This study pack was inspired by my desire to see pupils who have been negatively affected by the covid-

19 pandemic pass their examinations through personal studies .I also felt for the parents of my class
pupils who were always in touch asking how the pupils will cope up after the lock down .This was
prepared during the lockdown period in July 2021 when I was assigned to a grade 7 class that had lost a
lot of instructional time in 2020 from March to October these kids were at home. Most of these were not
fortunate enough to have someone at home to assist them with their school work. Here is a syllabus
based summary of the content that you are expected to master for your Grade 6 course leading into
Grade 7 in Social Sciences. I assure you mastery of this content will definitely ensure a pass with a good
grade in your ZIMSEC examinations.
HERITAGE AND SOCIAL STUDIES
TOPIC 1: IDENTITY
FAMILY HISTORY AND LOCAL HERITAGE
CLANS IN ZIMBABWE

A clan is a group of people who originated from the same ancestor. People of the same clan have the same totem. Examples of totems include Monkey/
Soko/Ncube ,Lion/ Shumba/Sibanda , Heart/ Moyo / Nhliziyo . Most totems are formed around animals for example Elephant/ Nzou / Ndlovu ; animal
parts for example Gumbo ; birds for example Hungwe , water for example Dziva.

Totems are regarded as sacred therefore it is taboo to eat meat from the totem animal or part. People of the same clan have the same lineage which can be
traced back to the founding ancestors.
Lineages can be:- patrilineal which follows the father’s line of relations.
Matrilineal which follows the mother’s line of relations.

In indigenous cultures people of the same totem, clan or lineage do not marry each other because they are considered as relatives, doing so is a taboo. It is
believed marrying in the same clan can result in weak or disabled children. Long ago people of the same clan lived in the same area.

SPIRITUALITY
 Spirituality made clan members to live together they believed in their supreme being ( Nyadenga /Unkulukulu ) . They also believed in the
supernatural protection of the ancestors.
 Clans believed ancestors had power over rainfall and soil fertility. When they got angry they would have no rainfall. This made them to respect their
cultural and traditional values.

SIGNIFICANCE OF CUSTOMS, BELIEFS, FOLKLORE, GAMES ,SONGS AND DANCE

 Customs and beliefs helped to preserve norms and values. They also helped maintain discipline.
 They believed in life after death and bringing the spirit of the dead for family protection this made the people respect graveyards and deceased’s
property.
 Marriage helps promote community relationships by bringing two families together.
 Traditional healers are consulted when a family encounters bad luck such as death of children, poor harvests or death of livestock.
 Customs are made up of beliefs, folklores, dances, games and song.
 Customs build people’s identity by imparting skills on children and instilling traditional values like greeting and respecting elders.

BELIEFS
A belief is acceptance that something exists or that it is true .These include the following:-
 Life after death and ceremonies of bringing back the dead ( Kurova guva /Umbuyiso ) are done by indigenous people so that the spirit of the dead
comes back to take care of the living.
 Eating one’s totem results in a person losing their teeth.
 Some rivers, mountains, forests, pools and caves are sacred and supernatural things happen there. Examples are Chirorodziva pool in Chinhoyi and
Inyangani mountains in Nyanga.
 Taking a pot with soot to the well will result in the well drying up or being taken by mermaids.
 Rains are provided by ancestors after having rainmaking ceremonies.
 Working on Chisi / Izolo (day of rest) results in crops being eaten by pests or animals.
 Marrying in November results in a couple having bad luck.
 A person taken by a mermaid will return as a powerful witchdoctor (n’anga /inyanga ).

SIGNIFICANCE OF FOLKLORE
Folklore has been passed from one generation to another. Folklore is unwritten literature of a particular culture. The elders told folklore to young children
 They brought people together since they were narrated to a group of children.
 They were a form of night entertainment.
 Folklore helped express identity, purpose, functions and customs of a culture.
 Animals were used as real people who speak, think, teach and live people’s lives.
 They were used to teach young ones norms, values, humanity, culture and beliefs.
 They taught memorizing and retelling.

GAMES
Some of the games played in the past included nhodo , chisvare , tsoro , chihwandehwande, matsimba and hwai hwai. Games were important because :-
They made children learn life skills for example working, socializing, physical fitness, bravery, creativity, critical thinking and problem solving.
Playing house (mahumbwe) was a dramatic play done by boys and girls as they played house they gave each other roles such as children , father
and mother. As they played the game they taught each other how to be responsible and hardworking adults.

SIGNIFICANCE OF SONGS AND DANCES

 Leisure, religious and cultural reasons.
 Entertainment especially when there is no work in spring season.
 There were also songs that motivated people during work for example women would sing while pounding grain and people also sang while doing
communal work (nhimbe).
 Teaching social values.
 Celebrating different activities.
 Retell our heritage.
 Communicate with ancestors.
 Comforting bereaved at funerals.
 Hunting and war songs for motivation.
DANCES IN ZIMBABWE
DANCE PURPOSE
Mbira Dance to mbira music it is a traditional ritual dance.
Mbakumba A dance performed for celebrating good harvests also performed for social and recreational purposes.
Dinhe Religious rites and ceremonies or joyful occasions.
Hoso/ Amabhiza Rainmaking ceremonies.
Ingquzu Social dance weddings and other celebrations.
Muchongoyo Nguni war dance for social and entertainment purposes.
Mbende/Jerusarema Puberty and fertility rites dances
Mhande Social and entertainment dance
Isitshikitsha Social entertainment and seductive dance.

CULTURAL VALUES OF MOTHERHOOD IN PRE- COLONIAL ERA

o Mothers were believed to be sacred and important because of their role in giving birth and raising the family.
o It was the duty of the mother to teach her daughter to look after the family and home.
o A special goat (mbudzi yemasungiro) was given to a mother for helping her daughter give birth safely.
o A mother was not to be beaten by her husband or children it was taboo for children to beat their mothers as this would bring bad luck. In order to
cleanse themselves after beating a mother they would face a punishment called kutanda botso amongst the shona where the child would move
around the village wearing torn clothes like a mad person.
o After death of a wife it was taboo to keep the wife’s belongings as this would bring bad luck to the husband and would not be able to marry another
woman. Examples of items to be returned to her people after her death were plates, hoe, cooking stand (pfihwa), pestle (mutswi), mortar (duri) ,
laundry basket and winnowing basket (rusero).

CULTURAL VALUES OF FATHERHOOD IN PRE-COLONIAL ERA

 The father was the head of the family and had important roles like protecting the family from dangerous animals.
 To provide food and shelter for the family.
 The father had weapons like bow and arrow, axe, knives, knobkerrie and spears . These were used for hunting, fighting and religious purposes.
 When a daughter got married the father was entitled to rusambo, cattle and special tobacco from son in law called mutate/mutombo.
 He had to pay lobola for his wives.
 They taught young men about manhood and how to be responsible fathers and leaders of the family and community.

INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES AND CULTURES IN ZIMBABWE

There 16 officially recognized languages. Members of Parliament can now debate in parliament using any of the 16 languages. News is read in sign language
for the benefit of those with hearing challenges. These are the indigenous languages of Zimbabwe:-
-Shona -Ndebele -Kalanga -Ndau -Chewa Xangani -Venda -Sotho -Nambya -Xhosa -Chibarwe -Khoisan -Tonga -Kalanga -
Tswana -Sign language

INDIGENOUS CULTURES
Culture is a way of life of a certain group of people.
 Zimbabwe has many cultures these cultures have different beliefs, arts customs, traditional habits, religions , norms and values.
 Indigenous cultures have some common beliefs like the existence of God, life after death, marriage and who the children belong to.
 There are also differences in cultures these include marrying people of the same totem for example Mwenyes whose totem is Mbeva /Mouse.
Other cultures regard it as taboo.
 A man in some cultures has to go through initiation in order to be considered a man.
 In Ndebele a man has to pay the bride price before a woman moves in with him whereas in Kalanga culture a woman can leave a token under her
pillow and go to the man’s homestead. After that is done the lobola ceremony starts.

INDIGENOUS GOVERNANCE
The indigenous governance structure is made up of the chief, headman and village head.

 The village head is appointed by the headman .His duty is to preside over his village. Those who break rules are brought to the village council,
offenders can be fined small amounts of money or made to pay using chickens or goats. The village head also allocates small pieces of land to his
people to farm and collects taxes on behalf of the headman.
 The headman is appointed by the chief his duty is to preside over his area made up of several villages. Village heads report to him. He fines
offenders fines higher than those of the village head. He collects taxes from village heads for onward transmission to the chief. He is also
responsible for cultural matters like rain making ceremonies.
  The chief is appointed according to the law through chieftainship’s inheritance system. Headman report to him. Chiefs collect communal tax on
behalf of the government. The chief is responsible for all traditional customs in his area.

INDIGENOUS HERITAGE RESOURCES

Heritage area special features belonging to the culture of a particular society that are passed from one generation to another. Zimbabwe has both cultural
and natural heritage.

NATURAL HERITAGE
These include landscapes, animals, minerals, falls and hot springs among others. Here are some examples:-
-Victoria Falls -Nyanga mountains -Chirinda forests -Hwange National Park -Matobo Hills -Matusadonha -Chinhoya caves

CULTURAL HERITAGE
These include beliefs, culture, art, music instruments like drums, mbira, marimba, water gourd and dance. Cultural practices in birth, burial, marriage , rain
making and songs can be passed from one generation to another. Cultural heritage resources include Great Zimbabwe monuments and Khami monuments.

PRESERVATION OF HERITAGE RESOURCES

Heritage resources are fast disappearing through vandalism, neglect , overuse and exploitation. The table below shows ways of preserving resources.
Cultural/ indigenous ways of heritage preservation Modern ways of heritage preservation
 Traditional leaders to stop the cutting of wood in sacred forests.  Government has banned the hunting of wild animals.
 Huge fines for people who hunt wild animals.  Government has made it an offence possessing hunting materials
 People to seek permission to visit sacred places from traditional like nets and spears.
leaders.  Poachers are prosecuted and jailed.
 Traditional ceremonies to be regularly held at various sites.  Museums (pictures ,paintings , drawings , sculptures and artifact
 The use of taboos for example not eating one’s totem helps reduce preservation )
killing of certain animals.  Government has set up projects like campfire to preserve wild
animals.
 Heritage sites have been fenced
 Repairing fallen walls at monuments like Great Zimbabwe.
 Environmental Management Agency (EMA) inspections.

TOPIC 2 : CULTURAL HERITAGE

COURTSHIP
Is a period during which a couple develop a romantic relationship before getting married. During courtship the couple gets to know each other better
before marriage.
Before courtship a girl was never expected to accept a love proposal quickly.
When the girl accepted the boy and girl went to the girl’s aunt. The two would exchange love tokens in the presence of the aunt. The aunt would
keep the tokens which would be in the form of clothes or jewellery.
Sometimes courtship was arranged by parents of both the boy and girl if parents of the boy admired a certain girl’s behavior.
Good courtship is a noble foundation to a successful marriage.

GOOD BOY-GIRL RELATIONSHIP PRACTICES

These differ amongst different ethnic groups.
 The relationship should have friendship and trust.
 They should respect each other’s bodies.
 They should abstain from sex until marriage.
 Their relationship should involve other relatives like aunts and uncles.
 Should be faithful to each other.
 Should not stay together until they are married.
 Get tested for H.I.V and AIDS to know their status before they are married.
 They should have sober

INDIGENOUS COURTSHIP PRACTICES

Venda courtship
The young members of the group attract members of the opposite sex through a courtship dance called chifase.
Ndebele courtship
A young man chooses a lady from a respectable family who went for traditional initiation. Head gears are used as a sign that one has gone for initiation.
The Lemba courtship
These marry people of the same totem as theirs. Young women are taught on how to impress men in preparation of food according to their culture.
The Shona courtship
People marry people of different totems from them. Those who marry people of the same totem as
Theirs will be fined a cow (mombe yechekaukama )

HEIRSHIP WITHIN THE FAMILY

Heirship is the process of inheriting property that belonged to someone who is dead.Heirship is the legal
right to receive money, property or possessions from a deceased person. In indigenous culture when a
man is deceased the remaining property belongs to the relatives of the man. The woman gets the
kitchen utensils. If the deceased had written a will, it will be used to distribute his / he estate. Male and
females can equally inherit the property of the deceased relative. If the person is married the surviving
spouse has the right to the estate of his/her deceased partner. Some follow modern heirship practices
where they follow the legal channel of distributing the estate. The executor is the person who leads the
distribution of the various items, property of high value is given to close relatives like the wife, children
and grandchildren.

MODERN HEIRSHIP PRACTICE

 In modern heirship the deceased’s estate will be distributed by a lawyer acting as the executor or a member of the family is appointed as executor
by the family. The estate should be registered with the Master of High Court.
 The lawyer follows the deceased’s will written before a person dies.
 A child is entitled to a parent’s estate as long as the child is legally registered as the deceased’s child. The constitution of Zimbabwe supports equal
property inheritance for men and women.

DIFFERENCES IN MODERN AND TRADITIONAL HEIRSHIP PRACTICES

INDIGENOUS MODERN
1. Word of mouth in sharing property. 1. A will is written and registered with
2. An appointed relative distributes the the Master of High Court.
property. 2. A lawyer is appointed as executor and
3. Guided by cultural systems, elders direct distributes estate.
distribution. 3. A lawyer or executor is guided by the
4. The distribution may disadvantage will and law.
spouses, children and relatives on gender 4. Distribution considers all members
ranking in the family. regardless of sex, age or disability.
5. An executor cannot openly lie in the 5. Nowadays due to corruption lawyers
presence of all the people of the family. can temper with the will.
6. Greedy relatives can grab the deceased’s 6. The estate cannot be tampered with
estate by relatives without breaking the law.

AGE OF CONSENT TO SEX AND MARRIAGE

 The legal age of majority in Zimbabwe is 18 years. It is the age that one becomes an adult and can vote in national elections.
 According to the constitution of Zimbabwe marrying a girl below the age of 18 is a criminal offence. Children under 18 cannot give consent to sex
and marriage. Consent is giving someone permission to do something.
 Some churches and traditional practices are abusing children by marrying children below the age of 18.
 Traditional practices of appeasing spirits of the dead through marrying young children are illegal. The tradition is called kuripa ngozi /ukulamuza.

TOPIC 3: NATIONAL HISTORY, SOVEREIGNITY AND GOVERNANCE

There are many systems of government in the world. Some are democratic and others are not. Zimbabwe was once governed by a non-democratic
government which resulted in First and Second Chimurenga leading to independence in 1980.

SYSTEMS OF GOVERNANCE

Democratic government
 Democracy is a governance for the people by the people it is voted into power by the people through elections.
 A democratic government serves the interests of the majority of the people who voted it into power.
 Democratic governments are mainly egalitarian meaning that people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.

Autocratic government
 Is a government where only one person or a small group of people have all the power to control government. Some of the autocratic leaders are
not voted into power. Examples of autocratic governments are monarchies and military governments.
 Autocratic governments can develop into dictatorial governments. A monarchy is a government where one family continues to rule the country or
land like Swaziland .The rulers of such governments are queens or kings.
 A military government is a government that is formed by the military or soldiers. Soldiers can grab power from democratically elected governments
through force.
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

The arms of government

The government has 3 arms that help regulate the functioning of the country.
a) The Executive / Adminstration is made up of the President ,Cabinet and Civil servants. It is involved in the day to day running of the government.
Examples of professionals that make up the executive are the police , military , prisons and other government workers. The President appoints the
Vice Presidents and ministers to run various ministries.
b) The legislature is made up of Members of Parliament ( MPs) it has two chambers called the House of Assembly and the senate. MPs are chosen in
an election. Some senators are appointed by the President.
c) The Judiciary is made up of law courts. They help interpret the laws of the country and punish offenders. Examples of courts are Magistrates court ,
High court , and Supreme court. These are presided over by judges and magistrates. The President appoints the Chief Justice who heads the
judiciary.

Organogram of the Executive

The court structure of Zimbabwe

COLONISATION OF ZIMBABWE
The taking over of a country by a colonizer so that the colonizer gets natural resources is called colonization. Zimbabwe was one of the countries and it was
colonized by the British. In the late 1800s European countries became interested in African countries.

Why was Zimbabwe colonized?

Cecil John Rhodes wanted to expand the number of colonies from Cape to Cairo. Some of the reasons why Zimbabwe was colonized were because Britain
wanted:-
Cheap labour in farming and mining.
Raw material to process.
To mine minerals such as silver, iron and gold.
To hunt animals for meat, skins and ivory.
They wanted to expand their businesses.

How Zimbabwe was colonized.

In 1887 Cecil John Rhodes sent three men (Rudd, Thompson and Maguire) to persuade Lobengula to sign the Rudd Concession an agreement that allowed
Europeans to hunt and mine in Zimbabwe. In the Rudd Concession Lobengula would get:-
a. A gunboat that patrolled the Zambezi.
b. 1 000 rifles
c. 10 000 bullets and 100 pounds every month.
Lobengula was tricked into signing the Rudd Concession. In 1890 Rhodes sent a group of 100 volunteer farmers called the Pioneer Column to Mashonaland
and settled at Fort Salisbury. They raised the Union Jack at Cecil Square in Salisbury (Harare). They named the land they had colonized Rhodesia. Rhodes
used the British South Africa Company (BSAC) his brainchild to colonise Zimbabwe.

First Chimurenga / Umvukela 1896-1897

 The taking away of their land made the blacks unhappy as they were moved to unfertile lands.
 Whites became masters of the blacks and forced them to work for them.
 The whites came up with harsh laws and illtreated blacks and beat them with sjamboks .The blacks decided to rebel resulting in the first
Chimurenga.
 Spirit mediums blamed the whites for natural disasters like locusts and rinderpest disease.
 In 1896 spirit mediums Mbuya Nehanda, Sekuru Kaguvi and Mlilo inspired blacks to rebel.
 Many Shona chiefs like Mapondera , Kadungure and Makoni took part in the first Chimurenga.
 Mbuya Nehanda and Sekuru Kaguvi were captured and hanged on a tree.

Results of the first Chimurenga

1. It showed that blacks were not willing to be ruled by the whites.
2. Unification of the Shona and the Ndebele to fight the whites.
3. Whites became moreharsh and took more land.
4. Rebellious chiefs and spirit mediums were killed.
5. Whites bought more weapons to make their army stronger as they foresaw another attack.
6. It was an inspiration for blacks to join the second Chimurenga.
7. Africans lost because they had poor weapons compared to whites.
8. The local chiefs’ powers were weakened they now had to make decisions with the whites.

Causes of the first Chimurenga

a. Loss of land – whites moved blacks to reserves and took their fertile lands.
b. Loss of cattle- whites forcefully took cattle from blacks.
c. Forced labour – whites needed cheap labour in mining and farming.
d. Payment of tax – BSAC introduced payment of tax those who failed to pay were beaten or punished.
e. Natural disasters – drought and rinderpest Africans believed were a sign from the ancestors.
The second Chimurenga /Umvukela
Causes
1. Loss of independence was one of the crucial factors which stimulated the Africans to fight British rule.
2. Shortage of land as the whites took more land after winning the first Chimurenga and drove blacks to crowded reserves.
3. Bad rules and ill treatment of blacks by white government.
4. Denial of blacks to own houses in towns and other forms of property.
5. Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) by the Rhodesian front leaders resulted in trade sanctions making life more difficult for blacks.
6. Creation of reserves for blacks.

Uprising
The battle of Chinhoyi 28 April 1966 marked the beginning of the Second Chimurenga /Umvukela war. Seven freedom fighters attacked the Rhodesian
forces in a battle that took the whole day. The seven were outnumbered and killed they were:- David Guzuzu , Christopher Chatambudza , Godwin
Manyerenyere , Authur Maramba , Simon Chin’ozha , Godfey Dube and Chubby Savanhu.
o Blacks decided to take up arms and fight for independence and sovereignty. Sovereignty is power or authority to self rule or govern without control
of external powers.
o After the Chinhoyi incident many Zimbabweans young and old male and female joined the war to fight the Rhodesian government. The freedom
fighters learnt and used the guerilla warfare they were trained in Zambia , Mozambique , Lybia and some were trained in non-African countries like
Yugoslavia , Czechoslovakia , Romania , Russia , Bulgaria and China .
o In addition to training and giving war skills they gave war materials like weapons, clothes, food and medicines.
o The Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army ( ZANLA ) a military wing of ZANU operated in Mozambique.
o The Zimbabwe People’s Revolutionary Army ( ZIPRA ) amillitary wing of ZAPU operated from Zambia and Botswana.
o ZAPU was led by Joshua Nkomo.
o ZANU was led by Ndabaningi Sithole and later by Robert Mugabe.
o The spirit mediums played an important role in the second Chimurenga . Examples were mediums of Mbuya Nehanda and Sekuru Kaguvi who died
in the first Chimurenga their spirits continued through mediums in the second Chimurenga.
o The chimbwidos and mujibhas who were war collaborators played a very important role. The chimbwidos prepared food and washed clothes for
the comrades while mujibhas helped carry weapons.
o Many comrades were killed in the war front. Chimoio and Nyadzonya were some of the camps were many comrades were bombed and killed.
Comrade Chitepo who was then the chairperson of ZANU was killed by a parcel bomb in Zambia in 1975.

Results of the second Chimurenga

1. Resulted in Zimbabwes independence in 1980.
2. Many got injured and killed in the war.
3. Many Zimbabweans were arrested, tortured , imprisoned , detained and bombed in freedom camps.
4. Cease fire in 1979.
5. Lancaster House Conference I 1979 led to an agreement on elections in 1980.
6. A new constitution was agreed upon and signed by freedom fighters’ leaders and the Rhodesian government.
7. The first President was Canaan Banana and Prime Minister was Robert Mugabe.
8. Economic and social development came to most people of Zimbabwe.
9. Redistribution of land started and was fast tracked in 2000.

Heroes and heroines of the second Chimurenga.

Zimbabwe has living and fallen heroes and heroines. Some of them are Josiah Tongogara , Rekayi Tangwena , Robert Mugabe , Emmerson Munangagwa ,
Joyce Mujuru , Rex Nhongo Mujuru , Ruth Chinamano , Orpah Muchinguri , Joshua Nkomo , Kembo Mohadi and Victoria Chitepo.
NATIONAL SYMBOLS AND CELEBRATIONS

National Coat of Arms

Meanings of features:-
 Two kudus represent different ethnic groups in Zimbabwe.
 An earthly mount with stalks of wheat, a pile of cotton and head of maize mean Zimbabwe’s need to be provided with food and clothes.
 Green shield stands for fertility of the country’s soil signifying agriculture.
 Blue and white wavy lines stands for water which brings success.
 The Great Zimbabwe is the historical heritage of the nation.
 A hoe and gun behind the shield represent that we have moved from war to peace.
 The red star stands for hope and future of Zimbabwe.
 The Zimbabwe bird is the national emblem which is our national identity.
 The silk banner with motto Unity, Freedom and Work to preserve the country’s freedom.

The National flag

Symbolises the country’s independence and sovereignty . The meanings of the features on the flag are as follows:
 Green represents the country’s agriculture.
 Yellow represents the country’s minerals and wealth.
 Red stands for blood that was shed during the liberation struggle.
 Black stands for the majority of people in the country.
 The Zimbabwe bird stands for our national emblem.
 The red star stands for hope for a good future.
 The white triangle is a sign of a peaceful country.
It is flown at public and private places including government buildings and institutions. The flag is flown at half mast when a hero dies

The Zimbabwe bird

It is our national emblem it originated from the findings at the Great Zimbabwe. It is found on our flag, coat of arms, bank notes and coins and badges of
some government institutions.

National celebrations
1. Independence day- On 18 April annually we celebrate Zimbabwe’s independence to remember freedom from colonial rule.
2. Defence forces day- The second Tuesday of August is a day set aside to recognize the important work done by the defence forces. The defence
forces are Zimbabwe National Army, Airforce of Zimbabwe, Prisons and Correctional Forces and Zimbabwe Republic Police.
3. Heroes Day- Celebrated every second Monday of August every year in honour of the heroes who helped liberate Zimbabwe from colonial rule.
4. Unity Day-On 22 December 1987 Cde Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo signed a unity agreement that unified all the people of Zimbabwe to help
them work as one. Celebrated yearly on 22 December.
5. Robert Gabriel Mugabe National Youth Day- On this day youths are recognised as future leaders of the country. This started as the 21st February
Movement which celebrated the birth of Cde R.G Mugabe. Celebrated annually on 21 February.

The National School Pledge

The National School Pledge was officially launched on 3 May 2016. A pledge is a promise that you will honestly do what you have promised to do. We recite
the school pledge at occasions like a school assembly, sports day and prize giving day. Here is the pledge:-

Almighty God, in whose hands the future lies,

I salute the National flag,

Respecting the brave fathers and mothers,

Who lost their lives in the Chimurenga/ Umvukela.

We are proud inheritors of the richness of our natural resources.

We are creators and participants of our vibrant traditions and cultures.

So, I commit to honesty and dignity of hard work.

TOPIC 4 : ENTITLEMENTS / RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

There are different stages in law making in Zimbabwe. A motion is passed and changes into a bill in the House of Assembly and Senate. When that bill is
signed by the President it becomes a law.

Law making process in Zimbabwe

 Laws are made by Parliament on behalf of the citizens of Zimbabwe.
 Parliament is made up of elected members elected during a general election. The elections are held once every 5 years.
 The Parliament of Zimbabwe is made up of two houses. The lower house called House of Assembly and upper house called the Senate.
 If a member of parliament brings an idea about something bad or noted in Parliament this is called a motion.
 When a motion is moved in parliament other members will debate on it.
 The motion debated and passed is now called a bill.
 At the end of the debate members of Parliament vote in favour or against the bill.
 If members are in favour it is passed to the upper house the Senate for further debate.
 The senate gives the bill a second look to ensure that the law is good for the country.
 If the bill is found to be good by the senate it is passed to the President for signing.
 If it is signed by the President it becomes a new law called an Act of parliament. Everyone in the country has to obey it.
 The most important law of the country is the constitution so laws have to be in agreement with the constitution of the country.

Gender stereotypes
Gender stereotyping is having a general belief that a certain gender is better or worse than the other. Other stereotypes can be race, tribe , creed or any
other grouping. Stereotyping is bad because it is not always true and can negatively affect others. Most girls and women are illtreated and disadvantaged
because of female gender stereotyping. Some of the social cultural norms that promote gender stereotyping are:-
Women are raised to raise a family.
Women are meant for the kitchen and men for the working world.
Women are not supposed to be chiefs as the chieftainship is inherited by male children.
Women are considered as weak or not strong enough to do certain jobs.
Men are better than women in everything they do.
Women are more responsible than men.
Boys create more trouble than girls in school.
Challenging tasks can only be done by men.
Most boys are thieves.
Boys must not clean the house and cook.
Women are not good managers.

Effects of gender stereotyping

Negatively affect both males and females.
 A general belief that boys are better than girls in school and a better investment than girls has negatively affected the girl child.
Many girls not send to school are exposed to early sex and forced into marriage at a young age.
Girls become parents earlier than boys because of cultural beliefs.
Girls are afraid of taking up certain jobs as they feel inferior to their male colleagues.

Gender equity in the work place.

o Gender equity is treatment of people according to their needs to ensure equal rights and opportunities.
o Male and females need equal treatment in all work places.
o In some cases men get fair interviews and no favour demanded from them for women sexual favours are demanded in addition to the normal
interview.
o Cleaning jobs and less challenging jobs are given to women and challenging jobs to men.
o However society has been changing as shown the number of girls attending schools and a rise in the number of females doing jobs in previously
male dominated professions.
o Gender equity has led to some women getting the highest managerial positions in companies such as CEOs. Others are in political offices as
Legislators, Presidents, Vice Presidents and Ministers.
Importance of gender equity
 Gender equity is fair treatment of both sexes at any platform. Gender equity creates a society that is fair.
 Gender equity makes people get jobs and opportunities on merit not gender or sex.
 Gender equity makes women work hard to get positions on merit.
 Women are able to compete with men in all fields.
 Men can compete in jobs regarded as women’s for example tailoring, cooking and nursing.

TOPIC 5 : SHELTER
Shelter is an important need for human beings and animals. It protects them from harsh weather conditions and other dangers.

Development of settlements in Zimbabwe

Historical development of settlements
Many factors affected the development of settlements. The factors included:-
o Availability of resources like water, land, minerals and food led to the development of settlements.
o Defence people building places they feel secure from danger
o Farming fertile lands and a variety of animals led to settlements.
o Power there are areas reserved for leaders for example chiefs
o Culture for example the Great Zimbabwe.

Settlement as a result of colonization

Many settlements in Zimbabwe developed as a result of colonisation. The pioneer column moved into Zimbabwe and established the following
settlements:-
i. Fort Victoria, now Masvingo.
ii. Fort Charter, now Chivhu.
iii. Fort Salisbury, now Harare.
Those forts were built for the colonialists’ safety.
Development of black and white settlements
 The white colonialists established ‘blacks only’ locations for example Mbare in Harare, Makokoba in Bulawayo, Sakubva in Mutare and many others
in different towns and cities around the country. Africans were crowded in these places and had very small houses of poor quality and poor
sanitation.
 The whites developed spacious suburbs for themselves they built houses on large pieces of land. Mount Pleasant in Harare, Hillside in Bulawayo and
Murambi in Mutare were some of these suburbs.

Settlements developed as a result of economic activity

Some settlements developed as a result of economic activities like mining , agriculture , trade, tourism and construction. Below is a table showing economic
activities that resulted in the development of shelter establishments:-
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY PRODUCT / SERVICE CENTRE DEVELOPED
Agriculture 1. Citrus fruits 1. Mazowe
2. Sugar 2. Chiredzi / Triangle
3. Tea 3. Chipinge
Mining 1. Coal 1. Hwange
2. Iron 2. Redcliff , Kwekwe
3. Tin 3. Kamativi
4. Asbestors 4. Mashava , Zvishavane
Tourism Hospitality services and hotels. 1. Victoria Falls
2. Nyanga
3. Vumba
Construction Kariba Dam Kariba
Boarder Service Processing people and goods 1. Beitbridge
moving in and out of the 2. Mutare
country. 3. Plumtree
4. Chirundu

Rural development
A number of Zimbabweans live in rural areas. People have developed small and large villages all over the country with the help of the government. In some
rural settlements clean water, electricity and roads have improved the lives of people. Some have become major service centres and examples are growth
points. Murambinda, Hauna, Sanyati and Muzarabani are some of the major growth points in Zimbabwe these have developed and now have small
industries, supermarkets , police stations , hospitals and modern houses for industry and government workers. Other growth points have grown into small
towns for example Gokwe Centre.

Settlements developed as a result of land redistribution

After land reform the government subdivided the acquired land into communal settlements, small scale farms and large scale farms , schools , clinics ,
houses and small scale industries.

Siting of shelter in rural and urban areas

Surveyors survey land for various uses. Fertile land is set aside for agriculture, whereas land that has minerals for mining activities. Some land is set aside
for industrial development and some for residential purposes. Land is also left for rural and urban development.

Factors influencing siting of shelter

FACTOR REASON TO CONSIDER
Regulatory / by-laws Regulations and by-laws bar putting shelter in
certain areas.
Health and Safety Some industries emit dangerous pollutants so
some areas are rendered not suitable for
residential areas.
Use of shelter A hospital or school cannot be sited in the middle
of noisy areas.
Terrain Hilly and mountainous sites are not easy for
construction.
Water / wetlands They are protected as sources of underground
water.
Budgets / costs Construction costs vary with area, for example
steep areas are expensive to build houses.

Disaster and risk management

Disasters are sudden events that affect people for example floods, earthquakes , cyclones these affect shelter like Cyclone Idai in 2019 destroyed
infrastructure in Zimbabwe and left people homeless. Man-made disasters are those caused by human errors incompetence and carelessness for example
veld fires, wrong material use and poor shelter maintenance.
Disaster management
Natural and man-made disasters can be avoided. If these disasters occur they can be managed to minimize injuries and deaths. Below are some of the
things that can be done or considered :-
1. Low lying areas, wetlands and water ways should not be constructed on.
2. Approved building plans should be used when constructing shelter.
3. Correct and safe building materials should be used in shelter construction.
4. High rise buildings should not carry more than the required number of storeys or floors.
5. Functional fire equipment should be in place and fire escape passages should be known by everybody in the building.
Disaster strategies
Disasters can be avoided if proper strategies are put in place. Every institution should have a management strategy or plan. People should know what to do
to avoid disasters and drills done. Each organization should have a disaster management committee. The committee advises people on action to take in
disasters. People should also be taught on how to give first aid.
TOPIC 6 : SOCIAL SERVICES AND VOLUNTEERISM
Volunteerism
There are many institutions that provide social services to Zimbabwe. Some are government departments and others are non-governmental organisations.
The government has a duty to provide social services to citizens. Some of the social services include food, housing sanitation and health care services.
Local non-governmental organisations
These assist government in providing services. Pump Aid is an example helping communities in Mutasa District get clean water by drilling boreholes and
providing borehole equipment.

Church related organisations

Churches and church related organisations provide services like education and health. Howard, Bonda, Driefontein and Karanda are some of the church
related hospitals. Kutama, Marist Brothers , St Faith’s , St Alberts and Gokomere are some of the mission schools in Zimbabwe. Colleges built by church
organisations include Bondolfi Teachers’ College, Nyadire Teachers’ College and Africa University.

Social clubs
Clubs like Mashonaland Turf Club, Round table , Loan Club , Lion Club provide financial assistance drilling of boreholes , paying school fees and many others.

Private companies – Corporate world

Various companies provide social services to communities, sugar and tea estates among others provide houses and transport to their employees. They also
help by building schools serving communities where they are based.

International non-governmental organisations

NAME OF ORGANISATION TYPE OF ASSISTANCE GIVEN
Plan International Assists by paying school fees for needy children
and assist communities in livelihood programmes
 like establishment of nutrition gardens
SNV Netherlands Development Organisation Assists communities break out of poverty by
encouraging entrepreneurship among community
leaders.
Christian Care Improve Community health through building
toilets and boreholes. Also give food aid in times of
drought and drought prone areas.
Africa Ahead Providing water and sanitation facilities to schools
and vulnerable households, distribution of
buckets, containers, soap and masks , support
school health clubs, community health clubs and
carry out covid 19 awareness campaigns.
Campaign For Female Education ( CAMFED ) Revolutionising how girls’ education is delivered by
assisting paying school fees, providing stationary
and uniforms to the girl child.

Voluntary work
Children and people of all ages can participate in voluntary work to assist their communities for example clean up campaigns. Youths can assist the elderly
to wash their clothes and weed their fields and gardens. They can also join the Red Cross as volunteers.

Government Departments and Institutions and their roles

GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT / TARGET GROUP ASSISTED ASSISTANCE GIVEN

INSTITUTION
Schools Psychological Services Children with learning difficulties Provide education in various
ways
Social Welfare The old, sick, destitute, disabled Food , blankets , clothes ,
and poverty victims. medical services , shelter e.t.c
Danhiko Physically challenged members Giving them life skills like
of the community agriculture, basketry and
carpentry.
Government hospitals The sick, injured, the socially and Provide medical services,
physically challenged. treatments , giving medicine and
counselling
National Social Security Workers in various sectors, Provide monthly pension for
Authority ( NSSA ) government and non- workers and compensate
government private sectors. workers injured at work places.

TOPIC 7 : NATURAL HERITAGE DISTRIBUTION AND CONSUMPTION OF GOODS AND SERVICES

Land as a means of production has various uses like agricultural activities, mining and for residential purposes.

Mining
About 40 minerals have been discovered in Zimbabwe such as coal, copper, chrome , platinum , iron and diamonds.
The Great dyke Zimbabwe’s richest belt of minerals extends more than 550km Northeast to Southwest across the centre of Zimbabwe.
During the colonial era whites were the only ones involved in mining. However the government has given claims to small scale miners across the
country to mine various minerals like gold and chrome.
The miners of gold are expected to sell their gold though Fidelity Printers.

Forests
Forests provide timber for various uses in construction, agricultural industries and homes. Zimbabwe has indigenous and exotic forests. Chirinda and
Nyamandlovu are indigenous forests for mahogany and mukwa for furniture making. Nyanga, Chimanimani, Mutao in Mvuma have vast areas of exotic
forest of gum, wattle and pine.

Wildlife and tourism

These bring in a lot of foreign currency when tourists come to tour our game reserves, national parks and other resorts. This has influenced the
development of infrastructure like hotels and other resorts.

Residential land
Government has made available funds and land for rural urban and residential development with the help of local authorities, cooperatives and banks.

Industries
Materials from agriculture and mining are processed into finished goods needed by consumers in industries around the country.

Agriculture
Is the backbone of Zimbabwe’s economy our economy is agro-based. A lot of land has been set aside for agricultural purposes.

Redistribution of land
When the British colonized Zimbabwe they took over the best lands from blacks and drove them to the Tribal Trust Lands or reserves. This was done using
the Land Apportionment Act of 1930 and the Land Tenure Act of 1969.
Reasons for land redistribution
 Blacks had little land with poor fertility and whites had vast lands.
 Blacks were forced to work for whites and live in crowded reserves.
 In the Lancaster House Conference of 1979it was agreed that the government would purchase land from the whites on a willing buyer willing seller
basis and redistribute to blacks .The agreement did not work because the whites were not willing to sell, the land made available was too expensive
and the government could not afford to buy.
 Lack of land and population growth forced landless Zimbabweans to demand land from the government. This made the government compulsorily
acquire land from whites for redistribution to landless blacks.

Ways of effective utilization of acquired land

 Land should be put to maximum use.
 Farmers and miners should go for training to acquire mining and farming skills.
 Government should help farmers get equipment and machinery for use.
 New land owners need business skills in finance and marketing.
 Encouraging universities and colleges to research on new farming and mining methods.
 Provision of financial support through loans.
 Construction of dams for irrigation.

Manufacturing and distribution of goods

Agriculture and mining are the main producers of raw materials used in manufacture of goods.
RAW MATERIALS GOODS MANUFACTURED
Cotton Clothes , cloth , blankets , shoes , tents , cooking
oil
Maize Maize meal , cooking oil , stock feeds
Groundnuts Cooking oil, soap , peanut butter.
Sugar cane Sugar, ethanol, stock feed
Diamonds Jewellery, drill bit
Iron Wire , nails , pots , plates
Milk Cheese , yoghurts , ice-cream
Gold Jewellery , medals

Buying and selling goods and services

 Goods are things consumers need for use in homes, factories and farms for example food, clothes , television, blankets.
 Work done for people is a service both goods and services are paid for.
 Costs incurred in production of goods and services so to remain in business manufactures and business people have to make a profit. The selling
price should be higher than the costs of producing the goods in order to make a profit.

Factors that determine the price of goods

 Production costs.
 Supplies of raw materials.
 Target market for goods
 Quality of goods.

Marketing activity
Marketing is raising awareness of goods being sold by consumers. Consumers need to be persuaded to buy goods being sold. To improve chances of
consumers buying a product it has to be of good quality and right price.

Advertising
It is important in marketing to give customers information about a product, its uses and its benefits. Advertising is done through televisions, radio,
newspapers, phones, billboards and public shows.

Market research
This should be done to establish customer’s changing needs, wants and tastes this helps companies to modify products and remain in business.

Distribution and transportation

Goods have to be transported to selling points for customers to easily access them.

Branding of goods
Goods need to be properly and clearly labelled, expiry dates should be clearly written.

Health and safety precautions at work

People can be injured at work so workers need to take extreme caution when working with various machines. Workers need to be careful and alert faulty
machines should not be used. Workers should not work under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Protective clothes should be worn where necessary.

TOPIC 8 : TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

Importance of transport, communication and ICTs
 Goods and people have to be moved from one place to another this is called transport. For example coal from Hwange is needed in many areas
across the country same as timber from Mutare, hence the need for transport.
 Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have improved the way people communicate today. Computers, cellphones, internet ,
televisions have made communication easier and faster.
 Fast communication has also made transportation of goods easier.
 ICTs link buyers and sellers of goods through advertising.
 Google maps show buyers exactly where goods are.
Modes and forms of transport and communication
The four modes of transport are rail, sea / water, road and air.
Different types of transport can be used and these are called means for example ships, trains, buses, bicycles ,airplanes , helicopters and cars.
Advantages and disadvantages of each mode of transport
MODE OF TRANSPORT ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Road / land  Roads can get to many  Cars, lorries, buses are
places. expensive to buy.
 Road transport can be  Can be affected by bad
fast and comfortable. weather .
 Heavy and light goods  Prone to a lot of
can be transported. accidents.
 Dirty / dust roads are  Goods can be damaged
cheaper to build. in transit.
Rail  Can carry heavy goods  Very expensive to
over long distances. construct a railway line.
 Cheaper to use  Trains can be slow in
especially when transporting goods.
transporting heavy  There is no door to door
goods as over long delivery service.
distances.  Is affected by steep and
 Have fewer accidents rises of the land
compared to road.
 Not affected much by
bad weather.
 Can carry goods and
passengers at once.
Water  Is cheaper and carries  Can be very slow, goods
different bulk goods at take several weeks /
once. months to reach their
 Ocean liners can carry destination.
many passengers at  See ports are expensive
once. to build.
 Can be very comfortable.  No door to door service.
 Not affected much by  Can be affected by bad
bad weather. weather, winds and ice.
 Land locked countries
rely on other countries
to receive their goods.
Air  Fast.  Expensive to use.
 Can safely carry high  Aeroplanes and air ports
valued goods like flowers are expensive to build
and minerals. and run.
 Comfortable for  Air ports are not
passengers. everywhere so no door
 Not affected by terrain. to door service.
 Easily affected by bad
weather.
 Prone to air disasters.

Modes and forms of communication

Communication is exchange of information. Methods of exchanging information are called modes. Modes have different forms visual forms include road
signs, maps, TVs, computers, newspapers, billboards, pictures. Each mode has advantages and disadvantages.

MODE ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Visual  Things are seen in real  Some people cannot see.
state.  Some people cannot
 Pictures can be sent via read.
electronic means like  Papers, fliers and posters
phones and computers. pollute the environment.
 Not affected by distance.  Billboards distract
 Cheap to use drivers and affect
natural beauty.
Auditory  Fast and widespread as  Not everyone hears.
sound travels far and  Not everyone owns a
wide. radio or cellphone.
 Cheap affordable.  Radio and cellphone
 Can reach many people signals can be affected
with radios and by mountains.
cellphones.  Loud sounds disturb and
 affect ears.

Transport and communication with other countries

Zimbabwe is landlocked so the modes accessible to us are road, rail and air. For sea we depend on neighbours’ sea ports. Tanzania, Angola, Mozambique,
Namibia and South Africa allow Zimbabwean goods to pass through their ports. Zimbabwe has also dry ports in Victoria Falls, Mutare, Beitbridge, Plumtree,
Chirundu Nyamapanda and others. Beitbridge is the busiest port of entry as it handles goods passing through South Africa. Below is a table of Zimbabwe’s
major boarder posts :-

BOADER POST LINKING ZIMBABWE TO

Beitbridge South Africa
Forbes (Mutare) Mozambique
Nyamapanda Mozambique
Plumtree Botswana
Chirundu Zambia
Victoria Falls Zambia and Botswana
Sango Mozambique
Kariba Zambia
Mayitengwe- Kazungula Botswana

TOPIC 9 : WORK AND LEISURE

Almost every person needs a job to earn a living and jobs require different skills. Jobs can be found in industries, farms, mines, government departments,
tourism, sports, arts and cultural areas.

Enterprise skills
Due to the increase in the number of job seekers traditional providers of jobs cannot provide enough jobs for everyone seeking employment. Therefore
people are being encouraged to create their own jobs by starting enterprises. An enterprise is an undertaking, project or business. This requires enterprising
skills in areas such as farming, carpentry, sport, visual and performing arts. Below are some enterprise skills required for job creation.
1. Skills that help identify available projects.
2. Skills to identify markets.
3. Skills to raise funds.
4. Managerial skills to profitably run a business.
5. Financial skills to manage the business finances.
6. Accounting skills to account for business finances and assets.
7. Skills on how to create high quality products needed by customers.
8. Human resources to manage workers.
9. Budgeting skills to budget finances of enterprise.
10. Technical skills to help produce quality products. The government set up various vocational and technical colleges to assist youths acquire
enterprising skills these include :- Magamba Youth training centre, Chibhero and Mlezu Colleges of Agriculture, Harare Institute of Technology,
Harare Polytechnic among others.

Importance of enterprising
 It creates jobs and employment.
 It creates wealth for individuals and government through taxes.
 Brings economic growth and raises standard of living.
 Reduces crime and poverty.

Tourism in Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe has earned a lot of foreign currency through tourism in places like Great Zimbabwe, Victoria Falls, Kariba which is one of the largest man-made
lakes in Africa. There are a lot of tourist spots in Zimbabwe.

Ways of preserving tourist destinations

Indigenous methods
1. Totems – people who belong to a certain totem cannot harm or kill the animal of their totem so animals are preserved.
2. Restrictive eating of certain meats and restrictive killing of particular animals – Some animals should not be killed for cultural reasons. Pangolins
should only be eaten by chiefs. Killing of a python brings a bad omen to the community.
3. Preservation of wild fruits – Excessive harvesting and selling of wild fruits is discouraged.
4. Banning hunting of wild animals – Chiefs should ban hunting in their localities to enforce government law.
5. Taboos and spiritual beliefs – There are certain types of trees which are supposed be used for firewood. This protects some species.

Sports , Arts and Cultural Associations

They bring employment , physical fitness and also help culture preservation .The table below shows some associations for sports , arts and culture.
SPORTS ASSOCIATIONS ARTS ASSOCIATIONS CULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS
1. Zimbabwe Football 1. Zimbabwe Applied Arts 1. National Art Gallery of
Association (ZIFA) and Crafts Association Zimbabwe
2. Netball Association 2. National Arts Council of 2. Chipawo
3. Zimbabwe Volleyball Zimbabwe
Association 3. Zimbabwe Music Right
4. Zimbabwe Cricket Association (ZIMURA)
5. Zimbabwe Boxing 4. Zimbabwe Traditional
Federation Dancers Association

Functions of Sports, Arts and Cultural Associations.

 Set and enforce the sport and game rules.
 They help organize tournaments and competitions.
 They solve discipline related matters in games and clubs.
 They organize fairs, market sports persons art and cultural products locally and internationally.
 They help in talent identification and promotion of sports persons.
 They promote rights of artists and help in payment of royalties.
 They give licences to performing artists and those who want to use artistic products like playing music in public places.
Below are advantages and disadvantages of being an association member :-
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
o Sports people and artists are easily o Members can lose their liberty or freedom
marketed. to choose as association may control
o Talent is quickly identified. everything.
o Members can easily use facilities such as o Association can negatively affect members
halls, studios, and vehicles. through age limits for example U16 and
o Members can be easily be assisted in U23 age limits.
securing contracts, work permits and o Associations can end up concentrating on
travel documentation to foreign land. just a few members while neglecting
others.

Responsibility at work during leisure time

 Workers need to be honest, trustworthy, self-motivated and accountable for all their actions at work. They also need to be punctual . Responsible
workers desist from theft, dishonesty, cheating and corruption.
 Leisure time is when people are free to do things they enjoy. Examples are watching TV, reading, gardening, touring and sporting activities.
Irresponsible use of leisure time includes excessive drinking, alcohol and careless behavior, speeding, fights, quarrels and careless unprotected sex.

Occupational safety
Workplaces are potential danger zones as accidents can occur and people get injured or killed. Working areas have rules that every worker should follow.
Some of the rules are as follows :-
1. Take note of potential dangers and report them.
2. Read all danger warning signs.
3. Wear protective clothing where necessary.
4. Do not wear lose clothing when operating machines.
5. Do not work under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
6. Use the correct tool for the correct job.
7. Know the main switch that cuts off power where necessary.
8. Keep escape routes free of obstacles.
9. Know how to operate fire extinguisher.
10. Know the correct action to take in the event of a disaster.
11. First aid training should be for everyone.

TOPIC 10 : GLOBAL ISSUES

Global issues are factors that affect the earth positively or negatively. The effects can result in loss of lives, property and finances. These may include
Information and Communication Technologies. These made life easier but also have disadvantages.

Disaster and disaster management

Events that cause great damage and suffering to people are disasters these can be natural or artificial.
Natural disasters are caused by nature and these include floods, droughts, earthquakes and cyclones. Natural disasters also affect people and
animals.
Artificial / Human induced disasters are caused by human activities, they can come due to human error, incompetence carelessness or ignorance.
Humans cause these when they misjudge, miscalculate or operate machines under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Buildings built by incompetent
engineers with poor building materials have collapsed and killed many people.

Negative effects of natural and human induced disasters

TYPE OF DISASTER EFFECTS ON THE SOCIO ECONONIC ENVIRONMENT
Floods  Destroy homes, kill animals and people.
  Destroy crops and irrigation infrastructure.
 Increase the spread of waterborne diseases like cholera, diarrhea and
malaria.
 Destroy roads and bridges.
 Destroy infrastructure like buildings.
 Costs government in infrastructure repair.
 Loss of incomes and taxes to government.
Droughts  Result in crop failures, brings hunger and malnutrition resulting in
diseases and deaths.
Insects  Eat up crops resulting in food shortages resulting in malnutrition.
Human error  Accidents of buses, planes and trains cause injuries and deaths.
 Skilled manpower is lost in the accidents,
 Property is lost for example in fire accidents.
 Incomes are lost when breadwinners die in accidents.

Disaster management
The impact of disasters can be minimized if properly managed. The table below shows what can be done to minimize impact of disasters.
DISASTER DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Floods  Monitoring rainfall patterns.
 Early warning signs on floods information should be communicated quickly
to the people.
 People should respond to early warning signs and move to safer grounds.
 People should not build and live in low lying areas that are prone to
floods.
 Disaster preparedness needed at administrative levels.
 Emergency equipment like tents, vehicles and medicine should be in place.
Droughts  Early warning signs should be communicated to all stakeholders.
 Dams and related infrastructure should be put in place to harvest water.
 Drought resistant crops should be grown in drought prone areas.
 Strategic food reserves should be put in place to ensure food security.
Earthquakes and  Engineers should build infrastructure that withstands earthquakes and
violent winds. violent winds.
 Drills on safety action to take in the event of a disaster shold be
continuously done.
Human error  Care should be taken on whatever people will be doing.
 Proper training should be given to engineers, pilots and drivers.
 Drivers, pilots, engineers and other workers should be given enough rest
for them to give their best and sober performance.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) development

There is a need for people to communicate and pass information from one person to another.
 Graham bell developed the first telephone. These phones are now commonly called landlines.
 Phones without connecting wires were later developed now commonly called cellphones.
 The cellphone besides talking in communication can send and receive pictures and videos and also send written messages.
 There are social media platforms that include whatsapp, twitter, google, facebook and instagram where people communicate and get information.
 Cellphones can also connect to the internet where a lot of information is uploaded or downloaded.
Televisions (TVs)
The discovery of the television helped improve how information was communicated. The radio which was earlier discovered was in audio (sound) form but
the TV has both audio and pictures. In addition to sound people could also see the people talking. It started by transmitting in black and white. Today TVs
are showing pictures in full colour High Definition (HD) pictures.

Satellite communication
Satellites are communication objects put in space and thy orbit or go around the earth. The satellite in orbit receives information or signals from a satellite
on the ground station. The orbit satellite relays information to satellites on the other side of the globe in a fraction of seconds this has allowed people to
watch for example a football match live from another part of the world. The signals are received through satellite dishes mounted to a building for example
a house.

Computers and the internet

Computers are electronic devices used to capture and process data into useful information. Computers can be linked with other computers all over the
world forming a computer network called internet. Networking of computers has allowed people to research and quickly share information through
computer networks. Internet service is provided by service providers like Econet, Telone, Telecel, Netone, Powertel and Africom.

Positive and negative effects of ICT development

Despite the good ICT has brought, it has also brought with it some negative effects to people and communities.

The benefits of ICT development

i. Communication has become fast and easy.
ii. Information can be easily accessed through the internet.
iii. People can now send or receive money electronically through the use of bank cards, cellphones (ecocash, one money, telecash).
iv. Satellite communication has improved quality of TV transmission and reception.

Negative effects of ICT development

i. It has taken away many jobs for example postman.
ii. ICTs have brought cultural erosion, naked models, sex suggesting acts and violent films are shown on media.
iii. Family unity has been affected as most people spend a lot of time on ICTs.
iv. Children are lacking parental guidance as parents are hooked to ICT gadgets.
v. ICT gadgets have taken away children’s study time as they are always glued on ICT gadgets.
 vi. A new crime called cybercrime has been born and it is on the increase, this is crime involving computers.
Ways of reducing negative effects of ICTs
i. Control and monitor the use of ICT gadgets used by children.
ii. Discourage children from watching films meant for adult viewing.
iii. Put security systems on cellphones and computers to avoid loss of money through cybercrime.
iv. People who lose jobs through ICT should be trained in other sectors like farming and entrepreneurship.

FAMILY RELIGIOUS AND MORAL EDUCATION

TOPIC 1 : FAMILY

THE CONCEPT OF FAMILY

A family is a group of relatives by blood or marriage. Family includes your siblings (brothers and sisters) and parents as well as relatives such as cousins,
aunts, uncles, nephews, nieces and grandparents. In previous grades we learnt of different types of families such as nuclear, polygamous, single parent and
child-headed families. Families help each other, support each other on occasions like funerals and celebrate together during celebrations like weddings.

Family relationships
The paternal relationship :- This is a relationship one is connected to through one’s biological father for example father’s parents, sister and others on his
side.
The maternal relationship :- This is a relationship one is connected to through one’s biological mother for example mother’s sister, brother, parents and
others.
Here are examples of family relations :-
 Grandparents : Father / mother of your parents.
 Uncle : Father’s brothers and mother’s brothers.
 Aunt : Your mother or father’s sisters.
 Niece : Are daughters of your brother or sister. They call your parents uncle / aunt.
 Nephew : Are sons of your brother or sister. They call your parents uncle / aunt.
 Siblings : Your brother or sister from same parents.

Family dynamics
Dynamics means changes. Therefore family dynamics are changes that take place in a family. The changes may either be positive or negative. Factors that
contribute towards family dynamics include :-
1. Migration which is movement from one place to another. This may be caused by pull factors like seeking employment or push factors like loss of
employment.
2. Religious affiliation which is a relation of belonging to a religious group. People belonging to different religions may agree to marry resulting in
changes to lifestyles.
3. Divorce creates a gap between families related by marriage and also may affect children.
4. Terminal or mental illnesses can also be a cause for family dynamics. A family member may be admitted in hospital affecting other members of the
family.
5. Imprisonment : A family member may be sent to prison affecting the smooth running of the family establishment especially if it’s a parent
detained.
6. Natural disasters may seriously affect families for example floods and cyclones if they cause destruction to family homes like Cyclone Idai of 2019.
7. Death is unavoidable and causes a lot of dynamics in families depending on who would have died its worse if a breadwinner dies.

Effects of family Dynamics

Some of the effects of family dynamics are :-
o Creation of squatter camps and overcrowding due to migration.
o Child abuse when children are left behind.
o Fights when people of different religions marry.
o Leaving the country by one of the parents do look for employment elsewhere and death results in one parent families.
o Divorce or separation of parents may be a problem to the children.
o Some dynamics promote child marriages for example death of parents.
o Child-headed families after death of both parents.
LINEAGES AND TOTEMS
A lineage is where someone descended or came from. People who originated from the same ancestor are related and are not allowed to marry. A totem is
any animal or object which is a symbol for the whole tribe or clan. People with the same totem are also not allowed to marry.

Family lineages
A family lineage is a generational line of descent from a common ancestor. In indigenous culture a child is the father’s heir and inherits the father’s
surname. A child lineage is therefore traced back to the father’s family (paternal) even though the child is related to the mother.

Totems
Totems and their praises are normally recited when one has done good in life. A wife for example would recite the husband’s totem when he brings meat to
the family from hunting. This would make someone feel proud and great and would want to continue doing good things.

FAMILY AND RELIGION

Role of religion in family life and marriage
Religions are foundations of moral values and beliefs. They help shape us and determine what is right or wrong. Religion cares about marriage because it is
a foundation of a family. Some of the roles of religion are :-
1. Counselling :- Religious leaders have an important role to provide guidance and counselling services to people in families and marriages.
2. Teaching :- The various teachings from religion encourage people to be good citizens with good morals.
3. Promoting marriage :- Most religions encourage marriage between males and females and condemn same sex marriages. The man should pay the
bride price lobola in the form of cattle or money. People get married for companionship and reproduction of children.

Family and community

Families play an important role in supporting communities and taking part in development. A good family always cooperates and interacts with other
people in the community where they stay.
Family interaction
This takes place when people talk, work and share with immediate and extended family members. Family interaction is the first foundation that allows
children to learn social skills for the future. Nowadays, families interact through social media such as phone calls, whatsapp, facebook and instagram. Other
family interactions include :-
1. Families assist each other when raising children :- Parents and relatives such as uncles, aunts and grandparents play an important role in raising
children. Parents provide food , shelter and clothing and other relatives such as grandparents are a source of information in teaching moral values
and norms acceptable in society. Community families also help in raising children.
2. Funerals :- Families help each other in difficult times such as funerals and sickness of loved ones. Other families in the community attend funerals to
comfort and encourage the bereaved. They also contribute foodstuffs like mealie-meal and vegetables to assist. The extended family share the
responsibility of taking care of children left by the deceased.
3. Celebrations :- Families also interact in good times like weddings and parties by attending and giving presents/gifts. This also happens when a family
is blessed with a new born baby.
4. Work :- Families also assist each other with work during planting, weeding and harvesting of crops. There is a practice in Shona called Nhimbe or
Ilima in Ndebele where families in the community work together.
Community contribution to the family
i. Counselling :- Counselling may be needed for example in situations where there is domestic violence this may be done by a community or religious
leader.
ii. Donations :- May be given in times of need like funerals and to needy families
iii. Disaster mitigation :- When there are disasters like droughts, floods and cyclones some families contribute to assist the most affected families.
iv. Communal mediation :- An example is a situation where a couple wants to divorce community members mediate to try and save the marriage and
avoid divorce.
v. Participating in family events :- They sing, dance, cook and serve food with other families in events like bringing back ceremony (kurova guva)
vi. Corporate social responsibility :-This is when the family and community work together to omprove the community in which they live for example
teaming up in construction of a school.

CARING FOR THE NEEDY

Caring for the needy lives at the heart of most religions there is emphasis on prayer, giving and caring for the needy people in the community. Religious
institutions help in children’s homes, hospitals and other centres which take care of the needy. Religious organisations can be used as as collection points
for donations. Some of the organisations that take care of the needy are :-
1. Bumhudzo old people’s home :- Is run by the Salvation Army Church. Takes care of old people sick and destitute citizens. A hospital is also at the
centre to take care of the sick. It is in Manyame Park Chitungwiza.
2. Matthew Rusike Children’s home :- The late Matthew Jacha Rusike built this home for the less priviledged children and orphans in Epworth in
1960.
3. Zimcare Trust :- Cares for the mentally handicapped members of the society.
4. Jairos Jiri Association :- Was started in 1950 by the late Jairos Jiri to support and train those living with disabilities. The disabled receive training in a
lot of areas like sculpturing, carpentry and making reed baskets.
5. Mutemwa Leprosy and Care Centre :- The centre is in Mutoko it offers physical and medical care to leprosy patients.
6. Copota School for the Blind :- Located in Zimuto in Masvingo established to offer education to the visually handicapped.

SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL LEARNING

Relationship management
Managing relationships involves appreciating others, being positive and respecting everyone and tolerance of religious views that may be different from
ours. Discrimination or unfair treatment of people based on age, race, gender and religious orientation should be avoided in order to build good
relationships among people we are not supposed to look down upon other people’s beliefs.
Ways of managing relationships in religion
 Being tolerant of other people’s beliefs and views.
 Respecting others.
 Being kind to others.
 Being humble.
 Listening to others.
Ways of managing religious differences
 Being tolerant of other people’s religions. Religion is a matter of choice we cannot all belong to on religion. We need to tolerate other religions to
live in peace.
Avoid negative talk about other religions this can result in conflicts or fights.
Avoid discussing sensitive religious topics which may lead to misunderstandings.
Building religious relationships
 Sharing the same religious beliefs can make people become friends. These friendships can be made in religious outings like yearly camp meetings
and conferences like Easter in Christianity.
 Strong relationships are built on love, forgiveness and reconciliation. It is not possible to be a friend with someone without loving them.
 Forgiveness is also important it is an act of accepting an apology from someone after they have done you wrong. The bible teaches people to
forgive each other. Even sinners who repent are forgiven by God for example Saul / Paul who was a murderer was forgiven by God when he
repented.
 Reconciliation has to do with re-establishment and revival of relations that would have broken down.

RESPONSIBLE DECISION MAKING

This has to do with choosing the right things in life for example right friends. People normally experience peer pressure in life as they try to make decisions.
Peer pressure is the influence one gets from friends or peers. This pressure can be good or bad, positive or negative. Negative peer pressure is when one is
influenced to do bad things. Positive peer pressure is when one is influenced to do good things.
Steps to take in responsible decision making
Step 1: Understanding that a decision is needed
Failures in life are a result of poor choices in the beginning. Wise decisions always produce positive results.
Step 2 : List possible choices
List all choices and consider the strength of each of the choices. Find the advantages and disadvantages.
Step 3: List possible results of each choice
After listing the possible choices, link them with other results. Some choices have bad results.
Step 4 : Decide which choice is the best
Avoid peer pressure or outside influence decide which one is the best after comparing and contrasting the choices.
Step 5 : Judge the decision
The task is to make the right judgement in any decision. Look at the results in order to make proper judgement on your decision.

TOPIC 2 : RELIGION

The term religion refers to beliefs and worship of the Supreme Being. Religions have different beliefs, teachings and practices. Zimbabwe has freedom of
choice so everyone has a right to choose a religion of their choice. Some of the major religions in Zimbabwe are :-
 Christianity -Islam -Indigenous - Hinduism -Judaism
The most common weakness among religions is not being tolerant of other religions. Tolerance is encouraged so that people of different religions can co-
exist for example a Christian and a Muslim.

Major religions summary chart

RELIGION FOUNDER HOLY PLACE OF PLACE OF HOLY SUPREME ADHERENT/
CITY WORSHIP ORIGIN BOOK BEING FOLLOWER
Indigenous None None Local Africa None Mwari / Traditionalist
shrines Unkulunkulu
Hinduism None None Temple India Tipitaka Brahma Hindu
Christianity Jesus Jerusalem Church Palestine Bible God Christian
Judaism Abraham Jerusalem Synagogue Middle Tanakh Yahweh Jew
East
Islam Muhamma Mecca Mosque Saudi Quran / Allah Moslem /
d Arabia Koran Muslim
Middle
East

INDIGENOUS RELIGION
Refers to those religious practices which originally belong to a particular religion. The religious practices differ depending with tribes. The tribes in
Zimbabwe include BaTonga, Kalanga, Shona, Ndau and Ndebele. It has no founder or holy book. They worship the Supreme being through ancestral spirits.
Spirit mediums are mediators between Supreme Being and indigenous people.

Development of indigenous religion in Zimbabwe

 It was practiced by our ancestors. An ancestor is any dead person from whom one is descendent.
 If ancestors were not properly honoured indifferent ways they would be angry. Rituals were performed to appease ancestors.
 Indigenous religion was seriously affected by colonization. Missionaries came and preached to indigenous people to convert them. Those converted
were told to do away with their religious beliefs and follow Christian beliefs. The use of indigenous medicine was condemned.
 Missionaries built schools where learners were taught Christian values ahead of indigenous religion. For whites indigenous beliefs and religion were
evil and backward.
 There were laws to suppress indigenous beliefs for example the Witchcraft Suppression Act which was put in place to suppress indigenous
practices.
 The colonial government however did not manage to put an end to indigenous religion it is still being practiced today.
Key teachings of indigenous religion
1. The concept of eternity :- Eternity means living forever without an end a lot of religions teach this. One lives forever in spiritual form.
2. Ancestral spirits :- An ancestor is any person from whom one is descendent. Believers in this religion believe ancestral spirits have a connection with
the living. They believe ancestors sometimes punish people by causing droughts or illness to show people that they are following the wrong path.
3. National guardians :- Those are spirits that function at national level like Mbuya Nehanda and Sekuru Kaguvi. These are believed to have
encouraged the people to rise against colonialism.
4. Sacred places :- These are places seen as holy, godly or devine and are highly respected these include mountains, caves, shrines and forests. Mount
Inyangani is an example. There are sacred shrines like Njelele where rain making ceremonies are held.
Religious ceremonies or festivals in the community
During ceremonies a lot of food and traditional beer is prepared and people eat, drink and dance. The ceremonies include :- -thanksgiving - Rainmaking
- Cleansing
Thanksgiving ceremony :- People held such ceremonies to thank God for example for rains or healing a sick leader or after surviving a natural disaster like a
cyclone.
Rainmaking ceremony :- A spirit medium (mhondoro) is involved in the rainmaking ceremony. After the necessary things are done a lot of rain would fall.
Cleansing ceremony :- This is normally held a year after someone’s death. A cleansing ceremony is also held when bad things happen in the community. As
an example if one is murdered a cleansing ceremony is held to cleanse the place where the murder took place.

The role of community leaders

Chiefs, headman and village heads have important roles to play in areas under their control.
The Chief
Some of the chiefs roles are :-
 Protector of culture and land ensuring that the environment is protected by making sure trees are not cut down unnecessarily.
 Give guidance and direction when ceremonies and festivals are being held.
 They give orders to the sub-chief and village head on what to do.
 They are consulted on many issues affecting the society.
 Distribution of agricultural and residential land.
 Settling disputes to do with land boundaries and other related disputes.
 Trying community cases.
Sub-chief (headman)
Some of his roles are like that of the chief for example :-
o Resolving disputes.
o Representing the chief when he is absent or sick.
o Trying community cases.

Religious practitioners and their roles

In indigenous religion there are special people who help spread the conservation of indigenous religious practices. They teach through the word of mouth
or oral tradition.
i. Spirit medium :- Talks to ancestral spirits and ancestral spirits speak to God. The mediums hear the voices of ancestral spirits when possessed. The
spirit medium is drawn into tne spiritual world when he/she falls into a trance.
ii. Traditional healers :- Are traditional religious practitioners possessed by a spirit of healing and divining. Divining is being able to see spiritual cause
of diseases. Traditional healers throw bones called hakata / amathambo. They belong to an association called Zimbabwe Traditional Healers
Association ( ZINATHA ).
iii. Midwives:- Assist pregnant women to deliver safely during birth.
iv. Chiefs :- Are religious practitioners whose roles were discussed in previous section.

LINEAGES AND TOTEMS

These are important in that they link someone with one’s ancestors. People are praised through their totems. People with the same totem are said to be
related. People with the same totem should not marry. Ancestral spirits can manifest through anyone male or female and if a male manifests through a
young girl or woman for example she will speak and behave like the male ancestor. One can trace one’s family history through one’s lineage.
INDIGENOUS RELIGION AND THE ENVIRONMENT
 Indigenous religion helps protect flora and fauna. Flora is vegetation, trees or grass. Fauna is wildlife or animals. The totem system helps protect
some animals from being hunted and killed. One is not allowed to kill or eat his totem animal.
 Animals like pangolins are not allowed to be killed for meat by ordinary people only chiefs are allowed to eat pangolin meat. Animals like leopard
were also not allowed to be killed. Chiefs and indigenous healers put on leopard skins as part of their attire.
 Taboos also helped protect the environment. Some trees were treated as sacred and could not be cut down for any reason. Those who violated
taboos could just disappear in forests or they were to pay fines in the form of livestock to chiefs.

CHRISTIANITY
The religion was founded by Jesus Christ in 32 A.D. The followers are known as Christians. They believe that Jesus is the son of God and Lord of all. The
religion is sub-divided into several groups called denomination for example Roman Catholic, Methodist, Anglican, ZAOGA, AFM and many others.
Jesus Christ’s life and ministry
The birth of Jesus Christ was predicted long before he was born by prophets like Isaiah as well as Jeremiah. John the Baptist also had a vision
concerning the coming of Jesus in John 1:15.
Jesus taught in parables to help people understand his lessons. A parable is an earthly story with a heavenly meaning. When people failed to
understand the meaning of parables he would interpret himself for their benefit.
The parable of the prodigal son Luke 15 vs 11-32
A certain man had two sons, the youngest demanded his inheritance and his father gave him. He went away and spent everything. He then worked for a
certain farmer and fed with pigs. After some time he thought of going back to his father. His father was happy to have him back and threw a party for him
but the elder brother who remained behind was not happy.
 Meaning of the parable :- In the parable the father represents God. The young brother represents sinners. The parable explains that God forgives
sinners without any conditions. Those close to the father should not be jealous when sinners repent since they will not displace them.
The table below shows other parables and their meanings.
PARABLE MEANING / TEACHINGS
The ten virgins Preparedness for the coming of Christ.
The Good Samaritan Help those in need without considering one’s race, colour, language, tribe,
sex or religion.
Ten lepers Thankfulness /Gratitude
A man at midnight Persistence.
Lost sheep God loves and seeks us.
The sower People respond to truth / the word of God differently.
Pharisee and Republican Sincerity.
The Richman and Lazarus Prepare for life after death with good deeds

Resurrection ( Matthew 28 vs 1-20 )

Christians believe in new life after death. Resurrection has to do with rising from the dead and living again. An example of resurrection was set by Jesus
Christ. Christians celebrate Easter to remember Jesus’ death and resurrection.

Eternal life
Eternal means everlasting. Christians believe one day people will be judged according to their works those who did well in their lives will live forever in
heaven. Those who do evil will be condemned to eternal death which is life in hell as punishment.

Religious practitioners in Christianity and their roles

TITLE OF ROLE PLAYED BY PRACTITIONER EXAMPLES WHERE
PRACTITIONER TITLE IS USED
Pope  Leads Roman Catholic Church. All catholic (R.C.C )
 Unifies the people. church
 Preaches and prays for people. denominations.
Pastor  Conducts services in church. Different
 Prays for the sick. denominations.
 Offers counselling services.
 Performs official duties at weddings and funerals.
Evangelist  Preaches the gospel. Pentecostal
 Prays for the sick. churches.
Prophet  Preaches and teaches the bible. Pentecostals and
 Heals the sick, prophesies and performs miracles. A.I.Cs
 Warns, directs and intercedes for the people.
Apostle  Preaches and teaches the word of God. Many Pentecostal
 Establishes new churches. churches.
 Heals the sick.
Bishop  Runs the church. Different
 Preaches and teaches the word of God. denominations.
 Buries the dead.
 Marries people at weddings.
Priest  Teaches the word of God. Anglican, Z.C.C,
 Prays for people. Roman Catholic
 Officiates at various ceremonies and festivals
Nun  Woman celibate and active in the service of God. Roman Catholic
Church

Abbreviation key
A.I.Cs :- African Independent Churches
R.C.C :- Roman Catholic Church
Z.C.C :- Zion Christian Church

Christian worship and the early church

All Christian churches believe in Jesus Christ but way of worship differ according to denominations. Some denominations are Pentecostal and others are
not. Pentecostal churches emphasise the gifts of the holy spirit such as speaking in tongues, healing and other miracles.
Christian churches worship or fellowship in the following ways :-
 Reading of scriptures :- Scriptures contain teachings from the Lord, they are God’s voice to the people. Scriptures guide the people on how to live.
Many denominations read scriptures in the church to support their preaching.
 Prayer :- Christians talk to God through prayer. Prayer is an act of faith and believing that God can hear and change their situation. Most Christian
denominations believe they talk to God through Jesus Christ but others like the Roman Catholics talk to God through virgin Mary.
 The Lord’s supper :- The taking of bread and wine like what Jesus did with his disciples in his last supper is also done by Christians. It’s done as a way
of reminding Christians of his existence.
  Charity :- To Christians charity is a way of showing love, Charitable acts include giving money, goods or time to the needy or less fortunate.

The early church after Pentecost

Simon Peter was the first leader of the early church after Jesus’ death. Those were dangerous days for Christians because Saul of Tarsus was persecuting
Christians he is the one who led the stoning of Stephen to death. Saul was later converted on his way to Damascus to persecute Christians his name was
changed to Paul. He wrote a lot of letters / books in the new testament. On the day of Pentecost the holy spirit came down like a great wind. The disciples
started speaking in tongues as the holy spirit had given them the ability. ( Acts 2 )

The early church establishment

Now they would :-
 Preach the gospel boldly.( Acts 2:14 )
 Pray continuously in the face of challenges. They prayed for each other in times of trouble. ( Acts 12 : 16-19).
 Have the Lord’s supper together.
 Perform charity work. The needy people were helped in various ways. Dorcas / Thabitha made some garments which she gave to some widows.
 Performed miracles (Acts 5 : 12).

Persecution
There was a lot of persecution of Christians during the early church. Apostles would at times be beaten or arrested for having preached the gospel. Peter
and John were at one point thrown into prison for having healed a crippled man (Acts 3-4). Stephen was stoned to death (Acts : 1-3).

Christianity and the environment

 Good Christian activities include planting trees and clean-up campaigns organized by churches to clean towns and cities and filling dongas.
 Bad activities include cutting down of trees as people clear areas to worship in. They also cut trees for firewood since they spend some nights in
open spaces praying. Some cut trees to prepare their staff/rods (tsvimbo/intonga). During Palm Sunday celebrations Christians cut palm branches
from palm trees and this disturbs the environment.

JUDAISM
Is another major religion in Zimbabwe. Some of its teachings are like those of Christianity. Both Christianity and Islam originated from Judaism. The religion
teaches monotheism (belief in one God) and the ten commandments (Exodus 20) handed over to Moses on Mount Sinai.
Key teachings
1. Monotheism :- Mono means one or single. Theism is a belief in the existence of the Supreme Being who actively manifests himself in the world. It
follows that monotheism is a belief in just one Creator. Followers of Judaism are Jews and do not believe in trinity as Christians do. Trinity means
three in one, God the father, Son and Holy Spirit.
2. The ten commandments :- Those are a set of biblical principles followed by Jews the commandments are as follows:-

i. You shall have no other Gods besides me.

ii. You shall not make for yourself an idol or anything and bow down to it or worship it.
iii. You shall not misuse the name of the Lord you God.
iv. You shall remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy.
v. Honour you father and your mother so that you may live long in the land the Lord is giving you.
vi. You shall not kill.
vii. You shall not commit adultery.
viii. You shall not steal.
ix. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbour.
x. You shall not covert you neighbour’s house, wife, man servant, maid servant, ox ass or anything that belongs to your neighbor.

Ceremonies or festivals
NAME OF CEREMONY DESCRIPTION OF CEREMONY
Hanukkah (Festival of o Festival of lights. The reopening of the temples is remembered. Men
lights) dress in a tallit as well as kippur.
Pentecost (Shavuot) o A Jewish holiday remembering the giving of the ten commandments
pto Moses and the Israelites at Mount Sinai.
Festival of Esther o Jews celebrate victory over Haman.
Day of atonement o The holiest of Jewish festivals. Jews pray and fast on this day.
(Yom Kippur) Confessions are made in public white robs are worn as a sign of
purity.
Feast of tabernacles. o A thanksgiving festival when Jews thank Yahweh for basic
(Sukkot or Succoth) provisions like bumper harvest.

Religious practitioners and their roles

Religious practitioners who serve different roles in the Jewish community include :-
1. Priest :- leads in services rituals and festivals.
2. Prophet :- Speaks God’s will to the people and foretell future events.
3. Rabbi :- Jewish teacher of the word of God / Yahweh. A rabbi is an educated person in Jewish law and tradition to instruct the community.
4. Scribe :- A traditional author of the Jewish law.

Jewish worship
o They worship in a synagogue. They meet in the synagogue on Saturdays. Which is the Sabbath day for Jews no work is done on this day.
o Sacrifices are also offered during worship in the temple. The priest offers sacrifices on behalf of the people. Animals like bulls, sheep goats or birds
for example doves were offered as sacrifices for forgiveness of sins. Sacrifices could also be in the form of grain, mealie meal, wine or incense.
o They also worship by observing the ten commandments or the Decalogue.
o Jews do not eat pork and they also do not eat meat and dairy products at once. Pots used to cook meat should not mix with those used to store
milk.

ISLAM
This religion was started by Muhammad in Saudi Arabia. The Quran or Koran is the holy book. The information in the Quran was revealed to Muhammad
over a period of 23 years. It originated from Judaism. Mecca is their holy city it is the birth place of Muhammad that is where Islam started. Muslim pray
facing the direction of Mecca.

Key teachings
Resurrection :- Islam teaches resurrection of the dead. Life continues after death, on the day of judgement people will be resurrected and examined
according to their deeds. The righteous will be rewarded with paradise and the unrighteous punished in hell. The faithful to Allah will inherit eternal
life.
Judgement :- Muslims believe the day of judgement will result in eternal life or people being destroyed. If a person has a lot of good deeds
compared to the evil ones the person goes to paradise. If ones evils are more than good deeds one goes to hell.
Prophets :- Apart from Muhammad people like Adam, Abraham, Moses and Jesus are regarded as prophets. Muhammad is the last of the prophets
according to Islam.
The Quran :- Is the revealed word of Allah it is treated with care and respect.

Ceremonies and festivals

a. Eid-ul-Adha (Festival of Sacrifice) :- This festival celebrates Abraham’s willingness to offer his son Ishamael not Isaac as stated in the bible as a
sacrifice. On this day Muslims are not allowed to fast. The festival marks the end of Ramadan. During the festival they wear new clothes and
sacrifice sheep, goats or bulls and share the meat amongst themselves. They also give the meat to the poor who will not be having anything to
sacrifice.
b. Lay-la-tul :- It is a night Moslems believe God comes down from heaven to forgive people of their sins. They spend the whole night in prayer and
fast the following day. The festival is held in the month of Shaban which is the month before Ramadan. They also visit graves of their departed
family members in the night of the festival.
c. Ramadan :- Is a month of fasting and prayer for the Muslims. They fast for the whole day till sunset for a whole month.

Religious practitioners and their roles

1. Imam :- Is a male prayer and worship leader who offers guidance to fellow Muslims.
2. Muezzin :- Is a caller to prayer who is always found at the Mosque. Calls people to pray on Fridays their day of worship. He also calls people to daily
prayers where they pray 5 times a day.
3. Ulama :- These are interpreters of the Quran and Islamic law. They are learned interpreters of Islamic law and doctrine.
4. Mujahid :- One who analyses the Quran. They are holy warriors prepared to fight in defense of Islamic faith.

Islamic worship
Muslims understand worship as an act of obedience, submission and dedication to Allah. They worship Allah through observing the five pillars of Islam.
These are religious performances which every Muslim should participate in. There cannot be Islam without these five pillars :-
1. The Shahada (declaration of faith or confession of faith) :- It talks of the oneness of God. It reads : There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is the
messenger of God.
2. Salat (Prayer) :- Is the second pillar. They pray 5 times a day the praying times are:- -at dawn -midday -afternoon -sunset -night.
3. Sawn (Fasting) :- Muslims fast for the whole month of Ramadan. They abstain from eating, drinking, smoking and sexual activity from morning to
sunset during the period.
4. Zakat (Almsgiving) :- Is the fourth pillar and is an act of worship. Muslims donate to the poor, destitute and other groups of people. They are
expected to donate something when they meet for worship on Fridays.
5. Hajj (Pilgrimage) :- Is the fifth pillar which states that every Muslim who is financially sound is required to visit Mecca their holy city at least once in
their lifetime. Muslims go on a journey to Mecca every year.

TOPIC 3 : MORALS AND VALUES

Morals and values relate to what is right and wrong. The topic looks at right and wrong, right to belong to a religion, right and responsibilities and other
important concerns.

RIGHT AND WRONG

This began when the world was created. People with good morals are at peace with themselves and acceptable in society. Those without good morals are
not wanted in society. The effects of bad morals include crime, drug abuse, disobedience to parents, teachers and community elders and leaders.
Human disobedience :- Started in Genesis 3 in the bible when a snake the most cunning animal God made tricked Eve into disobeying God’s commandment
and Eve later taking some of the forbidden fruit to Adam his husband.

RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

One may be treated unfairly if they are ignorant of their rights. Apart from rights one has responsibilities as well which refer to what we are expected to do
in society.

Right to belong to a religion

Every citizen has a right to belong to a religion of their choice.
1. Freedom of conscience this includes :-
a) Freedom of thought, opinion, religion or belief.
b) Freedom to practice, propagate and give expression to their thought, opinion, religion or belief.
2. No person may be compelled / forced to take an oath contrary contrary to their religion or belief

Benefits of belonging to a religion

 Religion teaches good morals and values.
  People get assistance from other members when they encounter problems.
 Those who are in need get help for example in Islamic almsgiving even in Christianity the needy are taken care of.
 Religion teaches tolerance, togetherness, love, trustworthiness, forgiveness and many other good things.

Right and responsibilities in fairness.

 Rights are entitlements that belong to every person regardless of race.
 Rights include right to education, shelter and food and many others.
 Responsibilities are what we are expected to do as responsible citizens.
 It is your responsibility to obey your teacher and do homework on time, respect the elderly, assist in doing work at home and many others.
 Rights are therefore associated with responsibilities.

Community role to the family

 Assisting families with food when there is a drought.
 Comforting a family that would have lost a member through death.
 Showing families accepted morals and values.
 Assisting families with work for example ploughing, weeding and harvesting known as nhimbe in Shona or ulima in Ndebele.
 Providing counselling to families having problems.

Children’s rights
Every child that is a boy or a girl below the age of 18 years has a right to :-
a) Equal treatment before the law including a right to be heard.
b) Be given a name and a family name.
c) A birth certificate.
d) Family or parental care.
e) Protection from child labour and from economic and sexual exploitation.
f) Education, healthcare services, nutrition and shelter.
g) Not to be recruited into militia force or take part in armed conflict.
h) Not to be compelled to take part in any political activity.
i) Not to be detained except as a measure of it being a last resort.
j) To be kept separately from detained persons over 18 years.
k) To be treated in a good manner and kept in conditions that account of the child’s age.

International Conventions
These are agreements between or among countries which have to do with the environment, trade and human rights these include :-
 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) which ensures obedience to basic human rights by people in the whole world. It states that a
person becomes a citizen of a country by birth and has a right to change citizenship.
 The United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) protects the rights of children.
 The Convention on the Rights of persons with Disabilities (CRPD) protects the right of children with disabilities.
 The Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) protects the rights of women for example it is not
allowed to discriminate against women.
The conventions mentioned above have advantages and disadvantages on our moral values as people value rights ahead of many other things.

Conflict and conflict management

Conflict is a disagreement between two or more people. Conflict is difficult to avoid, there are different sources of conflict. People should learn to manage
conflict peacefully.
1. Intra-personal conflict:- Intra means within and conflict means to clash. So this is conflict that takes place within one’s brain or mind for example:-
a) Emotional sources for example frustration as a result of lack of support or protection.
b) Environmental sources for example natural disasters like floods and cyclones.
c) Physical sources for example abuse by parents or relatives.
d) Social sources for example being labelled by friends or relatives.
e) Inability to meet basic expectations in life or even failure to perform well at school.
f) Living in a quarrelsome family.
g) Death in a family, job loss or divorce.
h) Economic sources like lack of finances to meet basic needs.

Possible effects of intra-personal conflict

If not well manage intra-personal conflict can lead to :-
a) Suffering from stress or worry.
b) Running away from home.
c) Weight loss.
d) Diseases like depression, heart-attack and stroke.
e) Committing suicide.
f) Drug and substance abuse.

Management of intra-personal conflict

The skills one should have to manage intra-personal conflict are :-
1. Critical thinking :- Involves thinking deeply and carefully before making a decision.
2. Decision making :- Involves choosing the best possible decision to solve a problem.
3. Analytical thinking :- Is a step-by-step approach that involves one breaking down complex problems into single manageable components.

National value systems

We should show care for people for example the needy in our communities. Islam has almsgiving and Christianity homes for children and old people’s
homes have been built.
Care :- We should learn to take care of others. The Good Samaritan is remembered for having done well when he took care of a man beaten by robbers.
Filial piety as part of caring :- These are duties sons and daughters have towards their parents and the elderly. Parents need to be cared for especially in old
age there is need to buy food, clothes, houses and cars for their parents.
Generosity as part of caring :- A generous person is one who is not selfish and is able to share what he/she has with the needy these include the blind,
physically handicapped deaf and others.
Stewardship as part of caring :- A steward is someone who manages or takes care of other people’s property. Adam and Eve where asked by God to take
care of the garden of Eden but failed to be good stewards by disobeying God and eating the forbidden fruit. As good stewards at school we should not :-
o Break school property like tables and chairs.
o Remove some pages from school textbooks.
o Throw litter in the classroom or school yard.
o Misuse buildings by writing on painted walls with chalk, markers, crayons or sharp objects (graffiti).
o Write obscene language on walls and in toilets.
Benevolence as part of caring :- It simply means doing acts meant to help other people it means the same as charity. Dorcas or Tabitha in the bible Acts
9:36 made garments which she gave to the needy widows all she did were acts of benevolence. As learners we can share books with others and donate
clothes to the needy as part of benevolence.

RELIGION ON TECHNOLOGY AND ENTERPRISE

Religious art and enterprise
Religious art is any form of art that has a religious theme. Religious art comes in different forms like :-
 Religious portraits for example the portrait of Jesus, Mbuya Nehanda or Muhammad.
 Sculptures, statues or carving of religious items like cross, totem animals.
 Some people draw or paint various animal totems and write down praise totems.
 In Islam mosque ceilings are well designed by designers. They also beautify the mosque through decorative writings.
Technology and values
Preachers can be seen preaching on television and heard over the radio. Some churches are using cellphones for sending information and reading bibles on
the phone. Religious people also use the internet to research. Technology is good but has to be used wisely.
Search engines
These permit people to look for information on the internet examples include google and firefox.
Impact of technology on religious and moral values
Technology has advantages and disadvantages. People use the internet to look for useful information. It can also be used negatively for example viewing
naked people which is against moral values.
Positive impact
Brings together families who live far away from each other through social media platforms like facebook, skype, whatsapp, instagram and twitter.
Religions can use the internet to spread their values and beliefs.
Sermons can be posted online reaching a lot of people due to wide coverage.
Negative impact
 Families neglect each other spending more time on the internet this has an impact on moral values.
 Some religions use the internet to pull down other people’s religions through negative views.
 The internet can be used to bully others (cyber bullying).

TOPIC 4 : RELIGION AND HEALTH

All religions have a concern over the health of their followers. They have teachings, rules and practices associated with health. Most of them do not
encourage abuse of legal and illegal substances.

RELIGION AND ABUSE

Forms of abuse
Substance abuse :- Substances normally abused include : - Tobacco (cigarretes and marijuana / mbanje)
-Alcohol -Drugs like cocaine -Glue other people inhale it to be high
There are denominational differences over use of some of these substances for example Pentecostal churches do not allow taking of alcohol whilst other
churches like the Roman Catholic allow alcohol intake. However they all condemn abuse of drugs. Religious teachings on substance abuse teach on how
badly drugs affect people.
Sexual abuse :- Is forcing someone to take part in sexual activities without their consent. Some types of sexual abuse include :- -rape -fondling, touching
or petting -showing pornographic material to a minor -texting sexual messages -incest
No religion supports sexual abuse. When sexually abused you should report to your teacher, parents, pastor nurse or police.

RELIGION AND GENDER

Most religions regard men as more important than women. That position however keeps changing as there is now a call to treat men and women equally.
Gender equality
Means that males and females have the same rights, opportunities and responsibilities. It is just and fair distribution of benefits, rewards and opportunities
between men, women boys and girls. It also aims to see both men and women doing the same work for example being doctors, engineers and other
careers. Long ago parents did not see value in educating the girl child arguing that she would one day get married.

RELIGION AND SEXUALITY

Sex identification :- Sexuality is that which is distinguished by sex. God created us male and female. He wants marriages between a man and a woman and
not same sex marriages. Most religions do not allow same sex marriages (lesbians and homosexuals).
Five circles of sexuality
1. Sensuality :- Refers to that which is physically attractive or fulfilling to the senses of sight, touch, taste and other senses.
2. Intimacy :- Refers to a close relationship between two people those that have an intimate relationship love and care for each other.
3. Identity :- Being who or what a person or thing is one’s sex can be used to tell whether one is male or female.
4. Reproduction :- The production of young ones through sexual means is encouraged and acceptable in religion.
5. Sexualisation :- The act of making something sexually attractive or seeing someone or something in sexual terms.
Importance of sex identification in religion
 It shows who one is sexually, whether a boy or girl, man or woman and how they view people of the opposite sex.
 Religion is important in sex identification as it gives teachings, rules and practices on sexual orientation, sexual needs, values, cultural and religious
norms.
 It is also in religion where people are taught the important value of waiting in marriage before they engage in sexual activity.

RELIGION, H.I.V AND AIDS

There is a need to discuss health issues in religion. It is important that churches encourage people to go for testing and encourage those on anti-retrovirals
(ARVs) to take their drugs.
Attitudes, H.I.V and AIDS
 We should stop stigmatizing people with H.I.V / AIDS .
 People living with H.I.V / AIDS need support of people in different religions. The way we communicate with them must make them feel loved.
 People in religion help people living with H.I.V / AIDS by:-
i. Assisting them with house hold duties.
ii. Buying food, fetching firewood, water and other requirements.
iii. Comforting them and make them feel accepted.
iv. Try getting medical aid if they do not have it.
v. Sharing with them the good news of the love of the Supreme Being.
Awareness on H.I.V / AIDS
H.I.V stands for Human Immune Virus.
AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
H.I.V weakens the immune system making it prone to attack from diseases.
AIDS is not a disease but a condition like diabetes, asthma and blood pressure. A condition is something a person can live with for the rest of their
lives. There are drugs used to control the condition.
Anti-retrovirals (ARVs) are drugs used in case of H.I.V to reduce the spread of the virus in the body.
AIDS has no cure as of now.
Some people stop taking ARVs after receiving prayers from pastors or prophets resulting in deaths.
Facts about H.I.V / AIDS
 It has no cure or vaccine.
 Having sex with a child does not cure AIDS.
 Abstaining from sex can prevent you from getting AIDS.
 One cannot get AIDS through mosquito bites, holding or touching an infected person, sharing same toilet, cups or plates with infected person or air.
 AIDS can be spread through having unprotected sex with an infected person, sharing sharp objects like razor blades / needles with an infected
person, receiving infected blood in blood transfusion and from infected mother to child if treatment is not given before birth.
 One should be tested regularly to know their status.
 Being H.I.V positive means one has been infected with the virus that causes AIDS.
 Being H.I.V negative means one does not have the virus that causes AIDS.

HEALTHY LIVING
Christians believe one’s body is the Lord’s temple and must be kept clean. There is a saying cleanliness is next to Godliness. Muslims wash their face, hands,
legs and other body parts before they pray. One cannot present oneself before Allah in a dirty state.
Personal hygiene
Is the act of maintaining cleanliness and grooming of one’s body. Bathing, washing, brushing teeth and wearing clean clothes are ways of maintaining
personal hygiene. Some rewards of maintaining personal hygiene are :-
 Having a healthy body as staying clean prevents infection from bacteria and viruses.
 Having a long life expectancy. If one misuses their bodies they may die young. Misuse of the body through prostitution and abuse of drugs leads to
death.
 Active and refreshed body which does not smell.
 Diseases can be prevented.
The following must be exercised regularly to maintain personal hygiene :-
 Washing one’s body.
 Mantaining and cutting hair.
 Brushing one’s teeth.
 Cleaning one’s nostrils and ears.
 Cutting one’s finger nails.
 Feeding on a balanced diet.
 Having regular exercises for physical fitness.
 Washing one’s undergarments every day.

Healthy habits
At School
o Pick up litter and throw into bins.
o Toilets should washed thoroughly and kept clean.
o The yard has to be swept always.
o Tables and chairs should be arranged neatly and tidily.
o Learners should not write on chairs, desks and walls.
At home
 Clean the house every day.
 Keep the toilets clean.
 Throw litter in the dust bin.
 Washing bedding regularly to prevent bed bugs.
In the community
 Litter should not be thrown on the streets.
 Community members can do clean up campaigns.
 Refuse should be collected.
 Institutions like the church, clinics and others need to be kept clean.
GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING

TOPIC 1 : RELATIONSHIPS

TEAMWORK
Is when a group of people are involved in the same activity especially referring to sports or work. Teamwork is an effort of a group to achieve a common
goal or complete a task in the most effective and efficient way. Effective teams bring out the best in individual workers as they are confident that they are
supported in trying to achieve their tasks.
Importance of teamwork
 Teamwork helps solve problems.
 There is a good opportunity to exchange and compare ideas.
 By working together teams find the solutions that work best.
 Teams make work more efficient and leads to productivity.
 Team mates observe and depend on the quality of each other’s work so teams self-monitor.
 Team mates learn from each other.
 Team work can create a healthy competition.
 It promotes strong working relationships as members work cooperatively.
Activities that require teamwork
o Class and group assignments.
o Cooperative work in rural set up (nhimbe/ulima).
o Preparation of a wedding event.
o Funerals.
o Community projects like building a school.
o Cooperatives like gardening and chicken rearing.
o Games like soccer, basketball, volleyball and rugby.

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN RELATIONSHIPS

A conflict is a situation in which people, groups or countries are involved in a serious disagreement or argument. It can also be referred to as a clash of
interest it can be personal, racial, class, caste, political or international.
Causes of conflict at home, school and community
1. Personal criticism:- When giving comments or feedback avoid personal attacks to individuals.
2. Feeling ignored:- Recognise other people’s efforts and achievements and acknowledge rather than ignore.
3. Being perceived as a failure:- It is important to provide constructive feedback and positive encouragement to others.
4. Being placed in embarrassing situation:- We must be sensitive when dealing with delicate issues that might cause embarrassment.
5. Catching people off guard:- People need adequate time to prepare for anything to avoid disappointment.
6. Being unjustly treated:- Fairness is important in any activity be it at home, school or community. If people feel unfairly treated they may resist
resulting in conflict.
Conflict resolution strategies
1. Agree to talk and establish ground rules for the discussion. Examples of ground rules might be:- -no yelling -no cursing -no insults
2. Take turns in explaining your feelings and thoughts.
3. Identify the conflict:- stating the conflict in simple terms keeps everyone focused on the problem.
4. Take turns in explaining options to resolve conflict.
5. Agree to a solution.
6. State the solution:- This helps everyone remember what came out of the discussion.
7. Decide when to evaluate the solution.

TOPIC 2 : HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

SEX AND SEXUALITY

There are two main divisions either male or female into which humans can be placed. Sexuality is different from sex. It is a much more broader term and
has many components and includes much more than sexual intercourse. Sexuality begins at birth and ends at death. It refers to that which is charactorised
or distinguished by sex, it is about sexual feelings, thoughts attractions and behaviors.
Sex and gender roles
Gender roles means how you are expected to act, speak, dress, groom and conduct ourselves based upon our assigned sex. For example women are
expected to dress typically feminine ways and to be polite, accommodating and nurturing.
Examples of traditional gender roles in life
a. Cooking – From a young age girls are taught that it is their responsibility to learn how to cook for their future families.
b. Working – Men traditionally worked outside and women worked inside the home. This is one of the most important gender roles.
c. Care taking – Comes naturally to women to take care of the children and men taking care of the family.
d. Dressing – It does not actively enforce a particular style of dressing but culture dictates what women and men should wear. It would be weird for a
man to wear a skirt.
e. Childhood behavior – Boys play with toys men are normally associated with and girls play with dolls and others associated with women.
 f. Sensitivity – Women are expected to be more sensitive and emotional, they easily cry, men are expected not to show much emotion or would be
presumed to be weak.
g. Aggression – Men who believe this principle tend to be violent and abusive. On the other hand women are expected to be soft spoken and
subservient.
h. Dating – Men propose to women not the other way round.
i. Marriage – Man is the provider and protector in most religions therefore pays lobola during a marriage. The woman takes the husband’s surname
and so do the children.
Benefits of delayed sexual activity
 Abstinence is 100% effective against STIs and pregnancy.
 It gives time and space for young people to get to know each other, share feelings and fears.
 It gives people more time to focus on school, career or extra-curricular activities.
 Helps support personal, moral or religious beliefs and values.
 Statistics show that teens who abstain from sex are likely to do better in school.
 You won’t need to hide anything from your parents which takes a lot of pressure off your back.
 You get time to adequately wait to get the right partner.
Consequences of early sexual activities.
Unwanted pregnancies leading to abortions.
S.T.Is and death due to diseases.
Committing suicide if a boy refuses pregnancy.
Dropping out of school especially girls to take care of the child.
Early parenthood.
Children born to teenagers tend to be of low birth weight or born prematurely which leads to child disorders like disability.
Entering into unhappy marriages since these activities result in unwanted pregnancies.

PUBERTY
Puberty is the time in life when a boy or girl becomes sexually mature. It is a process that usually happens between the ages of 10 and 14. It is the time
when your body begins to develop and change from a kid to an adult.
Changes to boys and girls at puberty
 They reach their adult height and body proportions.
 Develop external sex charactoristics such as growth of sex organs, breast tissue enlargement, muscles, bones and hair under armpits and pubic
area.
 Become able to reproduce
 The starts of sexual thoughts and desires.
 Hormone changes begin men develop testesterone and females estrogen the primary sex hormones for males and females respectively.
 The skin becomes oily and body produces more sweat.
 Periods/mensturation begins in females.
 Widening of hips in females.
 Boys’ voice deepens.
 Growing of beard in men.
 Men develop chest and shoulders broaden.
 Involuntary erections and wet dreams begin in men.
Effects of puberty
 Behavioral changes.
 Bullying or teasing others.
 High rates of depression and anxiety.
 Greater risk of substance abuse.
 Earlier sexual activity.
 Poorer academic outcomes.
Ways of coping with puberty
 Talk to an adult if you are not sure of anything.
 Think positive embrace the changes they are normal.
 Be choosy about friends peer pressure contributes to decisions at this stage.
 Follow religious teachings at this stage they will guide you to make good decisions.
 Be hygienic as personal hygiene matters due to the changes taking place in your body.
 Avoid alcohol and other drugs.
 Get enough rest and relaxation.
 Exercise regularly.
 Drink plenty of water.
 Take a bath more often as body odours start at this stage.
Abstinence
Is the practice of refraining from indulging in a desire. Specifically the practice of not having sexual intercourse either permanently or until marriage. It can
also be referred to as the practice of self-denial by depriving one’s self of certain kinds of things.
Benefits of abstinence
 You get to focus on school, career or extra-curricular activities.
 It prevents unwanted pregnancies and S.T.Is.
 You wait until you are ready for a sexual relationship.
 You wait for the right partner.
 Helps you better understand your body.
Strategies to prevent early sexual activity
o Make rules and stick to them.
o Make the right decisions always.
o Provide structure and routines unsupervised teens are more likely to get into harmful situations.
o Get to know your teen friends better.
o Find a mentor someone who is a role model.
o Make decisions without peer pressure.
TOPIC 3 : HEALTH
PERSONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE
Importance of personal hygiene
 Prevents the spread of diseases.
 Mantains both physical and mental health.
 Reduces body odour.
 Provides combat from germs.
 You feel confident giving self-esteem a boost.
Personal hygiene good and bad practices.
Good practices
Bathing daily.
Wearing clean clothes.
Brushing and flossing teeth daily.
Get restful sleep at least 7-9 hours daily.
Washing hands regularly for example when preparing food, after visiting the toilet, after blowing nose, coughing or sneezing.
Cutting nails.
Changing sanitary products regularly.
Bad practices
 Keeping long nails.
 Going to bed with make-up.
 Infrequently washing bedding.
 Not washing bras and pants regularly.
 Sharing toothbrush, razor or hair brushes, combs.
 Walking barefooted in public showers/toilets.
 Not washing fruits or vegetables.
 Never washing hair.
 Not covering mouth when coughing or sneezing.
Menstural hygiene management.
From puberty girls need to be educated on good practices of good menstrual cycle management these practices include the following:-
 Proper use of sanitary pads should be taught.
 Disposal of pads is another important factor they should be properly disposed.
 There is also a need to constantly change their pads every 4-6 hours.
 Wash yourself properly and regularly.
 Don’t use soaps or vagina hygiene products to wash genital area.
 Use clean underwear and change regularly.
 Wear comfortable loose clothing, rather than jeans or tight fitting clothes during periods.
Waste management (Reduce Reuse Recycle RRR)
Refers to activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its disposal. This reduces pollution of the environment.
 Collect litter that can be recycled sort it and sale for example plastic, paper, bottles there are companies that buy these.
 Have bins or pits for litter disposal.
 Composting is important for litter that decays for example tree leaves, twigs and other forms of vegetation.
 Waste management prevent the environment from being harmed.
 Human waste must be properly disposed in toilets/latrines to prevent the spread of diseases.

DRUG AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE

Refers to the use of certain chemicals for the purpose of creating pleasurable effects on the brain.
Types of drugs and substances abused
 Alcohol (depressants).
 Marijuana/mbanje/cannabis (hallucinogens).
 Coccaine (stimulants)
 Glue.
 Heroin (opium related pain killers)
Sources of drugs and substances
 Plant sources - Animal sources - Mineral/earth sources - Microbiological sources
 Semi-synthetic sources - Synthetic sources
Signs and symptoms of drug and substance abuse
o Bloodshot eyes and abnormally sized pupils.
o Sudden weight loss or weight gain.
o Deterioration of physical appearance.
o Unusual smell on breath, body or clothes.
o Tremors, slurred speech or impaired coordination. Involuntary shaking.
o Hallucinations.
o Paranoia.
o Sudden behavioural change.
o Chills and sweating.
Effects of drugs and substance abuse
 Can lead to drowsiness and slow breathing.
 Chronic drug use leads to cardiovascular, kidney and liver diseases.
 Mental health problems.
 Suicidal thought, attempted suicide and suicide.
  Criminal records.
 Assaults.
 Car accidents and other forms of accidents.
 Unplanned pregnancies.
 Wasted academic opportunities.

Drug and substance abuse reduction strategies

Sporting activities and social clubs.
Increasing community collaboration through educating youths on dangers of indulging in drugs.
Build habits to stay busy.
Exercising, sweat it out.
Cut out toxic relationships to avoid peer pressure.
Walk away from stressful situations.
Getting involved in religious activities.
Seek help for mental illness.
Examine every risk factor for example a history of substance abuse in the family.

MENTAL HEALTH
This has to do with the health of the mind or intellectual processes. Mental health includes our emotional, psychological and social well-being. It also helps
determine how we handle stress, relate to others and make choices.
Healthy mind
A healthy mind is key to healthy living. To keep your mind healthy and active you can do the following:-
 Learn a new sport, be active and exercise.
 Learn a new language.
 Learn to play a musical instrument.
 Read books and take an active interest in feeding your brain.
 Lower alcohol intake. Overuse of alcohol can increase feelings of depression.
 Connecting with friends and family.
Causes of mental ill-health
 Genes and family history.
 Life experiances such as stress or history of abuse especially in childhood.
 Biological factors such as chemical imbalances in the brain.
 A traumatic injury.
 A mother’s exposure to viruses or toxic chemicals whilst pregnant.
 Overuse of alcohol or recreational drugs.
 Having a serious medical condition like cancer.
 Having few friends and feeling lonely or isolated.
Management of mental ill-health
Psychiatric medications help to significantly improve the symptoms of mental health although they don’t cure it.
Keep active and occupied.
Eat well.
Drink sensibly.
Ask for help.
Do something you are good at.
Psychotherapy which is therapeutic treatment provided by trained mental health professionals is best paired with medication.
S.T.Is and H.I.V
Sexually transmitted infections are diseases that are spread through sexual intercourse without protection. The Human Immune Virus is also spread in the
same way among others. Examples of STIs are gonorrhoea, chancroid, syphilis, genital herpes and AIDS.
Modes of transmission
 Sexual intercourse without protection.
 Through blood for example AIDS.
 Mother to child.
 Semen and pre-seminal fluid.
 Vaginal fluids.
 Skin contact for example genital herpes and warts.
 Sharing sharp objects like razor blades or injection needles.
 Blood transfusion.
Prevention of S.T.Is an H.I.V
 Abstinence is the best method.
 Use of condoms during sexual intercourse.
 Delayed sexual debut.
Effects of stigma and discrimination on H.I.V
H.I.V related stigma and discrimination refers to prejudice, negative attitude and abuse directed at people living with H.I.V and AIDS. The effects are as
follows:-
 Impacts upon the lives of the infected individuals, partners, families and children.
 Limits the possibility of disclosure as people are afraid of being discriminated against.
 Contributes to worsening symptoms and reduced likelihood of getting treatment.
 Reduced hope to get better if ill.
 Diminishes self-esteem and robs people of social opportunities.
 Denial of opportunities such as employment and accommodation.
Myths and misconceptions on H.I.V and AIDS
These are beliefs that are not true in relation to H.I.V and AIDS and include the following:-
 Having sex with a young child cures AIDS.
 H.I.V can be spread through saliva, tears, sweat and touch.
 H.I.V is a death sentence.
 You can tell someone has H.I.V by looking at them closely.
 Straight people don’t have to worry about H.I.V infection. Gay and bisexual black people have the highest rates of transmission.
  H.I.V positive people can’t safely have children.
 H.I.V always leads to AIDS.
 With all the modern treatment, H.I.V is no big deal.
 If I take PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) medication that prevents H.I.V infection in advance if taken daily I don’t have to use a condom.
 Those who test negative to H.I.V can have unprotected sex.
 If both partners have H.I.V there is no need for a condom.

COMMUNICABLE AND NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Communicable diseases are those that can be passed from one person to another through touch, air, water they are also called infectious diseases. Non-
communicable diseases cannot be passed to another person by whatever means they are mostly chronic these include cancers and diabetes.
Communicable diseases
These include:- -tuberculosis -measles -cholera -typhoid -ebola -covid-19
Non-communicable diseases
These include:- -heart attack -stroke -coronary artery disease -congenital disease -diabetes -cancer
Signs and symptoms of communicable diseases
-fever -chills -fatigue -muscle aches -headaches -runny nose -cough -eye redness
Signs and symptoms of non-communicable diseases
-swelling -stiffness of joints -inflammation -overweight -raised blood pressure
Ways of transmission of non-communicable disease
o Diet:- eating too much salt, sugar, fats can result in some of the non-communicable diseases.
o Unhealthy lifestyles like lack of exercise.
o Lack of sleep.
o Through family genes.
o Behaviours such as smoking.
o Environmental factors like pollution of the air.
Ways of caring and supporting the infected and affected
 Monitor for emergency signs.
 Prevent the spread of germs.
 Treat the symptoms.
 Nutrition education is important.
 The body needs rest and relaxation.
 Taking light exercises with them.
 Stop smoking and alcohol intake.
 Spend time with them to avoid stress.
 Be encouraging and loving.
 Check if they are taking medicines correctly.

FIRST AID
Is the assistance given to someone before being attended by health professionals. It can also be defined as emergency care given immediately to an injured
person. The purpose of first aid is to mini mise injury or future disability. In serious cases first aid may be necessary to keep the victim alive.
Basic first aid skills
Step 1: Assess the situation and check for any potential dangers to the victim or yourself, bystanders.
Step 2: Plan for interventions. Get help call for an ambulance or medical personnel.
Step 3: Implement first aid.
Step 4: Evaluate the situation.
When someone is unconscious or unresponsive a basic tenet of first aid is ABC
 Airway: If someone is not breathing clear their airway.
 Breathing: If the airway is clear and they are still not breathing provide rescue breathing.
 Circulation: Chest compressions to keep the blood circulating should be performed along with rescue breathing. If someone is bleeding profusely
try to immediately stop the bleeding with bandages if available or a cloth.

TOPIC 4: UNDERSTANDING RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

CHILDREN’S RIGHTS
See FAREME page 45

CHILD ABUSE
Child abuse is improper, wrong or bad treatment of a child. It can be physical or verbal.
Forms of child abuse
-Physical abuse -Child neglect -Sexual abuse -emotional abuse
Prevention of child abuse
 Teaching children on their right.
 Parents should discipline children thoughtfully never discipline a child when upset.
 Parents should also check for signs of abuse.
 Keeping children happy and catering for their needs.
 Reporting perpetrators of child abuse.

LEARNER WELFARE
This refers to the provision of basic needs that a learner requires like general health, happiness, safety and the things a learner needs to enable him/her to
learn like stationary.
Learner welfare incidences
 Early marriages -bullying -drowning -examination stress -abuse
Causes of learner welfare incidences
-Poverty -Religious beliefs - Ignorance -unconducive school environment
Ways of preventing learner welfare incidences
 Reporting suspected maltreatment.
 Open communication with learners.
 Parents getting involved in education of their children.
 Set clear rules and enforce them fairly.
 Setting a good example to learners.
 Ensuring learners are aware of and actively participate in activities to safeguard their rights.

TOPIC 5 : EDUCATION AND CAREER GUIDANCE

STUDY SKILLS
Homework management
Homework is an essential part of a learner’s life. It builds skills and responsibility. Here are some ways of managing your homework:-
1. Understand the assignment, write it down in your notebook and don’t be afraid to ask questions about the expectations.
2. Start straight away, just because it’s called homework doesn’t mean that you should do it at home. Use your study time periods or extra time you
have to do it.
3. Budget your time. There is a lot to do at home so set aside time to do your homework.
4. Watch were you work. You cannot do it well in front of a television set find a quiet place to focus on your work. Avoid studying on your bed.
5. If there are many tasks tackle the most difficult first.
6. Take breaks if there is a lot of work. Most people have short attention spans.
7. Get help when you need it. Because it’s done at home ask where you don’t understand but don’t let them do the work for you.
8. Use ICT tools like phones and computers to research if available.
Preparation for examinations
1. Have a positive attitude it leads to success.
2. Study early and space out your studying.
3. Have specific goals for each study session.
4. Organise your study materials before you start study sessions.
5. Create your own study materials.
6. Use technology for research.
7. Take advantage of available school resources.
8. Eat healthy not too much not too little.
9. Rest, consistent rest helps the brain to perform.
10. Create study notes by collecting important points.
11. Practice on old exams written earlier.
12. Organise study groups.
Career guidance
A career can be described as one’s calling in life, one’s profession or occupation. We can also call it a job or area of work.
Examples of careers
-Teachers -Doctors -Nurses -Engineers -Human Resources Specialist -Occupational therapist
-Software Developers -Policeman -Soldiers -Epidemiologist -Pharmacist -Pilots
Career exhibitions
These are organized by institutions of learning to help learners learn from professionals in different fields. Workers are invited from different career fields
and teach learners about their professions. This helps learners to choose careers they can join after completion of their education.
Dignity of work
All types of work should be respected equally and no occupation and none of the jobs should be discriminated on any basis. Work shapes and fulfils human
dignity by providing needs of one’s self and one’s family. Hard work should pay off for everyone. When work has dignity everyone can afford health care
and housing.

FINANCIAL LITERACY
To be financially literate is to know how to manage your money. This means how to pay your bills, how to borrow and save money responsibly and plan
how to use money wisely.
Profit and loss
Profit and loss is calculated by taking the total revenue and subtracting the total expenses. If the resulting figure known as net income is negative has made
a loss if it is positive it means there is a profit.
 If you purchase chicks and their feed for $580 and sell the chickens at maturity after some of them have died due to a disease out-break for $520
you would have made a loss.
 If you order tomatoes for resale at $200 and repack and sell them and you get $300 from sales you would have made a profit.
Enterprising
Enterprising means having a business mind, having resourcefulness, initiative and drive to recognize opportunities and motivation to make the most of
them. If for example you realize a high demand for relish in your area and start gardening and rearing of chickens is enterprising it includes activities such
as:- -Horticulture -Piggery -Poultry -Fishing -Catering
Enterprising activities
-Teamwork -Financial literacy -Organising and planning -Using initiative -Negotiation -Taking risks -Creativity and innovation
TOPIC 6 : CITIZENSHIP AND VOLUNTEERISM
CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION
Rights and responsibilities of a citizen
Rights are freedoms we have and are protected by our laws, while responsibilities are duties or things we should do.
Rights of a citizen
 Right to life.
 Right to equality, equal protection and equal benefit in law.
 Right to human dignity.
 Right to freedom and security.
 Protection from slavery, servitude and forced labour.
 Freedom of conscience, religion, belief and opinion.
 Freedom of expression.
 Right of access to information.
 Right to a clean and healthy environment.
 Right of access to justice.
 Right to fair and regular elections and make political choices freely.
Responsibilities of a citizen
 Obeying the laws of the country.
 Paying taxes.
 Be honest and trustworthy.
 Respect the rights of others.
 Be informed about the world around us.
 Be compassionate.
 Take responsibility for you action.
 Respect property of others.
 Be a good neighbor.
 Protect the environment.
 Vote in elections.
Reasons for revocation and renunciation of citizenship
Revocation means the state will be depriving one of the citizenship status he/she would have been awarded. Renunciation means one voluntarily
relinquishes one’s citizenship or nationality. The reasons for these actions are as follows:-
1. When you are caught lying knowingly or concealing information on your citizenship application.
2. Political reasons such as opposing a war that the country is engaged in.
3. Attempting to overthrow a government then get caught.
4. Some countries do not allow dual citizenship so one will be forced renunciate it or have it revoked.
5. Evading taxation if the laws are impacting on the citizen.
Immigration documents
o Refugee travel document.
o Permanent resident card ‘Green card’.
o Employment authorization document.
o Machine readable immigrant Visa.
o Arrival/Departure Record.
o Foreign passport.
o Certificate of eligibility for Non-immigrant student status.
Volunteerism
Is a voluntary act of an individual or group freely giving time and labour for community service. It is a practice of providing time and skills for the benefit of
other people and causes rather than financial benefit.
Vulnerable groups in the society
-The poor -blind -disabled -the old -orphans
Acts of volunteerism / Ways of helping the vulnerable in the community
 Donate or raise money for the needy.
 Donate blood to a blood transfusion service provider.
 Help deliver meals and gifts to patients at a local hospital.
 Fetch water for the old.
 Give clothing and food to the poor.
 Donating books to a local library.
 Pick up medicine for an elderly neighbour.
 Donate blankets to a homeless shelter.

TOPIC 7 : MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES AND ASSETS

MAINTENANCE OF PROPERTY
Proper handling of property in the community
Visualise and value community assets. Recognise and identify what matters the most.
Think about the future of the community members’ land and buildings.
 Use community latrines carefully and keep them clean for health and safety reasons.
Make an effort to report or repair anything damaged.

CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

Value of natural resources
 They are a source of wealth for example minerals, land and water.
 They are a source of food for example plants and animals.
 They are a source of fuel for vehicles.
 They provide raw materials for making goods.
 They provide heat, light and power for example coal and natural gas.
Ways of conserving natural resources
 Use less water.
 Turn off lights.
 Use renewable energy.
 Recycle, Reuse, Reduce (RRR).
 Composting.
 Choose reusable goods.
 Thrift shop: Buying second hand clothing and other items.
 Planting trees.
Endangered species
Are species that are likely to become extinct in the near future either worldwide or in a particular area. In Zimbabwe the python, black rhino and pangolin
are examples. Endangered species are protected by law and should not be killed.
Zimbabwe’s rarest animals are:- 1. Ardvark ‘Cape Anteater’ or ‘Earth Pig’. 2. Porcupine 3. Serval 4. Pangolin 5. Wild dog

TOPIC 8 : TRAFFIC AND ROAD SAFETY

PEDESTRIAN AND PASSENGER SAFETY
 Walk on sidewalks whenever available.
 If there are no sidewalks, face oncoming vehicles and as far as possible from traffic.
 Keep alert at all times.
 Don’t be distracted by electronic devices that take your eyes or ears off the road like cellphones and earphones.
 Use zebra crossings where available when crossing the road and be very careful.
 Distractions when walking on the roads can result in accidents leading to serious injury or death.
Safety precautions for passengers on animal drawn carts
o The carts should have two red rear reflectors and two white reflectors.
o It is safer not to travel at night.
o Keep to the left.
o Keep both hands on the reins unless you are signaling.
o Do not use a pavement or cycle track.
o Avoid round abouts, if you have no other choice keep to the left.
Cyclist safety
 Use cycle tracks where available.
 Do not be distracted by electronic devices like earphones.
 Wear a helmet.
 Always hold on the handle bar firmly and keep your feet on the pedals.
 Do not hold on to another vehicle or another cyclist.
 Do not ride too close behind another vehicle or cyclist.
 Do not carry anything that might affect your balance.
 Ride in a single file do not ride side by side.
Riding, leading and herding animals
Always keep them under control.
When riding a horse keep as far to the left of the road as possible.
Ride in a single file if you are with others.
If you are leading an animal you are a pedestrian so should walk facing oncoming traffic.
If you are travelling with a dog make sure it is trained or controlled so that it does not run into the road or better keep it on a leash.
Road signs, signals and markings
These are used for traffic control to provide a smooth, orderly flow of traffic. Traffic signals apply to drivers, motorcycle riders, bicyclists and pedestrians.
Road markings guide and warn drivers as well as regulate traffic. Road signs and markings can be classified into regulatory, warning and informative.
Importance of observing road signs, signals and markings
 They help prevent accidents.
 They provide valuable information to drivers and other road users.
 They present rules that are in place and keep you safe.
 They give warnings of things that aren’t necessarily obvious.
 They keep drivers, cyclists and pedestrians safe.
 They manage good traffic flow.
 They help you to get where you want to go as they provide valuable information.

REVISION TESTS

TEST 1
PAPER 1
TIME: 1 HOUR 45 MINUTES
Answer all questions

1. Relationship from the mother’s side is ….. A. extended B. maternal C. paternal D. temporary
2. All religions are the foundation of ….. and beliefs. A. moral values B. bad behavior C. wrong deeds D. false
3. Which of the following is not a type of family? A. nuclear B. extended C. polygamist D. child headed
4. Which one of the following is not a part of a nuclear household? A. mother B. brother C. sister D. niece
5. A brother or sister’s son is ….. A. an uncle B. a nephew C. a niece D. an aunt
6. All of the following are factors that contribute towards family dynamics except ….. A. love B. migration C. death D. divorce
7. Any object or animal that is a symbol for the whole tribe or clan is a ….. A. lineage B. taboo C. totem D. medium
8. Where was Muhammad born? A. Jerusalem B. Mecca C. Mosque D. Israel
9. Which of the following organisations caters for the welfare of those who are mentally handicapped? A. ZIMCARE TRUST B. Bumhudzo C.
Copota D. Jairos Jiri
10. Accepting other people’s beliefs is ….. A. love B. blasphemy C. tolerance D. loyalty
11. ….. churches believe in the works of the holy spirit. A. Missionary B. Pentecostal C. Catholic D. African
12. The Supreme being in Judaism is called ….. A. Yahweh B. Allah C. Brahma D. Jehovah
13. Where do Hindus worship? A. Synagogue B. Temple C. Church D. Mosque
14. ….. is not a characteristic of a good friend. A. Trustworthiness B. Faithfulness C. Dishonesty D. Loyalty
15. What happened at Pentecost? A. The holy spirit came B. Jesus was betrayed C. Israelites left Egypt D. Jesus was baptized
16. Which religion believes in trinity? A. Judaism B. Islam C. Indigenous D. Christionity
17. What is monotheism? A. The belief that there is no God B. The belief in one God C. The belief in God the father the son and the holy spirit
D. The belief in many gods.
18. Who founded Judaism? A. Muhammad B. Abraham C. Jesus Christ D. Gautama
19. Which of the five pillars of Islam talks about praying five times a day? A. The Shahada B. Salat C. Sawn D. Zakat
20. Which Islam religious practitioner calls people for prayer and works at the mosque? A. Muezzin B. Imam C. Ulama D. Mujahid
21. In indigenous religion eating one’s totem results in a person ….. A. getting mad B. having bad luck C. getting lost D. losing their teeth
22. The punishment a child gets for beating a mother is called ….. A. kutanda botso B. musengabere C. rusambo D. kurova guva
23. How many languages are officially recognized in Zimbabwe? A. 2 B. 10 C.16 D. 12
24. ….. is a way of life of a group of people. A. Belief B. Tribe C. Culture D. Heritage
25. The period when people are in a love relationship before marriage whilst getting to know each other is called ….. A. courtship B. proposal C.
token D. heirship
26. What is the age of consent to sex and marriage in Zimbabwe? A. 15 years B. 16 years C. 18 years D. 20 years
27. Sexual intercourse before marriage is called ….. A. premarital sex B. post marital sex C. abstinence D. courtship
28. When did the first Chimurenga start? A. 1980 B. 1896 C. 1897 D. 1966
29. When is Heroes day celebrated in Zimbabwe? A. 11 August B. 12 August C. Second Monday of August D. Second Tuesday of August
30. Who signed the agreement for unity in Zimbabwe on 22 December 1987? A. Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo B. Robert Mugabe and
Morgan Tsvangirai C. Robert Mugabe and Emmerson Munangagwa D. Robert Mugabe and Nelson Chamisa
31. Property left by someone when he/she is dead is called ….. A. an heir B. an estate C. a will D. an executor
32. Who directs distribution of an estate in indigenous heirship practices? A. executor B. elders C. lawyers D. will
33. Governance for the people by the people is called ….. A. democracy B. dictatorship C. autocratic D. monarchy
34. A type of government ruled by a king or a queen is called a ….. A. Democracy B. Dictatorsip C. Autocratic D. Monarchy
35. Which arm of government is made up of the President, Cabinet and civil servants? A. Judiciary B. Executive C. Legislature D. None of the
above
36. Who heads the Judiciary? A. Chief Justice B. Justice Minister C. Judge President D. Lawyers
37. Which country colonized Zimbabwe? A. Portugal B. France C. Britain D. China
38. Which of the following is NOT a communicable disease? A. Tuberculosis B. Cholera C. Covid-19 D. Diabetes
39. All of the following are endangered species in Zimbabwe except ….. A. black rhino B. pangolin C. zebra D. python
40. The period when someone grows from childhood to adulthood is called ….. A. maturity B. puberty C. teenager D. sexuality

TEST 2
1. Which of the following strengthens marriage?
A. honesty
B. disrespect
C. loneliness
D. prayerful

2. The picture below shows a wife serving food to her husband.

 Which respecting manner is being shown?
A. Sitting close to the husband
B. Smart dressing
C. Kneeling when serving food
D. Visiting her dining room

3. Which of the following believers wash before prayer?

A. Christians
B. Muslims
C. Indigenous Religion believers
D. Hindus

4. Nuclear family refers to

A. the whole clan.
B. one’s close family with two parents and their children.
C. the extended family.
D. a family with more than two parents.

5. The picture shows a religious ceremony.

Which religious activity is being performed in the picture?

A. funeral
B. baptism
C. healing
D. wedding

6. The picture below shows a zebra.

Which totem is associated with the picture shown above?

A. Ndlovu ,Nzou or Zhou clan
B. Mpofu ,Mhofu or Pofu clan
C. Duve , Dhuve or Dube clan
D. Sibanda or Shumba clan

7. The Khoisan depend on

A. hunting and cultivating
B. hunting and gathering
C. hunting and farming
D. running and sleeping

8. A muezzin is a religious practitioner in

A. Indigenous Religion
 B. Islam
C. Judaism
D. Christianity

9. The festival of Ramadan is about

A. Celebrating the birth of Muhammad
B. Fasting of Muslims in respect of Allah
C. Outreach preaching sessions
D. premarital induction for Islamic adolescents

10. Who buried Jesus Christ?

A. Simon of Cyrene
B. Joseph of Aramathea
C. Judas Iscariot
D. Cleopas and his friend

11. The Pentateuch comprises books of

A. wisdom
B. law
C. songs
D. prophesy

12. Opportunities between men and women can be balanced by

A. offering equal jobs to both sexes.
B. letting women wear trousers as well.
C. praying for family stabilisation everywhere.
D. reminding men that they were primarily catered for by women.

13. The following are types of sexual abuse except

A. rape
B. texting sexual messages
C. showing love to minors
D. showing pornographic images to minors

14. At school, who are the learners’ stewards?

A. their parents
B. their prefects
C. their teachers
D. their religious leaders

15. Makanaka lost her parents when she was still a child. No relative wants to look after her. She desperately needs help.
What is the role that can be played by the Matthew Rusike Trust?
A. use her as a laborer
B. sympathise with her
C. take her to the orphanage
D. encourage her to work hard

16. A spirit medium is

A. an avenging spirit
B. a person who is possessed by an ancestor
C. an alien spirit
D. animal used as a totem

17. Kosher refers to

A. the ten commandments
B. circumcision
C. Sabbath
D. Jewish dietary law

18. Which of the following is a negative attitude towards people with

HIV/AIDS?
A. not sharing medication with them
B. involving them in recreational activities
C. supplying them with balanced diet
D. Reassuring them that the Supreme Being is capable of helping them in their healing.

19. What is the national symbol shown by the diagram below?

 A. National Coat of Arms
B. Zimbabwe bird
C. Zimbabwe national flag
D. National anthem

20. According to medical doctors , those who stop taking AIDS medication after prayer risk
A. complete recovery.
B. death.
C. gradual recovery.
D. freedom from sin.

21. The Lancaster House Conference was held in

A. 1980
B. 1890
C. 1979
D. 2009

22. Mrs Murehwa is an A2 farmer. She gets most of her profits from growing cash crops. Which one is a major cash crop in Zimbabwe?
A. barley
B. tobacco
C. maize
D. cotton

23. The diagram shows a type of a shelter.

The shelter is found in

A. Mozambique
B. Zimbabwe
C. Russia
D. Qatar

24. The picture below shows a chair.

 Which method is used to manufacture the basket?
A. carving
B. weaving
C. grinding
D. molding

25. The best mode of transport to move coal from Hwange to Harare is by
A. pipeline
B. road
C. rail
D. air

26. Above is a picture showing learners fighting at school.

What makes learners fight at school?
A. harmony
B. bullying
C. intelligence
D. having the same religious backgrounds

27. Who founded the Mutapa State?

A. Kaguvi
B. Mavhura
C. Nyatsimba Mutota
D. Changamire Dombo
28. A person cannot be a citizen of Zimbabwe by
A. birth
B. descent
C. voting
D. registration

29. The best way to send a message to a hunter in a remote part

of the country is through
A. facsimile
B. registered mail
C. email
D. cellular phone

30. What is desertification?

A. desert
B. siltation
C. creation of desert conditions
D. reclaiming gullies

31. A government voted by people for the people is

 A. an apartheid
B. a democracy
C. a capitalist
D. a dictatorship

32. The property of a deceased person is called

A. debts
B. an estate
C. buildings
D. a will

33. The Motto ‘Unity Freedom Work’ is found on the

A. National flag
B. National anthem
C. National flower
D. National Coat of Arms

34. The map shows a tourist destination in Zimbabwe.

Which tourist destination is marked X on the map?

A. Kariba
B. Matopos
C. Victoria Falls
D. Hwange

35. Why are skilled workers paid more money than unskilled workers?
A. to produce an upper class
B. only skilled workers are of use in the community
C. so that they can buy cars
D. because they are more knowledgeable

36. The Olympic games were first played or done in

A. Zimbabwe
B. Britain
C. Greece
D. China

37. The diagram below represents traditional levels of leadership.

Chief

Headman

The sign marked X in the leadership chain represents

 A. village head
B. family head
C. school head
D. cell head [Turn over]
38. “As a nation , we need to have hope and confidence that we are going to overcome all the economic challenges we are facing.”
This statement shows
A. determination
B. optimism
C. resourcefulness
D. respect

39. Sexual abuse is forcing someone to take part in

A. school activities
B. sexual activities
C. homework activities
D. garden activities

40. Which of the following is not a good hygiene habit?

A. skipping baths regularly
B. bathing regularly
C. brushing teeth regularly
D. washing hands regularly

TEST 3

CHIHOMUMAKOSITEI CLUSTER
SOCIAL SCIENCE PAPER 1 TEST
GRADE 7 MID YEAR 2022
TIME: 1 hour 30 minutes

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

 When you are told to start choose one correct answer from the suggested answers A, B, C or D and answer on a separate piece of
paper.
 Answer all questions.

1. Which one of the following is not a type of family? A. indigenous B. extended C. nuclear D. polygamous
2. What should you do when talking to elders in indigenous religion? A. stand at attention B. kneel down C. clap your hands D.
look aside
3. The handicapped are people who are…….. A. ignorant B. disabled C. old D. poor
4. Emotions are feelings an example of an emotion is …… A. smart B. dance C. anger D. lie
5. The month of fasting in Islam is ……. A. Ramadan B. Pilgrimage C. Hajj D. March
6. In indigenous religion disputes in the village can be solved by the ……. A. chief B.headman C. village head D. judges
7. Jesus was nailed at a place called Golgotha what does Golgotha mean? A. The place of death B. A holy place C. A place for
hanging sinners D. Place of the skull
8. Who founded Judaism? A. Abraham B. Muhammad C. Jesus D. Peter
9. A person who calls people to prayer in Islam is ……… A. Mujahid B. Ulama C. Muezzin D. imam
10. Relations from your father’s side are ……. A. paternal B. maternal C. lineage D. clan
11. Which one of the following is not a right of a child? A. education B. identity C. food D. doing anything they want
12. A child who shares his belongings with other pupils at school is …….. A. selfish B. generous C. rich D. poor
13. Due to the advent of technology religious denominations can screen their services on …… A, sign posts B. television C. windows
D. posters
14. Taking alcohol and drugs such as cocaine is ……. abuse. A. child B. sexual C. alcohol D. drug
15. A gender role usually carried out by a woman is ……. A. cutting firewood B. hearding cattle C. sweeping the yard D. ploughing
the fields
16. The best way to prevent the spread of H.I.V and AIDS is ……. A. abstinence B. use of condoms C. having one partner D. going to
church
17. Which one of the following artefacts is used in indigenous religion? A. prayer mat B. clay pot C. portrait D. rosary
18. Chipo is living with an uncle who usually touches her private parts and fondles her breasts. What form of abuse is it? A. emotional
B. sexual C. physical D. neglect
19. An effect of H.I.V and AIDS is …….. A. Improved lifestyle B. Increase in population C. increase in love affairs D. increase in child
headed families
20. On which side of the road should a pedestrian walk? A. right side B. left side C. any side D. in the midst
21. Which one of the following is not a communicable disease ? A. chicken pox B. cholera C. cancer D. influenza
22. Which one of the following is a natural heritage ? A. Great Zimbabwe B. Kariba dam C. Chinhoyi caves D. National Heroes
Acre
23. The rainmaking ceremony in indegenous religion is called …… A. humwe / ilima B. mukwerera / hosanna C. zunderamambo
/isiphalasenkosi D. kutamba /umdhalo
24. A spiritual leader in indigenous religion who was killed by hanging was ……. A. Sekuru Kaguvi B. Chaminuka C. Mbuya Nehanda
D. Mapondera

25. What does the hoe and gun on the diagram above represent? A. Unity among people B. transition from war to peace C.hope for
the future

26. The type of shelter above is used by …….. A. Egyptian Kings B. Red Indians C. Eskimos D. The Khoisan
27. Which group of the needy are taken care of at Copota School in Masvingo? A. deaf B. crippled C. blind D. orphans
28. How many provinces are metropolitan in Zimbabwe? A. 3 B. 2 C. 10 D. 8
29. When did the second chimurenga start ? A. 1966 B. 1896 C. 1890 D. 1960
30. Which language is universal? A. English B. Sign C. French D. Shona
31. Who prints and issues money to the banks? A. ZESA B. RBZ C.ZINWA D. GMB
32. Electricity generated from flowing water is known as ……. A. thermal electricity B.hydro-electricity C. solar electricity D. bio-
electricity
33. The natural disaster which affected mainly Chimanimani area in 2019 was ……. A. an earthquake B. Cyclone Eline C. Cyclone Idai
D. Cyclone Japhet

34. River A on Zimbabwe’s Southern border on the map above is ……. A. Limpopo B. Zambezi C. Runde D. Save
35. The fastest mode of communication from the one below is ……. A. letter B. cellphone C. telegram D. messenger
36. Who makes laws in Zimbabwe? A. Members of Parliament B. Chiefs C. Judiciary D. Councillors
37. Which one is a leisure activity? A. watering B. weeding C. building D. watching television
38. Which crop is grown mainly in Chiredzi? A. maize B. tobacco C. sugar cane D. wheat
39. When was the Lancaster house agreement signed? A. 1966 B. 1979 C. 1980 D. 1987
40. Which one of the following is a national celebration? A. Christmas Day B. Easter Day C. Heroes Day D. New Year’s Day

GUCHICHI CLUSTER
GRADE SEVEN EXAMINATIONS, 2021
SOCIAL SCIENCE PAPER 1 TIME: 1hour 45 minutes
1. A group of people who are related through blood, marriage or adoption is a..........
A. squad B. family C. community D. village
2. Who is responsible for providing protection and security for the family?
A. Uncle B. Children C. Aunt D. Parent
3. All of the following are developmental changes in puberty except...................
A. physical B. social C. emotional D. mental
4. The following are vulnerable groups in the community except...................
A. aged B. street kids C. Orphans D. children with parents
5. Concerning totems, which of the statements is true?
A. they are unchangeable B. they control people’s lives
C. they are community based D. they are introduced by the Supreme Being
6. Who assisted Jesus Christ in carrying his cross to Golgotha?
A. Simon of Cyrene B. Joseph C. Peter D. Joseph of Arimathea
7. Which of these is considered immoral?
A. helping others B. Tolerance C. caring D. Bullying

8. The above picture shows a religious artefact for which religion?

A. Christianity B. Judaism C. indigenous religion D. Islamic

9. When Jesus ascended to heaven, whom did he leave in charge of the church?
A. Elijah B. Peter C. Elisha D. Gabriel
10. Most religions believe that faith is expressed by..............
A. singing B. knowledge C. believing D. attending religious services
11. Children living in streets are being denied the right to............
A. parents B. Clothing C. Shelter D. life
12.

A glue B Choats C milk D Coffee

Which of the above is an example of substance abuse?
13.
14.
15. Whom should the teacher assign to sweep the classroom?
A. girls only B. boys only C. both boys and girls D. adult only
16. The term ‘holy trinity’ refers to..........
A. God the father, Jesus the son and the Holy Spirit B. Peter, James and John

C. prophet, pastor and apostles D. Joseph the father Mary the mother and Jesus the son

17. The act of making something sexual attractive is called.............

A. reproductive B. intimacy C. Identity D. sexualisation
18. Continuing arguing with someone is a sign that..........has not been reached.
A. conflict B. an agreement C. an ill treatment D. an abuse
19. A health habit is............
A. long life expectancy B. a disease preventing method
C. maintaining a healthy body D. cutting one’s finger nails
20. A dentist can be classified as..........
A. Semi-skilled worker B. skilled worker C. unskilled worker D. genuine worker
21. Why do learners work at school?
A. it is child labour B. to punish them C. to train them for life D. to get money
22. Roads in remote rural areas of the country are important because they ............
A. are good at low speeds B. are safe and cheap
C. are tarred and traffic is new D. link places and help in development
23. The fastest mode of transport is...........
A. air B. rail C. road D. sea
24. Cars, buses, trucks and lorries use the.............
A. water B. road C. Air D. rail
25. Mrs Moyo lost her money through burglary into her house. She is encouraged to keep her money safe in a.............. A.
church B. shop C. wallet D. bank
26. Which of these minerals is used to make jewellery?
A. copper B. diamonds C. coal D. asbestos
27. Who benefits from voluntary work services?
A. woman B. Children C. men D. the vulnerable
28. Why are most round huts in rural areas thatched with grass?
A. grass is brittle B. grass is cheap and easy to get C. grass is sonorous D.
people hate asbestos or iron sheets
29. Which disease has contributed to increase in orphans in communities?
A. Cancer B. diarrhoea C. HIV and AIDS D. Covid 19
30. One problem caused by unemployment is...............
A. increased crime rate B. poor pass rate C. child marriages D. high mortality rate
31. Government workers are called............
A. semi-skilled workers B. messengers C. civil servants D. unskilled workers
32. One modern way of tying the knot is..............
A. elopement B. child pledging C. white wedding D. musengabere
33. What is courtship?
A .preparing for a wedding B. preparation for marriage C. marriage D. honeymoon
34. Indigenous languages are languages..........
A. spoken by local people B. spoken by foreigners
C. borrowed from other cultures D. sign language
35. The moral attribute of a person is called........
A. unhu or ubuntu B. gender C. Citizenship D. rights
36. The following are menstrual stages except ..................
A. ovulation B. puberty C. luteal D. follicular
37. Blind people can read work written in...........
A. Braille B. textbook C. chart D. newspaper
38. What name is given to games that are played outside buildings?
A. indigenous games B. modern games C. indoor games D. outdoor games
39. The following are luxury needs except ............
A. beer B. luxury car C. food D. entertainment
40. Which of the following is a solution to desertification?
A. reforestation B. poaching C. soil erosion D. stream bank cultivation
 Candidate Name Centre Number Candidate Number

Section A
Answer all questions.
FOR EXAMINER’S USE
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section A
1
Section B
Answer any three questions. 2
3
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. 4
5
Section C
Section B
Answer any two questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.

Section C

TOTAL
 Section A
Answer all questions in this section.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.

1 Mr Ziga is from a nuclear family and their totem is an eland.

(a) Name Mr Ziga’s totem.
_________________________________________________ [1]
(b) What is a totem?
_________________________________________________ [1]
(c) Give any other type of family that exists in communities.
___________________________________________________ [1]
(d) State why domestic animals are a valuable family possession.
___________________________________________________ [1]
(e) Suggest why totems are important in the community.
____________________________________________________ [1]

2 (a) What is sexual abuse?

___________________________________________________ [1]
(b) Give any one way a person can be sexually abused.
____________________________________________________ [1]
(c) List one substance which can be abused.
____________________________________________________ [1]
(d) Give one reason why learners get into drug and substance abuse.
__________________________________________________ __ [1]
(e) Identify one way in which a community can assist people who
abuse substances.
________________________________________________ [1]
3 (a) State any one pre-colonial state other than Great Zimbabwe.
_______________________________________________________ [1]
(b) Where did the Ndebele people first attack the white settlers?
________________________________________________________ [1]
(c) State one cause of the first Chimurenga/Umvukela.
________________________________________________________ [1]
(d) Give one benefit of the second Chimurenga.
_________________________________________________________ [1]
(e) Name the highest Indigenous Court in Zimbabwe.
________________________________________________________ [1]

4 National tourists destinations should be preserved for the benefit of

the present and future generations.
 (a) (i) Name any one national tourist destination.
___________________________________________________ [1]
(ii) State any one way of preserving tourist destinations.
____________________________________________________ [1]
(b) Identify one effect of veld fires on the environment.
__________________________________________________ ___ [1]
(c) What is afforestation?
____________________________________________________ [1]
(d)NSSA collects 10% as pension contribution from workers per
month. How much does a person who earns $500 per month pay
to NSSA?
____________________________________________________ [1]

5 The picture shows a girl brushing teeth.

(a) State one reason of brushing teeth.

________________________________________________________ [1]
(b) What is personal hygiene?
_________________________________________________________ [1]
(c) Give any one bad habit.
________________________________________________________ [1]
(d) How can gender equality be promoted
E. at home?
______________________________________________________ [1]
F. at school?
____________________________________________________ [1]

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 Section B
Answer any three questions in this section.

Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.

6 (a) Which parable of Jesus Christ teaches not to give up, continue asking,
praying or worshipping.
______________________________________________________ [1]
(b) Which religious practitioner is responsible for spreading the word of
God and conversion of new members?
_______________________________________________________ [1]
(c) Identify any one way through which Christians worship.
_________________________________________________________ [1]
(d) What does baptism symbolizes in Christianity?
________________________________________________________ [1]
(e) Give one ritual practice done by Christians on burial.
_______________________________________________________ [1]

7 (a) Who is the founder of Islam?

______________________________________________________ [1]
(b) Name one pillar of Islam.
______________________________________________________ [1]
(c) Sunni is one of the two groups in Islam religion. Name the other
main group.
_______________________________________________________ [1]
(d) Identify any one teaching of Islam.
_______________________________________________________ [1]
(e) A practitioner who analyses the Quran is called

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 _____________________________________________________
[1]

8 (a) State the commandment which has a reward.

________________________________________________________ [1]
(b) Who was given the Ten Commandments?
________________________________________________________ [1]
(c) Name the Holy Day in Judaism.
__________________________________________________________ [1]
(d) Is it True or False that the Jews regard themselves as God’s
chosen people?
________________________________________________________ [1]
(e) Which book in the Bible describes the movement of the Israelites
from Egypt to Canaan?
________________________________________________________ [1]
9 (a) State any one ceremonial artefact in indigenous religion.
_______________________________________________________ [1]
(b) If people of the same totem marry, it is referred as
________________________________________________________ [1]
(c) State any one role played by national ancestors in Zimbabwe.
_______________________________________________________ [1]
(d) What is the name of practitioners who lead rituals for requesting for
rain.
________________________________________________________ [1]
(e) Identify any one penalty for disrespecting the environment in indigenous
religion.
_______________________________________________________ [1]

10 (a) HIV can be contracted in many ways.

(i) State any one way through which HIV can be spread.

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 _________________________________________________
[1]
(ii) Give any one Sexually Transmitted Infection apart from HIV.
_____________________________________________
[1]
(iii) What do you think should be done to reduce the spread
of HIV and AIDS?
________________________________________________
[1]
(b) State any one circle of sexuality.
_____________________________________________________ [1]
(c) What is sexuality?
_____________________________________________________ [1]
Section C
Answer any two questions in this section.

Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.

11 (a) The picture shows a map of Zimbabwe.

(i) Which heritage site is found at A?

__________________________________________________ [1]
(ii) How many world heritage sites are there in Zimbabwe?
__________________________________________________ [1]
(iii) Give any one cultural way of preserving heritage sites.
__________________________________________________ [1]
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 (b) In which province do we find Mana Pools?
___________________________________________________ [1]

(c) Name any heritage site of Zimbabwe that is outside Zimbabwe.

______________________________________________________ [1]

12 (a) (i) Define migration.

_______________________________________________________ [1]
(ii) Name one type of migration.
_______________________________________________________ [1]
(iii) Identify one cause of migration which is a pull factor.
_______________________________________________________ [1]
(b) Explain the role the following persons perform during the voting process.
(i) police officer
____________________________________________ __________
[1]
(ii) presiding officer
____________________________________________________
[1]

13 (a) Give any one cause of Second Chimurenga.

__________________________________________________ [1]
(b) In which year was Zimbabwe colonised?
_______________________________________________________ [1]
(c) State any one importance of the National School Pledge.
_______________________________________________________ [1]
(d) Give one reason why SADC was formed.
_______________________________________________________ [1]
(e) State one benefit of the Land Reform Programme in Zimbabwe.
_______________________________________________________ [1]

14 (a) What is the name given to people who offer themselves to

provide free service to the community.
_______________________________________________________ [1]
(b) Give an example of a social club.
_______________________________________________________ [1]
(c) State one role played by social clubs.
_______________________________________________________ [1]
(d) Define noise pollution.
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 _______________________________________________________ [1]
(e) Give one suggestion of how to reduce noise pollution.
____________________________________________________ [1]

Candidate Name Centre Number Candidate Number

CHIHOMUMAKOSITEI CLUSTER
SOCIAL SCIENCE PAPER 2
GRADE 7 MID-YEAR TEST
GRADE 7 2022 Time: 1 hour 30 minutes

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

SECTION A
Answer all questions.

SECTION B
Answer any three questions.

SECTION C
Answer any two questions

 Write your answers in the spaces provided on the

Spaces provided on the question paper

SECTION A MARK
1
2
3
4
5
SECTION B
6
7
8
9
10
SECTION C
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 11
12
13
14
TOTAL

SECTION A
Answer all questions in this section

1. Samuel lives with his father, mother a brother and two sisters.
a) Name the type of Samuel’s family _____________________________________________ (1)

b) Which type of family includes cousins, uncles, aunts and grandparents?

___________________________________________________________________________ (1)

c) A man with more than one wife is a ____________________________________________ (1)

d) Which religion was started by Jesus Christ ? ______________________________________ (1)

e) Give one cause of conflict in the community. ______________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________ (1)

2 a) One form of sexual abuse is __________________________________________________ (1)

b) Effects of sexual abuse include:- i) ______________________________________________ (1)

ii) ________________________________________________________________________ (1)

c) In indigenous religion which two relatives play an important part in courtship?

i) ________________________________ ii)______________________________________ (2)

3 a) Who was the first Portuguese missionary in Zimbabwe? _____________________________ (1)

b) Zimbabwe’s motto on the Coat of Arms is _________________________________________ (1)

c) Give one place where the national flag is seen flying? (1) _____________________________ (1)

d) The National School Pledge teaches pupils to be _____________________________________ (1)

e) In which year was the OAU now AU formed? ________________________________________ (1)

4a) One natural resource is _________________________________________________________ (1)

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 b) How can we protect vegetation around us from wild fires _____________________________ (1)

c) When is the National tree planting day? ___________________________________________ (1)

d) What is the meaning of EMA? ___________________________________________________ (1)

e) One effect of veld fires in our environment is _______________________________________ (1)

5a) An example of an unhealthy practice is ___________________________________________ (1)

b) Examples of water borne diseases include :- i) _____________________________________ (1)

ii) _____________________________________ (1)

c) What does the parable of the Good Samaritan teach? _______________________________

___________________________________________________________________________ (1)

d) Zimbabwe’s largest foreign currency earner is ______________________________________ (1)

SECTION B
Answer any three questions in this section

6a) Which disciple betrayed Jesus? ________________________________________________ (1)

b) What is a parable? __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________ (1)

c) What does the parable of the Good Samaritan teach? ______________________________

___________________________________________________________________________ (1)

d) What does baptism symbolize? __________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________ (1)

e) Who helped Jesus carry the cross on the day that he was crucified? _____________________

____________________________________________________________________________ (1)

7a) The holy book in Judaism is the? ________________________________________________ (1)

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 b) Name one Jewish festival. _____________________________________________________ (1)

c) Name the religious symbol above. _____________________________________________ (1)

d) To whom was the Quran revealed? ____________________________________________ (1)

e) Give one pillar in Islamic religion. ______________________________________________ (1)

8a) Which religion has no founder? ________________________________________________ (1)

b) Name any one place of worship in indigenous religion. _____________________________ (1)

c) Day of rest in indigenous religion is _____________________________________________ (1)

d) The name of the supreme being in Judaism is _____________________________________ {1}

e) Unclean or forbidden food in Islam is called _______________________________________ (1)

9a) An example of a sacred place in indigenous religion is _______________________________ (1)

b) Religious practitioners in Judaism include ________________________________________ (1)

c) Man made heritage sites in Zimbabwe include _____________________________________ (1)

d) One Christian denomination is __________________________________________________ (1)

e) What is monotheism? _________________________________________________________ (1)

10a) Give one cause of contracting H.I.V ______________________________________________ (1)

b) One way of preventing the spread of H.I.V is _______________________________________ (1)

c) People with H.I.V are helped to manage their condition through the use of _______________

____________________________________________________________________________ (1)

d) Examples of vulnerable people in the community include i) ____________________________ (1)

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 ii) __________________________________________________________________________ (1)

SECTION C
Answer any two questions in this section.

11a) In modern heirship property of the deceased can be shared using a ______________________ (1)

b) The person who helps to distribute an estate in after being appointed by family members is an

_____________________________________________________________________________ (1)

c) A person who inherits the deceased’s property is an ___________________________________ (1)

d) The chief justice is appointed by the ________________________________________________ (1)

e) The forms of punishment on offenders given by the law courts include ____________________

_____________________________________________________________________________ (1)

12a) Two factors to consider when siting shelter are :- i) ____________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________ (1)

ii) ______________________________________________________________________________ (1)

b) Give one reason why we need shelter. _______________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________ (1)

c) Natural disasters that can destroy shelter include _____________________________________ (1)

13a) One cause of the first Chimurenga was ______________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________ (1)

b) In the Rudd Concession Lobengula was promised i) _____________________________________ (1)

ii) _____________________________________________________________________________ (1)

c) What did the Europeans want in Africa when they came to colonise it ______________________

______________________________________________________________________________ (1)

d) One country in SADC is ___________________________________________________________ (1)

14a) Two examples of diseases children are immunized against are i) __________________________ (1)

ii) _____________________________________________________________________________ (1)

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 b) What is the function of the part labelled X on the blair toilet above? _____________________
_____________________________________________________________________________ (1)

c) One change in girls at puberty is __________________________________________________ (1)

d) Organisations that help abused children include _____________________________________ (1)

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