e-Notes 24-25

Grade 9 Subject Chemistry Month November & December

Unit 7: Acids, Bases and Salts

Properties of Acids
Acid: a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
Definition of Acids: Proton donors.
Indicators
• Have a pH between 1 (strong) and 6 (weak)
• Turns blue litmus red
• Turns methyl orange indicator red
• Colourless in Thymolphthalein
Weak and Strong Acids
1. Strong acids: completely dissociated in aqueous solution producing lots of
H+ ions
e.g: HCl (aq) → H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
2. Weak acids: partially dissociated in aqueous solution producing few H+ ions
e.g: CH3COOH (aq) ⇌ H+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq)
Chemical properties
• Acid + metal → salt + hydrogen gas
• Acid + base → salt + water
• Acid + metal carbonate → salt + carbon dioxide + water
Properties of Bases
Bases: substances which neutralise acids to form salt and water only.
Definition of Bases: They are proton acceptors (form OH- ions)
Indicators
• Have a pH between 8 (weak) and 14 (strong)
• Turns red litmus blue
• Turns methyl orange indicator yellow
• Turns Blue in thymolphthalein
Weak and Strong Alkalis (Soluble Bases)

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 1. Strong alkalis: completely dissociates in aqueous solution, producing lots of
OH- ions
e.g.: NaOH (aq) → Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
2. Weak alkalis partially ionize in water producing OH- ions
e.g: NH4OH (aq) ⇌ NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
Chemical properties
• Base + acid → salt + water (+ CO2 when base is a metal carbonate)
• Base + ammonium salt → salt + ammonia gas + water
Neutral
• Neutral substances are pH 7.
• pH scale
pH is the concentration of H+ ions per dm3 of solution
Universal indicator solution is used to determine the pH of a substance by matching
the color change to the pH color chart.

Types of Oxides
• Metal oxides are basic, e.g. Copper oxide and Calcium oxide
• Non-metal oxides are acidic, e.g. sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide
• Aluminium and zinc form amphoteric oxides, e.g. zinc oxide
• Oxides that react with neither acids nor bases are neutral, e.g. nitrous monoxide
and carbon monoxide
Colours of Transition Metal Compounds
Metal Compounds Colour

Copper (II) Sulfate Blue

Copper (II) Oxide Black

Copper (II) Carbonate Green

Manganese (IV) Oxide Black

Iron (II) Salts Pale Green

Iron (III) Salts Brown or Orange

Water of Crystallisation and General Solubility Rules
Water of Crystallisation

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 • A salt is a compound formed when a metal replaces all the hydrogen atoms of an
acid.
• Naming salts involves two parts: the name of the metal and the acid-ending
eg. calcium + hydrochloric acid = calcium chloride
• The Water of Crystallisation is the water molecules present in hydrated
crystals.
Type of Salt Acid used

Sulfate Sulfuric acid

Nitrate Nitric acid

Chloride Hydrochloric acid

Ethanoate Ethanoic acid

General Solubility Rules
Soluble Salts Insoluble Salts

All sodium, potassium and Ammonium salts None

All nitrates None

Chlorides Except for silver and lead

Except for barium, lead

Sulfates
and calcium

Potassium, Sodium and Ammonium Carbonates All other carbonates

Sodium, Potassium and Ammonium Hydroxides

Nearly all hydroxides
(partially calcium hydroxide)
Preparation of Salts
Soluble Salts
Method A: Soluble Salts from Excess Insoluble Bases (metal, metal oxide,
carbonates)
1. Warm acid (increases the speed of reaction)
2. Add an excess reactant + stir
3. Filter mixture
4. Transfer to evaporating basin
5. Heat using a Bunsen burner
6. Leave to cool until crystallisation point
7. Wash crystals with distilled water
8. Dry crystals on filter paper

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Method B: Titration
1. Place a known volume of alkali into a conical flask using a volumetric pipette.
2. Add indicator (e.g. thymolphthalein)
3. Titration: add acid using a burette until the endpoint has reached
4. Record the volume of acid added
5. Repeat without indicator
6. Transfer to evaporating basin
7. Heat with Bunsen burner
8. Leave to cool until crystallisation point
9. Wash crystals with distilled water
10. Dry crystals on filter paper

Insoluble Salts
Precipitation: Insoluble Solid forms between two aqueous solutions.
1. Mix two soluble salts
2. Filter to remove the precipitate
3. Wash the precipitate with distilled water
4. Leave to dry

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 Unit 8: The Periodic Table

Arrangement of Elements
• The Periodic table is a method of classifying elements.
• Elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number (each proceeding
element has one more proton)
• Made up of rows called periods and columns called groups, the position of an
element helps determine its electronic configuration.
• Period number: number of electron shells
• Group number: number of outer shell electrons
Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties.

Periodic Trends
1. The table moves from metals on the left to non-metals on the right.
2. Down a group of metals, elements become more reactive.
3. With non-metals going down a group, reactivity decreases.
Group I Properties
• Group I metals: Lithium, sodium and potassium

Chemical Properties Physical Properties

Good conductors of
Readily react with oxygen and water; stored in oil
heat and electricity

React violently with chlorine Soft and easy to cut

Burst into flames when heated with oxygen[red flame for

lithium; yellow flame for sodium; lilac flame for Shiny when freshly cut
potassium]

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 Chemical Properties Physical Properties

Melting points decrease

Produce soluble white compounds.
down the group.

React with water to form alkaline metal and hydrogen Increase density down
gas the group
• Predicting the properties of other Group I alkali metals: Rubidium, Caesium and
Francium [reactivity increases down the group]
Element Reaction with Water

Lithium Floats and gives off hydrogen gas (effervescence)

Sodium Vigorous Reaction and moves very quickly

Potassium Explosive Reaction, lilac flame

Group VII Properties
Properties Patterns

States and Colours, at RTP:

Fluorine- Yellow-green gas
Down the group, size, mass and density
Chlorine- Pale Yellow-Green gas
increase
Bromine- Red-Brown liquid
Iodine- Grey-Black solid

Poisonous Down the group, the colour darkens

Reactivity decreases down the group,

because it has to gain an electron,
Diatomic; form halide ions in a so the closer the electron is to the positive
displacement reaction nucleus, the more easily it will be gained,
so atoms with fewer shells will react more
easily.

Do not conduct electricity melting point increases down the group

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Transition Elements

Physical Properties
• High melting & boiling points
• Malleable and ductile
• Good conductors of heat & electricity
• High density
Chemical Properties
• Act as catalysts
• Form coloured compounds
• Variable Oxidation Numbers (Iron (II) or Iron (III) )
Noble Gases
Properties Uses

Density increases down the group Helium-filling balloons

Monoatomic and colourless Argon – Lamps

M.P. and B.P. increases down the group Neon – advertising signs

Don’t conduct electricity

Inert & stable due to full outer shell electrons