Subject: Introduction To Engineering
(BMM1711)
Project Title: Types of Turbines
NAME & MATRIX : TAVENESH A/L THANAPALAN (MA23165)
NUMBER THIVIYEN RAJ A/L RUTHIRA MOORTHY (MA23166)
MUHAMMAD ISKANDAR BIN MAHARI (MA23169)
MUHAMMAD DANISH HAIKAL BIN MOHD ROHAIZAN (MA23171)
PROJECT GROUP : 9
SECTION : M01
LECTURER NAME : ASNUL HADI BIN AHMAD
SUBMISSION DATE : 13 June 2024
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Table of Contents
Subject : Introduction To Engineering 1
Table of Contents 2
1.0 Introduction 3
2.0 Materials, Design & Processing 4
3.0 Results & Discussion 6
4.0 Conclusion 8
5.0 References 9
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1.0 Introduction
Background: Turbines are highly important components of various power
conversion systems, used in generation of electric power, mechanical power and
various industrial applications. The mentioned machines work as energy
transformers, which means they convert different forms of energy into
mechanical power that can be employed directly or coverted into electricity.
Problem in the Process: However, without fail, the turbines pose with various
challenges regarding their capacity in conservation of power, rise in the cost of
maintenance and last but not the least, the environmental impacts. Knowledge
and comprehension of the material used, structure, and fabrication of various
kinds of turbines are crucial in achieving the desired performance and making
them environmentally friendly.
Objective: This project aims at studying the functioning of steam turbines,
hydraulic turbines, gas turbines, and wind turbines. This is in relation to the
materials and design of the turbines, processes involved as well as an assessment
of any sustainable measure for each type of turbine
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2.0 Materials, Design & Processing
1. Steam Turbines
Materials and Properties: It is generally constructed from high-temperature
material such as stainless steel nickel, chromium, and other alloys to handle with
high pressure and temperature. It also highlight some characteristics it possess
such as high tensile strength, corrosion protection and thermal stability.
Equipment: Steam generators, high-pressure and intermediate steam pressure
turbines, Low-pressure turbines, condenser.
Procedure: By heating the water in the boiler, it forms steam, which is made to
expand through the passing turbines, thus initiating rotation of the rotor and hence
generation of electricity. The steam is condensed and reused, which is a very
effective way of managing the utilization of resources used in the process.
2. Hydraulic Turbines
Materials and Properties: It is generally constructed from high-temperature
material such as stainless steel nickel, chromium, and other alloys to handle with
high pressure and temperature. It also highlight some characteristics it possess
such as high tensile strength, corrosion protection and thermal stability.
Equipment: Steam generators, high-pressure and intermediate steam pressure
turbines, Low-pressure turbines, condenser.
Procedure: By heating the water in the boiler, it forms steam, which is made to
expand through the passing turbines, thus initiating rotation of the rotor and hence
generation of electricity. The steam is condensed and reused, which is a very
effective way of managing the utilization of resources used in the process.
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3. Gas Turbines
Materials and Properties: Utilize metals and alloys which are of high
performance which include: Inconel, titanium metals; the products have to
withstand high temperatures and pressures. Some properties of singles have been
found to be high melting points, as well as the ability to withstand high thermal
fatigue.
Equipment: Internal components which are the compressor, the combustion
chamber, the turbine and the exhaust system.
Procedure: Air is compressed and is subsequently mixed with fuel and is then
burned with the formation of high pressure and gases these gases are again expand
through turbine and produces electricity. These may be utilized in generating
extra energy depending on the exhaust gases.
4. Wind Turbines
Materials and Properties: Blades are usually stiffened composites (fiberglass,
carbon fiber etc) because of it’s strength to weight ratio. These are constructed
using steel or reinforced concrete and are provided with a safety feature known
as the nacelle.
Equipment: Rotor blades, shaft or gearbox, generator, control circuitry.
Procedure: Concerning the generation of electricity, wind makes the rotor blades
rotate, a shaft in through a gearbox and gets to the generator. The control system
concerns the performance and safety of operations in an organization or a facility.
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3.0 Results & Discussion
1. Energy Consumption
Steam Turbines: The initial energy input required to heat water is high
though this system is efficiency when constantly used. Appropriate for a
massive scale industry like power plants.
Hydraulic Turbines: Renewable power sources and low working energy
requirements indicate high sustainability and negligible emissions.
Gas Turbines: Very high fuel consumption and emissions levels but high
efficiency and maneuverability for power generation purposes.
Wind Turbines: Clean, green and from natural resources that are employers
of low operational energy to produce sustainable energy.
2. Effiency Comparison
Turbine Effiency(%) Energy CO₂ Emissions (kg/MWh)
Type Source
Steam 35-45 Thermal 500-900
Turbine
Hydraulic 90+ Water 0
Turbine
Gas Turbine 30-40 Natural Gas 450-650
Wind Turbine 35-45 Wind 0
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Discussion
Steam Turbines: Although they are very effective with the larger quantity
productions, they take much energy to produce steam and result in more
emissions. Team turbines encounter difficulties. To guarantee efficiency
and performance over the long run, maintenance is necessary. Steam
turbines have a substantial upfront cost, despite their long-term advantages.
They also require specialised workers for maintenance and operation due
to its sophisticated design and functioning. In summary, steam turbines
play a key role in the production of electricity and other industrial
operations, making them an essential part of contemporary energy systems.
Hydraulic Turbines: Very effective and environmentally friendly in terms
of emissions as water as a raw material is renewable all seasons of the year.
This makes them a sustainable and reliable source of energy, capable of
providing consistent power throughout the year.
Gas Turbines: Are of medium flexibility and quite efficient but use much
fuel and produce emissions. As a result, they contribute to environmental
pollution and are less sustainable compared to renewable energy
alternatives.
Wind Turbines: It is eco-friendly and has renewed sources of energy, but
the efficiency depends on the availability of wind. Low impacts on
environment after its placement as it runs. Once installed, they have
minimal environmental impact, generating clean energy with negligible
emissions.
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4.0 Conclusion
Therefore, it may be said that the viability of turbines is dependent on the
type and source of energy employed. On the sustainability aspect, hydraulic
turbines are the most sustainable, with efficiency factors as well as minimal
influences on the environment. There is also the wind power through the use of
wind turbines but this is characteristic with the problem of wind unavailability.
Steam turbines, while responsive for wide ranging electricity generation, require
high energy and raises emission. As mentioned before, gas turbines are quite
flexible and efficient in their generation of electricity but it is very damaging in
terms of fuel and emissions. It is possible to make changes of improving the
overall structure and type of materials used on these turbines to make them better
suited to use and the environment.
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5.0 References
1. Boyce, M.P. (2012). Gas Turbine Engineering Handbook. Butterworth-
Heinemann.
2. Gullen, D. (2003). Modern Hydroelectric Power & Plants. Wiley.
3. Manwell, J.F., McGowan, J.G., & Rogers, A.L. (2010). Wind Energy
Explained: Theory, Design and Application. Wiley.
4. Kumar, D., & Katoch, S.S. (2015). Sustainability assessment of run-of-
the-river hydropower projects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 51, 1393-1404.
5. https://thermon.com/renewable/?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwgpCz
BhBhEiwAOSQWQdr5xCdNvcm04rLLKAmRkT2hSmbyA7bf7lpmAvz
4bMkmCSKRDzj_zxoClI8QAvD_BwE
