BITS Pilani

K K Birla Goa Campus

ME F216: MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Lecture-10:
Phase Diagrams
Lecture-1:
Introduction to Material
Sudhy S. Panicker
Science
Department and Engineering
of Mechanical Engineering
BITS Pilani-K K Birla Goa Campus
Chamber: E-206
Email: sudhyp@goa.bits-pilani.ac.in
ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Basic concepts
• Solute and solvent
• Solution – solid, liquid, or gas solutions, single phase
• Solid solution consists of atoms of at least two different types; the solute
atoms occupy either substitutional or interstitial positions in the solvent
lattice, and the crystal structure of the solvent is maintained.
• Mixture – more than one phase present
(heterogeneous) Sugar/Water Phase Diagram
• Solubility Limit: Maximum 100

Temperature (°C)
Solubility
concentration for which only a 80 Limit L
single phase solution exists. (liquid)
60 L +
Question: What is the S
40 (liquid solution
solubility limit for sugar in i.e., syrup) (solid
water at 20°C? 20 sugar)
Answer: 65 wt% sugar.
At 20°C, if C < 65 wt% sugar: syrup 0 20 40 6065 80 100

Sugar
Water

At 20°C, if C > 65 wt% sugar: C = Composition (wt% sugar)

syrup + sugar Adapted from
Callister & Rethwisch 10e.

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 2 2

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Components and phases
• Components: Elements or compounds which are present in the alloy
(E.g. Al and Cu)
• Phases: The physically and chemically distinct material regions that form
(e.g., α and β).
• A disparity in either of physical and chemical properties of two phases
present in a system—different phase
• Water and ice present in a container; two or more polymorphic forms (e.g.,
having both FCC and BCC structures)
β (lighter

Aluminum- phase)
Copper
Alloy
α (darker
Adapted from chapter- phase)
opening photograph,
Chapter 9, Callister,
Materials Science &
Engineering: An
Introduction, 3e.

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 3 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Phase equilibria
• Equilibrium: free energy is at a minimum under some specified
combination of temperature, pressure, and composition.
• Phases: The physically and chemically distinct material regions that
form (e.g., α and β).
• A disparity in either of physical and chemical properties of two
phases present in a system—different phase
• Water and ice present in a container; two or more polymorphic forms
(e.g., having both FCC and BCC structures)
• In solid systems, that a state of equilibrium is never completely
achieved because the rate of approach to equilibrium is extremely
slow; such a system is said to be in a nonequilibrium or metastable
state.

• A point on the phase diagram at which the solid, liquid, and gaseous
phases coexist under equilibrium conditions is the triple point
• Phases influenced by: Temperature, Pressure, and Composition

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 4 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Effect of temperature & composition
• Altering T can change # of phases: path A to B.
• Altering C can change # of phases: path B to D.
B (100°C,C = 70) D (100°C,C = 90)
1 phase 2 phases
100

80 L
Temperature (°C)

(liquid)
water- 60 +
L
sugar S
system 40
(liquid solution (solid
i.e., syrup) sugar)
20 A (20°C,C = 70)
2 phases

Fig. 9.1, Callister &

0
Rethwisch 10e. 0 20 40 60 70 80 100
C = Composition (wt% sugar)
ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 5 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Criteria for solid solubility

Simple system (e.g., Ni-Cu solution)

Crystal electroneg r (nm)

Structure
Ni FCC 1.9 0.1246
Cu FCC 1.8 0.1278

• Both have the same crystal structure (FCC) and have similar
electronegativities and atomic radii (W. Hume – Rothery rules)
suggesting high mutual solubility.
• Ni and Cu are totally soluble in one another for all proportions.

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 6 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Gibbs Phase Rule

• Construction of phase diagrams—as well as some of the principles

governing the conditions for phase equilibria—are dictated by laws of
thermodynamics.

• P is the number of phases present;

• F: number of degrees of freedom or the number of externally controlled
variables (e.g., temperature, pressure, composition)—number of these
variables that can be changed independently without altering the
number of phases that coexist at equilibrium.
• C: number of components in the system.
• Components are normally elements or stable compounds and, in
the case of phase diagrams, are the materials at the two extremes
of the horizontal compositional axis.
• N: number of non-compositional variables (e.g., temperature and
pressure)
• N=2; N=1 for most cases, as pressure is atmospheric pressure
ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 7 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Isomorphous Binary phase diagram
- binary systems: just 2 components.
- independent variables: T and C (P = 1 atm is almost always used).

Phase Diagram for Cu-Ni system

T(°C)
• System is: 1600 • 2 phases:
L (liquid)
-- binary 1500 L (liquid)
i.e., 2 components: α (FCC
Cu and Ni. 1400 solid solution)
-- isomorphous
i.e., complete 1300
solubility of one • 3 different
component in 1200 α
phase fields:
another; α phase (FCC solid
field extends from
1100 L; L + α; α
solution)
0 to 100 wt% Ni. 1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 wt% Ni
Adapted from Callister & Rethwisch 10e

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 8 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Determination of phase(s) present

• Rule 1: If we know T and Co, then we know:

-- which phase(s) is (are) present.
T(°C)
• Examples:
1600
A(1100°C, 60 wt% Ni): L (liquid)
1 phase: α

B (1250ºC,35)
1500
Cu-Ni
B(1250°C, 35 wt% Ni): 1400 phase
2 phases: L + α diagram
1300 α
(FCC solid
1200
solution)
1100 A(1100ºC,60)

1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 wt% Ni
Adapted from Callister & Rethwisch
10e.

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 9 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Determination of phase compositions

• Rule 2: If we know T and C0, then we can determine:

-- the composition of each phase. Cu-Ni
T(°C) system
• Examples:
TA A
Consider C0 = 35 wt% Ni tie line
At TA = 1320°C: 1300 L (liquid)
Only Liquid (L) present B
CL = C0 ( = 35 wt% Ni) TB
α
At TD = 1190°C:
1200 D (solid)
Only Solid (α) present TD
Cα = C0 ( = 35 wt% Ni)
20 3032 35 4043 50
At TB = 1250°C: CL C0 Cα wt% Ni
Both α and L present
CL = C liquidus ( = 32 wt% Ni)
Cα = C solidus ( = 43 wt% Ni) Adapted from Callister & Rethwisch
10e.

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 10 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Determination of phase weight fractions
• Rule 3: If we know T and C0, then can determine:
-- the weight fraction of each phase.
Cu-Ni
• Examples: system
T(°C)
Consider C0 = 35 wt% Ni A
TA tie line
At TA : Only Liquid (L) present 1300 L (liquid)
WL = 1.00, Wa = 0 B
At TD : Only Solid ( α ) present TB R S
α
WL = 0, Wα = 1.00
1200 D (solid) Adapted from
At TB : Both α and L present TD Callister &
Rethwisch 10e.

S
WL = 20 3032 35 40 43 50
R +S CL C0 Cα wt% Ni

43 - 35 =
R
= = 0.73 Wα = 0.27
43 - 32 R +S

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 11 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Determination of phase weight fractions
The Lever Rule

• Tie line – connects the phases in equilibrium with

each other – also sometimes called an isotherm
T(°C) What fraction of each phase?
tie line
Think of the tie line as a lever
1300 L (liquid)
(teeter-totter)
B
TB ML Mα
α
1200 (solid)
R S

20 30CL R S
C0 40 Cα 50

wt% Ni Ma x S = ML x R
ML S Ca - C0 R C0 - CL
WL = = = Wa = =
ML + Ma R + S Ca - CL R + S Ca -CL

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 12 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Development of microstructure:
Cooling of Cu-Ni alloy
• Phase diagram: T(°C) L (liquid) L: 35 wt%Ni
Cu-Ni system. Cu-Ni
• Consider 1300 system
A
microstuctural L: 35 wt% Ni
α: 46 wt% Ni B
changes that 35 46
accompany the 32 C 43
cooling of a 24 D L: 32 wt% Ni
36
C0 = 35 wt% Ni alloy α: 43 wt% Ni
1200 E
L: 24 wt% Ni
α: 36 wt% Ni
α
(solid) α: 35 wt% Ni

110 0
20 30 35 40 50
Adapted from Callister &
Rethwisch 10e. C0 wt% Ni
ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 13 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Cooling of Cu-Ni alloy
Cored and Equilibrium Structures
• Cα changes as we solidify. • In almost all practical solidification, cooling
• Cu-Ni case: rates are much too rapid to allow
compositional readjustments (through
diffusion) and maintenance of equilibrium
• Slow rate of cooling:
Equilibrium structure • Fast rate of cooling:
Cored structure
First α to solidify:
Uniform Cα: 46 wt% Ni
35 wt% Ni Last α to solidify:
< 35 wt% Ni

First α to solidify has Cα = 46 wt% Ni.

Last α to solidify has Cα = 35 wt% Ni.

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 14 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Cooling of Cu-Ni alloy
Fast Cooling: Cored Structures
• Distribution of two elements within the
grains is nonuniform – segregation –
concentration gradients are established
across the grains
• The center of each grain, which is the
first part to freeze, is rich in the high-
melting element (e.g., nickel for this Cu–
Ni system)
• Concentration of the low-melting
element increases with position from
this region to the grain boundary.
• This is termed a cored structure – gives
rise to less than the optimal properties.
• Coring may be eliminated by a
homogenization heat treatment carried
out at a temperature below the solidus
point for the particular alloy composition.
• Atomic diffusion occurs, which produces
compositionally homogeneous grains.

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 15 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Mechanical Properties: Effect of alloying,
Relationship with phase diagram
-- Tensile strength (TS)

-- Ductility (%EL)

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 16 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Binary-Eutectic Systems
2 components has a special composition with a min. melting T.
T(°C) Copper-Silver system
Ex.: Cu-Ag system
1200
• 3 single phase regions L (liquid)
(L, α, β) 1000
• Limited solubility: α L+ α
TE 800 779°C L+β β
α: mostly Cu 8.0 71.9 91.2
β: mostly Ag 600
• TE : No liquid below TE α + β
• CE : Composition at 400
temperature TE 200
• Eutectic reaction 0 20 40 60 CE 80 100
C, wt% Ag

cooling
L(71.9 wt% Ag)
heating
a(8.0 wt% Ag) + b (91.2 wt% Ag)
ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 17 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Binary-Eutectic Systems (Cu-Ag)

Eutectic point

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 18 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Class work: Pb-Sn Eutectic system
• For a 40 wt% Sn-60 wt% Pb alloy at 150°C, determine:
-- the phases present
Answer: α + β T(°C) Lead-Tin system
-- the phase compositions
300
Answer: Cα = 11 wt% Sn L (liquid)
Cβ = 99 wt% Sn
α L+ α
-- the relative amount of 200 183°C L+β β
each phase 18.3 61.9 97.8
150
Answer: W = S = Cβ - C0 R S
α R+S Cβ - Cα 100
α + β
99 - 40 59
= = = 0.67
99 - 11 88
C0 - Cα 0 11 20 40 60 80 99100
Wβ = R Cα C0 Cβ
= C, wt% Sn
R+S Cβ - Cα
40 - 11 29
= = = 0.33 Adapted from Callister & Rethwisch
99 - 11 88 10e.
ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 19 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Class work: Pb-Sn Eutectic system
• For a 40 wt% Sn-60 wt% Pb alloy at 220°C, determine:
-- the phases present:
Pb-Sn
T(°C)
Answer: α + L system
-- the phase compositions
300
Answer: Cα = 17 wt% Sn L (liquid)
CL = 46 wt% Sn L+α
-- the relative amount 220 α
200 R S L+ β β
of each phase 183°C
Answer:
100
CL - C0 46 - 40 α + β
Wα = =
CL - Cα 46 - 17
6 0 17 20 40 46 60 80 100
= = 0.21 Cα C0 CL C, wt% Sn
29
C0 - Cα 23
WL = = = 0.79 Adapted from Callister & Rethwisch
CL - Cα 29 10e.

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 20 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Microstructure development in
Eutectic systems-I
• For alloys for which Result: at room temperature
-- polycrystalline with grains of α
C0 < 2 wt% Sn
phase having composition C0
T(°C) L: C0 wt% Sn
400
L
α
300 L

L+ α
200
α
α: C0 wt% Sn
(Pb-Sn
TE
System)

100
α+β

0 10 20 30
C0 C, wt% Sn
2 Callister & Rethwisch
(room T solubility limit) 10e.

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 21 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Microstructure development in
Eutectic systems-II
• For alloys for which 2 wt% Sn < C0 < 18.3 wt% Sn
• Result: at temperatures in α + β range
T(°C)
-- polycrystalline with α grains and small 400 L: C0 wt% Sn

β-phase particles L
300 L
L +α α

α α: C0 wt% Sn
200
TE

α
100 β
α+ β Pb-Sn
system
0 10 20 30
2 C0 C, wt% Sn
(sol. limit at T room ) 18.3
(sol. limit at TE)
Callister & Rethwisch
10e.
ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 22 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Microstructure development in
Eutectic systems-III
• For alloy of composition C0 = CE Micrograph of Pb-Sn
• Result: Eutectic microstructure (lamellar structure) eutectic structure
-- alternating layers (lamellae) of α and β phases.

T(°C)
L: C0 wt% Sn
300 L
Pb-Sn L+α 160 μm
system α
200 183°C L+β β
TE

100
α+β β: 97.8 wt% Sn
α: 18.3 wt%Sn

0 20 40 60 80 100
18.3 CE 97.8
From Callister & 61.9 C, wt% Sn
Rethwisch 10e.

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 23 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Microstructure development in
Eutectic systems-IV
• For alloys for which 18.3 wt% Sn < C0 < 61.9 wt% Sn
• Result: α phase particles and a eutectic microconstituent

T(°C) • Just above TE :

L: C0 wt% Sn αL
L
Cα = 18.3 wt% Sn
300 L α CL = 61.9 wt% Sn
Pb-Sn
L+ α Wα = S = 0.50
system α R+S
200 R S L+β β WL = (1- Wα ) = 0.50
TE S
R
• Just below TE :
100 α+ β Cα = 18.3 wt% Sn
primary α Cβ = 97.8 wt% Sn
eutectic α
eutectic β Wα = S = 0.73
0 20 40 60 80 100 R+S
18.3 61.9 97.8 Wβ = 0.27
Fig. 9.16, Callister &
Rethwisch 10e. C, wt% Sn
ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 24 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Hypo and Hyper Eutectic
300
L
T(°C)
α L+ α
Fig. 9.8, Callister & Rethwisch 10e.
[Adapted from Binary Alloy Phase
200 L+β β (Pb-Sn
TE
Diagrams, 2nd edition, Vol. 3, T. B.
Massalski (Editor-in-Chief), 1990.
α+β System)
Reprinted by permission of ASM
International, Materials Park, OH.] 100

0 20 40 60 80 100 C, wt% Sn
eutectic
hypoeutectic: C0 = 50 wt% Sn 61.9 hypereutectic: (illustration only)
(Figs. 9.14 and 9.17 from
Metals Handbook, 9th ed.,
Vol. 9, Metallography and eutectic: C0 = 61.9 wt% Sn
Microstructures, 1985. α β
α
Reproduced by permission
of ASM International, β
Materials Park, OH.) α α β β
α β
α β
175 μm 160 μm
Fig. 9.17, Callister & eutectic micro-constituent Adapted from Fig. 9.17,
Rethwisch 10e. Fig. 9.14, Callister & Callister & Rethwisch 10e.
Rethwisch 10e. (Illustration only)
ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 25 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Binary-Eutectic Systems (Pb-Sn)

F=0

terminal solid
liquidus Eutectic point
solutions
(invariant reaction)

solidus Eutectic isotherm

solvus

Hypo-eutectic Hyper-eutectic

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 26 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Intermetallic compounds

From Callister &

Rethwisch 10e.

Mg2Pb

Note: intermetallic compound exists as a line on the diagram - not an area -

because of stoichiometry (i.e. composition of a compound is a fixed value).
ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 27 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Eutectic, Eutectoid and Peritectic

• Eutectic - liquid transforms to two solid phases

cool
L heat α + β (For Pb-Sn, 183°C, 61.9 wt% Sn)

• Eutectoid – one solid phase transforms to two other

solid phases
intermetallic compound
S2 S1+S3 - cementite

γ cool α + Fe3C (For Fe-C, 727°C, 0.76 wt% C)

heat

• Peritectic - liquid and one solid phase transform to a

second solid phase
S1 + L S2
cool
δ +L heat γ (For Fe-C, 1493oC, 0.16 wt% C)

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 28 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Eutectoid and Peritectic
Peritectic transformation γ + L δ
Cu-Zn Phase diagram

e e
e

From Callister & Rethwisch 10e.

Eutectoid transformation δ γ+e

(eutectic-like)
ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 29 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Copper-Zinc Phase diagram

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 30 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Iron-Carbon (Fe-C) Phase Diagram
• 2 important points T(°C)
1600
- Eutectic (A): δ
L  γ + Fe3C 1400 L
- Eutectoid (B):
γ γ +L A
γ  α + Fe3C 1200 1148°C L+Fe3C
(austenite)

Fe3C (cementite)
1000 γ γ
γ γ γ +Fe3C
800 B 727°C = Teutectoid
α
600
α +Fe3C
120 μm
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
(Fe) 0.76 4.30 C, wt% C
Fe3C (cementite-hard)
α (ferrite-soft)
Result: Pearlite = alternating
layers of α and Fe3C phases

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 31 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Iron-Carbon (Fe-C) Phase Diagram

BCC

Eutectic point

FCC

Eutectoid point

Stable, BCC

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 32 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Hypo-eutectoid steel
T(°C)
1600
δ
1400 L
γ γ (Fe-C
γ γ +L
γ γ 1200 1148°C L+Fe3C System)

Fe3C (cementite)
(austenite)
γ γ
1000
γ γ γ + Fe3C Adapted Callister &
Rethwisch 10e.
α
α γ γ 800 727°C
γ αγ a
600
α + Fe3C
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
Eutectoid α (Fe)C0 C, wt% C
0.76

pearlite 100 μm Hypoeutectoid

pearlite steel

Proeutectoid α proeutectoid ferrite

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 33 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Hypo-eutectoid steel
T(°C)
1600
δ
1400 L
(Fe-C
α γ γ +L
System)
αγ γ
1200 1148°C L+Fe3C

Fe3C (cementite)
(austenite)
γ αγ
1000
γ + Fe3C Adapted from Callister &
Wα = s/(r + s) Rethwisch 10e.

Wγ =(1 - Wα)
800 r s 727°C
α RS
600
α α + Fe3C
pearlite
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
(Fe)C0 C, wt% C
0.76

Wpearlite = Wγ
Wα’ = S/(R + S) 100 μm Hypoeutectoid
steel
WFe3C=(1 – Wα’)
pearlite proeutectoid ferrite
ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 34 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Hyper-eutectoid steel
T(°C)
1600
δ
1400 L
(Fe-C
γ γ γ γ +L
1200 System)
γ γ 1148°C L+Fe3C

Fe3C (cementite)
(austenite)
γ γ 1000
γ γ γ + Fe3C Adapted from allister &
Rethwisch 10e.
Fe3C
γ γ 800 727°C
γ γ α
600
α + Fe3C
400
0 1 C0 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
0.76

(Fe)C0 C, wt% C
pearlite

60 μmHypereutectoid
steel
pearlite proeutectoid Fe3C

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 35 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Hyper-eutectoid steel
T(°C)
1600
δ
1400 L
(Fe-C
Fe3C γ γ +L
1200 L+Fe3C System)
γ γ 1148°C

Fe3C (cementite)
(austenite)
γ γ 1000
γ + Fe3C Adapted from
Callister & Rethwisch
Wγ =x/(v + x) 10e.
800 v x 727°C
WFe3C =(1-Wγ)
α
V X
600
α + Fe3C
pearlite
400
0 1 C0 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
0.76

(Fe)C0 C, wt% C
Wpearlite = Wγ
Wα = X/(V + X)
60 μmHypereutectoid
WFe =(1 - Wα) steel
3C’
pearlite proeutectoid Fe3C

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 36 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Class work
For a 99.6 wt% Fe-0.40 wt% C
steel at a temperature just a) Using the RS tie line just below the eutectoid
below the eutectoid, Cα = 0.022 wt% C
determine the following:
CFe3C = 6.70 wt% C
a) The compositions of Fe3C
and ferrite (α). 1600
δ
b) The amount of cementite
1400 L
(in grams) that forms in T(°C)
100 g of steel. γ γ +L

Fe3C (cementite)
1200 1148°C L+Fe3C
c) The amounts of pearlite (austenite)
and proeutectoid ferrite (α) 1000
γ + Fe3C
in the 100 g.
800 727°C
R S
600
α + Fe3C
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
Cα C0 C, wt% C CFe
3C

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 37 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Class work

b) Using the lever rule with the tie line shown

R C0 - Ca 1600
WFe C = = δ
3 R + S CFe C - Ca 1400 L
3
T(°C) γ +L
0.40 - 0.022 γ

Fe3C (cementite)
= = 0.057 1200
(austenite)
1148°C L+Fe3C
6.70 - 0.022
1000
γ + Fe3C
800 727°C
R S
600
α + Fe3C
Amount of Fe3C in 100 g 400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
C α C0 C, wt% C CFe
= (100 g)WFe3C 3C

= (100 g)(0.057) = 5.7 g

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 38 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Class work
c) Using the VX tie line just above the eutectoid and
realizing that
C0 = 0.40 wt% C
Cα = 0.022 wt% C
Cpearlite = Cγ = 0.76 wt% C 1600
δ
1400 L
V C0 - Ca T(°C)
Wpearlite = = γ γ +L

Fe3C (cementite)
V + X Cg - Ca 1200
(austenite)
1148°C L+Fe3C

0.40 - 0.022 1000

= = 0.512 γ + Fe3C
0.76 - 0.022 800
727°°C
VX
Amount of pearlite in 100 g 600
α + Fe3C
= (100 g)Wpearlite 400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
Cα C0 Cγ C, wt% C
= (100 g)(0.512) = 51.2 g
ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 39 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Class work (Q2)

• Consider 1.0 kg of austenite containing 1.15 wt% C, cooled to below

727oC.
– (a) What is the proeutectoid phase?
– (b) How many kilograms each of total ferrite and cementite form?
– (c) How many kilograms each of pearlite and the proeutectoid
phase form?
– (d) Schematically sketch and label the resulting microstructure.

(a) The proeutectoid phase will be Fe3C since 1.15 wt% C is

greater than the eutectoid composition (0.76 wt% C).

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 40 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Class work: Q2 Solution
(b) Apply appropriate lever rule:

gives 0.83 kg of total ferrite.

gives 0.17 kg of total cementite. (d) Schematic microstructure:

(c) Apply appropriate lever rule where the

particular concentration asked is 1.15

gives 0.93 kg of pearlite phase

gives 0.07 kg of proeutectoid phase

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 41 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Effects of alloying with other elements

• Teutectoid changes: • Ceutectoid changes:

C eutectoid (wt% C)
Ti
T Eutectoid (ºC)

Si
Mo W Ni
Cr
Cr Si
Mn
Mn W
Ti Mo
Ni

wt. % of alloying elements wt. % of alloying elements

Fig. 9.34, Callister & Rethwisch 10e. Fig. 9.35,Callister & Rethwisch 10e.
(From Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the Alloying Elements (From Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the Alloying Elements
in Steel, 1939. Reproduced by permission of ASM in Steel, 1939. Reproduced by permission of ASM
International, Materials Park, OH.) International, Materials Park, OH.)

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 42 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Ferrous alloys
Iron-based alloys
• Steels
• Cast Irons

Nomenclature for steels (AISI/SAE)

10xx Plain Carbon Steels
11xx Plain Carbon Steels (resulfurized for machinability)
15xx Mn (1.00 - 1.65%)
40xx Mo (0.20 ~ 0.30%)
43xx Ni (1.65 - 2.00%), Cr (0.40 - 0.90%), Mo (0.20 - 0.30%)
44xx Mo (0.5%)
where xx is wt% C x 100
example: 1060 steel – plain carbon steel with 0.60 wt% C
Stainless Steel >11% Cr

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 43 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Classification of Steels

Low Alloy High Alloy

low carbon Med carbon high carbon
<0.25 wt% C 0.25-0.6 wt% C 0.6-1.4 wt% C

heat
Name plain HSLA plain
plain tool stainless
treatable
Cr,V Cr, Ni Cr, V,
Additions none none none Cr, Ni, Mo
Ni, Mo Mo Mo, W
Example 1010 4310 1040 4340 1095 4190 304, 409
Hardenability 0 + + ++ ++ +++ varies
TS - 0 + ++ + ++ varies
EL + + 0 - - -- ++
Uses auto bridges crank pistons wear drills high T
struc. towers shafts gears applic. saws applic.
sheet press. bolts wear dies turbines
vessels hammers applic. furnaces
blades Very corros.
resistant
increasing strength, cost, decreasing ductility
ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 44 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Cast Irons

• Ferrous alloys with > 2.1 wt% C

– more commonly 3 - 4.5 wt% C
• Low melting – relatively easy to cast
• Generally brittle

• Cementite decomposes to ferrite + graphite

Fe3C → 3 Fe (α) + C (graphite)

– generally a slow process

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 45 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Classification of Metal Alloys
Metal Alloys

• Steels
Ferrous Nonferrous
(2.11%C max.)
• Cast Irons
Steels
Steels Cast Irons
Cast Irons
<1.4 wt% C
<1.4wt%C 3-4.5 wt%C
3-4.5 wt% C
microstructure: ferrite,
T(ºC) graphite/cementite
1600
δ
1400 L
γ+L
1200 γ 1148ºC L+ Fe3C
austenite Eutectic:
1000 4.30

γ + Fe3C
α 800 727ºC Fe3C
ferrite Eutectoid: cementite
600 0.76 α + Fe3C
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
(Fe)
Co , wt% C
ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 46 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Iron-Carbon True Equilibrium Diagram

Cementite: Metastable T(°C)

Can be dissociate or 1600
decompose to form alpha
ferrite and graphite 1400 L Liquid +
γ+L Graphite
1200 γ 1153°C
Austenite 4.2 wt% C
1000
γ + Graphite
800
740°C
Graphite formation 0.65

promoted by 600
a + Graphite
• Si > 1 wt% 400
0 1 2 3 4 90 100
• slow cooling (Fe) C, wt% C

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 47 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Summary

• Phase diagrams are useful tools to determine:

-- the number and types of phases present,
-- the composition of each phase,
-- and the weight fraction of each phase
given the temperature and composition of the system.
• The microstructure of an alloy depends on
-- its composition, and
-- whether or not cooling rate allows for maintenance of
equilibrium.
• Important phase diagram phase transformations include
eutectic, eutectoid, and peritectic.
• Classification of steels

ME F216: Material Science and Engineering Lecture-10 48 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus