Writing task 1 - Part 1

The general format for writing academic writing task 1 is as follows:

Introduction (Title paraphrase) + Basic/ General Trends(overview) +
Details Description (P1, P2) + Summary (optional).

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 Vocabulary for the Introduction Part:

Starting Presentation Type Verb Description

The/ the given / diagram / table / shows / represents / the comparison of…

the supplied / the figure / illustration / depicts / enumerates / the differences…

presented / the graph / chart / flow illustrates / presents/ the changes...

shown / chart / picture/ gives / provides / the number of…

The provided presentation/ pie delineates/ outlines/ information on…

chart / bar graph/ describes / delineates/ data on…

column graph / line expresses/ denotes/ the proportion of…

graph / table data/ compares/ shows contrast the amount of…

data / information / / indicates / figures / information on...

pictorial/ process gives data on / gives data about...

diagram/ map/ pie information on/ presents comparative data...

chart and table/ bar information about/ shows the trend of...

graph and pie chart data about/ demonstrates/ the percentages of...

... sketch out/ summarises... the ratio of...

how the...

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Example:
1. The diagram shows employment rates among adults in four European
countries from 1925 to 1985.

2. The given pie charts represent the proportion of male and female
employees in 6 broad categories, dividing into manual and non-manual
occupations in Australia, between 2010 and 2015.

3. The chart gives information about consumer expenditures on six

products in four countries namely Germany, Italy, Britain and France.

4. The supplied bar graph compares the number of male and female
graduates in three developing countries while the table data presents the
overall literacy rate in these countries.

5. The bar graph and the table data depict the water consumption in
different sectors in five regions.

6. The bar graph enumerates the money spent on different research

projects while the column graph demonstrates the fund sources over a
decade, commencing from 1981.

7. The line graph delineates the proportion of male and female

employees in three different sectors in Australia between 2010 and 2015.

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Note that, some teachers prefer the "The line graph
demonstrates..." instead of "The given line graph demonstrates...".
However, if you write "The given/ provided/ presented...." it would be
correct as well.

Tips:
1. For a single graph use 's' after the verb, like - gives data on, shows/
presents etc. However, if there are multiple graphs, DO NOT use 's' after
the verb.

2. If there are multiple graphs and each one presents a different type of
data, you can write which graph presents what type of data and use
'while' to show a connection. For example - 'The given bar graph shows
the amount spent on fast food items in 2009 in the UK while the pie
chart presents a comparison of people's ages who spent more on fast
food.

3. Your introduction should be quite impressive as it makes the first

impression on the examiner. It either makes or breaks your overall score.

4. For multiple graphs and/ or table(s), you can write what they present
in combination instead of saying which each graph depicts. For
example, "The two pie charts and the column graph in combination
depicts a picture of the crime in Australia from 2005 to 2015 and the
percentages of young offenders during this period."

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Caution:
Never copy word for word from the question. If you do, you would be
penalized. always paraphrase the introduction in your own words.
General Statement Part:
The General statement is the first sentence (or two) you write in your
reporting. It should always deal with:

What + Where + When.

Example: The diagram presents information on the percentages of
teachers who have expressed their views about the different problems
they face when dealing with children in three Australian schools from
2001 to 2005.

What = the percentages of teachers...

Where = three Australian schools...
When = from 2001 to 2005...
A good General statement should always have these parts.

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Vocabulary for the General Trend Part:
1. In general...
2. In common...
3. Generally speaking…
4. Overall...
5. It is obvious...
6. As it is observed...
7. As a general trend...
8. As can be seen...
9. As an overall trend/ As overall trend...
10. As it is presented...
11. It can be clearly seen that...
12. At the first glance...
13. It is clear,
14. At the onset...
15. It is clear that...
16. A glance at the graph(s) reveals that...

Example:
1. In general, the employment opportunities increased till 1970 and then
declined throughout the next decade.

2. As it is observed, the figures for imprisonment in the five mentioned

countries show no overall pattern, rather shows the considerable
fluctuations from country to country.
3. Generally speaking, citizens in the USA had a far better life standard
than that of the remaining countries.

4. As can be seen, the highest number of passengers used the London

Underground station at 8:00 in the morning and at 6:00 in the evening.

4. Generally speaking, more men were engaged in managerial positions

in 1987 than that of women in New York this year.

5. As an overall trend, the number of crimes reported increased fairly

rapidly until the mid-seventies, remained constant for five years and
finally, dropped to 20 cases a week after 1982.

6. At a first glance, it is clear that more percentages of native university

pupils violated regulations and rules than the foreign students did during
this period.

7. At the onset, it is clear that drinking in public and drink-driving were

the most common reasons for US citizens to be arrested in 2014.

8. Overall, the leisure hours enjoyed by males, regardless of their

employment status, was much higher than that of women.

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The structure of the IELTS Academic Writing Task 1 (Report Writing):
Introduction:
Introduction (never copy word for word from the question) + Overview/
General trend (what the diagrams indicate at a first glance).
Reporting Details:
Main features in the Details
+ Comparison and Contrast of the data. (Do not give all the figures.)
+ Most striking features of the graph.

Conclusion:
Conclusion (General statement + Implications, significant comments)
[The conclusion part is optional.]

Tips:
1. Write the introduction and General trend in the same paragraph. Some
students prefer to write the 'General Trend' in a separate paragraph and
many teachers suggest both to be written in a single paragraph. Unless
you have a really good reason to write the general trend in the second
paragraph, try to write them both in the first paragraph. However, this is
just a suggestion, not a requirement.
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2. Your 'Introduction (general statement + overall trend/ general trend)
should have 75 - 80 words.

3. DO NOT give numbers, percentages or quantity in your general trend.

Rather give the most striking feature of the graph that could be easily
understood at a glance. Thus, it is suggested to AVOID -

"A glance at the graphs reveals that 70% of the male were employed in
2001 while 40 thousand women in this year had jobs."

And use a format /comparison like the following:

"A glance at the graphs reveals that more men were employed than
their female counterparts in 2001 and almost two-third of females
were jobless in the same year. "

Vocabulary to Start the Report Body:

Just after you finish writing your 'Introduction' (i.e., General Statement +
General overview/ trend), you are expected to start a new paragraph to
describe the main features of the diagrams. This second paragraph is
called the 'Body Paragraph / Report Body". You can have a single body
paragraph/ report body or up to 3, (not more than 3 in any case)
depending on the number of graphs provided in the question and the
type of these graphs. There are certain phrases you can use to start your
body paragraph and the following is a list of such phrases ---

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1.As it is presented in the diagram(s)/ graph(s)/ pie chart(s)/ table...
2. As (it is) shown in the illustration...
3. As can be seen in the...
4. As the diagrams suggest...
5. According to the...
6. Categorically speaking...
7. Getting back to the details...
8. Now, turning to the details...
9. The table data clearly shows that...
10. The diagram reveals that...
11. The data suggest that...
12. The graph gives the figure...
13. It is interesting to note that...
14. It is apparently seen that...
15. It is conspicuous that...
16. It is explicitly observed that...
17. It is obvious...
18. It is clear from the data...
19. It is worth noticing that...
20. It is crystal clear/ lucid that...
21. It can be clearly observed that...
22. It could be plainly viewed that...
23. It could be noticed that...
24. We can see that...

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 Vocabulary to show the changes:

Trends Verb form Noun Form

Increase rise / increase / go up / uplift / a rise / an increase / an

rocket(ed) / climb / upsurge / soar/ upward trend / a growth /
shot up/ improve/ jump/ leap/ move a leap / a jump / an
upward/ skyrocket/ soar/ surge. improvement/ a climb.

Decrease fall / decrease / decline / plummet / a fall / a decrease / a

plunge / drop / reduce / collapse / reduction / a downward
deterioriate/ dip / dive / go down / trends /a downward
take a nosedive / slum / slide / go into tendency / a decline/ a
free-fall. drop / a slide / a collapse /
a downfall.

Steadiness unchanged / level out / remain a steadiness/ a plateau / a

constant / remain steady / plateau / stability/ a static
remain the same / remain stable /
remain static

Gradual an upward trend / an

increase ------------ upward tendency / a
ceiling trend

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Gradual a downward trend / a
decrease ------------ downward tendency / a
descending trend

Standability/ level(ed) off / remain(ed) constant /

Flat remain(ed) unchanged / remain(ed) No change, a flat, a
stable / prevail(ed) consistency / plateau.
plateaued / reach(ed) a plateau /
stay(ed) uniform /immutable /
level(ed) out/ stabilise/ remain(ed) the
same.

Examples:
1. The overall sale of the company increased by 20% at the end of the
year.

2. The expenditure of the office remained constant for the last 6 months
but the profit rose by almost 25%.

3. There was a 15% drop in the ratio of student enrollment at this

University.

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4. The population of the country remained almost the same as it was 2
years ago.

5. The population of these two cities increase significantly in the last

two decades and it is expected that it will remain stable during the next 5
years.

Tips:
1. Use 'improve' / 'an improvement' to describe a situation like
economic condition or employment status. To denote numbers, use other
verbs/nouns like increase.
2. Do not use the same word/ phrase over and over again. In fact, you
should not use a noun or verb form to describe a trend/change more than
twice; once is better!

3. To achieve a high band score you need to use a variety of vocabulary

as well as sentence formations.
 Vocabulary to represent changes in graphs:

Type of Change Adverb form Adjective form

Rapid change dramatically / rapidly / dramatic / rapid / sharp /

sharply / quickly / hurriedly / quick / hurried / speedy /
speedily / swiftly / swift / significant /
significantly/ considerably / considerable / substantial /
substantioally / noticably. noticable.

Moderate change moderately / gradually / moderate / gradual /

progressively / sequentially. progressive / sequential.

Steady change steadily/ ceaselessly. steady/ ceaseless.

Slight change slightly / slowly / mildly / slight / slow / mild /

tediously. tedious.

Example:
1. The economic inflation of the country increased sharply by 20% in
2008.

2. There was a sharp drop in industrial production in the year 2009.

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3. The demand for new houses dramatically increased in 2002.

4. The population of the country dramatically increased in the last

decade.

5. The price of oil moderately increased during the last quarter but as a
consequence, the price of daily necessities rapidly went up.

Vocabulary to represent frequent changes in graphs:

Type of Verb form Noun form

Change

Rapid ups wave / fluctuate / waves / fluctuations /

and downs oscillate / vacillate / oscillations /
palpitate vacillations /
palpitations

Example:
1. The price of the goods fluctuated during the first three months of
2017.

2. The graph shows the oscillations of the price from 1998 to 2002.

3. The passenger number in this station oscillates throughout the day

and in the early morning and evening, it remains busy.

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4. The changes in car production in Japan shows a palpitation for the
second quarter of the year.

5. The number of students in debate clubs fluctuated in different months

of the year and rapid ups and downs could be observed in the last three
months of this year.

Tips:
1. 4. DO NOT try to present every single piece of data presented in a
graph. Rather pick 5-7 most significant and important trends/ changes
and show their comparisons and contrasts.
2. The question asks you to write a report and summarise the data
presented in graphs(s). This is why you need to show the
comparisons, contrasts, show the highest and lowest points and the
most striking features in your answer, not every piece of data
presented in the diagram(s).
Types of Changes/ Differences and Vocabulary to present them:
Great change / Huge difference:
Adjectives Adverbs
Overwhelming Overwhelmingly
Substantial Substantially
Enormous Enormously

Big change / Big difference:

Adjectives Adverbs
Significant Significantly
Considerable Considerably

Medium change / Moderate difference:

Adjectives Adverbs
Somewhat Somewhat
Moderate Moderately

Minor change / Small difference:

Adjectives Adverbs
Fractional Fractionally
Marginal Marginally
Slight Slightly

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Dates, Months & Years related vocabulary and grammar:
» From 1990 to 2000, Commencing from 1980, Between 1995 and 2005,
After 2012.
» By 1995, In 1998, In February, Over the period, During the period,
During 2011.
» In the first half of the year, For the first quarter, The last quarter of the
year, During the first decade.
» In the 80s, In the 1980s, During the next 6 months, In the mid-70s,
Next 10 years, Previous year, Next year, Between 1980 - 1990.
» Within a time span of ten years, within five years.
» Next month, Next quarter, Next year, Previous month, Previous year.
» Since, Then, From.

Percentage, Portion and Numbers:

Percentages:
10% increase, 25 percent decrease, increased by 15%, dropped by 10 per
cent, fall at 50%, reached to 75%, tripled, doubled, one-fourth, three-
quarters, half, double fold, treble, 5 times higher, 3 timers lower,
declined to about 49%, stood exactly at 43%.

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Fractions:
4% = A tiny fraction.
24% = Almost a quarter.
25% Exactly a quarter.
26% = Roughly one quarter.
32% Nearly one-third, nearly a third.
49% = Around a half, just under a half.
50% Exactly a half.
51% = Just over a half.
73% = Nearly three quarters.
77% = Approximately three quarter, more than three-quarter.
79% = Well over three quarters.

Proportions:
2% = A tiny portion, a very small proportion.
4% = An insignificant minority, an insignificant proportion.
16% = A small minority, a small portion.
70% = A large proportion.
72% = A significant majority, A significant proportion.89% = A very
large proportion.
89% = A very large proportion.

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Words/ Phrases of Approximation - Vocabulary:
» Approximately
» Nearly
» Roughly
» Almost
» About
» Around
» More or less
» Just over
» Just under
» Just around
» Just about
» Just below
» A little more than
» A little less than.

What criteria would a band 9 graph response satisfy?

Task Achievement:
A) Fully satisfies all the requirements of the task.
B) Clearly presents a fully developed response.
What will be assessed by the examiner?
a) How appropriately, accurately and relevantly you fulfil your task
requirements.
b) How accurately you write your report and how appropriately you present
the data (compare/ contrast/ show the most striking trends/ features/ data.)

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Coherence and Cohesion:
A) Uses cohesion in such a way that it attracts no attention.
B) Skillfully manages "paragraphing".
What will be assessed by the examiner?
a) No misinterpretation and presentation of data and trends.
b) How well you organise your paragraphs.
c) Overall clarity and fluency of your report and message.
d) How well you have organised and liked the information, data and
ideas in your writing.
e) Logical sequencing and appropriate use of linking devices between
and within your sentences.

Tips:
1. Do not incorporate more than 3-4 paragraphs.
2. Do not use a single paragraph to describe everything.
3. The conclusion part is optional. If you think that you have already
written more than 170 words and have nothing to say, you can skip the
conclusion.

Lexical Resource:
A) Uses a wide range of vocabulary with very natural and sophisticated
control of lexical features.
B) Rare minor errors occur only as "slips".
What will be assessed by the examiner?
a) The range of vocabulary you have used in your writing.

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b) How accurately and appropriately you have used words/ phrases
while presenting the graph(s) as a report.

Tips: Do NOT use words/ phrases that are already given in the question.
Do so only if there is no alternative word(s)/ phrase(s) to convey the
same meaning/idea.

Grammatical Range and Accuracy:

A) Uses a wide range of structures with full flexibility and accuracy.
B) Rare minor errors occur only as "slips".

Tips:
Do not use the same sentence structure and data comparison/ contrasting
style over and over again. Bring a variety in your writing to show that
you can formulate different sentence structures without making any
grammatical mistakes.

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 PART 2

Vocabulary to represent the highest and lowest points in graphs:

Type Verb Noun

Highest Point peaked / culminated / a (/the) peak / a (/the) pinnacle / a

climaxed / reach the peak / hit (/the) vertex / the highest point/ an
the peak / touch the highest (/the) apex / a (/the) summit, a (/the)
point / reach the vertex/ reach top, a (/the) pinnacle, a (/the) acme, a
the apex (/the) zenith,

Lowest Point the lowest point / the lowest mark /

touch the lowest point / get the bottommost point / rock bottom
lowest point / reached the nadir point/ bottommost mark / nadir/ the
all-time low/ the lowest level/ the
bottom/ rock-bottom

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Example:
1. The price of the oil reached a peak amounting $20 in February and
again touched the lowest point amounting only $10 in July.

2. Student enrollment in foreign Universities and Colleges increased

dramatically hitting a peak of over 20 thousand in 2004.

3. The highest number of books was sold in July while it was lowest in
December.
4. The oil price reached a peak in 2003 while it was lowest in 2006.

5. The selling volume of the DVD hit the peak with 2 million copies
sold in a month but after just three months it reached the bottom
with only 20 thousand sold in a month.

Vocabulary to show fluctuations/ups and downs/ rise and fall in Verb

forms:
» Be erratic
» Rise and fall erratically
» Changes sporadically
» Rise and fall irregularly
» Changes Intermittently

Date, month & year related Vocabulary and Grammatical rules:

» Between ... (year/ month) ... and ... (year/ month)...
» From ...(year/ month/ day/date)... to ...(year/ month/day/date)...
» In ...(year/ month)...
» On ...(day/ day of the week/ a date)...
» At ......, In ......, By ......
» During ... (year)...
» Over the period/ over the century/ later half of the year/ the year...
» Over the next/ past/ previous ........ days/ weeks/ months/ years/ decades...
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Presenting Percentages:
You can present "percentage data" in one of three different ways. It is
suggested that you use all these formats in your report writing instead of
repeating the same style to show percentages in your writing.

% = In percentage / in %. (20%, 25 percentage, ten per cent etc.) %

= In proportion. (two out of five, every student out of three etc.)

% = In fraction. (one-third, two-fifth, a quarter etc.)

Vocabulary to show how many times...

» Exactly the same.
» Roughly the same
» Practically the same
» Twice
» Thrice
» Four times
» Five times
...............
» Ten times
...............
» Hundred times.

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Vocabulary to show how much changed...
Noun:
» Half
» Equal
» Double (Two times)
» Treble/ Triple (Three times)
» Quadruple (Four times)
» Quintuple/ Pentuple (Five times)
» Hextuple/ Sextuple (Six times)
» Septuple/ Heptuple (Seven times)
» Octuple (Eight times)
» Nonuple (Nine times)
» Decuple (Ten times)
» Undecuple (Eleven times)
» Duodecaple (Twelve times)
» Centuple (One hundred times)
» Milluple (One thousand times)

Verb (In Past):

» Halved
» Equalled
» Doubled
» Trebled /tripled
» Quadrupled (fourfold /four times)
» Quintupled/ Pentupled/ Pentadrupled (fivefold /five times)
» Hextupled/ Sextuple/ Hexadrupled (sixfold /six times)
» Septupled/ Heptupled (sevenfold /seven times)
» Octupled (Eightfold/eight times)
» Nonupled (Ninefold/ nine times)
.................
Centupled (hundredfold/ hundred times)

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 Vocabulary to represent comparison in graphs:
Type Word(s) should be used

Similar about / almost / nearly / roughly / approximately / around / just

about / very nearly /

Just over just above / just over / just bigger / just beyond / just across

Just short just below / just beneath / just short / just under / just a little

Much more well above / well above / well beyond / well across / well over

Much less well below / well under / well short / well beneath

Example:
1. The number of high-level women executives is well below the
number of male executives in this organisation, where
approximately 2000 people work at executive levels.

2. About 1000 people died in the highway car accident in 2003 which
is well above the statistics of all other years.

3. The number of domestic violence cases was just below 500 in

March which is just a little over than the previous months.

4. The average rainfall in London in 2014 was just above the average
of two other cities.

5. The salaries of male executives in three out of four companies were

well above the salaries of female executives in 1998.
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Expressions to focus on an item in the graph:
Use the following expression to focus on an item in the graph.
» With regards to
» In the case of
» As for
» Turning to
» When it comes to ..... it/ they .....
» Where ... is/are concerned,......
» Regarding
Compare and contrast:

Useful Vocabulary to make Comparison and Contrast:

» Similarly, In a similar fashion, In the same way, Same as, As much as,
Meanwhile.
» However, On the contrary, on the other hand, in contrast.

Make sure you the appropriate comparative and superlative form of the
words when you make a comparison. Here is a basic overview of the
comparative and superlative forms to help you remember what you
already know.

One-Syllable
Adjectives with one syllable form their comparatives and superlatives
form. In your academic writing task 1, you will often use such
comparison and contrast related words.
cheap » cheaper » cheapest || large » larger » largest || bright »
brighter » brightest etc.
Exceptions:
good » better » best || bad » worse » worst etc.

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Examples:
1. The fast-food items in uptown restaurants were comparatively
cheaper than that of city restaurants.
2. The largest proportion of water was used in the agriculture sector in
most of the Asian countries while the European countries used the
highest percentage of water for industrial purposes.
3. The price of the book in store "A" is cheaper than the price of store
"B".
4. The temperature decreased further and that made the weather
condition worse.
5. The temperature was better in mid-April but in mid-July, it became
worse.

Two Syllables
Some adjectives with two syllables form their comparatives and
superlatives:
pretty » prettier » prettiest || happy » happier » happiest etc.

Examples:
1. Customers were happier than now, according to the survey, as the
price was cheaper in 1992.
2. The overall production level of this company made the authority
happier as it was doubled in the last quarter of the year.

But many form their comparatives and superlatives using 'more':

striking » more striking » most striking || common » more

common » most common || clever » more clever/cleverer » most
clever/cleverest etc.

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Three or more Syllables
All adjectives with three or more syllables form their comparatives and
superlatives using 'more' & 'most':
attractive » more attractive » most attractive || profitable » more
profitable » most profitable || expensive » more expensive » most
expensive.

Examples:
1. Custom-made cars were more expensive in 2014 than they are now.
3. The factory offered more attractive overtime rates and that
motivated more employees to work for extra time.

Vocabulary to present Linkers:

1. However,
2. On the other hand,
3. Similarly...
4. On the contrary...
5. Meanwhile...
6. In contrast...
7. By comparison...

Vocabulary to show that something/a trend is similar or the same:

Use the following vocabularies if both subjects are the same/
identical:
... Identical to/ Identical with ...
... Equal to with ...
... Exactly the same ...
... The same as ...
... Precisely the same ...
... Absolutely the same ...
... just the same as ...

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Use the following vocabularies if both subjects are not identical but
similar:
... Almost the same as ...
... Nearly the same as ...
... Practically the same as ...
... Almost identical/ similar ...
... About the same as ...

Way to show that something/a trend is just the reverse/opposite:

» The reverse is the case...
» It is quite the opposite/ reverse...

Rules of Time Preposition use:

'In'
»» Use preposition 'in' when you talk about years, months, decades,
centuries, seasons.
Example:
Years= in 1998, in 2015 etc.
Months= in January, in December etc.
Decades= in the nineties, in the seventies etc.
Centuries= in the 19th century, in the 14th century, in the 1980s etc.
Seasons= in summer, in winter, in autumn etc.
»» Use preposition 'in' to talk about past or future.
Example:
Past time= in 1980, in the past, in 1235, in the ice age, in the seventies,
in the last century etc.
Future time = in 2030, in the future, in the next century etc.
»» Use preposition 'in' when you talk about a long period.
Example:
in the ice age, in the industrial age, in the iron age etc.

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'On'
»» Use preposition 'on' when you talk about days (days of the weeks or
special days).

Example:
Days of the week= on Sunday, on Friday, on Tuesday.
Special days= on New Year's Day, on your birthday, on Independence
Day, on holiday, on wedding day etc.
»» Use preposition 'on' when you talk about dates.

Example:
on July 4th, on 21st January 2015, on 5th May etc.
»» Use preposition 'on' when you talk about times (like morning/
afternoon/ evening/ night) of a day.

Example:
on Friday morning, on Saturday afternoon, on Sunday evening, on
Monday evening etc.
However, notice the below list that shows further use of prepositions 'in'
and 'on' for periods of the days versus periods. This is often confusing
and mistakenly used by IELTS candidates. Look at those, notice the use
and memorise it.

in on

in the morning on Sunday morning

in the afternoon on Monday afternoon

in the evening on Tuesday evening

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'At'
»» Use preposition 'at' when you need to express an exact time.

Example:
At eight o'clock, at 10: 45 am, at two p.m, at nine o'clock.
»» Use preposition 'at' when you talk about meal times

Example:
At breakfast time, at lunchtime, at dinner time etc.
»» Use preposition 'at' when you talk about weekends, holiday periods,
or the nighttime.

Example:
At the weekend, at Christmas, at Easter, at night etc.

Words to make a comparison /contrast:

A bit/ slightly/ a little/ only just/ approximately/ about/ almost/
precisely/ quite/ nearly/ considerably/ a huge/ a great deal/ quite a lot/
completely/ exactly...

Example:
» This year the population growth of the country is slightly higher than
the previous year.
» This year the population grown is almost twice than that of 2007.
» Sale of the company has increased quite a lot this year.

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Using Appropriate Prepositions:
You must use the correct preposition in IELTS writing task 1 to get a
high score. Be accurate about the uses of to, by, of, off, in, on, for etc.

Examples:
» Papers are sold by the ream.
» Oranges are purchased and sold by the dozen.
» Students enrollment in the University has increased by 2% this year.
» Eggs are counted in dozens.
» Rice is measured in kg.
» He is junior to me by 4 years.
» The employees are paid per week in this factory.
» All these products are made of glasses.

Vocabulary - Using the appropriate "Prepositions": »

It started at..., The sale started at $20..., It peaked at...
» It reached at/to..., It reached the lowest point /nadir at...
»It increased to 80 from 58. It decreased from 10 to 3.
»There was a drop of six units. It dropped by 3 units.
»It declined by 15%. There was a 10% drop in the next three years.

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Formal and Informal expressions and words:
Few more informal expressions with their formal versions are given
below. Since IELTS is a formal test, your writing should be formal as
well. Using informal words or expressions should be avoided. Some of
the informal words are so frequently used that it would be tough for you
to eliminate them from your writing. However, we would suggest you
make a habit of using formal words and expressions instead- for your
performance and band score's sake.

Informal Formal

Go up Increase

Go down Decrease

Look at Examine

Find about Discover

Point out Indicate

Need to Required

Get Obtain

Think about Consider

Seem Appear

Show demonstrate/
illustrate

Start Commence

35
Keep Retain

But However,

So Therefore/
Thus

Also In addition, /
Additionally

In the meantime, In the interim

In the end Finally,

Anyway Notwithstanding

Lots of/ a lot of Much, many

Kids Children

Cheap Inexpensive

Right Correct

I think In my opinion

36
 PART 3
Noun:

Increase:
A growth: There was a growth in the earning of the people of the city at
the end of the year.

An increase: Between noon and evening, there was an increase in the

temperature of the coast area and this was probably because of the
availability of sunlight at that time.

A rise: A rise of the listener in the morning can be observed from the
bar graph.

An improvement: The data show that there was an improvement in the

traffic condition between 11:00 am till 3:00 pm.

A progress: There was progress in the law and order of the city during
the end of the last year.
Rapid Increase:

A surge: From the presented information, it is clear that there was a

surge in the number of voters in 1990 compared to the data given for the
previous years.

A rapid increase/ a rapid growth/ a rapid improvement: There was a

rapid growth in the stock value of the company ABC during December of
the last year.

N.B: Following adjectives can be used before the above nouns to show a
rapid growth/ increase of something:

37
Rapid, Sudden, Steady, Noticeable, Mentionable, Tremendous, huge,
enormous, massive, vast, gigantic, monumental, incredible, fabulous,
great etc.

(The above list is the words which are actually adjective and can be
used before nouns to show the big changes)

Highest:
A/ The peak: Visitors number reached a peak in 2008 and it exceeded 2
million.
Top/ highest/ maximum: The oil prices reached the top/ highest in
1981 during the war.

N.B: Some of the words to present the highest/ top of something are
given below:
Apex, pyramid, zenith, acme, obelisk, climax, needle, spire, vertex,
summit, tower, most, greatest, max, tops, peak, height, crown...

Changes:
A fluctuation: There was a fluctuation in the passenger numbers who
used railway transportation during the year 2003 to 2004.

A variation: A variation in the shopping habit of teenagers can be

observed from the data.

A disparately/ dissimilarity/ an inconsistency: The medicine tested

among the rabbits shows an inconsistency of the effect it had.

38
Steadiness:
Stability: The data from the line graph show the stability of the price in
the retail market from January till June for the given year.

A plateau: As is presented in the line graph, there was a plateau of the

oil price from 1985 to 1990.

Decrease:
A fall: There was a fall in the price of the energy bulbs in 2010 which
was less than $5.

A decline: A decline occurred after June and the production reached

200/day for the next three months.

A decrease: After the initial four years, the company’s share price
increased, and there was a decrease in the bearish market.
39
Using 'Nouns' and 'Verbs' to describe trends in a graph:
Direction:

Verbs Nouns
» Increased (to) An increase
» Rose (to) A rise
» Climbed (to) An upward trend
» Went up (to) A growth

40
Direction:

Verbs Nouns
» Surge A surge
» Boomed (to) A boom / a dramatic increase.

Direction:

Verbs Nouns
» Decreased (to) A decrease
» Declined (to) A decline
» Fell (to) A fall
» Reduce (to) A reduction
» Dipped (to)
» Dropped (to) A drop
» Went down (to) A downward trend
41
Direction:

Verbs Nouns
» Plunge
» Slumped (to) A slum / a dramatic fall.
» Plummeted (to)
Direction:

Verbs Nouns
» Remained stable (at)
» Remained static (at)
» Remained steady (at)
» Stayed constant (at)
» Levelled out (at) A level out
» Did not change No change
» Remained unchanged No change
» Maintained the same level
» Plateaued (at) A plateau

43
Direction:

Verbs Nouns
» Fluctuated (around) A
fluctuation
» Oscillated An oscillation

Direction:

Verbs Nouns
» Peaked (at) The peak/ apex/ zenith/
summit/ the highest point

44
Direction:

Verbs Nouns
» Bottomed (at) The lowest point/ the bottom/
bottommost point

Use 'adjective/adverb' to indicate the movement of a trend.

Examples:
1. There has been a slight increase in the unemployment rate in 1979 at
which point it stood at 12%.
2. The price of gold dropped rapidly over the next three years.

Use 'adjective' to modify the 'Noun' form of a trend and use

'adverb' to modify the 'verb' form of a trend.

45
Greater or Higher?
We usually use 'greater' when we compare two numbers, and 'higher'
while comparing two percentages or ratio. Reversely, 'smaller or fewer'
could be used to compare two numbers and 'lower' to compare two
percentages or ratios. The following table would make it clear ---

Examples:

1. The number of male doctors in this city was greater than the
number of female doctors.
2. The number of European programmers who attended the
seminar was fewer than the number of Asian programmers.
3. The percentage of male doctors in this city was higher than the
percentage of female doctors.
4. During 2010, the inflow of illegal immigrants was lower than
that of 2012.
5. the birth rate in Japan in 2014 was higher than the birth rate in
2015.

Vocabulary to compare to what extent / to (/by) what degree something

is greater/higher than the other.
» Overwhelmingly, Substantially, Significantly. Considerably.
» Moderately, Markedly.
» Hardly, Barely, Slightly, Fractionally, Marginally.

46
Vocabulary to show the sequence:
» Subsequently, Respectively, Consecutively, Sequentially.
» Previous, Next, First, Second, Third, Finally, Former, Latter.

Tips:
"The market shares of HTC, Huawei, Samsung, Apple and Nokia in
2010 were 12%, 7%, 20%, 16% and 4% globally."

The above sentence makes it ambiguous to understand which mobile

brand had what percentage of market share. If there are more than 2
values/ figures, you should always use 'consecutively/ sequentially/
respectively'. Using either of these words would eliminate any doubt
about the above sentence as it will clearly state that the percentages of
market shares mentioned here would match the mobile brands
sequentially (i.e. first one for the first brand, the second one for the
second brand and so on.)

"The market shares of HTC, Huawei, Samsung, Apple and Nokia in

2010 were 12%, 7%, 20%, 16% and 4% respectively in the global
market."

Note: You do not need to use 'consecutively/ sequentially/

respectively' if there are only two values to write.

47
Vocabulary to show transitions:
Vocabulary to describe different types of data/trends in a paragraph
while showing a smooth and accurate transition is quite important.
Following word(s)/ phrase(s) would help you do so in an excellent
way...

» Then
» Afterwards
» Following that
» Followed by
» Next
» Subsequently
» Former
» Latter
» After
» Previous
» Prior to
» Simultaneously
» During
» While
» Finally.

48
Few More Vocabularies:
Few more useful vocabularies to use in your report writing:
» Stood at
» A marked increase
» Steep
» Gradual
» Hike
» Drastic
» Declivity
» Acclivity
» Prevalent
» Plummet

Useful phrases for describing graphs:

» To level off
» To reach a plateau
» To hit the highest point
» To stay constant
» To flatten out
» To show some fluctuation
» To hit the lowest point
» Compared to
» Compared with
» Relative to

49
 PART 4

You will often need to use 'adjectives' and 'adverbs' to indicate the speed of
changes in the trend (called 'Degree of Speed) in your answer. Following is a
list of vocabularies that will help you present the quick changes quite
effectively.

Adjectives:
» Rapid, Quick, Sharp, Swift, Sudden, Wild.
» Steady, Gradual, Moderate
» Slow, Gentle.

Adverbs:
» Rapidly, Quickly, Sharply, Swiftly, Suddenly, Wildly.
» Steadily, Gradually, Moderately
» Slowly, Gently.
A different set of vocabulary to represent the 'Degree of Trend' would also be
handy to summarise data presented in a graph. Both 'adjective' and 'adverb'
form of this vocabulary list is given below. Use 'adjectives' to modify a
'Noun', while 'adverbs' should be used to modify a 'verb'.

Adjectives:
» Significant, Huge, Enormous, Steep, Substantial, Considerable, Marked,
Dramatic, Abrupt.
» Moderate, Slight.
» Minimum (singular), Minima (plural)

Adverbs:
» Significantly, Hugely, Enormously, Steeply, Substantially, Considerably,
Markedly, Dramatically, Abruptly.
» Moderately, Slightly.
» Minimally

50
Vocabulary to describe a Map:
IELTS Map Example 1:
The map below is of the town of Garlsdon. A new supermarket (S) is
planned for the town. The map shows two possible sites for the
supermarket.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and
make comparisons where relevant.

51
IELTS Map Example 2:
The two maps below show an island, before and after the construction of
some tourist facilities.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and
make comparisons where relevant.

» Horizontal, Vertical.
» Circle, Square, Rectangle.
» Across, Across from.
» Under, Over, Inside, Beside, On top of, Adjacent, Opposite, Next to.
» Along, Through, As far as.
» Midpoint, Halfway, In the middle.
» Intersection, Overlapping.
» Exterior.
» Parallel to, Parallel, Perpendicular to.
» Edge, Diagonal.
» In front of the, Behind the.
» To the right, To the left.

52
» On the right-hand side, On the left-hand side.
» North, South, East, West.
» Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western.
» To the north, To the East...
» Where.
» In which, To which, From which.
» Built, Erected, Replaced.
» Situated, Located.
» Changed to/ Converted/ Gave way to/ Became.
» While in 2001, it was ......, later, it was converted to ......

Vocabulary to describe a Process Diagram:

In Introduction:
The diagram/ picture/ flow chart depicts/ illustrates/ describes the proces of/
how....

While Describing the Process:

A) First/ Firstly, Second/ Secondly, Third/Thirdly ...... Next/ After that/
Then, Following that/Followed by, Subsequently/ Subsequent to that,
Finally/ Lastly...
B) Where/ From where/ After which/ After that/ Afterward...
C) When/ As soon as/ Immediately, Just after that...
D) At the beginning, In the end, Just after the beginning, Just before the end...

To denote the end of a step:

A) After this step/ stage/ process...
B) Once this stage/ step is completed...

To donate what a Step involves:

A) The phase/ step/ stage involved...

53
To denote the repetition of a cycle/ process:
A) The cycle/ process then repeats itself.
B) The cycle/ process is then repeated.

Vocabulary to describe Predictions:

Some graphs and diagrams not only list down the data that represent
something from the past or the present time but also gives a prediction of the
future. For instance, a line graph might present the population of a country
from 1950 to 2050, over a hundred years. If you are taking the IELTS exam
in 2017, you need to describe the population of this country till 2016 using
the past tense. For the population figure in 2017, you will use the present
tense. Finally, the population from 2018 till 2050 is a prediction and hence
you should be using the future tense while describing it in your writing.
Moreover, you need to use certain vocabularies to represent such future data/
predictions. Following is a list of such vocabularies to help you accurately
describe any predicted data ---

It is predicted/ estimated/ projected/ forecasted/ expected/ anticipated

that......... will ...........

Is /are predicted/ estimated/ projected/ forecasted/ expected/ anticipated to

............

It gives prediction/ estimation/ projection/ forecast of ..........

It ...... will .........

....... Will have ....... by ....... (year/month/decade) .......

54
Vocabulary to show the value/ Incorporate data/ figure:
You should not write down every piece of data/figure that is given in the
diagram in your report writing and doing so would actually hurt your band
score. You are expected to mainly show the following in your report writing:

• Comparison of data/trend
• The contrast of data/trend
• Most significant figures/data/information/ trend (typically 4-6)
• The highest point
• The lowest point
• The overall scenario.

However, to compare/contrast data or to show a significant change/trend you

will need to show a figure that you will use as the base. For example, The
British spent over eighty thousand Pounds on average which was twice the
spending of Americans and approximately quadruple than that of the Irish.
Here, over 80 thousand pounds is the base figure.

Following is a list of vocabulary to use to show such figures in your

report writing:

Is/ was/ were: The percentage of foreign students was exactly ten in 2001 at
this university and it rose three times in ten years.

Stand at/ Stood at: The percentages of males and females who opined that
they should be allowed to get married at 21 stood at 14 and 16 in 1990 but
witnessed a noticeable decline in 2010.

Exactly & As high as: The sale in March was exactly 400 and went up as
high as 1100 in June.

55
Using (): In summer, the number of refrigerators sold (154) was far greater
than the refrigerators sold (63) in winter.

Which:
1. From January to March the death case rose three times which was only 23
between October and December.
2. The temperature, which was 21 degrees C in March, climbed to 39 degrees
C in mid-July.

Makes up: In the first decade, the population remained steady, which made
up 2.8 million approximately, but it doubled in the next 30 years.

Constitutes: The initial expenditure, which constituted 280 USD, climbed

rapidly and reached its peak during 2014.

Accounts for:
1. In June 2016. the number of Asian students enrolment in this
university accounted for 45 which is estimated to be almost double in the
next year.
2. The number of infected people, which accounts for nine, is markedly lower
than the number of infected patients in the last month, which accounted
for forty.

Vocabulary to write the Conclusion part:

To draw the conclusion: In conclusion / To conclude / On the whole.
To Summarize: In short / In brief / To sum up / In summary.
However, according to some teachers and examiners, a more appropriate way of
drawing the conclusion of your graph writing should start with the words/ phrases:

Generally,
Generally speaking,
All in all,
From the graphs, it is quite evident that.
56
Examples:
1. In conclusion, third world countries have improved their production sectors like
garments, over the last 10 years whereas the first world countries have improved
their technology and research sectors during the same period.

2. In brief, the overall sale of the company has improved in the last 5 years except
2005 when the sale reduced significantly due to retrenchment.

3. All in all, the process of building an IC is a complex one and involves more than
eight steps to complete including the testing phase.

4. It is quite evident that women employment progressed remarkably in the last

decade and in some employment sectors women are well ahead of men.

5. To conclude, weather forecasting is a complex process and a great deal of

technology is used to prepare and broadcast reliable weather forecasting.

Tip: "In a nutshell" is not a formal expression and this is why you should not use
it in your IELTS Writing.

57
 PART 5

Everybody uses some common vocabularies to describe a diagram and to

write a report. For instance, there would be hardly anyone who does not
use the words 'increase, decrease, fall, higher, fluctuate, climb, decline,
quickly increase, sharply decrease, and those are really obvious words used
by most IETLS candidates. If you too use these overused words and phrases,
you would not be able to give an impression that your range of vocabulary is
stronger and richer than others. This article "Vocabulary for Academic IELTS
Writing Task 1 (part 5)" solely focuses on introducing you to a nice set
of words and vocabulary that you can use in your Academic IELTS Task 1
to achieve a high band score:

» Illustration: can replace - "diagram, chart."

» As the diagrams suggest: can replace - "As can be seen, According to the
diagrams.
» Illustrate: can replace - "describe, show, present data on."
» Trifling: can replace - "small, insignificant."
» Delineate: can replace - "show, present, describe."
» From this graph, it is quite evident that: can replace - "In conclusion, In
summary, In general."
» The most possible ground: can replace - "the most common reason."
» Elaborate: can replace - "describe, explain."
» Nadir: can replace - "the lowest point."
» Apex/ Vertex: can replace - "the highest point."
» Soared: can replace - " sharply increased."
» Skyrocketed: can replace - " very quickly increased.
» Frantically: can replace - "very quickly, very rapidly."
» Slumped: can replace - "quickly dropped."

58
» Plummeted: can replace - "quickly dropped."
» Surged: can replace - "went up, climbed, increased."
» Deteriorate: can replace - "fall."
» Dip: can replace - "fall, decline."
» Dive: can replace - "fall, drop."
» Go into free-fall: can replace - "fall, drop, decline, decrease."
» Plummet, plunge, slum: can replace - "fall, drop, decline."
» Take a nosedive: can replace - "reduce, drop, fall, decline."
» Slide: can replace - "drop, fall."
» Decade: can replace - "ten years."
» Projected: can replace - "predicted, forecasted, estimated."
» Overwhelmingly: can replace - "greatly, significantly."
» Hardly: can replace - "barely, merely,
» At the onset it is clear: can replace - "As can be seen from the graph."
» Indicate: can replace - "point out."
» All in all: can replace - "In summary, in conclusion."
» Obtain: can replace - "get."
» Commence: can replace - "start".
» In the interim: can replace - "in the meantime."
» Correct: can replace - "right".
» Inexpensive: can replace - "cheap."
» Depict: can replace - "show."
» Plateaued: can replace - "remained the same."
» Oscillate/ Vacillate/ Palpipate: can replace - "fluctuate."
» Declivity: can replace - "drop, fall, decrease".

59
» Acclivity: can replace - "An upward slope, an upward trend, increase."
» A steep fall: can replace - "A quick fall".

Vocabulary to ensure a high band score in IELTS Graph writing:

Few more useful vocabularies to ensure a high band score in IELTS
Graph writing:

• Plateau
Meaning: Reach a state of little or no change after a period of activity or
progress, levelled out.
Example: The share price of the ACME company have plateaued out.

• Dip
Meaning: Submerge, lower plunge, sink.
Example: The employee satisfaction score then dipped in 2005 and remained
at this level for the next three years.

•Slump
Meaning: Decrease, decline, deteriorate.
Example: The number of passengers then slumped and reached only 2500
compared to four thousand in the previous year.

• Steep
Meaning: Sheer, sharp, abrupt, perpendicular.
Example: The steep decline of heavy drinkers contributed to the enhanced
life expectancy in this country.

• Substantial
Meaning: Notable, considerable, significant, marked
Example: A substantial number of these diploma holders did not finish their
tertiary education.

60
 • Dramatic
Meaning: Significant, notable, noteworthy, remarkable, considerable,
substantial.
Example: The dramatic rise in car use has polluted the air.

• Gradual
Meaning: Step by step, slow but continuous, uniform, successive,
progressive, steady, regular, even, consistent.
Example: The participation of women in these sectors gradually improved
and in 2015, more than 38% of women were employed in these job sectors.

•Decline
Meaning: Reduce, decrease, plummet, plunge, slump, shrink, fall off, lessen.
Example: Investment in clean energy declined in the third world countries in
2005 while it actually doubled in most of the first world countries.

• An upward trend
Meaning: The tendency of being higher, something that goes upward.
Example: An upward trend in the number of club members was visible from
2005 to 2007 after which it actually dropped.

• Respectively
Meaning: Consecutively, sequentially.
Example: Car theft cases in Denmark, Sweden, UK and Japan
were respectively 240, 210, 354 and 189 in January 2018.

• Consecutively
Meaning: Sequentially, progressively.
Example: While the daily fast-food consumption per person in the UK was
50 grams, it was 61, 32 and 25 grams in the USA, Sweden and
China consecutively.

61
 •Apex
Meaning: The highest point, peak, vertex, pinnacle, summit, top.
Example: The price then increased noticeably and reached the apex in 2017.

• Acclivity
Meaning: Ascent, climb, rise.
Example: The activity of car ownership in Europe further developed and
reached 57% in 2011.

• Declivity
Meaning: A downward slope, decline, decrease.
Example: The declivity in the number of female members in 2011 was almost
double than that of the previous year.

• Remained stable
Meaning: Remained constant, did not change.
Example: The ratio of highly skilled professionals in the former country
increased significantly but remained stable in the latter one.

• Plummet
Meaning: Plunge, fall, decline, slump, nosedive, drop, decrease.
Example: The ratio of unemployed youth, who have vocational
education, plummeted in 2005 than that of two years earlier.

•Prevalent
Meaning: Common, general, usual, prevailing, widespread, endemic,
rampant.
Example: The prevalence of the trend could be better understood if we
compare the data with that of the last twenty years.

• Stood at
Meaning: To remain stable/ intact, to come to a stop.
Example: The old hospital stood at the same position as it was five decades
earlier but the free space in front of it was converted to a car parking area.
62
 •Enumerate
Meaning: Identify, itemise, list, summarise, recite, specify, quote, relate.
Example: The illustration enumerates how the Australian Bureau of
Meteorology collects up-to-the-minute information on the weather.

•Radically
Meaning: Completely, hurriedly, abruptly.
Example: Technological advancement has radically changed the way
employees used to work in their offices.

• Positive development
Meaning: Improvement, progress, stay forward, increase, grow, rise.
Example: The increasing number of female executives in the company is
considered a positive development.

• Subsequent
Meaning: Following, next, successive, succeeding.
Example: Despite a hike at the beginning of the year, the oil price steadily
declined in the subsequent months until June 2017.

• Commence
Meaning: Start, begin, set in motion, open, initiate, inaugurate.
Example: The construction of the road was commenced at the beginning of
2001 and ended in 2003.

• Plunge
Meaning: Slump, plummet, shrink, fall off, decline, decrease, drop, reduce.
Example: Employers' contribution to the fee for skill development courses
has plunged to a great extent in the last decade, as the graph suggests.

• Surge
Meaning: Increase, went higher, jump.
Example: Duration of watching TV as a leisure activity surged among the
elder people in Australia after 1998.
63
 • To dive
Meaning: Fall, descent, plummet, plunge, nosedive, drop.
Example: Consumption of word resources in some Asian countries, on the
contrary, has dived after 2014.

• Abrupt
Meaning: Swift, sudden, instantaneous, hurried, startling, unanticipated,
unexpected, rapid, speedy.
Example: The abrupt rise of the population in the early 21st century is
contrasting to that of the beginning of the 18th century, as the data suggests.

• Relative
Meaning: Correlative, corresponding, parallel, reciprocal.
Example: Academic performance and professional efficiency are somewhat
relative to each other despite the presence of many other variables, according
to the survey outcome.

• Modest
Meaning: Tolerable, adequate, moderate, fair, satisfactory, acceptable.
Example: The wheat export then witnessed a modest decline and it affected
the revenue earned in 2015.

• Variation
Meaning: Disparity, inequality, dissimilarity, difference, variety,
diversification.
Example: It can be inferred from the given data that variations in the pH
values are sometimes detrimental.

• Elucidate
Meaning: Explain, make clear, clarify, throw/shed light on, explicate,
annotate.
Example: The line chart elucidates how much waste was recycled in the UK
between 1990 and 2015.
64
 • Unravel
Meaning: Untangle, clear up, disentangle, explain, straighten out, separate
out.
Example: The data unravel the fact that the crime rate increases in the later
decades despite some stringent initiatives from the law enforcers.

»» Make sure you know all of these words/ phrases and can use them while
writing a report/ describing a graph.

65