What are the difference between DBMS & RDBMS ?

A DBMS (Database Management System) is a software that is used to manage a database.

It is used to create, update, delete and maintain a database and it provides controlled
access to data.

An RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) is a type of DBMS that is based on

the relational model of data. It can be regarded as an enhanced version of DBMS.

Read this tutorial to find out more about DBMS and RDBMS and how they are different from
each other.

What is a DBMS?
DBMS stands for Database Management System. A DBMS stores data in the form of files; it
uses the file system to store data. In DBMS, data is usually stored either in a navigational
form or a hierarchical form.

In a DBMS, there is no relationship between tables containing data. Thus, DBMS does not
support distributed databases. In order to access the stored data, it has to provide some
uniform method.

DBMS are often used in small organizations to deal with a small amount of data handled
by a single user. File systems, XML, etc. are the popular examples DBMS.

What is an RDBMS?
RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System. An RDBMS stores data in the form
of a table, and a relationship is also established between tables of the database. One of the
major advantages of using an RDBMS is that it defines integrity constraint in the database.
Since a relationship can be created among the database tables, it can support distributed
database.

RDBMS are primarily designed to handle large amount of related data that can be handled
by multiple users. Some common examples of RDBMS include MySQL, Oracle, MS-Access,
etc.

Difference between DBMS and RDBMS

The following are the important differences between DBMS and RDBMS-
 Key DBMS RDBMS

DBMS stands for RDBMS stands for

Definition Database Management Relational Database
System. Management System.

Data Storage Data is stored as file. Data is stored as tables.

In DBMS, each data In RDBMS, multiple data

Data Access elements are to be elements can be accessed
accessed individually. at same time.

There is no relationship Data is present in multiple

Relationship between data in DBMS. tables which can be
related to each other.

Normalization cannot be Normalization can be

Normalization
achieved. achieved.

Distributed DBMS has no support for RDBMS supports

database distributed databases. distributed databases.

DBMS deals with small RDBMS deals with large

Data Quantity
quantity of data. quantity of data.

Data Redundancy is Data Redundancy can be

Data
common in DBMS. reduced using key and
Redundancy
indexes in RDBMS.

DBMS supports single RDBMS supports multiple

User
user at a time. users at a time.

DBMS provides low RDBMS has multilayer

Security security during data security during data
manipulation. manipulation.

Example File systems, XML, etc. Oracle, SQL Server.

Conclusion
From the above discussion, it is clear that DBMS and RDBMS are quite different from each
other. An RDBMS represents data in the form of tables, with rows and columns, and allows
users to create relationships between these tables using keys. In contrast, a DBMS may
use a variety of data models, such as the hierarchical model or the network model, to
represent data. In summary, all RDBMSs are DBMSs, but not all DBMSs are RDBMSs.
What is the advantage of DBMS ?

A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software system that provides an organized

and efficient way to store, retrieve, and manage data. DBMS offers several advantages,
which contribute to its widespread use in various applications and industries. Some of the
key advantages of DBMS are

Data Integrity: DBMS enforces data integrity constraints, ensuring that data in the
database remains accurate and consistent. It enforces rules such as data types, primary
keys, foreign keys, and check constraints to maintain data quality.

Data Security: DBMS offers robust security features, including user authentication,
authorization, and encryption. This helps protect sensitive information from unauthorized
access and ensures data privacy.

Concurrent Access and Transaction Management: DBMS allows multiple users to access the
database simultaneously while maintaining data consistency through the use of
transactions. This means that users can work independently without affecting others'
operations.

Data Redundancy Reduction: DBMS helps minimize data redundancy by allowing data to
be stored in a centralized location. This reduces the chances of inconsistent or duplicated
data.

Data Backup and Recovery: Most DBMS systems offer mechanisms for regular data backup
and recovery. This helps in disaster recovery and ensures data availability in case of system
failures.

Query and Reporting Capabilities: DBMS provides powerful query languages (e.g., SQL)
and reporting tools that allow users to extract and analyze data efficiently. This is essential
for decision-making and data analysis.

Data Consistency and Atomicity: DBMS ensures the consistency of data by enforcing the
concept of atomicity, which means that a transaction is either completed in full or not at
all. If a transaction fails, the system rolls back to the previous state to maintain data
integrity.

Data Centralization: DBMS centralizes data storage, making it accessible from multiple
applications and reducing data silos. This enables data sharing and integration across an
organization.

Scalability: DBMS systems can scale to handle larger amounts of data and higher user loads
by adding more hardware resources or employing distributed database architectures.
Data Maintenance and Optimization: DBMS systems provide tools for database
maintenance, including index creation, performance optimization, and data reorganization,
which help improve the efficiency of data retrieval.

Data Independence: DBMS offers data independence, separating the physical data storage
from the logical data model. This allows changes to the data structure without affecting the
application programs that use the data.

Data Recovery and Rollback: In the event of data corruption or user errors, DBMS systems
often provide a mechanism for rolling back to a previous state, ensuring data recoverability.

Data Access Control: DBMS allows fine-grained control over who can access and manipulate
data, making it easier to enforce data access policies and comply with regulatory
requirements.

Reduced Development Time: Using a DBMS can significantly reduce development time for
applications that require data storage, as developers can focus on application logic rather
than low-level data management.

Data Consistency and Referential Integrity: DBMS enforces referential integrity through
foreign key constraints, ensuring that relationships between data are maintained
consistently.

These advantages collectively make DBMS an essential component of modern data

management, allowing organizations to efficiently and securely manage their data assets.
However, it's important to choose the right DBMS for specific use cases and requirements,
as different DBMS systems have varying features and capabilities.

what is a database management system(DBMS)

"A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs that manages the
database structure and controls access to the data stored in the database".
The DBMS serves as the intermediary between the user and the database. The
database structure itself is stored as a collection of files, So, we can access the data
in those files through the DBMS.
The DBMS receives all application requests and translates them into the complex
operations required to fulfill those requests. The DBMS hides much of the database’s
internal complexity from the application programs and users.

Advantages of Database Management System (DBMS)

1. Improved data sharing
An advantage of the database management approach is, the DBMS helps to create an
environment in which end users have better access to more and better-managed
data.
Such access makes it possible for end users to respond quickly to changes in their
environment.
2. Improved data security
The more users access the data, the greater the risks of data security breaches.
Corporations invest considerable amounts of time, effort, and money to ensure that
corporate data are used properly. A DBMS provides a framework for better
enforcement of data privacy and security policies.
3. Better data integration

Wider access to well-managed data promotes an integrated view of the organization’s

operations and a clearer view of the big picture. It becomes much easier to see how
actions in one segment of the company affect other segments.

4. Minimized data inconsistency

Data inconsistency exists when different versions of the same data appear in different
places. For example, data inconsistency exists when a company’s sales department
stores a sales representative’s name as “Bill Brown” and the company’s personnel
department stores that same person’s name as “William G. Brown,” or when the
company’s regional sales office shows the price of a product as $45.95 and its
national sales office shows the same product’s price as $43.95. The probability of
data inconsistency is greatly reduced in a properly designed database.
5. Improved data access

The DBMS makes it possible to produce quick answers to ad hoc queries. From a
database perspective, a query is a specific request issued to the DBMS for data
manipulation—for example, to read or update the data. Simply put, a query is a
question, and an ad hoc query is a spur-of-the-moment question. The DBMS sends
back an answer (called the query result set) to the application. For example, end
users, when dealing with large amounts of sales data, might want quick answers to
questions (ad hoc queries) such as:
- What was the dollar volume of sales by product during the past six months?
- What is the sales bonus figure for each of our salespeople during the past three
months?
- How many of our customers have credit balances of 3,000 or more?
6. Improved decision making
Better-managed data and improved data access make it possible to generate better-
quality information, on which better decisions are based. The quality of the
information generated depends on the quality of the underlying data. Data quality is a
comprehensive approach to promoting the accuracy, validity, and timeliness of the
data. While the DBMS does not guarantee data quality, it provides a framework to
facilitate data quality initiatives.
7. Increased end-user productivity
The availability of data, combined with the tools that transform data into usable
information, empowers end users to make quick, informed decisions that can make
the difference between success and failure in the global economy.
Till now we have seen different benefits of database management systems. But it has
certain limitations or disadvantages.
Let's find various disadvantages of database system.

Disadvantages of Database Management System (DBMS):

Although the database system yields considerable advantages over previous data
management approaches, database systems do carry significant disadvantages. For
example:

1. Increased costs
one of the disadvantages of dbms is Database systems require sophisticated
hardware and software and highly skilled personnel. The cost of maintaining the
hardware, software, and personnel required to operate and manage a database
system can be substantial. Training, licensing, and regulation compliance costs are
often overlooked when database systems are implemented.
2. Management complexity
Database systems interface with many different technologies and have a significant
impact on a company’s resources and culture. The changes introduced by the
adoption of a database system must be properly managed to ensure that they help
advance the company’s objectives. Given the fact that database systems hold crucial
company data that are accessed from multiple sources, security issues must be
assessed constantly.
3. Maintaining currency

To maximize the efficiency of the database system, you must keep your system
current. Therefore, you must perform frequent updates and apply the latest patches
and security measures to all components.
Because database technology advances rapidly, personnel training costs tend to be
significant. Vendor dependence. Given the heavy investment in technology and
personnel training, companies might be reluctant to change database vendors.
As a consequence, vendors are less likely to offer pricing point advantages to existing
customers, and those customers might be limited in their choice of database system
components.

4. Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles

DBMS vendors frequently upgrade their products by adding new functionality. Such
new features often come bundled in new upgrade versions of the software. Some of
these versions require hardware upgrades. Not only do the upgrades themselves cost
money, but it also costs money to train database users and administrators to properly
use and manage the new features.
DATA ANOMALIES IN DBMS :--

In the context of Database Management Systems (DBMS), "data anomalies" refer to irregularities or issues in
the data stored in a database that can lead to problems when retrieving, updating, or using that data. There are
typically three types of data anomalies in DBMS:

1. **Insertion Anomalies**: These occur when you try to add new data to the database and face difficulties due
to the database structure. There are three subtypes:

- **Partial Information**: You can't insert new data because some required information is missing. For
example, if a database requires both a customer's name and phone number, you can't add a new customer
without both pieces of information.

- **Redundant Data**: Inserting new data can lead to duplications because the database structure allows for
redundancy. For instance, if you have a customer's address in multiple places, updating the address in one
location might lead to inconsistencies.

- **Incorrect Data**: You might inadvertently insert incorrect data into the database because there are no rules
to prevent it. Without proper validation, wrong information can be added.

2. **Deletion Anomalies**: These occur when you try to remove data from the database, and the structure of the
database makes it challenging to do so without losing other related data. There are three subtypes:

- **Loss of Important Information**: Deleting one piece of data may inadvertently result in the loss of other
related data that you didn't intend to delete. For example, if you delete a customer's order, you might also lose
information about the products ordered by that customer.

- **Incomplete Deletions**: You may not be able to delete a record completely because it is linked to other
data. Incomplete deletions leave behind "orphan" data, which can clutter the database.

- **Data Integrity Issues**: Deleting data may disrupt the integrity of the database, causing inconsistency or
breaking certain rules.

3. **Update Anomalies**: These occur when you try to modify data in the database, and the database structure
makes it challenging to do so without causing inconsistencies. There are two subtypes:
 - **Inconsistent Updates**: Updating data in one place may lead to inconsistencies or conflicts with data in
other places. For example, if you change a product's price in one record but forget to update it in all related
records, you end up with conflicting prices.

- **Data Redundancy**: To maintain consistency, you might need to update the same data in multiple places,
which increases the risk of making mistakes or missing updates.

These anomalies can lead to data quality issues, inaccuracies, and problems in database management. To
prevent these anomalies, a well-designed database typically uses techniques like normalization, which
organizes data efficiently and minimizes redundancy, and referential integrity constraints, which maintain
relationships between tables. Properly designed databases minimize the chances of these anomalies, ensuring
data accuracy and consistency.

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF DBMS ?

A Database Management System (DBMS) serves various functions in managing and manipulating data within a
database. Some of the key functions of a DBMS include:

1. **Data Storage**: DBMS stores data in an organized manner, typically in tables or other structured formats,
making it easier to manage and access.

2. **Data Retrieval**: It allows users to search and retrieve specific data from the database using queries or
searches. This function is essential for extracting useful information from large datasets.

3. **Data Update and Modification**: DBMS enables users to add, update, or delete data in the database while
maintaining data consistency and integrity.

4. **Data Security**: It provides mechanisms for user authentication and authorization to control who can access
and modify the data. It also supports encryption to protect sensitive information.

5. **Data Integrity**: DBMS enforces data integrity constraints, such as data types, primary keys, foreign keys, and
check constraints, to ensure data accuracy and consistency.

6. **Concurrency Control**: It manages concurrent access to the database by multiple users, preventing data
conflicts and maintaining data consistency through locking and transaction management.

7. **Data Backup and Recovery**: DBMS offers tools and procedures for regular data backup and recovery to protect
against data loss and system failures.
8. **Query and Reporting**: DBMS provides query languages (e.g., SQL) and reporting tools to retrieve and analyze
data efficiently, facilitating decision-making and data analysis.

9. **Data Maintenance and Optimization**: It includes tools for database maintenance, such as index creation,
performance tuning, and data reorganization to enhance data retrieval efficiency.

10. **Data Independence**: DBMS separates the physical storage of data from the logical data model, allowing
changes to the data structure without affecting the applications that use the data.

11. **Data Sharing and Integration**: DBMS enables data sharing and integration across various applications within
an organization by providing a centralized data repository.

12. **Scalability**: DBMS can scale to handle larger volumes of data and increased user loads by adding more
hardware resources or using distributed database architectures.

13. **Data Recovery and Rollback**: In the event of data corruption or user errors, DBMS systems typically provide a
mechanism for rolling back to a previous state, ensuring data recoverability.

14. **Data Access Control**: It allows administrators to set fine-grained access control policies, defining who can
access and manipulate the data, which is crucial for security and compliance with regulatory requirements.

15. **Data Versioning and History Tracking**: Some DBMS systems offer versioning and history tracking features,
allowing users to view previous states of data and changes made over time.

These functions collectively make DBMS an essential tool for managing and maintaining data in a structured, secure,
and efficient manner. The choice of a specific DBMS depends on the requirements and needs of an organization or
application.

EXPLAIN BASIC NOTATIONS OF ER DIAGRAM ?

An Entity-Relationship (ER) diagram is a visual representation used to model the structure of a database. It helps to
define the entities (objects or concepts) in the database, the attributes that describe these entities, and the
relationships between the entities. Basic notations in an ER diagram include:

1. Entity:

- An entity is represented by a rectangle or square box.

- It represents a real-world object, concept, or thing that can be uniquely identified and stored in the database.

- The name of the entity is written inside the rectangle.

2. Attribute:

- An attribute is depicted inside the entity box.

- It describes a specific property or characteristic of an entity.

- Attributes are connected to their respective entity with a line or ellipse.

- Each entity can have one or more attributes.

3. Primary Key:

- A primary key is a unique identifier for each entity within the database.

- It is underlined or marked with a key symbol in the attribute box.

- A primary key ensures that each entity instance is uniquely identifiable.

4. Relationship:

- A relationship between entities is represented by a diamond shape.

- It connects two or more entities to show how they are related or associated.

- The name of the relationship is written inside the diamond.

5. Cardinality:

- Cardinality notation is used to define the number of instances of one entity that can be related to the other entity
in a relationship.

- Common cardinality notations include "1" (one), "0..1" (zero or one), "0..n" (zero to many), "1..n" (one to many),
etc.

6. Weak Entity:

- A weak entity is an entity that cannot be uniquely identified by its attributes alone and depends on another entity
(called the strong entity) for identification.

- It is represented by a double rectangle.

7. Derived Attribute:

- A derived attribute is an attribute whose value can be calculated or derived from other attributes in the database.

- It is indicated with a dashed ellipse.

8. Multivalued Attribute:

- A multivalued attribute is an attribute that can have multiple values for a single entity.

- It is represented with a double oval.

9. Participating Entity:

- In a relationship, participating entities are the entities that are connected by the relationship.

- These entities are connected to the diamond symbol representing the relationship.

10. Total Participation:

- Total participation indicates that every entity in the relationship must participate in the relationship.

These notations help to create a clear and concise representation of the database schema, allowing designers and
stakeholders to understand the structure and relationships within the database easily. It is an essential tool in the
database design process and aids in communication between designers and database users.

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF RELATIONSHIPS IN DBMS ?

In a database management system (DBMS), relationships are used to describe how data is related or
connected between different tables (entities) in a database. There are several types of relationships in
DBMS, including:

1. One-to-One (1:1) Relationship:

- In a one-to-one relationship, one record in one table is related to exactly one record in another table,
and vice versa.
- This relationship is relatively rare in database design and is often used to split a table into two or more
tables for various reasons, such as improving data organization and reducing redundancy.

2. One-to-Many (1:N) Relationship:

- In a one-to-many relationship, one record in one table can be related to multiple records in another
table, but each record in the second table can be related to only one record in the first table.
- For example, one customer can have multiple orders, but each order is associated with only one
customer.
3. Many-to-One (N:1) Relationship:
- The many-to-one relationship is the reverse of the one-to-many relationship. Many records in one table
can be related to a single record in another table.
- This relationship is common in scenarios where multiple records need to reference a single record in
another table. For instance, multiple employees may report to the same manager.

4. Many-to-Many (N:N) Relationship:

- In a many-to-many relationship, multiple records in one table can be related to multiple records in
another table.
- This type of relationship is typically implemented using a junction table or associative entity that
contains foreign keys from both related tables. For example, in a school database, multiple students can
enroll in multiple courses, and multiple courses can have multiple students.

5. Self-Referencing Relationship:
- A self-referencing relationship occurs when a table is related to itself. This is often used to represent
hierarchical or recursive relationships within the same entity.
- For example, in an organizational structure, employees may have a relationship with other employees,
such as their supervisors or subordinates.
6. Associative Entity:
- An associative entity, also known as a junction table or a link entity, is used to resolve a many-to-many
relationship.
- It contains foreign keys from the related tables and additional attributes that describe the relationship
between them.
7. Inherited Relationship:
- Inheritance relationships are used in object-oriented databases and object-relational databases to
model the inheritance of attributes and behaviors from one entity (superclass or parent) to another
(subclass or child).
- This type of relationship is not common in traditional relational databases.
Understanding and properly modeling these relationships is crucial for designing an efficient and effective
database schema. It ensures data integrity, reduces redundancy, and supports complex data retrieval and
manipulation operations in a DBMS.

EXPLAIN DIFFERENT TYPES OF JOINS ?

In a relational database, joins are used to combine rows from two or more tables based on a related
column between them. Different types of joins in SQL allow you to retrieve and manipulate data in various
ways. The main types of joins include:
1. Inner Join:
 - An inner join returns only the rows that have matching values in both tables. Rows that do not have
matching values in the specified columns are excluded from the result set.
- The SQL syntax for an inner join is typically written as `SELECT ... FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON
table1.column = table2.column`.
2. Left (Outer) Join:
- A left join returns all rows from the left (first) table and the matched rows from the right (second) table.
If there are no matches in the right table, NULL values are returned.
- The SQL syntax for a left join is usually written as `SELECT ... FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON
table1.column = table2.column`.
3. Right (Outer) Join:
- A right join is the opposite of a left join. It returns all rows from the right (second) table and the matched
rows from the left (first) table. Rows from the left table with no matching values in the right table are
returned as NULL values.
- The SQL syntax for a right join is often expressed as `SELECT ... FROM table1 RIGHT JOIN table2 ON
table1.column = table2.column`.
4. Full (Outer) Join:
- A full join (or full outer join) returns all rows when there is a match in either the left or right table. If
there is no match, NULL values are used for columns from the table without a match.
- The SQL syntax for a full join is typically written as `SELECT ... FROM table1 FULL JOIN table2 ON
table1.column = table2.column`.
5. Self-Join:
- A self-join is a join where a table is joined with itself. It is often used to retrieve relationships or
hierarchical data within a single table, like an organizational hierarchy or a network of friends.
- In a self-join, you need to use table aliases to distinguish between the different instances of the same
table.
6. Cross Join (Cartesian Join):
- A cross join combines all rows from one table with all rows from another table. It creates a Cartesian
product, where each row from the first table is matched with every row from the second table.
- The SQL syntax for a cross join is typically expressed as `SELECT ... FROM table1 CROSS JOIN table2`.
7. Natural Join:
- A natural join is based on columns with the same name in both tables. It matches rows where the values
in the specified columns are equal. Natural joins automatically exclude duplicate columns from the result
set.
- The SQL syntax for a natural join is usually written as `SELECT ... FROM table1 NATURAL JOIN table2`.
8. Equi-Join:
- An equi-join is a type of join that combines rows based on equality between columns. It's a common
type of join used in inner, left, right, and full joins.
The choice of which join to use depends on the specific requirements of your query and the relationships
between the tables in your database. Selecting the appropriate join type is essential for retrieving the
desired data and ensuring data accuracy.

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENTITIES ?

In the context of entity-relationship modeling and database design, there are primarily two types of
entities: strong entities and weak entities. These entities play a crucial role in defining the structure and
relationships within a database. Let's explore these types:
1. **Strong Entity:** - A strong entity is an entity that can be uniquely identified by its attributes. In other
words, it has a primary key attribute that distinguishes each instance of the entity from the others.
- Strong entities exist independently and do not depend on other entities for their identification.
- For example, in a "Customer" entity, the "CustomerID" can be the primary key, and each customer is
uniquely identified by their ID.
2. **Weak Entity:**
- A weak entity is an entity that cannot be uniquely identified by its attributes alone. It depends on
another entity, known as the "owning" or "parent" entity, for its identification. The owning entity is typically
a strong entity.
- Weak entities often have partial key attributes, which are attributes that, when combined with the
attributes of the owning entity, provide a unique identifier.
- For example, in a database for tracking orders, an "Order" entity might be considered a weak entity
because an order alone may not be uniquely identified. To uniquely identify an order, you may need the
combination of "OrderNumber" (partial key of the weak entity) and the "CustomerID" (foreign key to the
strong "Customer" entity).
In addition to strong and weak entities, there's another concept called "Associative Entity" or "Relationship
Entity," which represents a relationship between two or more entities and stores additional information
about that relationship. Associative entities are typically used in many-to-many relationships to resolve
them into one-to-many relationships.
It's important to understand the distinction between these entity types when designing a database. Strong
entities can exist independently, while weak entities rely on other entities for identification, and associative
entities help represent complex relationships. The proper identification and modeling of entities and their
relationships are fundamental to creating an effective and accurate database schema.