimal Numbers • MHR 49

15. Canadian Cindy Klassen 19. All of Canada’s land area drains into one
won the 1500 m speed of four drainage basins. The table shows
skating gold medal the approximate sizes of the ocean
with a time of drainage basins of Canada.
1 min, 55.27 s. The
year before, she set a Ocean Drainage Basins in Canada
world record of Approximate Land Area
1 min, 51.79 s in (in millions of square
the World Cup Drainage Basin kilometres)
competition. Atlantic Ocean 1.52
Which time was Hudson Bay, James
3.86
faster and by Bay, Ungava Bay
how much? Arctic Ocean 3.58
Pacific Ocean 1.03

a) List the drainage basins in order from

largest to smallest.
b) Estimate the difference in size between
the largest and smallest drainage basin.
c) Estimate the total approximate land
area of Canada.
d) Calculate Canada’s total land area.
16. In some sports, the lowest score wins. In
others, the highest score wins. For each of e) Is your estimate larger or smaller than
the following events, which person would the total? Explain why.
win, and by how much? Give a reason for
each answer. 20. Markus purchased three balls for $4.45,
$5.99, and $9.60, including tax. He has
Event Person A Person B $20 to pay the bill. Without finding the
a) High Jump 1.92 m 1.93 m
total, decide whether or not Markus has
enough money. Show how you know.
b) 100 m Sprint 11.07 s 11.3 s
c) Downhill Skiing 1 min, 46.8 s 1 min, 46 s 21. Parcel A is heavier than parcel B by 1.5 kg.
d) Decathlon 8454 points 8618 points Parcel C is lighter than parcel B by 2.65 kg.
How heavy is parcel A if parcel C is 3.75 kg?
17. What number can be added to 23.4 so
that the sum is 5.67 less than 51.23?

18. Jason says that 0.75 - 0.5 - 0.25 = 0. 22. George and Tina go shopping. George has
Do you agree? Explain. $89.25 and Tina has $96.32. Tina buys a
sweater and has $48.17 left. George buys
pants and has $33.02 left. Which item was
more expensive, the sweater or the pants?
How do you know?

50 MHR • Chapter 2
23. a) Round the difference between 9.83 and 25. Each square block in the pyramids shown
4.18 to the nearest whole number. contains the sum of the two square blocks
b) If you were to use front-end estimation, below it.
what would be the new answer?
c) Which answer is more accurate?
Explain.
2.1
24. You have $25 to spend on school supplies. 0.6 1.5 1.4 0.08
A flyer shows the following prices.

le!
No tax s$1a.94 1.7 2.4
Glue stick $7.49
encils
Coloured p $5.77 1.45 1.03
package
Calculator $0.99 per
Pencils $1.87
Art eraser $0.49 a) Copy and complete the two pyramids in
Ruler $1.97
3-ring note
book
$3.96 your notebook.
Pencil case
b) Describe how you filled in the empty
blocks in each pyramid. Which blocks
a) Show two ways to spend your $25.
did you do first? Which did you do last?
b) What is the difference in price between
your two plans?
c) Which plan do you prefer? Why?

MATH LINK
Your grandfather has offered to take you and two of
your cousins to the Québec Winter Carnival. You will
leave from his home in Brandon, Manitoba. $595
return
a) What is the least expensive way to travel to
Québec City?
b) What is the difference in cost between that
and the most expensive way to travel? $336.40
return
c) What other factors would you think about
when you decide how you should travel?
d) What method of transportation do
$460.90
you recommend? How much will it return
cost for four people to travel this way?

2.1 Add and Subtract Decimal Numbers • MHR 51

 Multiply Decimal Numbers

Focus on…
After this lesson, you
will be able to…
φ use estimation to
place a decimal
point in a product
φ multiply decimal
numbers with
and without a
calculator
φ solve problems
using estimation
and multiplication
of decimal
numbers

How can you estimate and calculate products

of decimal numbers?
As Ashley and Marshall’s family travels along the Yellowhead Highway,
they keep busy by solving Sudoku puzzles. During a stop, they look in a
convenience store for more puzzles.

Marshall finds Sudoku puzzle books on sale for $1.69 including tax.
He wants to buy five books and has $9.00. He asks Ashley to help
estimate the total cost of the five puzzle books.
$1.69 × 5 =
1. Marshall estimates the total bill as $5.00.
a) How do you think Marshall got his estimate?
b) Is Marshall’s estimate over or under the total? How do you know?

52 MHR • Chapter 2
 2. Ashley estimates the total bill as $10.00.
a) How do you think Ashley got her estimate?
b) Is Ashley’s estimate over or under the total? How do you know?

Reflect on Your Findings

3. Neither estimate tells for sure whether $9.00 is enough Web Link
money to buy the five puzzle books. To learn more about
Sudoku puzzles, and
a) What is another way to estimate the total bill?
to generate some new
b) Is $9.00 enough money? puzzles to play, go to
www.mathlinks7.ca
c) Calculate $1.69 × 5. How close was your estimate? and follow the links.

Sudoku was invented many hundreds of years ago, 3 7

and traded around the world by ancient 6 1 2 4 3
mathematicians! 2 9 8 1 5
9 5 2
Each digit from 1 to 9 must occur in
7 9 4 3 6
• each row 6 9 2
• each column 5 8 6 3 4
• each 3 × 3 square. 4 7 5 1 8
4 2

Example 1: Use Estimation to Place the Decimal Point

Without calculating the answer, place the decimal point in the
correct position.

2.2 × 1.8 = 3960

Solution
Use front-end estimation and multiplication.
Think: 2 × 1 = 2
The answer closest to 2 is 3.960.
2.2 × 1.8 = 3.960 or 3.96.

Without calculating the answer, place the decimal point in the correct
position. Show your thinking.
a) 3.9 × 5.8 = 22620
b) 2.57 × 0.46 = 118220

2.2 Multiply Decimal Numbers • MHR 53

 Example 2: Multiply Decimals

A pronghorn antelope has a mass of 58 kg. A Dall’s sheep has a mass

1.5 times as great as a pronghorn.
a) Estimate the mass of the Dall’s sheep.
b) Calculate the mass of the Dall’s sheep.

Solution
a) Method 1: Use Front-End Estimation
1 × 50 = 50 underestimate

Method 2: Use Relative Size

1.5 is close to 2.
58 is close to 60.
2 × 60 = 120 overestimate

The mass of the Dall’s sheep is between 50 kg and 120 kg.

Strategies b) Method 1: Use Hundreds Grids

Model It Model the mass of 1 pronghorn.
Refer to page xvi.

58

54 MHR • Chapter 2
 Model the mass of 0.5 pronghorns.
1 or dividing by 2.
0.5 is the same as __
2
50 squares divided by 2 is 25 squares.
8 squares divided by 2 is 4 squares.
Shade 25 + 4 = 29 squares.

Combine the masses of 1 pronghorn and 0.5 pronghorns.

Combine the partially shaded charts.

The mass of the Dall’s sheep is 87 kg.

Method 2: Use Paper and Pencil
Multiplying decimal numbers is like multiplying whole numbers
and then placing the decimal point using estimation. To multiply
58 × 1.5, first multiply 58 × 15.
4
58
×15 In part a) the estimate
290 ← 58 × 5 was between 50 kg and
580 ← 58 × 10 120 kg, so the decimal point must
go between the 0 and the 7
870
The mass of the Dall’s sheep is 87 kg.

Estimate, then calculate.

a) 46 × 2.5
b) 64 × 4.5

2.2 Multiply Decimal Numbers • MHR 55

 Example 3: Multiply Decimals Using a Calculator
Tickets to a gala music festival cost $37.50 each. A total of 207 tickets
were sold. How much money was collected in ticket sales?

Solution
Estimate 37.50 × 207.
Front-End Estimation: Relative Size Estimation:
30 × 200 = 6000 37.50 is between 30 and 40 but
closer to 40.
207 is between 200 and 300 but
closer to 200.
The calculated
40 × 200 = 8000
answer is
between the Use a calculator.
estimates of 6000 and
8000. The answer is 37.50 × 207 = 7762.5 C 37.50 × 207 = 7762.5
reasonable.
The school made $7762.50 in ticket sales.

• You can use front-end estimation and relative size to estimate

the answer to a multiplication question.
Estimate 2.65 × 3.72.
Front-End Estimation: Relative Size Estimation:
2×3=6 2.65 is between 2 and 3, but closer to 3.
3.72 is between 3 and 4, but closer to 4.
3 × 4 = 12
• When using a calculator, estimate to make sure your
answer is reasonable. The estimates suggest an
answer between 6 and 12.
C 2.65 × 3.72 = 9.85 The answer 9.858 is reasonable.

• You can multiply decimal numbers the same way you multiply
whole numbers and then use estimation to place the decimal point.
Multiply 1.54 × 25. 1
2 2
154 25 × 1 = 25
25 × 2 = 50
× 25 The answer lies between 25 and 50.
1
The decimal point should go
770
between the 8 and the 5.
3080
3850
The answer is 38.50.

56 MHR • Chapter 2
 1. Fancy ribbon sells for $3.20 per metre. You want to buy 2.6 m of
the ribbon for a dance costume.
a) Use front-end estimation and one other estimation technique to
help find both an underestimate and an overestimate of the cost
of the ribbon.
b) Which would be a better estimate of the cost, an underestimate
or an overestimate? Explain why.
c) Show how to calculate the actual cost of the ribbon.

2. Michael was putting the decimal in the answer to a multiplication

question.
2.5 × 4.6 = 115
He placed the decimal between the two 1s: 1.15. He said that the
answer should show hundredths because you are multiplying tenths
by tenths. Is his answer correct? Explain your thinking.

For help with #5 and #6, refer to Example 2 on

pages 54–55.
For help with #3 and #4, refer to Example 1 on 5. Estimate and then calculate.
page 53.
a) 1.75 × 3
3. Without calculating the b) 12.8 × 0.2
answer, place the decimal
c) 396 × 1.5
point in the correct position.
Show your thinking. d) 13.8 × 2.5

a) 6.8 × 12.2 = 8296

6. Estimate and then calculate.
b) 48.6 × 0.9 = 4374
a) 68 × 3.5

4. Without calculating the b) 3.6 × 2.7

answer, place the decimal c) 270 × 0.1
point in the correct position. d) 46 × 8.5
Show your thinking.
a) 4.7 × 8.8 = 4136
b) 11.2 × 3.4 = 3808

2.2 Multiply Decimal Numbers • MHR 57

For help with #7 and #8, refer to Example 3 on 13. 32 × 86 = 2752. Use what you know
page 56. about place values to find each of the
following products without multiplying.
7. Estimate and then use a calculator to
determine each answer. a) 3.2 × 86 = 

a) 3.89 × 565 b) 32 × 8.6 = 

b) $13.45 × 478 c) 0.32 × 86 = 
c) 7.05 × 2.24 d) 0.32 × 8.6 = 
e) 3.2 × 8.6 = 
8. Estimate and then use a calculator to
determine each answer. 14. Copy and complete the following pattern.
a) $4.49 × 194 Then describe how the position of the
decimal point changes.
b) 2.75 × 2.62
3 × 100 = 
c) 73.9 × 25.3
3 × 10 = 
3×1=3
3 ×  = 0.3
3 ×  = 0.03
9. An Alaskan malamute dog has a mass of 3 × 0.001 = 
39 kg. A Newfoundland dog has a mass
1.8 times that amount. What is the mass 15. a) Copy and complete each multiplication
of the Newfoundland dog? statement.
4.65 × 10 = 
37 × 100 = 
0.58 × 1000 = 
b) When multiplying by a number greater
than 1, should the answer be larger or
smaller than the original number?
c) Write a rule that describes how to
multiply by 10, 100, or 1000.

16. a) Copy and complete each multiplication

statement.
10. The cost of tickets for a concert was
$16.75. The number of tickets sold for a 3.0 × 0.1 = 
performance was 468. How much money 4.5 × 0.01 = 
was collected on ticket sales? 0.345 × 0.001 = 
b) When multiplying by a number less
11. Renata runs 5.7 km per day. How far will than 1, should the answer be larger or
she run in the month of January? smaller than the original number?
c) Write a rule that describes how to
12. An electrical contractor charges $65 per multiply by 0.1, 0.01, or 0.001.
hour. How much does he earn when he
works for 4.75 h?

58 MHR • Chapter 2
17. What is the cost of each purchase
before tax?
a) 5 large juice 20. Tamara earns $9.25 per hour at her part-
bottles $1.99 time job in the grocery store. The table
gives the times she worked last week.

Day Hours Worked

Monday 3:30 p.m.-8:00 p.m.
b) 4 kg of grapefruit
Tuesday 3:30 p.m.-8:00 p.m.
Friday 3:00 p.m.-9:45 p.m.
Saturday 8:00 a.m.-4:00 p.m.
$2.99
per kg
a) How many hours did Tamara work last
week?
18. A certain golf ball has a mass of 45.4 g.
b) How much did she earn last week?
The packaging that holds 12 balls has a
mass of 57.1 g.
21. Each side of a square is 13.6 cm long. The
a) Estimate the total mass of a package
length of a rectangle is three times as long
with 12 balls. How did you estimate? as the side of the square. The width of the
b) Calculate the total mass of the package rectangle is twice as long as the side of
and balls. the square.
a) Determine the perimeter of the rectangle.
19. One baseball has a mass of 143.6 g. The
b) Compare your method with a classmate’s.
empty shipping box has a mass of 89.6 g.
What is the mass of a box of 8 baseballs? What is the shortest way to calculate
the answer?

g
3.6 6g
14
89.

MATH LINK Special Drinks

Your dance group has been asked to Stir fry $5.00 250 mL milk $0.90
perform as part of a cultural festival. Twelve Sandwiches 500 mL milk $1.75
Egg salad $2.50 500 mL water $1.25
dancers and two dance coaches will attend.
Grilled cheese $3.25 250 mL juice $1.50
Your group will eat lunch at the community
Tuna melt $3.50 Other
centre cafeteria. Roast beef $3.45 Apple or banana $0.75
Salads Orange $0.90
Your group has $98 for lunches. How will you Corn chips $0.95
Garden salad $2.15
spend the money? Show at least two Caesar salad $3.50 Fries $1.95
different plans. Include estimates and Rice and veggies $2.70
Prices include tax.
calculations of the final cost.

2.2 Multiply Decimal Numbers • MHR 59

 Divide Decimal Numbers
Scrapbooking is a popular
hobby that uses coloured
paper, stickers, ribbon, and
other decorations to create
Focus on… attractive displays of
After this lesson, you
photographs.
will be able to…
φ use estimation to Scrapbookers often buy
place a decimal multiple quantities of certain
point in a quotient decorations. How might a
φ divide decimal scrapbooker decide how
numbers with many items he or she can
and without a afford to buy?
calculator
φ solve problems
using estimation
and division of
decimal numbers

How can you estimate and calculate quotients

of decimal numbers?
You and your best friend have entered a scrapbooking competition
• base 10 blocks or and are planning what supplies to buy. Glitter pens are $0.40 each.
hundreds grids You have $6.

60 MHR • Chapter 2
 1. How many pens do you think you can you buy with $6?

2. Use base 10 blocks or hundreds grids to model the number

of $0.40 pens in $6.

3. How many pens can you purchase?

Reflect on Your Findings

4. a) How can you use estimation to help you divide decimal numbers?
b) How can a model help you divide decimal numbers?

Example 1: Use Estimation to Place the Decimal Point

Without calculating the answer, place the decimal point in the
correct position.
a) 15.4 ÷ 3.6 = 427778
b) 4.4 ÷ 0.42 = 1047619

Solution
a) Use front-end estimation and division.

Think: 15 ÷ 3 = 5
The answer closest to 5 is 4.27778.

b) Use a number line. Literacy Link

Think: 4 ÷ 0.4 Understanding
Division
Show how many times 0.4 goes into 4. A division statement
such as 6 ÷ 2 = 3
0.4
means that in 6 there
are 3 groups of 2.
0 1 2 3 4
•• •• ••
It takes 10 jumps of 0.4 to reach 4.
The answer closest to 10 is 10.47619.

Without finding the answer, place the decimal point in the correct
position. Show your thinking.
a) 20.1 ÷ 4.7 = 42766
b) 3.5 ÷ 0.213 = 164319

2.3 Divide Decimal Numbers • MHR 61

 Example 2: Divide Decimals
Four friends buy 1.36 L of pure orange juice and divide it equally.
a) Estimate each person’s share.
b) Calculate each person’s share.

Solution
a) To estimate, round 1.36 L to a number that is easier to work with.

Try 1.2.
4 divides 1.2 ÷ 4 = 0.3 underestimate 12 ÷ 4 = 3, so 1.2 ÷ 4 must be 0.3
evenly into 12 and 16.
Round 1.36 to 1.2 or Try 1.6.
to 1.6. 16 ÷ 4 = 4, so 1.6 ÷ 4 must be 0.4
1.6 ÷ 4 = 0.4 overestimate

The answer is between 0.3 L and 0.4 L of juice per person.

The answer should be closer to 0.3 because 1.36 is closer to 1.2 than
to 1.6.

Strategies b) Method 1: Use Base 10 Blocks or Diagrams

Model It Let a hundreds flat represent 1.
Refer to page xvi.
1.36 can be shown as

Since cannot be divided by 4, exchange it for 10 .

1.36 is now represented by 13 tenths + 6 hundredths.

62 MHR • Chapter 2
 Begin to divide the materials into 4 groups.

Exchange for 10 .

There are now 16 ones left over.

16 ÷ 4 = 4

Each of the four groups contains

So, 1.36 L divided by 4 is 0.34 L of juice.

This agrees with the estimate of between 0.3 L and 0.4 L.
Method 2: Use Paper and Pencil
Divide decimal numbers the same way as you divide whole numbers.
Then, use estimation to place the decimal point.

34
_____
4)136
120 ← 30 × 4
16 In part a) the estimate
was between 0.3 and
16 ←4×4 0.4. The decimal point should
0 go before the 3.

Each person gets 0.34 L of juice.

Estimate, then calculate each answer. Show your thinking.

a) 40.5 ÷ 5
b) 57.9 ÷ 3

2.3 Divide Decimal Numbers • MHR 63

 Example 3: Divide Decimals Using a Calculator
Fran is curious to know how many 0.295 L cans of juice would be in a
large bottle containing 1.89 L. Estimate and then calculate the answer.

Solution
The division statement is 1.89 ÷ 0.295.
To estimate, place 1.89 on a number line.
1.89
0.295 is close to 0.300, or 0.3, 0.3
so make jumps of 0.3.
0 1 2
It takes 6 jumps to get close to 1.89. 1.8
Literacy Link The answer is close to 6 cans of juice.
Reading ≈ To calculate, use a calculator.
The symbol ≈ means
“is approximately 1.89 ÷ 0.295 ≈ 6.4 C 1.89 ÷ .295 = 6.406779661
equal to.”
There are approximately 6.4 cans of juice in the 1.89 L bottle of juice.

• There is more than one way to estimate the answer to a division problem.
Estimate 4.6 ÷ 2.5
Front-End Estimation: Number Line Estimation:
4÷2=2 2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
4÷2=2 underestimate
6÷2=3 overestimate
• When using a calculator, estimate to 21 ÷ 3 = 7
make sure your answer is reasonable. 24 ÷ 3 = 8
The estimates suggest an
C 23.68 ÷ 3.2 = 7.4
answer between 7 and 8. The
answer 7.4 is reasonable.

• You can divide decimal numbers the same way you divide whole
numbers, and then use estimation to place the decimal point.
Divide 26.5 ÷ 5. 53
_____
5)265
25 ÷ 5 = 5
250 ← 50 × 5
The answer is around 5. The
15 decimal point goes between the
15 ←3×5 5 and the 3.
0
The answer is 5.3.

64 MHR • Chapter 2
 1. Donna was asked to place the decimal point in this question:
76.86 ÷ 8.4 = 915
She showed the answer as 91.5.
Did Donna place the decimal point in the correct place? Explain.
2. Jeremy and Bess want to find an overestimate and an underestimate
of 5.28 ÷ 0.3. Show how they could do this.
3. Make up a problem that involves the division of decimal numbers.
Make sure you can solve your problem. Trade problems with a
classmate and try to solve each other’s problem.

7. Estimate the answer for each of the

following. Then, calculate the answer.
For help with #4 and #5, refer to Example 1 on a) 97.02 ÷ 7
page 61. b) 59.52 ÷ 0.8

4. Without calculating the c) 36.848 ÷ 4

answer, place the decimal d) 5.958 ÷ 0.9
point in the correct position.
Show your thinking. For help with #8 and #9, refer to Example 3 on
a) 36.72 ÷ 30 = 1224 page 64.
b) 5.92 ÷ 0.4 = 148
8. Estimate each answer, and then use a
calculator to determine each answer.
5. Without calculating the
a) 28.6 ÷ 5.2
answer, place the decimal
point in the correct position. b) 3.168 ÷ 0.64
Show your thinking. c) 119.04 ÷ 128
a) 64.8 ÷ 0.8 = 810
b) 5.94 ÷ 6 = 99
9. Estimate each answer, and then use a
calculator to determine each answer.
a) 9.18 ÷ 3.2
For help with #6 to #7, refer to Example 2 on
pages 62–63. b) 768.4 ÷ 89.1
c) 392.94 ÷ 4.5
6. Estimate the answer for each of the
following. Then, calculate the answer.
a) 22.5 ÷ 6 b) 4.56 ÷ 0.8
c) 3.4 ÷ 0.4 d) 3.5 ÷ 0.5

2.3 Divide Decimal Numbers • MHR 65

 15. a) Copy and complete each division
statement.
10. A package of 7 fish hooks costs $17.99. 4.65 ÷ 10 = 
How much will one fish hook cost? 37 ÷ 100 = 
0.58 ÷ 1000 = 
11. Milo wants to find how many 355 mL b) When you divide by a number greater
cans of juice are in a 2-L bottle. than 1, is the answer larger or smaller
Hint: 355 mL is equal to 0.355 L. than the original number?
a) Show Milo how to estimate the answer. c) Write a rule that describes how to
b) Show Milo how to calculate the answer. divide by 10, 100, or 1000.

12. A contractor charged $398.75 to move the 16. a) Copy and complete each division
gravel for a garden. The contractor charges statement.
$72.50 per hour. How long did she work? 40 ÷ 0.1 = 
Estimate, then calculate the answer. 1.45 ÷ 0.01 = 
0.524 ÷ 0.001 = 
13. What is the cost for one item? Round b) When you divide by a number less
each answer to the nearest cent. than 1, is the answer larger or smaller
a) 5 juice boxes for $1.70 than the original number?
c) Write a rule that describes how to
Juice

divide by 0.1, 0.01, or 0.001.

Juice
Juice
Juice
Juice
Juice

17. A package of
$1.70
loon sculptures
has a mass of
1.7 kg. The box
b) 6 apples for $2.99 and wrapping
have a mass of
0.5 kg.
$2.99 a) What is the total mass of the loon
sculptures without the box and
wrapping?
14. a) Copy and complete the pattern. b) There are 12 loon sculptures in the box.

3 ÷ 100 =  What is the mass of each sculpture?

3 ÷ 10 = 0.3 18. An package of 500 sheets of paper has
3÷1= a measured height of 51.5 mm.
3 ÷ 0.1 = 30 a) Estimate the thickness of one sheet
3 ÷ 0.01 =  of paper.
3 ÷ 0.001 = 3000
b) Is the actual thickness of a sheet
b) Describe how the position of the
of paper greater or less than your
decimal point changes. estimate? Explain how you know.

66 MHR • Chapter 2
19. A box of 8 baseballs has a total mass of 21. The hours of business for a convenience
1238.4 g. If the empty box has a mass of store are displayed on the sign. The total
89.6 g, what is the mass of one baseball? revenue for the week is $10 585.
Store Hours
Mon.-Tues. 9:30 a.m.-10:00 p.m.
Wed. Closed
8 baseba Thurs.-Sat. 9:00 a.m.-10:30 p.m.
lls
g
1238.4 Sun. 10:00 a.m.-5:30 p.m.

a) How many hours is the store open in

a week?
b) What is the average revenue per hour?
c) What is the average revenue per day?
89.6 g

22. Kyle is entered in a snowmobile race. He

has to do 5 laps on a 6.37-km course. His
time for each lap is 1.35 min, 1.27 min,
1.23 min, 1.37 min, and 1.22 min.
20. How many sheets of paper will it take to a) How long does it take him to do the
form a pad 2 cm thick if each sheet has a 5 laps?
thickness of 0.08 mm? b) What is his average speed? Round your
answers to the nearest hundredth.

MATH LINK
You have saved $70
from work you did for a ffer
s!
tiveO
neighbour and plan to Attrac
spend it doing some of
the following things. Horseback riding: $25 per hour
River rafting: $36 per hour
Canoeing: $13 per hour
Trail biking: $10 per hour

Outline how you plan to spend your $70. Use addition,

subtraction, multiplication, and division of decimals to
show your plan. Show at least three different ways to
spend the money.

2.3 Divide Decimal Numbers • MHR 67

 Order of Operations and
Decimal Numbers
Focus on…
After this lesson,
you will be able to…
φ use the order of
operations with
decimal numbers
φ solve problems
using operations
on decimals to
the thousandths
place

Carrie and Brendan visit a store in a mall after school. They are each
offered a free T-shirt if they can correctly answer a skill-testing question.

How can you use the order of operations to solve

problems with decimal numbers?
1. Look at the question and what each student answered.
Who do you think will win a free T-shirt? Why?

2. Try the skill-testing question yourself. Whose answer do you agree with?

order of operations 3. In mathematics, there is an agreed upon order of operations . Any

• brackets first operations that appear in brackets are performed first. Rewrite the
• multiply and divide in skill-testing question using brackets to show how to get answers of
order from left to right
158 and 156.4.
• add and subtract in
order from left to right
Reflect on Your Findings
4. a) Some scientific and graphing calculators have the correct order
of operations built-in, but others do not. Whose calculator
A^iZgVXn A^c` follows the correct order of operations, Carrie’s or Brendan’s?
Brackets are also b) Why is it important to have a specific order of operations?
known as parentheses.
c) Why is it helpful to insert brackets in an expression?

68 MHR • Chapter 2
Example 1: Use the Order of Operations
The Edwards family filled up their van with 74.2 L of regular To change
gasoline at a cost of 112.9¢/L. They also bought 4 drinks at cents to dollars,
$1.69 each and 2 ice-cream bars for $1.39 each. divide by 100.
112.9¢ = $1.129
a) What was the total bill before tax?
b) Write a single mathematical expression to show how to calculate
the answer. Use a calculator to find the value of your expression.

Solution
a) Calculate each Item Calculation Cost Strategies
cost separately. Use a Table
Gasoline 74.2 × $1.129 $83.77
Refer to page xvii.
Drinks 4 × $1.69 $6.76
Ice cream 2 × $1.39 $2.78
Total $93.31

b) Total Cost = 74.2 × $1.129 + 4 × $1.69 + 2 × $1.39 Some calculators do

not have the order of
C ( 74.2 × 1.129 ) + ( 4 × 1.69 ) + ( 2 × 1.39 ) operations built-in.
Using the bracket keys
= 93.3118 helps to make sure that
the calculation is
correct.
Example 2: Apply the Order of Operations
a) This statement is missing a “+” and a “÷” sign. Where should the
operations go to make the statement correct?
5.2  4  2.1 = 3.4
b) Write a problem that could be solved using your statement.

Solution
a) There are two possibilities to test. Strategies
5.2 + 4 ÷ 2.1 Divide first. 5.2 ÷ 4 + 2.1 Divide first. Guess and Check
Refer to page xvi.
= 5.2 + 1.9 Add. = 1.3 + 2.1 Add.
= 7.1 = 3.4
The correct statement is 5.2 ÷ 4 + 2.1 = 3.4.

b) Here is one possible story.

Sangeeta walks the same distance on each
of 4 days for a total of 5.2 km.
Then she walks 2.1 km on the fifth day.
How far did Sangeeta walk on days 4 and 5?

2.4 Order of Operations and Decimal Numbers • MHR 69

 • The order of operations is used with operations that involve decimals.
The order of operations is as follows:
– Do the work in brackets first.
– Multiply and divide in order from left to right.
– Add and subtract in order from left to right.
(0.75 - 0.5) × (4.2 ÷ 0.6) + 7.3 - 1.2 Brackets.
= 0.25 × 7 + 7.3 - 1.2 Multiply.
= 1.75 + 7.3 - 1.2 Add.
= 9.05 - 1.2 Subtract.
= 7.85
• Brackets can be used to change the order of operations.
9.1 × 2 + 7.5 ÷ 2.5 Multiply and divide 9.1 × (2 + 7.5) ÷ 2.5 Brackets.
= 18.2 + 3 Add. = 9.1 × 9.5 ÷ 2.5 Multiply and divide.
= 21.2 = 86.45 ÷ 2.5
= 34.58

1. Annie has been asked to calculate 1.7 + 6 ÷ 2. She claims the

answer is 3.85. Do you agree? Explain why or why not.

2. Put brackets in the following expression to get the largest value

possible. What problem solving strategy did you use?
3 × 2.8 + 6.4 ÷ 4

3. Create a problem that could be solved using the following

expression.
2.5 + 1.25 + 5 × 1.6

70 MHR • Chapter 2
 For help with #6 and #7, refer to Example 2 on
page 69.
For help with #4 and #5, refer to Example 1 on 6. Where should the two operations shown
page 69. in square brackets be placed to make each
4. Jens wanted to go fishing. He went to the statement true? Rewrite each statement
store and purchased the following items. with the correct operations.
a) 6  2.5  0.1 × 3 = 14.7 [-, ×]
b) (4  1.79)  3 + 1.5 = 3.43 [÷, +]
c) (8.1  3.2)  2 = 22.6 [+, ×]
d) 4.2  2  0.5 = 1.6 [-, ÷]

7. Where should the two operations shown

in square brackets be placed to make each
statement true? Rewrite each statement
a) What was the total bill before tax? with the correct operations.
b) Write a mathematical expression a) 12.4  3.1  1.7 = 2.3 [-, ÷]
to show how to calculate the total bill b) (4.5  1.1)  6.7 = 22.78 [-, ×]
before tax. Use a calculator find the c) 23.5  6.3 - 7.6  2.5 = 10.8 [+, ×]
value of your expression.
d) 4.1  (3.6 ÷ 0.9)  12.4 = 28.8 [+, ×]

5. Sara bought a fruit smoothie each day

of the week for one week. She bought a
medium smoothie on Tuesday and a large
one on Saturday. On each of the other 8. a) Make up a problem that could be
days, she bought small smoothies. solved using the following expression.
3 × 1.5 - 2 × 1.25
b) What is the value of the expression?

9. What are the missing numbers?

a)  + 4.8 × 41 = 200
b) 4.5 ÷ 5 +  = 3
Small Medium Large c) 4 ×  - 0.6 ÷ 2 = 2.5
$1.09 $1.49 $1.89
10. Fill in the numbers 0.5, 0.1, 1, and 5 to
a) How much did she spend on smoothies make the statement true. Use each number
during the week? only once.
b) Write a mathematical expression that +-×=1
shows how to find the total cost of
her smoothies for the week. Use a 11. Ruben wants to earn $155 this week. His
calculator to solve your expression. part-time job pays $7.75 per hour. How
many hours must he work?

2.4 Order of Operations and Decimal Numbers • MHR 71

12. Joanne travels a total of 5.8 km going to 16. The table shows how long it takes each
and from school each day. She goes to planet to orbit the sun.
school for 189 days per year. What is the
Approximate Time to
total distance she travels back and forth to
Planet Orbit the Sun
school each year?
Mercury 0.241 years
13. Charlene bought two items for a total of Venus 0.616 years
$56.89 before tax. One of the items cost Earth 1.0 year or 365.25 days
$21.94. What was the cost of the other
Mars 687 days
item?
Jupiter 4332 days
14. A tournament volleyball game is sold out. Saturn 29.5 years
Ticket prices are shown. a) Which planet takes about 2 years to
orbit the sun? Show how you know.
b) How many of our years does it take
Jupiter to orbit the sun? Give your
answer to the nearest hundredth.
c) How many times does Mercury orbit
a) If 80 adults and 120 students attend
the sun in a year? Give your answer to
the game, what is the total admission
the nearest thousandth.
collected?
d) Describe how you could estimate the
b) Show your calculator key sequence for
answer in c).
finding the total admission.
c) The expenses for the volleyball game
include 3 game officials at $50 each Earth orbits the sun in approximately 365.25
and 2 security guards at $65 each. days. This gives an extra day, February 29, every
What are the total expenses for the 4 years. A 366-day year is called a “leap year.”
game?
d) How much profit will the school make? 17. In 2005 Bill Gates was the richest man
for the eleventh year in a row, with an
15. A local store is having a sale on art estimated $46.5 billion U.S. In that same
supplies. Sam bought 4 sheets of year, Canada’s three wealthiest people
posterboard, 3 erasers, and 5 pencils. were:
Kenneth Thompson $17.2 billion U.S.
board Galen Weston $7.7 billion U.S.
Poster
$1.87 Eraser Jeff Skoll $6.6 billion U.S.
$0.69
Pencil
$0.36 a) What is the sum of the estimated wealth
of the 3 top-ranked Canadians?
a) Estimate Sam’s total cost before tax.
b) What is the difference in the estimated
Is your estimate high or low? Explain
wealth of Bill Gates and the total of the
how you know.
3 top Canadians?
b) What was the total cost before tax?

72 MHR • Chapter 2
 c) About how many times as great as Jeff
Skoll’s is Bill Gates’ estimated wealth?
Round your answer to the nearest 22. After a 2005 earthquake, 11 410 kg of
hundredth. rice were distributed in 3260 bags to
families in the damaged area.
Jeff Skoll is the Canadian-born co-founder a) How many kilograms of rice were in
of eBay. each bag, if the bags were the same size?
b) If a family used 0.25 kg per day, how
many days would 1 bag of rice last?
18. Add brackets to make each statement true.
a) 7 + 30 × 0.5 = 18.5 23. A small car rental company in Saskatoon
b) 6 + 3 × 0.2 + 0.4 ÷ 2 - 1 = 2.2 has four employees: Jeanne, Alice, Fatek,
and Larry. The employees are paid by the
19. Add brackets to the expression hour. Each employee is paid a different
80 ÷ 0.4 + 6 × 0.3 to get the hourly rate: $7.75, $10.50, $15.25, and
following answers. $17. This week they worked 50 h, 45 h,
a) 201.8 b) 3.75
42 h, and 18 h. Use the following clues to
match each employee with their hourly
20. The Eagle Health Club increased its wage and the number of hours worked
membership this year by 89 people. There this week. Then, determine each
were 567 members last year. employee’s weekly wage.
a) How many members are there this year? • This week Larry worked the greatest
number of hours.
b) If a membership costs $189.95 per
• Fatek earns the least amount of money
year, estimate this year’s revenue from
per hour.
membership fees.
• Alice worked less than 45 h this week.
• Jeanne earns less than $17 per hour.
21. Cecil, Kent, and Laura go to the
• Fatek had the smallest amount of pay
Quickstop for lunch. Cecil orders a
for the week.
chicken burger and a salad. Kent and
• The employee who worked 50 h this
Laura order small pizzas. Kent also has a
week worked 59 h last week. Last week,
salad and Laura has an ice cream.
that employee earned $137.25 more
than he/she earned this week.
Chicken burger $5.49
Side salad $3.50
24. Three books stand on a bookshelf as
Small pizza $4.59
shown. A bookworm starts at page 1 of
Ice cream $1.50
the first book and chews a straight path to
the last page of the third book. If the
a) How much does it cost each person for thickness of each
lunch? book cover is 3.2 mm
b) How much does lunch cost altogether? and the thickness of
c) What is the shortest way to determine each book’s pages is
4.5 cm, how far does A-G H-P Q-Z
the total cost?
the bookworm travel?
2.4 Order of Operations and Decimal Numbers • MHR 73
Key Words 8. Jordan has three dogs. Max has a mass of
28.2 kg. Sam is 3.15 kg heavier than Max.
For #1 to #4, choose the letter representing the
The smallest dog, Lucy, is 1.8 kg lighter
term that best matches each statement.
than Max. What is the total mass of the
1. The accepted order for A estimate three dogs?
finding the value of
B overestimate
math expressions
C underestimate
2. An estimate that is
larger than the answer D order of
operations
3. An estimate that is
smaller than the answer E calculate
4. To approximate an answer

2.1 Add and Subtract Decimal Numbers,

pages 44–51
5. Without finding the answer, place the
decimal point in the correct position.
Show your thinking.
a) 0.8 + 8.8 + 0.88 + 88 = 9848 2.2 Multiply Decimal Numbers,
b) 368.2 - 89.57 = 27863 pages 52–59
c) 29.563 + 13.2 - 8.69 = 34073
9. Without finding the answer, place the
decimal point in the correct position.
6. Estimate, then calculate.
a) 4.5 × 1.5 = 675
a) 4.6 + 2.35 b) 8.6 - 3.9
b) 4.23 × 1.9 = 80370
c) 7.5 + 1.36 d) 9.12 - 3.5
c) 29.6 × 63.8 = 188848
e) 2.5 + 6.8 - 4.5 - 2.7
f) 6.5 - 3.6 - 0.123 10. Estimate the answer to 7.56 × 0.7.
Explain how you found your estimate.
7. Replace each  with a number to Then, find the answer correct to
make the statement true. 1 decimal place.
a) 75.86 b)  c) 435.6
- + 235.79  11. A kitten has a mass of 1.5 kg. A large cat
36.91 983.245 32.8 has a mass 3.8 times that amount. What is
+ 179.04 the mass of the large cat?
703.52

74 MHR • Chapter 2
12. Ken shipped 125.4 kg of ice skates to his 2.4 Order of Operations and Decimal
brother in Nunavut. The shipping Numbers, pages 68–73
company charged $4.25 per kilogram to
17. What is the value of each expression?
ship the skates. How much did Ken have
to pay in shipping costs? a) 2.4 - 0.6 ÷ 2 + 0.3 × 2
b) 7.64 - 7.15 ÷ (1.3 × 5) + 28.67

2.3 Divide Decimal Numbers, c) 85 ÷ (1.3 + 7.2) + 4.1 × 3

pages 60–67
18. Where should the two operations shown
13. Without calculating the answer, place the in square brackets be placed to make each
decimal point in the correct position. statment true? Rewrite each statement
Show your thinking. with the correct operations.
a) 28.4 ÷ 0.4 = 7100 a) 3.6  8.2  4 = 5.65 [+, ÷]
b) 39.75 ÷ 7.5 = 530 b) 4.9  7.2  0.1 = 4.18 [-, ×]
c) 251.472 ÷ 9.3 = 2704 c) 62.32  (10.1  2.5) = 8.2 [-, ÷]

14. Estimate each answer, and then use a 19. Rewrite each statement using brackets to
calculator to determine each answer. make a true statement.
a) 174.24 ÷ 3.2 a) 7.5 + 8.6 × 9.1 = 146.51
b) 656.82 ÷ 17.8 b) 45.15 ÷ 0.8 + 1.7 × 2.2 = 39.732
c) 199.92 ÷ 8.4 c) 12.6 - 3.3 ÷ 3 + 11.4 = 14.5

15. Isobel bought a ball of string. She found 20. A local theatre group is putting on a
that she could cut it into either 5 or 9 equal production of The Lord of the Rings.
pieces without a remainder. If she cuts it Ticket prices are shown.
into 5 equal pieces, each piece is 3.69 m
long. What is the length of each piece if she Admission
cuts the string into 9 equal pieces? Adults: $12.50
Seniors: $8.25
Students: $6.25

16. Eight equally spaced holes are to be a) 80 adults, 30 seniors, and 50 students
drilled in a board as shown in the attend the first performance. How
diagram. What is the distance much admission is collected?
centre-to-centre between adjacent b) Show your calculator key sequence for
holes? Express your answer to the finding the total.
nearest tenth of a millimetre.

212.6 mm

Chapter Review • MHR 75

For #1 to #5, choose the best answer. 10. Rewrite each statement using brackets to
1. Calculate 4.85 + 0.5 - 3.2. make a true statement.
A 215 B 21.5 C 2.15 D 0.215 a) 4.5 + 7.2 × 3.1 = 36.27
b) 1.3 × 4.5 - 0.9 + 6.2 = 10.88
2. Calculate 98.2 - 4.8. c) 7.1 + 3.7 × 2 ÷ 0.3 = 72
A 93.4 B 103 C 9.34 D 934 d) 7.2 ÷ 0.8 + 5.6 × 3.9 = 4.3875

3. Estimate 64.12 × 18.1 by front-end 11. A Yorkshire terrier has a mass of 3.2 kg.
estimation. What is the best estimate? A Saint Bernard has a mass 28 times that
A 600 B 650 C 1200 D 1400 amount. What is the mass of the Saint
Bernard?
4. Calculate (39 - 1.7) ÷ 10.
A 0.0373 B 0.373 C 3.73 D 37.3

5. What is the product of 8.5 × 0.7?

A 59.5 B 12.14 C 5.95 D 1.214

Complete the statements in #6 and #7.

6. A 6.65-kg package of clay is divided
evenly among 19 campers. Each camper
getsof clay.
12. A tennis ball has a mass of 57.3 g.
7. The sum of 65 hundredths and 7 tenths The packaging that holds three balls
is. has a mass of 85 g. What is the total
mass of an unopened package
Short Answer containing three of these tennis
8. Without finding the answer, place the balls?
decimal point in the correct position.
Show your thinking. 13. Leanne buys 6.2 kg of beef steak at
a) 0.458 + 0.319 + 0.2 = 9770 $18/kg, 0.8 kg of
b) 48.31 - 27.65 = 2066 shrimp at $36/kg,
vegetables for a
c) 5.8 ÷ 0.32 = 18125
total of $6.74, and
d) 24 × 0.083 = 19920 two loaves of
French bread for
9. What is the value of each expression? $2.39 each. How
a) 1.45 + 8.9 × 4 + 2 much does she
b) 3.12 × 4 + 12 ÷ 1.5 × 2 spend altogether?

76 MHR • Chapter 2
Extended Response a) Estimate the total. Do you think they
14. Tom and Michael have collected $22 to fill have enough money?
a shoebox with gifts for a child overseas. b) Calculate the total. Do they have
Since this is for a charity, the store has enough money?
agreed not to charge tax. Tom and Michael c) Either calculate what change they
bring the following items to the cashier. should get or explain what they need to
bag of marbles $1.69
put back and why.
glider $3.99
2 toy cars $0.97 each 15. Mia claims that the answer to the
bag of candy $1.79 following skill-testing question is 72.6.
toothbrush $1.99
toothpaste $2.29
Wendy says the answer is 60.8.
facecloth $1.49 8.2 + 16.4 ÷ 0.41 + 12.6
3 fancy pencils $0.35 each
glow-in-the-dark pen $2.39 a) Who is correct? Show how you know.
small notebook $1.98 b) What mistake did the other student
magnifying glass $2.25
make?
c) Add brackets to the expression to show
how the other answer could be found.
d) Make up a skill-testing question of your
own that uses decimal numbers and at
least 3 different operations. What is the
correct answer to your question?
e) How can you add brackets to your
question to produce different answers?

WRAP IT UP!
Plan your own one-week dream vacation. You must plan out your itinerary and
budget how much money you will need.
• Where will you go?
• Who will go with you?
• Where will you stay? Research two possible places and compare actual prices.
• What activities will you do? What is the cost of each?
• Where and what will you eat?

Create a travel report with all of your plans. Include daily activities, accommodations,
and a budget for your trip. Make sure you outline the mathematics that is needed. Try
to include realistic costs and distances travelled. Use pictures, maps, and charts to
make your report interesting and realistic.

Practice Test • MHR 77

 Decimal Delights 59.2 0.2 34.43 1.06 99.9 9.14
• Decimal Delights
1. Use a copy of the addition addition game board
game board to play the 22.4 15.2 91 26.2 44.5 16 • Decimal Delights
following game with a multiplication game
partner. board
73.2 58.99 81.3 33.6 37.6 53.1
Use these rules:
• Flip a coin to decide 27 17.9 10.6 5.86 7.05 0.87
who will play first.
• Each player takes a 0.04 66.6 0.45 47.7 6.41 11.1
turn as follows:
− Choose two numbers
70.3 18.03 41.9 3.27 0.09 60.27
from the game board
and circle them.
− Add the two numbers using mental math or paper and pencil.
− Record the number of points scored for your sum. A sum above
100 scores 0.
0 20 40 60 80 100
1 point 2 points 3 points 2 points 1 point

• Use mental math or paper and pencil to check your opponent’s

sum after each turn.
• Choose only numbers that have not yet been circled.
• The winner is the player with the most points when all the numbers
have been circled.

2. Use a copy of the multiplication game board to play the following

game with a partner.
• The numbers on the game board are the same as in the addition
game.
• The rules are the same as in the addition game, except that you can
use a calculator to multiply the two chosen numbers.
• The points scored are different than in the addition game.
A product above 1000 scores 0.
0 0.1 1 10 100 1000
1 point 2 points 3 points 2 points 1 point

3. Describe how you can increase your chances of winning each game.

78 MHR • Chapter 2
Rounding Digits and High-Tech Crime
Suppose you are employed by a bank
to search for high-tech crime. One day
you are examining the software used to
calculate the interest paid to customers.
Millions of dollars of interest are paid
out every day to these customers. You
notice a line of programming that
rounds money amounts to the nearest
cent. This is normal.
But then, you notice something strange.
Someone has programmed the rounded
down amounts (tenths and hundredths
of a cent, for example) to be deposited
in a secret account. You check on that
account and find that someone has
deposited, and then withdrawn, several
million dollars over the past year.
a) Suppose you collect 1 cent on 20 transactions per day. If you work
20 days a month, how much money would you have at the end of three
months? at the end of a year?
b) How would it be possible to collect millions of dollars from
depositing only
tenths and hundredths of a cent?
c) Why might a customer not realize what was happening?
d) Why would the bank not realize what was happening?
e) Suppose the programmer was caught and put on trial. Work with a
partner to develop a case for the prosecution. You may wish to create
a table and prepare a presentation for the jury that would show the
effect of rounding. What would you say to the jury, who might not
know as much about math as you do?

Challenge in Real Life • MHR 79