The document discusses the identification of candidate key attributes from functional dependencies in a relation R(A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H) and provides a step-by-step analysis of closures to determine minimal candidate keys. It also addresses the decomposition of a schema R(A,B,C,D,E) into Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) by identifying violations and creating new relations to ensure lossless joins. The final BCNF decomposition consists of three relations: R1(A,B,C), R3(B,D), and R4(B,A,E).
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2Q
The document discusses the identification of candidate key attributes from functional dependencies in a relation R(A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H) and provides a step-by-step analysis of closures to determine minimal candidate keys. It also addresses the decomposition of a schema R(A,B,C,D,E) into Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) by identifying violations and creating new relations to ensure lossless joins. The final BCNF decomposition consists of three relations: R1(A,B,C), R3(B,D), and R4(B,A,E).
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1q.
Identify the NO of CANDIDATE key attributes from the given functinal
dependicies the given relation R(A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H) Ffunctional 10 dependency CH->G,A->BC,B->CFH,E->A,F->EG
Step 1: List the attributes and functional dependencies
Relation: R(A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H)R(A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H) Functional dependencies (FDs): 1. CH→GCH→G 2. A→BCA→BC 3. B→CFHB→CFH 4. E→AE→A 5. F→EGF→EG Step 2: Find the closure of attributes and determine the key(s) A candidate key is a minimal set of attributes that can uniquely determine all attributes in the relation. Step 2.1: Identify attributes directly determined by each FD CH→GCH→G: CHCH determines GG. A→BCA→BC: AA determines BB and CC. B→CFHB→CFH: BB determines CC, FF, and HH. E→AE→A: EE determines AA, which transitively determines BB and CC. F→EGF→EG: FF determines EE and GG.
Step 2.2: Find closure of subsets
The closure of an attribute set is the set of attributes that can be functionally determined by it. We compute closures systematically to determine if a set is a candidate key. 1. Start with subsets of attributes. 2. Check if the closure includes all attributes (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,HA,B,C,D,E,F,G,H). 3. If yes, check if the set is minimal.
Step 2.3: Analyze dependencies
By analyzing dependencies: E→A→BCE→A→BC: EE determines A,B,CA,B,C. B→CFHB→CFH: BB determines C,F,HC,F,H. F→EGF→EG: FF determines E,GE,G. Combining results: BB determines C,F,H,E,A,GC,F,H,E,A,G (i.e., BB is a key candidate if combined with DD). Other subsets of attributes can also form candidate keys.
Step 3: Count minimal candidate keys
The exact number depends on performing closure calculations exhaustively for all subsets of attributes. Based on the dependencies, the key attributes would involve B,F,D,CHB,F,D,CH in various combinations, ensuring minimal coverage.
2Q. Consider thr schema R=(A,B,C,D,E) and thefunctional dependencies
:A->BC , CD->E , B->D , E- >A .Give a lossless join decompostion into BCNF of the schema. ANS:- Step 1: List the attributes and functional dependencies Relation: R(A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H)R(A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H) Functional dependencies (FDs): CH→GCH→G A→BCA→BC B→CFHB→CFH E→AE→A F→EGF→EG
Step 2: Find the closure of attributes and determine the
key(s) A candidate key is a minimal set of attributes that can uniquely determine all attributes in the relation. Step 2.1: Identify attributes directly determined by each FD CH→GCH→G: CHCH determines GG. A→BCA→BC: AA determines BB and CC. B→CFHB→CFH: BB determines CC, FF, and HH. E→AE→A: EE determines AA, which transitively determines BB and CC. F→EGF→EG: FF determines EE and GG.
Step 2.2: Find closure of subsets
The closure of an attribute set is the set of attributes that can be functionally determined by it. We compute closures systematically to determine if a set is a candidate key. Start with subsets of attributes. Check if the closure includes all attributes (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,HA,B,C,D,E,F,G,H). If yes, check if the set is minimal.
Step 2.3: Analyze dependencies
By analyzing dependencies: E→A→BCE→A→BC: EE determines A,B,CA,B,C. B→CFHB→CFH: BB determines C,F,HC,F,H. F→EGF→EG: FF determines E,GE,G. Combining results: BB determines C,F,H,E,A,GC,F,H,E,A,G (i.e., BB is a key candidate if combined with DD). Other subsets of attributes can also form candidate keys.
Step 3: Count minimal candidate keys
The exact number depends on performing closure calculations exhaustively for all subsets of attributes. Based on the dependencies, the key attributes would involve B,F,D,CHB,F,D,CH in various combinations, ensuring minimal coverage. Would you like me to calculate specific closures to verify the count? You said: Consider thr schema R=(A,B,C,D,E) and thefunctional dependencies :A->BC , CD->E , B->D , E- >A .Give a lossless join decompostion into BCNF of the schema. ChatGPT said: To decompose the schema R(A,B,C,D,E)R(A,B,C,D,E) into BCNF (Boyce- Codd Normal Form), we follow these steps:
Step 1: List the attributes and functional dependencies
A relation is in BCNF if, for every functional dependency X→YX→Y: XX is a superkey (i.e., X+X+ contains all attributes of the relation). Otherwise, the schema violates BCNF and must be decomposed.
Step 2.1: Determine candidate keys for RR
From the FDs: E→AE→A: EE determines AA, which determines B,CB,C. B→DB→D: BB determines DD. Therefore, EE determines all attributes (A,B,C,D,EA,B,C,D,E). Thus, EE is the candidate key.
Step 2.2: Identify BCNF violations
Check each FD: A→BCA→BC: A+={A,B,C}A+={A,B,C}, which is not all attributes. AA is not a superkey. Violation. CD→ECD→E: CD+={C,D,E,A,B}CD+={C,D,E,A,B}, which includes all attributes. CDCD is a superkey. No violation. B→DB→D: B+={B,D}B+={B,D}, which is not all attributes. BB is not a superkey. Violation. E→AE→A: E+={A,B,C,D,E}E+={A,B,C,D,E}, which includes all attributes. EE is a superkey. No violation.
Step 3: Decompose the relation
Step 3.1: Decompose A→BCA→BC Create two relations: R1(A,B,C)R1(A,B,C) with A→BCA→BC R2(A,D,E)R2(A,D,E) with the remaining attributes and dependencies. Step 3.2: Decompose B→DB→D in R2R2 Relation R2(A,D,E)R2(A,D,E) violates BCNF because B→DB→D holds. Decompose R2R2 into: R3(B,D)R3(B,D) with B→DB→D R4(B,A,E)R4(B,A,E) with the remaining attributes.
Final BCNF Decomposition
The final BCNF decomposition is: R1(A,B,C)R1(A,B,C) with A→BCA→BC R3(B,D)R3(B,D) with B→DB→D R4(B,A,E)R4(B,A,E) with E→AE→A This ensures a lossless join and satisfies BCNF.