Chemistry 1A Discussion Section

Chapter 13 Worksheet
"
◦
"
◦
ionic only
1. Chemical bonds covalent covalent ionic
µ
only
BIH
E ✓ ↓ ↓
Some plant fertilizer compounds are CH4N2O, (NH4)2SO4, Ca3(PO4)2, K2O, P2O5, and KCl.
-
= - -

Which of these compounds contain both ionic and covalent bonds?

- -

(NHy)z Soy is composed of the

polyatomic
ions NHy+ and 8042; which exhibit

to each other The ions NH4+aÑS04 2-

exhibit
c+s
between
ionic bonding
.

th¥H atoms and S and O atoms , respectively .

between Ca
"
10043 ; and covalent bonds
Caz (POy)z is similar , with ionic bonding and

between the P and O atoms .

Additional practice: Ch. 13 #24, #37

 will
Electronegativity
:

1 .
Increase → across a period .

2. Decrease
↓ down a
group .

2. Electronegativity

Predict the order of increasing electronegativity in each of the following groups of

elements.

a. Si, Pb, Ge
Pb < Ge < si

b. B, N, F
B - N < F

c. S, Se, Cl
se < s < Cl

d. Na, Rb, K
Rb < K < Na

e. C, Ga, Cl
Ga < c. < Cl

Additional practice: Ch. 13, #1, #8, #13

3. Dipoles

Predict which bond in each of the following groups is the most polar.

a. C⎯⎯F, Ge⎯⎯F, Si⎯⎯F

b. C⎯⎯H, S⎯⎯H, Sn⎯⎯H

c. Al⎯⎯Br, Ga⎯⎯Br, In⎯⎯Br, Tl⎯⎯Br

d. S⎯⎯F, S⎯⎯Cl, S⎯⎯Br

Additional practice: Ch. 13, #18b,d, #21, #22

4. Ions

For each of the following groups, place the atoms and ions in order of decreasing size.

a. Fe, Fe2+, Fe3+ electrons

size decreases
as

Fe > Fe
2+
> Fest are removed from an atom

b. Cu+, Ag+, Au+

atomic radius trend
Aut > Agt > Cut

c. O, O–, O2–
size increases as electrons are

02 0
-

0 added
-

> > to an atom

d. Ce3+, Nd3+, Gd3+, Lu3+

" " atomic radius trend
St 3T
Ce > Nd > Gd > Lu

e. Te2–, I–, Cs+, Ba2+, La3+

smallest ion is the one with
2-
Cst Bait Last
-

Te > I > > >

the most protons
(isoelectronic series )
trend

Additional practice: Ch. 13, #27, #28, #30, #31, #33, #34
5. Bond energies

Use bond energy values in Table 13.6 to estimate ΔH for each of the following reactions in
the gas phase.

a.

H -

H
H -
H

Bonds broken
: Bonds formed :

I C- N ( 305 KJ / moi)
I CEN ( 891 KJ /ma)
2 C H
- 1413 KJ /MOD
2 H H ( 432 KJ / MOD
(391 / MOD
-

2 N -
H KJ

H =
{ bonds broken
-
& bonds formed

=
[891 KJ +
21432 KJ) ] -
[305 KJ + 2/413 KJ) +21391 KJ)] = -
158 KJ

b.

F- F H -
F H -
F

H -
F
H F
F- F
-

Bonds broken :

Bonds formed :

I N N -
(160 KJ / MoD
4 H F / 565 KJ / MoD
-

4 N H 1391 KJ / moi)
-

1 NEN 1941 KJ / MoD

2 F- F (154 KJ / MOD

☆H= [ 160 KJ +
4/391 KJ) +2454 KJ) ] [41565 KJ) +941
- KJ ] = -1169 KJ

Additional practice: Ch. 13, # 47a,b, #49, #50, #52

6. Lewis structures

Write Lewis structures that obey the octet rule for each of the following. In each case the
first atom listed is the central atom.

a. CO2 4+2 (6) = 16 valence electrons

☆ TOO
☆ TO

0= C = 0
og BB
000 og

b. PH3 5 + 3 (1) = 8 valence electrons

00 •

H - P - H
I
H

c. NH4+ 5+4 ( l) -
I = 8 valence electrons

{
H +

H -

IN -

It

d. ClO2− 7- + 2 (6) + I = 20 valence electrons

:]
_
@ A

[ :O a %
-
-

A • 3 Be
• •

e. SCl2 6+2 (7) = 20 valence electrons

@ As

Éi :
☆ @

:C l
- s -

• ° 2 •
a @

f. PCl2− 5+2 (7) + I =

20 valence electrons

[÷ :]
-
& •

-
is -
ci
2 of 2 so

Additional practice: Ch. 13, #63a,e,f,h,i, #64a,b

7. Resonance

Draw Lewis structures for the following. Show all resonance structures, where applicable.
Carbon is the central atom in OCN– and SCN–.

a. OCN– 6+4+5+1=16 valence electrons

[ ] [ ¥ :]
- -

[ :O :] =c=i÷
-

-
c=N →
< <
→ :O -=c -

• •

as a

b. SCN– 6+4+5+1=16 valence electrons

[ :]
-

:S
[ ] [ :]
- -

N ii
÷=c= ÷
-

⑤ B
c-
ro 00

c. N3– 3 (5) +1=16 Valence electrons

:] ! =N=!÷ ] :]
-

[
- -

[ [
Ñ N -=N Ñ
• •

* = N
!
- -

& •
• s

Additional practice: Ch. 13, #66a, #67, #68, #71, #79, #80, #84, #130
 8. Exception to octet rule

SF6, ClF5, and XeF4 are three compounds whose central atoms do not follow the octet rule.
Draw Lewis structures for these compounds.

SFG 6+6171=48 e-
Xefy 7- + 5- (7) =
42 e-

•
or

:F : Ty D

I
M p A

:É /
F :
•
F
• •

F :
Is -
Xe
-

• •
• . -
. .
O P

/ \ ✓
¥
-
•
\
1
•
• •

:
:F F:
• •

:F 2 @

• •
☐ •
To Do

:F :
② •

C. 11=5 8+4 (7) = 36 e-

-
•
:ij :

É :
:F -
- .
-
C, - ✓

/ • •
\
:F :
z P

:F < _

A ☆

Additional practice: Ch. 13, #85, #86

9. VSEPR theory

Predict the molecular structure and the bond angles for each of the following. Which of
these molecules have net dipole moments?

a. SeO3 6+3/63=245-0
:O : :O : :O :

12%1,1 > 120° I 1

trigonal planar
/
-

O
: →
:O
7=0 :
-

0
:

i. ◦
: .
.

.
.
.
.
: .
.

%.
.
: .
.

b. SeO2

¥1
Ée
= ?o:
£
• •

/ Sex .
se
V-shaped / bent
\
.

4 dipole moment
÷ .
": ""
120°
• .

c. ICl5 7+5173=42 e-
^

I § ,-É
:O :
i. :

:Éi
iii. .

Pyramid
c. ! :
:

- _ square :
I
!
I £900
• .

Éi -
c- i :

. .
/ ÉI : ≈ 90° bond angles . .
. _

:
? 90° - .

dipole
moment

d. XeCl4 8+4673=36 e-

90°
X
☆ @

. .

Cl
square planar
÷
CI :

'e=
\ ,
• •
• • -
Xe
4900
→ Dr

. .
/ • •

\ . .
90° bond angles
: Cl Cl :
@ a
2 •

e. SeCl6 6+6173=48 e-

:[ : . .

I Cl : Octahedral
Ei / . .
,

÷
-
se .
_
, CI : 90° bond angles
• @ ,
:C /
• .

• . :C / :
20 •

Additional practice: Ch. 13, #96c,d,e, #93, #99, #107, #132