Elements of design in graphies The elements of design in graphics are the foundational components used to create visually appealing and effective designs. These elements can be combined and manipulated to convey meaning, evoke emotions, and achieve aesthetic harmony. Here are the key elements of design in graphics: 1. Line ‘+ Definition: A mark connecting two points, which can vary in thickness, length, and direction. © Uses: © To guide the viewer's eye. © To create patterns, textures, or outlines, © Toconvey movement or emotion (¢.g., curved lines for softness, zigzag for tension). 2. Shape * Definition: A two-dimensional area defined by boundaries, such as lines or color contrasts + Types: © Geometric: Squares, circles, triangles (precise and structured). o Organic: Irregular, freeform shapes (natural and fluid). + Uses: To build structures, icons, or symbols in a design. 3. Form + Definition: A three-dimensional object or the illusion of three-dimensionality in a two- dimensional space. + Uses: To add depth and realism (e-g., shading and perspective). Light reflected off objects, perceived as hues. + Components: © Hue: The name of the color (red, blue, etc.). © Saturation: The intensity or purity of the color.© Valu + Uses: © Toevoke emotions, © To establish hierarchy. © Toaalign with brand identity. ‘The lightness or darkness of a color. 5. Texture + Definition: The surface quality of an object, either tactile (physical) or implied (visual). + Uses: © To add depth and interest. © Toccreate a sense of realism or contrast. 6. Space + Definition: The area within and around objects in a design. + Types: © Positive Space: The area occupied by the design elements © Negative Space: The empty space around and between elements. + Uses: © To balance elements, © To-create focus and clarity. 7. Typography ‘+ Definition: The style, arrangement, and appearance of text. + Components: © Typeface, size, weight, spacing (kerning, tracking, leading). © Uses: © Toemhance readability. © To convey tone and personality. 8. Value ‘+ Definition: The lightness or darkness of a color or tone. © Uses: © To create contrast and focus. © To establish a sense of depth and dimension.9. Balance ‘© Definition: The distribution of visual weight in a design + Types: o Symmetrical Balance: Evenly distributed elements. © Asymmetrical Balance: Uneven but visually balanced elements. © Radial Balance: Elements arranged around a central point. 10. Proportion and Scale + Definition: The relative size and relationship between elements, + Uses: © To emphasize or de-emphasize parts of a design. © To create visual hierarchy. 11. Contrast + Definition: The difference hetween elements (e.g., color, size, shape) to make them stand out. + Uses: © To draw attention. © To-create interest and clarity. 12. Unity and Harmony * Definition: The cohesiveness of a design, where all elements feel like they belong together. + Uses: © Tocreate a consistent and pleasing composition. © Toreinforce the overall message. 13. Movement ‘+ Definition: The visual path the viewer's eye follows across a design. + Uses © To guide attention strategically.© To imply action or dynamics. By thoughtfully combining these elements, designers create effective and visually compelling graphics tailored to their intended audience and purpose. Types of lines Lines are a fundamental element of design, and their types can convey different meanings, ns, or directions. Here are the main types of lines commonly used in design and art: 1. Straight Lines ‘+ Definition: Lines that are uniform and unbroken. + Types: © Horizontal Lines: Represent calmness, stability, and rest. © Vertical Lines: Convey strength, structure, and growth. © Diagonal Lines: Suggest movement, energy, or tension. ‘+ Uses: To establish structure, balance, or motion, 2. Curved Lines + Definition: Lines that bend smoothly without sharp angles. © Characteris © Soft and flowing. © Can vary in degree from subtle curves to spirals. © Uses: © To create a sense of fluidity, grace, or motion. © Toevoke feelings of comfort or naturalness. 3. Zigzag Lines ‘© Definition: Lines that change direction sharply at regular or irregular intervals + Characteristics: © Dynamic and edgy. © Can appear chaotic or playful. + Uses: © To express energy, excitement, or tension,4. Dashed or Dotted Lines ‘+ Definition: Lines made of spaced segments or dots. © Characteris Can be linear or curved. © Often suggest incompletion or division © Uses: © To indicate paths, boundaries, or textures. © For stylistic or illustrative purposes. 5. Wavy Lines ‘© Definition: Lines that alternate gently or sharply between peaks and valleys. + Characteristics: oA mix of curved and flowing motion. © Uses: To create shythm or visual interest. © Toevoke feelings of water, sound, or movement, 6. Parallel Lines + Definition: Lines that run equidistantly without intersecting. + Characterist © Can create a sense of order or uniformity. + Uses: © To symbolize consistency or organization. 7. Perpendicular Lines + Definition: Lines that intersect at right angles. + Characteristics: co Found in structured, geometric designs. + Uses: © To imply balance or precision. 8, Spiral Lines‘+ Definition: Lines that curve around a central point, creating a circular or helical path. + Characteristics: co Represent growth, evolution, or infinity. © Uses: To draw attention inward or outward. © Common in logos and patterns. 9. Contour Lines ‘+ Definition: Lines that outline or define the shape of an object. + Characteristies: © Can vary in thickness to suggest depth or texture. + Uses: © To create realistic or stylized depictions in drawings 10. Implied Lines + Definition: Lines that are not physically present but are suggested by the arrangement of elements, + Characteristics: © Invisible but mentally perceived. © Uses: © To guide the viewer's eye through the composition, To create visual flow or connection between elements. 11. Thick and Thin Lines + Definition: Lines that vary in width. + Characterist © Thick lines are bold and commanding. © Thin lines are delicate and subtle. © Uses: © To create emphasis, hierarchy, or texture. 12. Broken Lines + Definition: Lines that are intentionally interrupted at intervals. + Characteristies:© Create a sense of fragility, incompleteness, or movement. + Uses: © Todd a modern or abstract feel to a design. Line composition Line composition refers to the arrangement and use of lines in a design or artwork to create visual interest, guide the viewer's eye, and convey meaning. Lines play a critical role in composition because they can define shapes, imply movement, and establish a sense of balance or direction. Below are key aspects of line composition: 1. Direction and Flow + Horizontal Lines: © Suggest calmness, stability, and rest. © Often associated with horizons or a sense of balance. + Vertical Lines: © Imply strength, growth, and formality. © Draw the eye upward and create a sense of height. + Diagonal Lines: © Convey movement, energy, or tension. © Lead the viewer's eye across the composition dynamically, + Curved Lines: co Suggest fluidity, grace, or natural motion. © Create a soothing or rhythmic flow. 2. Line Weight and Variation + Thickness: © Thick lines feel bold and powerful © Thin lines are delicate and subtle. + Varied We © Lines that vary in thickness can add interest and depth. © Suggest movement or emphasize certain areas + Texture: co Lines with texture (e.g., rough, dotted, or dashed) can evoke different emotions or represent specific materials or concepts.3. Line Placement and Spacing + Leading Lines: © Lines that guide the viewer's eye toward a focal point. © Often used in photography and graphic design. + Rhythm and Repetition: Repeated lines can create patterns or textures, adding rhythm to the composi + Proximity and Overlap: © Closely spaced lines create density or shading. © Overlapping lines can imply depth or layering. 4, Interaction with Other Elements + Line and Shape: co Lines can define the boundaries of shapes or create outlines. + Line and Color: © Lines can interact with colors to create contrast or emphasize certain elements. + Line and Texture: © Textural lines can give a sense of tactility or realism. 5, Emotional Impact © Dynamic Lines: © Zigzag or erratic lines create a sense of chaos or excitement. © Graceful Lines: © Gentle curves evoke relaxation and harmony. + Harsh Lines: © Sharp, angular lines suggest aggression or tension. 6. Balance and Symmetry + Symmetrical Line Composition: © Creates a sense of order and formality. co Lines are arranged evenly to create harmony. + Asymmetrical Line Composition: © Balances different line types or directions to achieve a more dynamic, informal look. + Radial Composition: co Lines radiate from a central point, drawing attention inward or outward.7. Perspective and Depth + Converging Lines: © Lines that converge create a sense of perspective or depth. © Common in architectural drawings and landscapes. + Overlapping Lines: co Layered lines suggest spatial relationships or hierarchy. 8. Negative Space and Implied Lines + Negative Space: © The empty areas around or between lines enhance the design’s overall composition. + Implied Lines: © Suggested lines that aren’t physically drawn but are perceived by the viewer based on the arrangement of elements. Different types of shapes ‘Shapes are fundamental elements of design and art that create structure, form, and meaning, They can be categorized into several types based on their characteristics and visual impact. Below are the different types of shapes: 1. Geometric Shapes © Definition + Examples: Circles Squares Rectangles Triangles Hexagons, octagons, ete. © Characteris Symmetrical and consistent © Convey order, stability, and structure. © Uses: © Architecture, logos, and technology-based designs. Precise, regular shapes defined by mathematical rules.2, Organic Shapes Definition: Irregular, freeform shapes found in nature. Examples: © Leaves © Clouds © Rocks © Amoebie forms Characteristics: © Asymmetrical and fluid Convey naturalness, movement, and spontaneity. Uses: © To create a sense of life, softness, or unpredictability in designs. 3. Abstract Shapes + Definition: Simplified or stylized versions of recognizable objects. + Examples: © Symbols o Icons © Pictograms + Characteristis © Often minimalistic and non-representational. © Suggest ideas rather than depict exact forms. + Uses: © To communicate concepts or evoke emotions in a non-literal way. ive Shapes + Definition: Shapes that occupy space and are the main focus of a composition. + Examples: © A logo on a page. © A subject in a painting. + Characteristics: co These are the "figure" in a figure-ground relationship. © Uses: To define the primary elements of a design 5. Negative Shapes‘+ Definition: The empty space around or between positive shapes. + Examples: © The space between letters in typography (e.g., the arrow in the FedEx logo). © Characteristies: Equally important in det + Uses: © To create balance, emphasis, or hidden messages. ing the composition. 6. Symmetrical Shapes ‘+ Definition: Shapes that are identical on both sides when divided by a central axis. + Examples: Butterfly wings © Heart shapes + Characteris © Balanced and harmonious. + Uses: © To create a sense of order and calmness. 7. Asymmetrical Shapes ‘+ Definition: Shapes that lack symmetry or uniformity. + Examples: © Inegular polygons © Natural rock formations + Characteristics: © Dynamic and visually interesting + Uses: © Toadd energy, tension, or uniqueness to a design. 8. Complex Shapes Definition: Shapes formed by combining multiple simple shapes. Examples: © Mandalas © Interlocking patterns © Characteristis © Intricate and detailed. Uses: © To create decorative or intricate designs9, Representational Shapes Definition: Shapes that resemble or directly depict recognizable objects. Examples: © Atree silhouette © Animal outlines Characteristies: © Evoke familiarity and clarity. Uses: © To create relatable or illustrative designs. 10. Non-Representational (Abstract) Shapes ‘+ Definition: Shapes that do not represent anything recognizable. + Examples: © Random polygons © Artistic brushstrokes ion over meaning. © To focus on aesthetics or evoke emotions. 11. Dynamic Shapes ‘+ Definition: Shapes that suggest movement or energy. © Zigzags + Characteristics: © Often asymmetrical and angled. + Uses: © Toconvey action, excitement, or motion, 12. Static Shapes ‘+ Definition: Shapes that appear stable and unchanging, + Examples: © Squares© Horizontal rectangles + Characteristics: co Symmetrical and balanced. © Uses: To create a sense of stability or rest. 13. Open Shapes Definition: Shapes Examples: © Incomplete circles © Open polygons Characteristics: © Suggest openness, movement, or incompletion. © Uses: © To create intrigue or direct flow. gaps or incomplete boundaries. 14. Closed Shapes Definition: Shapes with a fully defined boundary. Examples: © Triangles © Ovals Characteristics: © Contained and complete. Uses: © To create a sense of wholeness and containment. composition of shapes ‘The composition of shapes refers to how shapes are arranged and combined within a design or artwork to create visual interest, harmony, and meaning. Shapes play a crucial role in defining structure, guiding the viewer's attention, and establishing relationships between elements. Below are key aspects of shape composition: 1. BalanceBalance ensures the composition feels stable and harmonious by distributing the visual weight of shapes. + Symmetrical Balance: © Shapes are mirrored or evenly distributed on either side of a central axis. © Conveys order, formality, and stability. © Example: Architectural designs, logos like the Olympic rings, + Asymmetrical Balance: Shapes differ in size, placement, or weight but © Conveys energy, modernity, and visual interest. © Example: A large shape on one side balanced by several smaller shapes on the other. + Radial Balance: © Shapes radiate outward from a central point. © Conveys movement or focus on a central element. Example: Mandalas or circular designs create a sense of equilibrium. 2. Proportion and Scale Proportion and scale refer to the size relationships between shapes within a composition. + Proportion: © Shapes are sized relative to each other to create harmony or emphasize certain elements. © Example: A dominant shape surrounded by smaller supporting shapes. + Scale: © The size of shapes in relation to the overall composition or viewer. co Example: Oversized shapes to grab attention, or tiny shapes to create intricacy. 3. Contrast Contrast involves using shapes with distinct differences to create visual interest and hierarchy. + Shape Types: © Geometric vs. Organic: Combining precise shapes with fluid, irregular ones. © Positive vs. Negative Shapes: Using the interaction between filled and empty spaces to highlight shapes. + Size Contrast: © Placing large shapes near smaller ones to emphasize scale. + Color and Texture: co Differentiating shapes through contrasting colors or textures.4. Alignment and Placement ‘The positioning of shapes influences how the viewer interprets the composition. + Grid-Based Composition: © Shapes are aligned to an invisible grid, creating order and structure, o Example: Web designs and posters. + Freeform Placement: co Shapes are placed intuitively or randomly for a dynamic, organic feel. o Example: Abstract art or experimental designs. ‘+ Overlapping Shap © Creates depth and spatial relationships by layering shapes 5. Movement and Flow ‘Shapes ean guide the viewer's eye through the composition, + Directional Shapes: © Diagonal or curved shapes can imply movement. Example: Triangles pointing toward a focal point. + Repetition: co. Repeating shapes create rhythm and lead the viewer through the design + Implied Motion: Arranging shapes to suggest motion, like a series of increasingly larger or smaller shapes. 6. Unity and Harmony Unity ensures all shapes work cohes ely within the composition. + Consisteney: © Using similar shapes, styles, or patterns to tie elements together. + Variation: © Introducing subtle differences in shapes to maintain interest while preserving harmony. + Negative Space: ‘© Balancing shapes with empty space to avoid overcrowding7, Depth and Perspective Depth gives a composition a three-dimensional feel, even on a flat surface. + Overlapping Shapes: co Shapes layered over one another create a sense of foreground and background. + Scale: Larger shapes appear closer, while smaller ones recede. + Shadows and Highlight © Adding shading to shapes creates the illusion of volume and depth. + Linear Perspective: © Arranging shapes along converging lines to create a sense of distance, 8. Rhythm and Pattern Rhythm creates a sense of movement through repetition, while patterns use repeated shapes for visual texture, + Repetition: Repeating a shape in varying sizes, orientations, or colors. + Alternation: co Alternating different shapes for a dynamic pattern. + Gradation: Gradually changing the size or intensity of shapes for a smooth flow. 9. Focal Point Shapes can be arranged to emphasize a specific area of the composition. + Dominant Shapes: © Large or uniquely styled shapes draw attention. + Directional Lines: © Shapes arranged to point toward a focal point. + Contrast: © Using contrasting shapes or colors to highlight a key element. 10. Abstract or Realistic Approaches + Abstract Compositioi Shapes are used non-representationally to convey mood, emotion, or concepts.Example: Modern art or experimental graphic design. + Realistic Composition: © Shapes are arranged to depict realistic scenes or objects. o Example: Illustration, photography, or branding. positive and negative texture 1. Positive Texture Definition: Positive texture refers to the areas where a surface's texture is actively present, visible, or tactile, These areas exhibit detail, pattern, or material variation. Characteristies: ‘+ Visible or tactile: You can see and/or feel the texture. ‘+ Adds complexity: Positive texture can make a design feel more detailed or dynamic. ‘+ Draws attention: Textured areas are often used to highlight or emphasize certain parts of a composition, Examples: ‘+ Rough textures on a stone sculpture. ‘© Brushstrokes in a painting ‘+ Embossed elements on a business card. ‘© Patterns on fabric or wallpaper. Uses: ‘© To create visual weight or focus. ‘To add realism and tactile appeal. To evoke certain emotions (e-g., rough textures feel rugged, while smooth ones feel sleek). 2. Negative Texture Definition: Negative texture refers to areas that lack texture or are smooth and flat, serving as a contrast to textured elements. Characteristics: ‘+ Flat or smooth: The surface is even, with minimal detail, + Acts as a backdrop: Provides a neutral space that complements positive textures.‘+ Reduces complexity: Negative texture can balance busy or textured areas, preventing visual clutter. Examples: ‘© Blank areas in a painting or design + Smooth glass or polished metal surfaces. ‘+ Empty spaces in typography or layout des ‘+ Matte finishes next to glossy textures. Uses: To create contrast and balance. ‘© To direct attention to textured areas, © Togivea design a clean and minimalist feel. Relationship Between Positive and Negative Texture Positive and negative texture work together to create a dynamic composition, The contrast between the two enhances depth, visual interest, and balance, Applications in Design and Art: 1, Contrast: Combining textured and smooth areas creates focal points and hierarchy. co Example: A rough-textured background with smooth, glossy text overlay. 2. Balance: Negative texture balances the complexity of positive texture. ‘© Example: A photograph with a detailed foreground and a blurred, smooth background. 3. Depth: Positive texture often feels closer to the viewer, while negative texture recedes, © Example: Layering textured objects over flat surfaces for a 3D effect. Examples in Practice 1, Graphie Design © Positive texture: A grungy background pattern co. Negative texture: Clean, smooth areas for text placement. 2. Interior Design: © Positive texture: Textured cushions or rugs. © Negative texture: Smooth walls or sleek furniture, 3. Fine Art: © Positive texture: Thick, visible paint strokes (impasto technique). © Negative texture: Smooth, untouched parts of the canvas. physical and visual texturePhysical texture and visual texture are two ways of perceiving texture in art, design, and the physical world. Both contribute to how surfaces are experienced, either through touch (physical) or sight (visual). 1. Physical Texture Definition: Physical texture refers to the actual tactile quality of a surface that can be felt by touch. It exists in the real world and is defined by variations in the material's surface. Characteristies: ‘+ Tactile: You can physically feel the texture when you touch it ‘+ Three-dimensional: Physical texture often has depth, height, or irregularities. ‘+ Material-based: Arises from the inherent properties of the material (e.g., rough wood, smooth glass) Examples: Natural textures: Bark of a tree, stone, sandpaper. ‘Man-made textures: Carved wood, embossed paper, woven fabric. Art techniques: Impasto painting (thick layers of paint), collages with textured materials. Uses: ‘Adds realism and tangibility to designs or artwork Evokes a sensory response or emotional connection. Can create contrast and highlight specific areas. 2. Visual Texture Definition Visual texture refers to the perceived texture of a surface based on how it looks. Itis an illusion of texture created through artistic techniques, patterns, or imagery. Characteristics: ‘© Optical illusion: It looks like it has texture but is smooth to the touch. ‘+ Two-dimensional: Exists on flat surfaces without physical depth, ‘+ Design-based: Created using patterns, shading, or photographic imagery.Examples: ‘+ Realistic visual textures: A photo of a rough wall or a hyper-realistie painting of fur ‘+ Abstract visual textures: Digital patterns, gradients, or stylized brushstrokes, Art techniques: Cross-hatching, stippling, or blending to simulate texture in drawings or paintings, ‘+ Mimics the appearance of real-world materials without the physical properties. Creates depth and dimension in flat compositions. Adds interest and richness to digital and print designs. Comparison of Physical and Visual Texture Aspect Physical Texture ‘Visual Texture Tactile ‘Coan Can be felt with touch Only perceived visually Dimension Three-dimensional has depth or relief. Two-dimensional; flat but looks textured. Creation Results from material or surface Created through patterns, shading, or ‘manipulation. imagery, Actual fabric weave, carved wood, or thick Digital patterns, realistic drawings, or Examples r gital patterns, realist e paint. photographs. Primary Use Mis physical engagement and sensory Creates visul depth, realism, or aesthetic appeal interest. Applications 1. Fine art: © Physical: Thick impasto paint in Van Gogh's works, ©. Visual: Trompe-l'eil ("fool the eye") paintings that simulate physical textures, 2. Graphie Design © Physical: Embossed or debossed textures on business cards © Visual: Grunge backgrounds or wood grain images in digital designs, 3. Interior Design: © Physical: Textured rugs, brick walls, or velvet furniture,© Visual: Wallpaper with printed textures that appear tactile texture composition ‘Texture composition refers to the arrangement and combination of textures within a design, artwork, or space to create visual interest, balance, and meaning. It involves both physical and visual textures and plays a critical role in defining the mood, depth, and overall aesthetic of a piece. Key Principles of Texture Composition 1. Balance ‘+ Use textures strategically to create equilibrium in the composition, ‘+ Symmetrical Balance: © Textures are evenly distributed on either side of a central axis. © Example: A rough-textured background balanced by smooth, glossy objects. + Asymmetrical Balance: © Textures of varying intensity or types are arranged unevenly but still create visual harmony. © Example: A composition with a bold, textured focal point balanced by a large area of subtle texture. 2. Contrast ‘+ Use contrasting textures to create visual interest and draw attention ‘© Opposing Characteristies: ‘© Smooth vs. rough © Shiny vs. matte ©. Fine vs. coarse + Application: ‘© Contrast can emphasize sp one to highlight differences. © Example: A rough, textured wall with a sleek, glossy metal sculpture in front of it. fic areas, such as placing a rough texture next to a smooth, 3. Rhythm and Repetition Repeated use of textures can create rhythm and unify a composition Patterns: Repeating visual textures, such as a series of lines, dots, or geometric shapes. Gradation: Gradual changes in texture intensity to guide the viewer's eye. Example: A fabric design where a textured pattern gradually fades into a smooth area.4. Depth and Perspective “Textures can add depth to a composition, making flat surfaces appear three-dimensional Overlapping Textures: Layering textures creates a sense of space. Size Variation: Larger, more detailed textures in the foreground and smaller, finer textures in the background can mimic perspective. ‘+ Example: A painting where rough brushstrokes are used in the foreground and smoother textures ‘are applied to distant elements. 5. Emphasis and Focal Points ‘Texture can be used to draw attention to specific areas of a composition, ‘Textural Highlights: © A bold, complex texture as the focal point against a minimal background. Subtle Accents: © Small areas of texture that stand out from a flat, untextured surface Example: A fashion design where a textured embellishment emphasizes a particular garment area. 6. Unity and Harmony Ensure textures feel cohesive and not disjointed, Consistency: Use similar textures across elements to tie the composition together. ‘Variety: Introduce subtle differences in textures while maintaining a sense of overall unity. Example: A design with a combination of wood grain textures and soft fabric textures, both in ‘warm, earthy tones. 7. Positive and Negative Texture Positive Texture: Areas where texture is actively present (e.g., rough or patterned). Negative Texture: Smooth or untextured areas that contrast with textured regions. Balancing positive and negative textures creates a dynamic composition. Example: A smooth ceramic vase placed on a rough wooden table. ‘Types of Textures in Composition . Physical Texture: © Actual tactile texture that can be felt (e.g., sandpaper, carved wood). © Example: A mixed-media artwork combining physical textures like fabric and paint 2. Visual Texture:© Ilusionary texture created by pattems, shading, or imagery. co Example: A digital design with a grunge overlay to simulate roughness. . Abstract Texture: © Non-representational textures that emphasize form and rhythm. © Example: Abstract art with gestural brushstrokes. 4, Natural Texture: (© Textures inspired by nature, such as leaves, rocks, or water. © Example: A landscape painting with realistic depictions of tree bark. Applications of Texture Compo In Art: ‘© Creates depth, mood, and focus in paintings, sculptures, or mixed media. ‘+ Example: Van Gogh's thick, textured brushstrokes convey movement and emotion, In Graphic Design: ‘+ Enhances visual interest and hierarchy in layouts. ‘+ Example: A website background with subtle texture to make it more engaging In Interior Design: ‘* Combines physical textures like wood, metal, and fabric to create a harmonious space. ‘+ Example: A room with a textured brick wall, soft wool rug, and smooth leather furniture, In Fashion Design: ‘© Contrasting fabrics and patterns create dynamic and memorable designs. + Example: A jacket with a combination of velvet and sequin textures. form space: positive & negative Form space refers to the arrangement and interaction of positive and negative spaces within a composition, It plays a vital role in how forms are perceived and how a design or artwork is structured, Positive Space Definition: Positive space is the area occupied by the main subject or forms in a composition, These are the “filled parts of the design, representing the actual objects, figures, or content,Characteristies: ‘+ Contains the focus or primary elements. Is typically more detailed or prominent than negative space. Defines the "presence" in a composition. Examples: A tree in a photograph. ‘Text or graphics in a design. ‘A sculpture’s physical form. Definiti Negative space is the empty or unoccupied area around and between the positive spaces. It provides breathing room and context, helping to define and emphasize the positive forms, Characteristics. ‘© Often perceived as the background or void, Creates balance and allows the positive space to stand out Can form interesting shapes or patterns on its own, Examples: ‘The sky around a tree in a photograph, ‘The white space around text in a design, ‘The hollow spaces within a sculpture. Interaction Between Positive and Negative Space 1. Balance: (© Equal distribution of positive and negative space ensures harmony. © Example: A minimalistic logo design with a balanced use of both spaces. 2. Contra © Strong contrast between positive and negative spaces creates visual impact. © Example: Black silhouettes on a white background |. Figure-Ground Relationship: © Positive space is perceived as the "figure," and negative space is the "ground." Reversible figures (like the Rubin vase) demonstrate how switching perception between positive and negative space alters the focus. 4. Depth and Perspective:© Negative space can create the illusion of depth by separating layers of positive space. © Example: Overlapping forms with empty areas between them. Importance in Design and Art 1. Focus and Emphasis: ‘© Negative space highlights the positive forms, directing attention to the subject. © Example: Minimalist posters use abundant negative space to emphasize a central figure. 2. Aesthetie Appeal: © A well-composed balance of positive and negative spaces creates a clean and pleasing design. © Example: Typography that uses spacing to avoid clutter. 3. Visual Hierarchy: © Strategic use of space helps organize elements, guiding the viewer's eye. © Example: Magazine layouts with distinct sections for images (positive space) and margins (negative space). 4, Dynamic Composition: © Creative interplay between positive and negative space can form unexpected shapes or «dual meanings. © Example: Logos like FedEx (with a hidden arrow in the negative space) or the WWF panda logo. Examples of Positive and Negative Space in Practice nan: ‘+ A painting of a tree uses the tree (positive space) and the surrounding sky (negative space) to create balance. ‘+ MC. Escher’s works often blur the line between positive and negative space, making them interchangeable. In Graphic Design: ‘+ Negative space is used to create breathing room in layouts, ensuring the positive elements like text and images aren’t overcrowded. ‘+ Example: The Nike logo relies on simplicity with its positive swoosh and negative space around it In Interior Design: ‘+ Fumiture (positive space) is arranged with open floor areas (negative space) to avoid a cluttered environment. * Example: A minimalist room with a single chair in the comer and open space around it.In Photography: ‘+ A subject (positive space) placed against a blurred or simple background (negative space) draws focus to the subject. ‘+ Example: A portrait with a plain white background.What is photoshop Photoshop is an image creation, graphic design and photo editing software developed by Adobe. The software provides many image editing features for pixel- based images, raster graphics and vector graphics. Adobe Photoshop was first released in 1988. Created by Thomas and John Knoll, it was initially developed for Macintosh computers but is now available for Windows and macOS platforms. Photoshop is part of the Adobe Creative Cloud, which includes other popular tools such as Adobe Illustrator, Photoshop Lightroom and Adobe Dreamweaver. Photoshop Creative Cloud allows users to work on image and graphic content from anywhere. How does Photoshop work? Photoshop has been the industry standard image manipulation program for so long that its name has become a verb. It is common parlance to say that an image has been a “photoshopped,” or even just "shopped,” meaning that it been edited or manipulated. It uses a layer-based editing system that enables raster image creation and altering with multiple overlays that support transpareney. Layers can also act as masks or filters, changing underlying colors. Shadows and other effects can be added to the layers. Adobe promotes Photoshop as a tool for professionals. However, beginners can use Photoshop as well with many helpful tutorials on the market that train users in how to use Photoshop's various features.i look at some of the features in Photoshop. What are Photoshop's features? Photoshop comes with a multitude of features, fonts, effects, and brush or pen tools. Here are some of the most common ones: + Brushes are one of the most popular tools in Photoshop. They can be used for various effects, including compositing, painting, erasing and retouching images. ‘+ The Clone Stamp allows you to copy pixels from one area of an image and paste them into another area. This is useful for repairing damaged or corrupt images. + The Healing Brush is similar to the Clone Stamp, but it blends the copied pixels with the surrounding pixels for a more natural look. + The History Brush allows you to revert an image to a previous state. This is useful for undoing mistakes or going back to a point in your workflow where you were happy with the image. «Blur blurs the pixels in an image, making them less distinct. This can be used to create a soft, dreamy look or reduce the appearance of wrinkles and other imperfections. + Sharpen does the opposite of Blur, making pixels more distinct. This can be useful for making an image appear more transparent or creating a more dramatic effect+ Dodge and Burn are used to lighten or darken areas of an image. These are commonly used in photo retouching to make subjects appear more defined + The Sponge tool can either absorb or release color from an image. This is useful for correcting colors that are too light or too dark Menu bars Photoshop + File: The first menu given in the menu bar of Adobe Photoshop is File Menu. There are many options in this menu such as New, Open, Save, Revert, Place, Import, Export, Automate and also File Info, etc. + Edit: The 2nd tab that is given up in the menu bar of Adobe Photoshop stands for Edit Menu. Edit Menu is divided into 4 main sections. History, Clipboard, Transform, and Setting. + Image: The 3rd tab Image menu has features for dealing with images and canvas. Using the options of resizing files, adjust curves and levels, duplicating pictures, as well as rotating photos. + Layer: 4th tab menu has controls for working with your documentimage layers. We can play with the layers with options like add, delete layers, create layer masks, and merge layers, among other things. + Type: Sth tab menu has added in Variation CS6 of Photoshop that is Type. A lot of the commands on the Type menu could be discovered on the Options bar, as. well as the Paragraph and also Personality panels + Select: 6th menu items let you grab layers, pick colors, use Quick Mask mode, Deselect, Reselect, Inverse, Deselect Layers, Color Range, Refine Mask, Transform Selection, and more. + Filter: The 7th menu filter is packed with all kinds of effects you can apply to your documents/images. It groups filter by type: Artistic, Blur, Sharpen, and many more + 3D: This 8th menu includes tools for working with 3-D images, like rendering and painting on 3-D objects. + View: The Sth menu gives us all sorts of different ways of looking at designs/images, from zooming in or out to adding guides and rulers. + Window: The 10th menu is used to change what we want to see in the Photoshop window. It lets you arrange your open documents, view or hide panels, and much more. File formats supported in Photoshop There are several file types found in Photoshop, some of them that most commonly used are: « JPEG - Joint Photographic Expert Group: It is the most popular and widely used file format for digital photos. + PNG — Portable Network Graphics: PNG is a great choice for saving digital photos as high-quality originals.+ GIF - Graphics Interchange Format: GIF allows you to create simple animations. All web browsers support GIF files and their small file sizes load quickly on the screen. + PDF - Portable Document Format: PDF files used for viewing, sharing, and printing the documents. + TIFF = Tagged Image File Format: TIFF files can be very large, as compared with JPEG files. TIFF is the widely accepted standard for images destined for commercial printing. + PSD - Photoshop Document: PSD is Photoshop's native file format. Itis a file format of our working file in Photoshop. Usage of Photoshop : The most basic use of Photoshop is photo editing, graphic editing, website theme designing, poster designing 1. Photo Editing: Almost every photographer needs software for editing photos. Editing the photo involves actions, + To adjust the color levels of the photo. Resize and Crop the photos. Touch-up photos, by erasing, changing the objects in the photo. Applying filters. Change the format of the photo. A designer can use their skills and transform the image. 2. Ul content designing: Designing the User Interface content, for example, Logo's, Buttons, Task Bar Design, GIF's, etc., 3. Graphics Design: Using paintbrushes, effects like drop shadows, water, fire, and many more effects. The graphic designer can produce high-quality graphics. 4. Social Media Content: Social media handler designs high-quality attractive posts, stories for their public engagement using various tools available in Photoshop. 5. Animation: Using Photoshop, we can make simple graphics animation. We have to create a set of layers and then activate the animation panel from the timeline. We can export our animation in the form of a GIF. Advantages of Photoshop Photoshop is available on multiple platforms. Features of editing different types of image format. Professional Color Grading support. Advanced layer management. Professional Plug-Ins, Filters, Textures, and Overlays Merging images and graphics. Supports Video Clips and Animation Layers. Has Cloud Storage. OpenType SVG Fonts and Emoji Supportadvantages of Photoshop + Beginners may find the interface complicated to learn. «It is a bit expensive. + Untested beta versions are sometimes released and may cause the software to crash, + A progress monitoring facility is not available in few tools. + Less support for vector graphics design + The software consumes more disk space while running, Photoshop Interface The Photoshop interface is designed to provide a flexible workspace for image editing, graphic design, and digital painting. Here's a breakdown of its key components 1. Menu Bar (Top) ‘+ Contains drop-down menus like File, Edit, Image, Layer, Type, Select, Filter, 3D, View, Window, and Help. ‘+ Provides access to essential functions such as saving files, applying filters, and adjusting layers. 2. Toolbar (Left Side) + Holds essential tools for editing, such as: co Move Tool (V) Selection Tools (Marquee, Lasso, Magic Wand) Crop Tool (©) Brush & Eraser Tools (B, E) Clone Stamp & Healing Brush Gradient & Paint Bucket Text Tool (1) © Zoom & Hand Tools + Right-click on some tools to access hidden tools. 3. Options Bar (Top Below Menu Bar) ‘+ Displays settings for the selected tool. + Example: If the Brush tool is selected, you can adjust brush size, hardness, and opacity. 4, Panels (Right Side) + Layers Panel ~ Manage layers, blending modes, and effects. + Adjustments Panel — Apply color corrections like brightness/contrast.+ Properties Panel — Shows properties of the selected object. + History Panel - Tracks recent actions and allows undoing steps. + Color & Swatches Panel — Choose colors and save swatches, 5. Canvas (Center) + The workspace where your image or design appears. + Can be zoomed and panned using the Zoom (Z) and Hand (H) tools, 6. Status Bar (Bottom) ‘+ Displays zoom level, document size, and color profile. 7. Workspaces ‘+ Different preset layouts for different tasks: Essentials (Default) © Photography © Graphic & Web Motion ° 3D + You can customize and save your own workspace Setting Up a New Photoshop Document ‘When you start a new project in Adobe Photoshop, you need to create a new document with the right settings. Here's how to do it Steps to Create a New Document in Photoshop 1 Open Photoshop + Launch Adobe Photoshop on your computer. 2 Goto File > New + Click File in the top menu bar. + Select New... (Shortcut: Ctrl + N on Windows or Cmd +N on Mac). 3 Choose a Preset or Custom Settings + Inthe New Document window, you can: co Use Preset Sizes (e.g., A4, Web, Mobile, Print, Film & Video). © Set custom dimensions for width & height.oa Rene © Choose measurement units (Pixels, Inches, Centimeters, etc.) © Set Resolution (72 PPI for web, 300 PPI for print). © Choose Color Mode (RGB for digital, CMYK for print), 4 Select Background Contents ‘+ Choose White, Transparent, or Custom Color for the background. 5 Advanced Options (Optional) * Color Profile: sRGB (for web) or Adobe RGB (for print). + Pixel Aspect Ratio: Leave as Square Pixels for normal projects 6 Click “Create” + Your new blank Photoshop document is now ready to work on! Saving a new document To save a new document in Photoshop, you can use the File menu and select Save As. You can also save your progress at any time by selecting File > Save or pressing Ctrl+S (or Command+S on a Mac). Steps Open your image in Photoshop Select File > Save As In the dialog box, type a name for your file Choose a location for the file Click the Format menu and choose the file format you want to use Click Save After creating and editing your document, it’s important to save your work properly to avoid losing progress. Here's how 0 Steps to Save a Photoshop Document 1 Go to File > Save As ‘© Click File in the top menu bar.‘+ Select Save As... (Shortcut: Shift + Ctrl + § on Windows or Shift + Cmd + § on Mac). 2 Choose a File Format PSD (.psd) ~ Photoshop Document (Best for editing later with layers). JPEG ( jpg) - Compressed format (Good for web and social media), PNG (.png) - Transparent background support (Great for logos & web use]. ‘TIFF (.tif) - High-quality format (Used in printing & professional work). POF (.pdf) - Printable & shareable (Good for documents & posters). 3 Select Save Location '* Choose where to save your file (Desktop, Documents, or an External Drive). 4 Click "Save" ‘+ If saving as JPEG or PNG, Photoshop may ask for quality settings (Set to high for best resuits). ‘* If saving as PSD, it preserves all layers for future edits. Default palette A ‘default palette" refers to a pre-set collection of colors that come standard within a design software or application, providing a readily available set of color options for users to choose from without needing to create their own palette from scratch; ‘working with palettes" means actively selecting and using these color sets to design and color elements within your project. Key points about default palettes: Pre-defined colors: These palettes typically include a variety of basic colors like blues, greens, reds, yellows, and neutrals, often with different shades and variations. Categorization: Many design programs organize default palettes by theme or purpose, such as "basic," “web safe,” "pastel," "material design,” etc. Customization: While starting with a default palette, users can always modify colors, add new ones, and create their own custom palettes based on the default set. How to work with palettes: Accessing the palette: In most design software, you can access the color palette through a dedicated panel or window. Selecting a color:Click on a color swatch within the palette to choose it as your active color. + Applying color: Once selected, use the color to fill shapes, add text, or apply to other design elements. Examples of default palettes in different applications: + Adobe Photoshop: Includes "Basic," "Web," "Color Wheel,” and "Pantone" palettes. + Microsoft Word: Offers pre-set color schemes for text formatting. + Material Ul (web development): Provides a default palette with colors categorized as "primary," "secondary, "warning," etc. Adobe Photoshop Tool Palette Last Updated : 21 Jun, 2024 Adobe Photoshop is a raster-based image editing software. It is developed by Adobe.Inc and available for both macOS and Windows operating systems. You can use Photoshop to create or edit images, posters, banners, logos, invitation cards, and various types of graphic designing work. It provides various tools for designing and editing and these tools are present in the tool palette. Tool palette The tool palette in Adobe Photoshop is similar to our real-life color palette. In real life, an artist’s color palette contains all the colors and paints that he uses to color his artwork. Similarly, in Photoshop, the toolbar contains all the tools that are used to work with the image or document to enhance it. The tool palette in Photoshop is located on the left-most side of Photoshop. Here’s an image of the Photoshop tool palette: The tool palette of Adobe Photoshop contains different types of tools that can be used to edit and enhance the quality of the image by the user. When we click on any of the tools from the tool palette, the mouse pointer takes the shape of that tool and works according to the properties of the selected tool. The tool palette has a total of 74 different types of tools present in the tool palette of photoshop. They are classified into different categories based upon their basic function. Selection and Artboard Tools This category of tools, as the name suggests, helps a user to select a particular part of the image and apply the changes on that part without changing the rest of the image and also moving the selection from one part to another. The various tools that fall in these categories are: + Move tool: Move tool helps to move objects within a Photoshop document. + Artboard tool: This tool makes artboards of specific ratios and sizes.+ Rectangular Marquee: This marquee tool helps in making a rectangular selection of any part of the document where we can make changes without affecting the other parts. + Elliptical Marquee: This marquee tool helps to make an elliptical selection of any part of the document where we can make changes without affecting the rest of other parts. + Single Column Marquee: This tool helps you to select a one-pixel width column. gle Row Marquee: This tool helps you to select a one-pixel width row. + Lasso Tool: This tool works like a pencil. It helps us to make a freehand selection of any part of the document, + Polygonal Lasso Tool: This tool makes a straight edge selection around the object like a polygon. + Magnetic Lasso Tool: This tool makes a selection on the edges of an object like a magnet, + Magic Wand Tool: This tool selects pixels of the same color around it with just one click. + Quick Selection Tool: This too! makes the selection based on color and contrast of the same color in the image that you wish to select. Crop and Slice Tool The tools of this category help us to crop the Photoshop documents and also the slice tools help us to slice the Photoshop documents into slices and make them separate images + Crop tool: This tool is used to trim an image and remove the unwanted part of the image. + Perspective Crop: This tool is used to shape an image taken from a different perspective other than a straight view. It helps to stretch and elongate them. + Slice: This tool is used to cut the image into smaller slices which can be exported ividually. + Slice Select: This tool is used to select, move, reshape, align the slices created using the slice tool. Measurement Tools The tools of this category help us in the measurement of the canvas we are working on and also helps us to measure and pick different colors from different parts of the image. + Eyedropper tool — This tool is used to pick a color from any part of the document or image opened in Photoshop. + 3D material Eyedropper Tool — This tool lets you take the sample color/pattern/gradient from one area or object and then drop it into another area of your 3d model. + Color sampler tool - This tool lets us view the color values of any point in our document orimage. + Ruler ~ This tool calculates the distance between two points in the Photoshop document and helps us to position elements precisely in the document. + Note tool - The note tool helps you to add notes inside a Photoshop document. You can view the note by clicking on it, ‘Count tool: This tool can be used in Photoshop to count objects in an image. ‘Retouching Tool The tools of this category help in beautifying images, especially portraits. Their functionality includes healing dull areas or erasing the unwanted parts and patching them with any other part of the image to make the image flawless and smooth. These tools are used extensivelyby photographers when editing their images. The names of the various tools that fall in this category are: + Spot healing brush Too different objects in an texture. + Healing brush Tool: This tool helps us to clone the areas of an image and blend the pixels from the sampled area with the target area. + Patch Tool: This tool helps to replace large objects from the image or the document in Photoshop. * Content Aware Tool: This tool is one of the best retouching tool which helps to move an object in an image to a different location and Photoshop automatically take care of the area left behind, + Red Eye Tool: The red-eye tool helps to remove the red-eye that occurs in photos taken in flashlights. + Clone Stamp Tool: The clone stamp helps to replicate the pixels of one area to another area inside the Photoshop document. + Pattern Stamp Tool: The pattern stamp tool helps us to create a pattern that ean be stored in the pattern palette + Eraser tool: This tool is just like an eraser. It erases the color of the pixels of a Photoshop document. «Background Eraser tool: This tool can be used to eraser certain elements of the image by selecting the color of that pixel and it erases those colored pixels. + Magic Eraser: This tool is like the reverse action of the paint bucket tool. It helps to erase the pixels of the same colors at once. * Blur Tool: This tool helps us to create a hazy effect on the portion where it is applied. It softens the pixels of the image. + Sharpen Tool: This tool increases the contrast between the pixels at the edges of the image, thus, increasing the focus on the image. + Smudge Took: This tool helps with blending colors. The smudge tool pushes the color of the pixels of one area to another. + Dodge Tool: This tool increases the brightness and exposure of the photos. + Burn Tool: This tool increases the contrast of the pixels in which itis applied. It darkens the pixels. + Sponge Tool: This tool reduces the intensity of the color in the area in which it is applied. Painting Tools As the name suggests, the tools that fall in this category are used in painting digital arts. This, category can also be termed as the ‘Artist’s Bag”, These tools help in painting, color mixing and drawing, and so on. The tools that fall in this category are given below: + Brush: This tool is used to apply color to the canvas with strokes similar to that of a paintbrush, + Pencil: This tool helps to create any free-formed shapes and drawings similar to that of writing with a pencil on paper. + Color Replacement Tool: This tool replaces the color of the object with the color selected by the user. This tool helps us to remove or repair the spots or scratches of age. It helps to blend the bad texture of one part with the good+ Mixer Brush Tool: This tool is like a real paintbrush. It mixes the colors and is used by digital painters. + History Brush Tool: This tool is similar to the undo tool. It helps us to travel back and shows us the different states of the image (color, saturation, and so on). + Art History Brush Tool: This tool is used to paints with stylized strokes. It uses the source data from a specified history state. + Gradient: This tool helps us to apply color gradients in Photoshop. + Paint Bucket tool: This tool helps us to paint an area with a single click. + 3D Material Drop: This tool helps us to pick a color or pattern from a point and drop it into a 3d object. ‘Type Tools The tools of this category are used in typing some text to explain anything in the image. They are also used in digital typography and many more such arts where they require some typed text. In simple words, these tools are the typing tools in Photoshop. The tools that fall in this category are given below: + Horizontal Type: This tool helps us to type horizontal text inside our Photoshop document. + Vertical Type: This tool helps us to type vertical text inside our Photoshop document. + Horizontal Type Mask: This tool helps us to create an image as filled in the horizontal text in Photoshop. + Vertical Type Mask: This tool helps us to create an image as fill in the vertical text in Photoshop. Vector Drawing Tools In Photoshop, every image is in the raster form, but if we want to include some of the vector shapes and diagrams inside the Photoshop document, we can use the vector drawing tools. We can both make our custom shapes or make already defined shapes like rectangles, polygon, ellipse, and so on. The shapes that we draw using these tools are all vector shapes. ‘The various tools that fall in this category are: + Pen: This tool helps us to create straight and curved vector paths which can be transformed into selection or used as vector shapes. «Freeform Pen: This tool helps us to draw free for vector shapes using the anchor points. + Curvature Pen: This tool helps us to draw curved vector paths. + Add Anchor Point: This tool helps to add a new anchor point. + Delete Anchor Point: This tool helps us to delete an existing anchor point. + Convert Point: This tool helps us to edit existing vector paths and shapes. + Path Selection: This tool helps to select the paths and also helps to move the paths. + Direct Selection Tool: This tool helps to move the existing paths and anchor points. + Rectangle: This tool helps us to draw rectangles inside a Photoshop document. + Rounded Rectangle: This tool helps us to draw a rounded rectangle inside the Photoshop document. Ellipse: This tool helps us to draw ellipses inside Photoshop documents. Polygon: This tool helps us to draw polygons inside a Photoshop document. Line: This tool helps us to draw straight lines in Photoshop documents. ‘Custom Shape: This too! helps us to draw custom shapes in Photoshop documents.Navigation Tools These are tools used in navigating through the Photoshop canvas and viewing the different parts of the canvas. + Hand Tool: The hand tool helps us to scroll through the image on the canvas. + Rotate View Tool: This tool rotates the whole canvas along with the image. + Zoom: This tool helps us to zoom in or zoom out of the Photoshop canvas. Using Guides & Rulers in Photoshop Guides and rulers help you align and position elements precisely in Photoshop. They are essential for layout design, UI/UX, photo editing, and print work. @ Enabling Rulers 1 {Go to View > Rulers OR press Ctrl + R (Windows) / Cmd + R (Mac). 2( Phe rulers will appear on the top and left sides of the canvas. 3 (Right-click on the ruler to change the measurement units (Pixels, Inches, Centimeters, etc.). Creating Guides 1 (Drag from the Ruler + Click and drag from the top ruler to create @ horizontal guide '* Click and drag from the left ruler to create a vertical guide. © Drop the guide where needed, 2(ilsing the New Guide Option * Goto View> Guides > New Guide. '* Choose Horizontal or Vertical and enter a specific position in pixels. 3(Preating Multiple Guides at Once + Goto View> Guides > New Guide Layout. © Set margins, rows, and columns for precise layouts,Moving & Deleting Guides * Move a Guide: Use the Move Tool (V) and drag it. ‘* Delete a Guide: Drag it back into the ruler or go to View > Guides > Clear Guides. @ Snapping to Guides + Enable snap-to-guides for precise alignment: © Goto View > Snap To > Guides. support import in export in image formats Many programs and applications support importing and exporting images in a variety of formats. Some of the most common image formats include JPEG, PNG, TIFF, BMP, and EPS. Supported image formats JPEG: A good format for photos with many details and color variations PNG: A good format for images with a limited color palette TIFF: A format that can be used for high-resolution images BMP: An image format that can be imported and exported using Form Z EPS: An image format that can be imported and exported using Form Z Mlustrator: An image format that can be imported and exported using Form Z QuickTime Image: An image format that can be imported and exported using Form Zz Targa: An image format that can be imported and exported using Form Z Programs that support image import and export RelativityOne: Supports importing and exporting single page JPGs, single page TIFs, and single and multi page PDFs Form Z: Supports importing and exporting BMPs, EPSs, Illustrator images, JPEGs, PNGs, QuickTime images, and Targa images ‘SketchUp: Supports importing and exporting JPEGs and PNGs BarTender: Supports importing and exporting images in a variety of formats, including EPS, .exf, .flc, fpx, .img, .if, .cmp, .cin, awd, sp, .pcx, .psp, .pbm, .pgm, “ppm, .sct, and .sgiGoogle Ads Editor: Supports importing and exporting image assets to and from a local machine Open Image eee an Existing Image or File New... #N #0 0 Browse in Bridg Browse in Mini Bridge... Open as Smart Object... Open Recent » ‘Once you have opened Photoshop, you can start editing right away! Follow the directions below to open an existing Photoshop file (.psd) or image. 1. To open a Photoshop document or image: Go to File and select Open.. 2. A Browse window will appear and you can locate your file, select it, and click Open. Tip: To re-open a recently opened file, select Open Recent to select from a list of recently opened files. Create Image Create a New Photoshop File Open... Browse in Bridge.. Browse in Mini Bridge. Open as Smart Object. Open Recent Although you may typically open images in Photoshop, there are times when you need to create a new file. This may happen when you want to make a collage, create a web banner, design an ad, or more. This page will show and explain each section of the new dialog box.1. To create a new document: Go to File and select New... 2. Use the guide below to set your desired document size and settings. log Box . Name 1 Namen? —Sd 2 Pest: US. Paper : yl ae (SivePreset.- | 4 wats ] Delete Preset 5 Height [12 | (Inches 2 6 Resolution: (300 xesfingh 7 Color Mode: | RCBColor 2) [8st ackground Contents: | White hea 11 image Sze GB) rsvances 241M 9 Color Profile: | Working RGB: sRGBIECG3066-2.1 2) 40 Pixel Aspect Ratio: {Square Pi The Name field is where you can add a name to your new document. This should be a name that helps you easily identify the file. 2. Preset The Preset field is where you can choose whether you would like to base your document size on a provided preset or by creating your own custom size.Default Photoshop Size otenational Paper Photo 3. Size It you chose Custom as your Preset, then you will not have to use this dropdown. Ifyou chose to use any other Preset above, then you will see size options based on the Preset you selected. For example, if you selected U.S. Paper, you will then see common U.S. paper sizes such as Letter, Legal, and Tabloid. Ifyou are unsure of a good size for your document, we recommend trying one of the Presets and pre-determined sizes. 4. Width & 5. Height Pixels If you did not select a Preset and chose to create a custom size, ‘Centimeters Millimeters Points Picas Columns then this is where you can type in your desired document width and height. Note that you may change the units, by clicking the dropdowns beside the width and height values and selecting inches, pixels, centimeters, etc. 6. Resolution ‘The resolution is what determines the quality of the image and refers to the number of pixels per inch (or centimeter) of the image.~* Visit All About Images Guide to learn more about how resoluton works and how to choose the best resolution for your image, 7. Color Mode aus ‘Color made allows you to choose what made and bit you wish to use for your new Grayscale ‘CMYK Color Lab Color document, Note: CMYK refers to print colors and is generally used for images that will be printed. RGB refers to the dot colors and is intended for use of web, video, or any digitally disaplyed image, 8. Background Contents his allows you to determine the color of your Background layer. Beexground Color Transparent Choosing White or Transparent will make your layer respectively white or transparent. Choosing Background Color will change the layer color to whatever is currently selected as the Background Color in the Color Palette, 9. Color Profile Ifyou are using a color-managed workflow or want to use a color profile of a specific device or Color Space, you may select that profile from this dropdown. 10. Pixel Aspect Ratio ca D1/DV NTSC (0.91) D1/DV PAL (1.09) D1/DV NTSC Widescreen (2.21) HOV 1080/DVCPRO HD 720 (1.33) D1/DV PAL Widescreen (1.46) ‘Anamorphic 2:1 2) DVCPRO HD 1080 (1.5) to be used for video work that is not HD or does not use square pixels. he pixel aspect ratio is useful for those who are creating graphics11. Image Size This refers to the file size of your new document, meaning how much space on a hard drive or disk is needed to save the file. This number is measutes in bytes, kbytes (K) , megabytes (M), and gigabytes @) Basic Image Editing in Photoshop Photoshop offers powerful tools for basic image editing, including cropping, resizing, retouching, color correction, and more. Below are the essential steps to get started. 1. Open an Image in Photoshop ‘+ Goto File > Open (Shortcut: Ctrl + 0 / Cmd + 0) and select your image. ‘+ The image will appear on the canvas in the Photoshop workspace. 0 2. Cropping & Resizing © Cropping an Image 1 GGelect the Crop Tool (C) from the Toolbar. 2( rag the edges to crop the image as needed. 3 (press Enter to apply the crop. 0 Resizing an Image1 (Gio to Image > Image Size (Shortcut: Alt + Ctrl + I/ Cmd + Option + D. 2 Adjust Width & Height (Make sure "Constrain Proportions” is checked). 3 (lick OK to apply. 3. Adjusting Brightness, Contrast & Colors © Quick Adjustments with Auto Features ‘+ Goto Image > Auto Tone, Auto Contrast, or Auto Color for quick fixes. 0 Manual Adjustments + Goto Image > Adjustments and use: © Brightness/Contrast ~ Adjust light and dark areas, © Levels (Ctr! + L) - Fine-tune shadows, midtones, and highlights. © Curves (Ctrl + M1) - Advanced contrast and color correction. © Hue/Saturation (Ctrl + U) - Adjust colors and intensity. 1 4. Removing Blemishes & Unwanted Objects 0 Spot Healing Brush (Quick Fix) 1 (elect the Spot Healing Brush Tool (J). 2 Glick on blemishes or small imperfections to remove them instantly. (0 Clone Stamp Tool (Manual Fk) 1 GBelect the Clone Stamp Tool (S). 2( Hold Alt (Option on Mac) and click on an area to sample. 3@ Paint over unwanted objects to blend with the background. 5, Sharpening & Blurring ‘+ Use Filter > Sharpen > Unsharp Mask to enhance details. ‘+ Use Filter > Blur > Gaussian Blur to soften an image or create effects.