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 Advanced Materials for
Sustainable Environmental
Remediation
 Advanced Materials for
Sustainable Environmental
Remediation
Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments

Edited by

Dimitrios A. Giannakoudakis
Assistant Professor, Institute of Physical Chemistry of Polish Academy of
Sciences, Greece

Lucas Meili
Professor, Center of Technology, Federal University of Alagoas, Brazil

Ioannis Anastopoulos
Assistant Professor at the Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina,
Arta, Greece
Contents

Contributors............................................................................................................................... xix
About the editors..................................................................................................................... xxvii
Note from the editors................................................................................................................ xxix
Acknowledgments...................................................................................................................xxxiii
CHAPTER 1 Trends in advanced materials for sustainable environmental
remediation.....................................................................................1
Vanish Kumar, Sherif A. Younis, Kumar Vikrant and Ki-Hyun Kim
1.1 Environmental pollution and role of materials in its remediation ............................. 1
1.2 Strategies for environmental remediation ............................................................... 2
1.3 Present challenges and future prospects for utilization of advanced materials
in sustainable environmental remediation.............................................................20
Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 21
References..........................................................................................................22
CHAPTER 2 Potential of MOF-based novel adsorbents for the removal of
aquatic pollutants.........................................................................29
Prangan Duarah, Dibyajyoti Haldar and Mihir Kumar Purkait
2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................29
2.2 Various forms of aquatic pollutants......................................................................30
2.3 Traditional approaches for the treatment of aquatic pollutants ............................... 31
2.4 Overview of MOFs ............................................................................................. 34
2.4.1 Properties of MOFs and its synthesis ........................................................ 34
2.4.2 MOFs as an adsorbent..............................................................................35
2.5 Applications of MOFs for the treatment of aquatic pollutants................................36
2.5.1 Application of MOFs for the adsorption of heavy metals............................36
2.5.2 MOFs for the adsorption of pharmaceuticals and personal products............39
2.5.3 MOFs for the adsorption of pesticides and other organic compounds..........39
2.6 Large-scale production of the MOFs....................................................................40
2.7 Challenges and future directives .......................................................................... 41
Conclusions........................................................................................................42
References..........................................................................................................42
CHAPTER 3 Metal-organic frameworks for the prolific purification of
hazardous airborne pollutants.......................................................47
K.L. Tan and K.Y. Foo
3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................47
3.2 Structural features of MOFs ................................................................................ 47

vii
viii Contents

3.3 Synthesis of MOFs ............................................................................................. 49

3.4 Adsorptive purification of airborne pollutants.......................................................50
3.4.1 Toxic industrial gas..................................................................................63
3.4.2 Volatile organic compound (VOC)............................................................69
3.4.3 Greenhouse gas ....................................................................................... 72
3.4.4 Particulate matter.....................................................................................75
3.4.5 Radioactive nuclide..................................................................................76
3.4.6 Hg0 .........................................................................................................77
3.4.7 Chemical warfare agent............................................................................78
3.5 Innovative strategies for performance enhancement .............................................. 82
3.5.1 Chemical functionalization.......................................................................82
3.5.2 Pore size and shape control ...................................................................... 83
3.5.3 MOF-derived composites ......................................................................... 84
3.6 Comparison with commercial adsorbents ............................................................. 85
3.7 Regeneration and reusability................................................................................87
3.8 Prospects and challenges.....................................................................................89
3.9 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 90
References..........................................................................................................90
CHAPTER 4 MOF-based materials as soil amendments...................................105
Kowsalya Vellingiri, Vanish Kumar and Ligy Philip
4.1 Introduction......................................................................................................105
4.2 Classification and toxicity of soil pollutants........................................................106
4.2.1 Heavy metals.........................................................................................106
4.2.2 Organophosphorus pesticides..................................................................107
4.2.3 Polychlorinated biphenyls ...................................................................... 108
4.2.4 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons .................................................................... 108
4.2.5 Endocrine disruptors .............................................................................. 109
4.3 Overview of available methods to identify/remove soil pollutants........................109
4.3.1 Preconcentration techniques ................................................................... 110
4.3.2 Sensing applications...............................................................................111
4.3.3 Treatment techniques for soil pollutants .................................................. 112
4.4 Prerequisite structural advantages of MOFs and their composites for the
remediation and quantification of soil contaminants............................................113
4.4.1 Synthesis and fabrication process of MOFs for extraction of soil
pollutant................................................................................................116
4.4.2 Synthesis of MOFs for sensing applications ............................................ 119
4.5 MOFs as an efficient tool for soil remediation.....................................................122
4.5.1 Extraction of soil contaminants...............................................................122
4.5.2 Adsorption ............................................................................................ 134
 Contents ix

4.5.3 Sensing applications...............................................................................136

4.6 Confronts and future scope of this technology .................................................... 140
Conclusions......................................................................................................141
References........................................................................................................144
CHAPTER 5 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as a catalyst for advanced
oxidation processes—Micropollutant removal.............................155
Juliana John, Kheerthana Ramesh and
Padmanaban Velayudhaperumal Chellam
5.1 Introduction......................................................................................................155
5.2 Methods of synthesis.........................................................................................157
5.2.1 Hydro/solvothermal method ................................................................... 157
5.2.2 Microwave-assisted synthesis ................................................................. 158
5.2.3 Ultrasound-assisted synthesis ................................................................. 159
5.2.4 Electrochemical synthesis.......................................................................159
5.2.5 Mechanochemical synthesis ................................................................... 159
5.2.6 Slow evaporation synthesis.....................................................................159
5.2.7 Postsynthesis process involving in the generation of active MOF..............160
5.3 MOFs and their derivatives................................................................................160
5.3.1 MOFs....................................................................................................160
5.3.2 Carbon composites.................................................................................160
5.3.3 Metal oxides..........................................................................................161
5.3.4 MOF composites....................................................................................161
5.3.5 Hybrid MOFs by carbonization...............................................................161
5.4 Applications of MOFs in AOP...........................................................................164
5.4.1 Ozonation..............................................................................................164
5.4.2 Photocatalysis........................................................................................164
5.4.3 Sonolysis (ultrasound)............................................................................166
5.4.4 Fenton reaction......................................................................................166
5.4.5 Electrochemical oxidation......................................................................167
5.4.6 Sulfate radical–based AOP ..................................................................... 167
5.5 Strategies to improve performance of MOFs.......................................................168
5.6 Stability and reusability.....................................................................................168
Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 169
References........................................................................................................170
CHAPTER 6 Engineering structured metal-organic frameworks for
environmental applications.........................................................175
Alan A. Rico-Barragán, Eduardo Soto-Regalado,
Sandra Pioquinto-García and Nancy E. Dávila-Guzmán
6.1 Introduction......................................................................................................175
x Contents

6.2 Spheres.............................................................................................................176
6.3 Pellets .............................................................................................................. 178
6.4 Monoliths.........................................................................................................180
6.5 3D-printed monoliths ........................................................................................ 185
Conclusions and further outlook ........................................................................ 190
References........................................................................................................191
CHAPTER 7 Aerogel, xerogel, and cryogel: Synthesis, surface chemistry,
and properties—Practical environmental applications and the
future developments....................................................................195
Nilay Gizli, Selay Sert Çok and Fatoş Koç
7.1 Introduction......................................................................................................195
7.2 Preparation and affecting synthesis parameters of aerogels, cryogels,
and xerogels ..................................................................................................... 196
7.2.1 Sol preparation and gel formation...........................................................196
7.2.2 Aging....................................................................................................199
7.2.3 Surface modification .............................................................................. 200
7.2.4 Drying...................................................................................................201
7.3 Features and applications of aerogels, cryogels, and xerogels .............................. 203
7.3.1 Chemical characteristics—Hydrophilic/hydrophobicity properties............203
7.3.2 Morphological properties ....................................................................... 204
7.3.3 Thermal conductivity ............................................................................. 204
7.3.4 Optical properties .................................................................................. 204
7.3.5 Acoustic properties ................................................................................ 204
7.3.6 Electrical properties ............................................................................... 205
7.3.7 Mechanical properties............................................................................205
7.4 Surface chemistry of aerogels, cryogels, and xerogels.........................................205
7.5 Environmental applications of aerogels, cryogels, and xerogels ........................... 209
7.5.1 Air cleaning applications........................................................................209
7.5.2 Water treatment applications...................................................................212
7.5.3 Catalytic applications.............................................................................216
Conclusion and future development ................................................................... 217
References........................................................................................................218
CHAPTER 8 Nanoscale cellulose and nanocellulose-based aerogels..............229
Aneeba Chaudary, Tayba Chudhary, Mohammed Kayes Patoary,
Meiling Zhang, Shuai Jiang, Mengmeng Li and Lifang Liu
8.1 Introduction......................................................................................................229
8.2 Cellulose and nanocellulose...............................................................................230
8.2.1 Source and structure of cellulose and nanoscale cellulose (NC)................230
8.2.2 Extraction of cellulose and nanoscale cellulose........................................233
 Contents xi

8.2.3 Classification and characteristics of nanoscale cellulose...........................236

8.3 Nanocellulose-based aerogels............................................................................237
8.3.1 Characteristics of nanocellulose-based aerogels.......................................239
8.3.2 Fabrication of nanocellulose-based aerogels............................................240
8.4 Applications of nanoscale cellulose....................................................................243
8.4.1 Application of nanocellulose-based aerogels ........................................... 244
8.4.2 Other application areas...........................................................................249
8.5 Perspective and outlook.....................................................................................250
8.6 Summary..........................................................................................................250
References........................................................................................................251
CHAPTER 9 Sol-gel–derived silica xerogels: Synthesis, properties,
and their applicability for removal of hazardous pollutants..........261
Dorota Pietras-Ożga, Katarzyna Piatkowska-Sawczuk,
˛ Gabriela Duro,
Bernard Pawlak, Nataliya Stolyarchuk, Veronika Tomina, Inna Melnyk,
Dimitrios A. Giannakoudakis and Mariusz Barczak
9.1 Introduction and overview of sol-gel method......................................................261
9.2 Engineering the porosity and surface chemistry of silica xerogels........................265
9.3 Adsorptive removal of hazardous pollutants........................................................267
9.3.1 Metal extraction.....................................................................................268
9.3.2 Organic wastes removal..........................................................................270
9.3.3 Adsorption of gases and vapors...............................................................272
9.4 Summary and outlook ....................................................................................... 273
References........................................................................................................273
CHAPTER 10 Processing of hybrid TiO2 semiconducting materials and their
environmental application...........................................................277
Sajan Ponnappa Chimmikuttanda, Amol Naik, Maxwell Selase Akple,
and Rupesh Singh
10.1 Introduction......................................................................................................277
10.2 Methods for the processing of hybrid TiO2 .........................................................278
10.2.1 Synthesis of hybrid TiO2 using hydrothermal method .............................. 278
10.2.2 Synthesis of hybrid TiO2 using solvothermal method...............................278
10.2.3 Synthesis of hybrid TiO2 using sol-gel method........................................279
10.2.4 Synthesis of hybrid TiO2 using chemical vapor deposition
(CVD) method.......................................................................................280
10.2.5 Synthesis of hybrid TiO2 using the microwave method.............................280
10.3 Processing of hybrid TiO2 nanomaterials............................................................280
10.3.1 1D, 2D, and 3D hybrid TiO2 materials .................................................... 280
10.3.2 Processing of TiO2 composite materials .................................................. 282
10.3.3 Processing of doped TiO2 .......................................................................284
xii Contents

10.3.4 TiO2 doped with metal ........................................................................... 284

10.3.5 TiO2 doped with nonmetal......................................................................284
10.3.6 Processing of quantum dots deposited/modified TiO2 ...............................285
10.4 Environmental application of hybrid TiO2 nanoparticles ..................................... 288
10.4.1 Application of hybrid TiO2 in water purification......................................288
10.4.2 Application of hybrid TiO2 in hydrogen generation..................................289
10.4.3 Application of hybrid TiO2 in air purification/reduction
of carbon dioxide (CO2 ).........................................................................290
10.4.4 Application of hybrid TiO2 in mineralization of chemical warfare agents..291
10.4.5 Application of hybrid TiO2 in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).............292
10.4.6 Application of hybrid TiO2 in treatment of contaminated soil...................292
Conclusions and perspectives.............................................................................293
References........................................................................................................293
CHAPTER 11 Fundamentals of layered double hydroxides and environmental
applications................................................................................301
Luiz D. Silva Neto, Anamália F. Silva, José T. Freire and Lucas Meili
11.1 Introduction......................................................................................................301
11.2 Layered double hydroxides................................................................................301
11.2.1 Structure................................................................................................302
11.2.2 Synthesis...............................................................................................304
11.2.3 Properties..............................................................................................305
11.3 Environmental applications................................................................................309
11.3.1 Adsorption ............................................................................................ 309
11.3.2 Heavy metal control...............................................................................311
11.3.3 Soil treatment ........................................................................................ 312
11.3.4 CO2 control: Separation and capture ....................................................... 313
Conclusion and future perspectives .................................................................... 313
References........................................................................................................314
CHAPTER 12 Green nanocomposites and gamma radiation as a novel
treatment for dye removal in wastewater.....................................323
Cristina A. De León-Condés, Gonzalo Martínez-Barrera,
Gabriela Roa-Morales, Patricia Balderas-Hernández
and Fernando Ureña-Núñez
12.1 Introduction......................................................................................................323
12.2 Textile dyes and wastewater...............................................................................324
12.3 Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticle and water remediation ....................... 324
12.3.1 Properties of iron oxide nanoparticles ..................................................... 325
12.3.2 Iron oxide nanoparticles and Fenton process............................................325
12.3.3 Iron oxide nanoparticles and support materials ........................................ 328
 Contents xiii

12.4 Iron oxide nanoparticles supported on ion-exchange resins..................................329

12.5 Water remediation using gamma irradiation........................................................329
12.6 Water remediation by using iron oxides nanoparticles-based composites..............331
Conclusions......................................................................................................333
Acknowledgments.............................................................................................333
References........................................................................................................334
CHAPTER 13 Potential of zeolite as an adsorbent for the removal of trace
metal(loids) in wastewater..........................................................339
S. Keerthanan and Meththika Vithanage
13.1 Trace metal(loids) contamination in water..........................................................339
13.2 Zeolite: Chemistry ............................................................................................ 341
13.2.1 Natural zeolite ....................................................................................... 341
13.2.2 Synthetic zeolite .................................................................................... 342
13.2.3 Surface chemistry .................................................................................. 344
13.3 Role of zeolite in remediation of trace metal(loids) contaminants ........................ 345
13.3.1 Cationic metals......................................................................................345
13.3.2 Anionic metals.......................................................................................346
13.3.3 Metalloids ............................................................................................. 346
13.3.4 The mechanism involved in the remediation of trace metals ..................... 349
13.4 Modification of zeolite for the removal of toxic metals........................................350
13.4.1 Modification by ion exchangers .............................................................. 351
13.4.2 Modification with acid and base..............................................................352
13.4.3 Composites with other materials.............................................................353
13.5 Summary and future perspectives.......................................................................353
References........................................................................................................354
CHAPTER 14 Natural and synthetic clay-based materials applied for the
removal of emerging pollutants from aqueous medium.................359
Marina Barbosa de Farias, Marcela Pires Spaolonzi, Thiago Lopes da Silva,
Meuris Gurgel Carlos da Silva and Melissa Gurgel Adeodato Vieira
14.1 Introduction......................................................................................................359
14.1.1 Water pollution by emerging contaminants..............................................359
14.1.2 Adsorption mechanism...........................................................................360
14.1.3 Clay-based materials as promising adsorbents for environmental
remediation ........................................................................................... 361
14.2 Natural clays for adsorption...............................................................................361
14.2.1 Clay minerals classification .................................................................... 361
14.2.2 Properties and characteristics of natural clay minerals..............................363
14.3 Modified and synthesized clay-based materials for adsorption.............................364
14.3.1 Synthesis and types of modification ........................................................ 364
xiv Contents

14.4 Adsorption of emerging contaminants by natural and modified clays ................... 367
14.4.1 Pharmaceutical products.........................................................................367
14.4.2 Endocrine disruptors and chemical of personal care products ................... 375
14.5 Comparison of different activation methods in the same clay type........................380
14.6 Future perspectives and final remarks.................................................................382
Acknowledgments.............................................................................................383
References........................................................................................................383
CHAPTER 15 Application of magnetic biochars for the removal of aquatic
pollutants....................................................................................393
Fatima Iqbal, Rabia Amen, El Barbary Hassan, Irshad Bibi,
Natasha, Ahmad Mukhtar, Hamna Bashir, Muhammad Shahid
and Nabeel Khan Niazi
15.1 Introduction......................................................................................................393
15.2 Fabrication techniques for magnetic biochar.......................................................394
15.2.1 Impregnation-pyrolysis .......................................................................... 394
15.2.2 Coprecipitation......................................................................................394
15.2.3 Reductive codeposition .......................................................................... 396
15.2.4 Solvothermal ......................................................................................... 396
15.2.5 Hydrothermal carbonization ................................................................... 396
15.2.6 Other fabrication techniques...................................................................397
15.3 Physicochemical properties of magnetic biochar.................................................397
15.3.1 Specific surface area...............................................................................397
15.3.2 Elemental composition...........................................................................398
15.3.3 Point of zero charge (pHpzc )....................................................................398
15.3.4 Functional groups .................................................................................. 398
15.4 Factors affecting the adsorption of pollutants......................................................399
15.4.1 Chemical impregnation ratio...................................................................399
15.4.2 Pyrolysis temperature.............................................................................400
15.4.3 Solution pH...........................................................................................401
15.5 Applications of magnetic biochar.......................................................................401
15.5.1 Heavy metal(loid)s adsorption................................................................401
15.5.2 Nuclear waste pollutants.........................................................................404
15.5.3 Organic pollutants..................................................................................405
15.5.4 Anionic pollutants..................................................................................405
15.6 Adsorption mechanisms .................................................................................... 405
15.6.1 Ion exchange ......................................................................................... 406
15.6.2 Surface complexation.............................................................................407
15.6.3 Oxygen-containing functional groups......................................................407
15.6.4 Electrostatic interaction..........................................................................408
15.6.5 Coprecipitation......................................................................................409
 Contents xv

15.6.6 Chemical bond adsorption......................................................................409

15.6.7 Reduction..............................................................................................409
15.7 Magnetic biochar regeneration and disposal........................................................409
Conclusions and future recommendations...........................................................411
Acknowledgments.............................................................................................411
References........................................................................................................412
CHAPTER 16 Progress in the synthesis and applications of polymeric
nanomaterials derived from waste lignocellulosic biomass..........419
Dibyajyoti Haldar, Prangan Duarah and Mihir Kumar Purkait
16.1 Overview on the lignocellulosic-derived nanomaterials.......................................419
16.1.1 Nanofibrous cellulose (NFC)..................................................................422
16.1.2 Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC).............................................................422
16.1.3 Lignin nanoparticles (LNPs)...................................................................422
16.2 Isolation of lignocellulosic-based nanomaterials ................................................. 422
16.2.1 Cellulose nanomaterials ......................................................................... 422
16.2.2 Lignin nanoparticles...............................................................................424
16.3 Functionality improvement through structural modification of nanocellulose
obtained from biomass ...................................................................................... 427
16.4 Progress in the application of cellulose and lignin-derived nanoparticles..............428
16.4.1 Environmental applications of nanocrystalline cellulose...........................428
16.4.2 Drug delivery applications of lignin nanoparticles....................................428
16.5 Conclusions......................................................................................................429
References........................................................................................................430
CHAPTER 17 Activated carbons in full-scale advanced wastewater treatment .. 433
Ana S. Mestre, Margarida Campinas, Rui M.C. Viegas, Elsa Mesquita,
Ana P. Carvalho and Maria João Rosa
17.1 Activated carbons..............................................................................................433
17.2 Environmental challenges driving the use of activated carbon in urban
wastewater treatment.........................................................................................437
17.2.1 Contaminants of emerging concern in urban water systems......................437
17.2.2 CECs in water legislation and regulation in Europe..................................438
17.3 Activated carbon based processes for controlling CECs in wastewater treatment .. 439
17.3.1 Available technologies for CEC control in urban WWTPs........................439
17.3.2 Overview of PAC and GAC set-ups in WWTPs ....................................... 440
17.3.3 Further practical issues in CEC removal by PAC adsorption.....................442
17.3.4 Cost evaluation ...................................................................................... 445
17.4 Activated carbons used for wastewater treatment ................................................ 447
17.4.1 Data available in literature for large-scale application in urban WWTPs....447
17.4.2 Procedures used for activated carbon selection.........................................447
xvi Contents

17.4.3 Properties of activated carbons preselected for application

in urban WWTPs ................................................................................... 452
17.5 Final remarks and research needs.......................................................................464
Acknowledgments.............................................................................................465
References........................................................................................................467
CHAPTER 18 Carbon nanotube-based materials for environmental
remediation processes................................................................475
Daniele Costa da Silva Alves, Bruna Silva de Farias, Carmel Breslin,
Luiz Antonio de Almeida Pinto and Tito Roberto Sant’Anna Cadaval Junior
18.1 Introduction......................................................................................................475
18.2 Overview of CNTs synthesis and characterization techniques..............................476
18.3 CNTs as adsorbents, membranes, and photocatalysts .......................................... 479
18.4 CNT combined with biopolymers ...................................................................... 481
18.4.1 CNT/chitosan composites.......................................................................481
18.4.2 CNT/cellulose composites......................................................................484
18.4.3 CNT/xanthan gum composites................................................................487
18.4.4 CNT/lignin composites .......................................................................... 488
18.4.5 CNT/alginate composites ....................................................................... 489
18.4.6 CNT/dendrimers composites .................................................................. 491
18.5 Environmental and human safety ....................................................................... 492
18.6 CNT-based biomaterials in environmental remediation........................................492
18.6.1 Adsorption ............................................................................................ 494
18.6.2 Membrane filtration ............................................................................... 495
18.6.3 Photocatalytic degradation......................................................................497
Conclusions and remarks...................................................................................499
References........................................................................................................500
CHAPTER 19 Applications of graphene oxide (GO) and its hybrid with
nanoparticles for water decontamination.....................................513
Pamela Sepúlveda, L. Carolina Espinoza and Alejandra Garcia-Garcia
19.1 Introduction......................................................................................................513
19.2 Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO): Chemical
and structural properties, synthetic routes of obtention, and use
in anchoring and stabilization ............................................................................ 514
19.2.1 Chemical and structural properties of GO and rGO..................................514
19.2.2 Synthetic routes for GO and rGO............................................................515
19.2.3 Anchoring and stabilization of NPs on GO..............................................517
19.3 Organic and inorganic pollutants: Application of GO and hybrid GO
nanomaterials to removal contaminants..............................................................518
 Contents xvii

19.4 Utilization of GO and hybrid-GO nanomaterials to water disinfection

contaminated with viruses and bacteria .............................................................. 519
19.5 Conclusions......................................................................................................525
Acknowledgments.............................................................................................526
References........................................................................................................526
CHAPTER 20 Graphitic carbon nitride: Triggering the solar light–assisted
decomposition of hazardous substances......................................533
Slađana Savić, Goran Roglić, Biljana Dojčinović, Dragan Manojlović,
and Dalibor M. Stanković
20.1 Introduction......................................................................................................533
20.2 Synthesis of materials and their characteristics ................................................... 534
20.3 Photoactivity mechanisms of diverse g-C3 N4 ......................................................538
20.4 The extent of decomposition of hazardous substances.........................................540
20.4.1 Metal-free g-C3 N4 to combat waterborne pollutants.................................543
20.4.2 Metal-enhanced g-C3 N4 photocatalysts for wastewater treatment ............. 544
20.5 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 546
References........................................................................................................547
CHAPTER 21 Utilization of fly ash-based advanced materials in adsorptive
removal of pollutants from aqueous media...................................549
Ponchami Sharma, Nidhi Sharma, Manash R. Das
and Rabah Boukherroub, PhD
21.1 Introduction......................................................................................................549
21.2 Synthesis methods of fly ash- / modified fly ash-based adsorbents ....................... 550
21.3 Application of fly ash-based materials for adsorption of pollutants from water ..... 556
21.3.1 Adsorption of heavy metals from aqueous systems .................................. 556
21.3.2 Adsorption of tannic acid and its derivatives............................................557
21.3.3 Adsorption of pesticides.........................................................................559
21.3.4 Adsorption of dye molecules .................................................................. 560
21.4 Future perspectives ........................................................................................... 561
Acknowledgments.............................................................................................563
References........................................................................................................563
CHAPTER 22 Activated carbons derived from biomass for the removal
by adsorption of several pesticides from water............................565
Eva Sanz-Santos, Silvia Álvarez-Torrellas, Marcos Larriba
and Juan García
22.1 Introduction......................................................................................................565
22.2 Modeling sustainable activated carbons for the removal of pesticides
by adsorption....................................................................................................568
xviii Contents

22.3 Kinetic modeling .............................................................................................. 568

22.4 Isotherm modeling............................................................................................571
22.5 Thermodynamic studies.....................................................................................575
22.6 Relation between adsorption capacity and surface area in the adsorption
process of several pesticides by biomass-derived carbon materials.......................575
22.7 Concluding remarks and recommendations for future work.................................578
Acknowledgments.............................................................................................579
References........................................................................................................579
CHAPTER 23 Synthesis and application of nanostructured iron oxides
heterogeneous catalysts for environmental applications..............583
Soliu O. Ganiyu, Puthiya Vetil Nidheesh and Mehmet A. Oturan
23.1 Introduction......................................................................................................583
23.2 Pristine and engineered iron oxides: Synthesis routes..........................................584
23.2.1 Pristine iron oxides ................................................................................ 584
23.2.2 Synthetic iron oxides..............................................................................584
23.3 Properties of nanostructured iron oxides.............................................................587
23.3.1 Chemical properties ............................................................................... 587
23.3.2 Redox properties....................................................................................588
23.3.3 Magnetic properties ............................................................................... 588
23.4 Application of nanostructured iron oxides for environmental remediation ............ 589
23.4.1 Adsorption ............................................................................................ 589
23.4.2 Catalytic ozonation ................................................................................ 591
23.4.3 Fenton and Fenton-related processes.......................................................593
23.4.4 Sulfate-based advanced oxidation processes............................................595
23.4.5 Use of iron oxide catalysts in photocatalysis............................................597
Conclusions......................................................................................................599
References........................................................................................................599

Index........................................................................................................................................ 609
Contributors

Maxwell Selase Akple

Mechanical Engineering Department, Ho Technical University, Ho, Ghana
Silvia Ãlvarez-Torrellas
Catalysis and Separation Processes Group (CyPS), Chemical Engineering and Materials
Department, Faculty of Chemistry Sciences, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
Daniele Costa da Silva Alves
School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil;
Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
Rabia Amen
Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad,
Pakistan; Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS,
USA
Patricia Balderas-Hernández
Joint Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of
Mexico - National Autonomous University of Mexico (UAEM-UNAM), Mexico
Mariusz Barczak
Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin,
Poland
Hamna Bashir
Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad,
Pakistan
Irshad Bibi
Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad,
Pakistan
Rabah Boukherroub, PhD
Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, Lille, F-59000, France
Carmel Breslin
Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
Tito Roberto Sant’Anna Cadaval Junior
School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil
Margarida Campinas
Water Quality and Treatment Laboratory, Urban Water Unit, Hydraulics and Environment
Department, LNEC — National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal
Ana P. Carvalho
Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e
Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal

xix
xx Contributors

Aneeba Chaudary
College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, PR China; The Key Lab of Textile Science &
Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, PR China
Padmanaban Velayudhaperumal Chellam
Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh, India
Sajan Ponnappa Chimmikuttanda
Chemistry R and D, VerdeEn Chemicals Pvt. Ltd, Hapur District, Uttar Pradesh, India
Tayba Chudhary
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
Selay Sert Çok
Ege University Chemical Engineering Department, Turkey
Manash R. Das
Advanced Materials Group, Materials Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East
Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative
Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Biljana Dojčinović
University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of
Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
Prangan Duarah
Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
Gabriela Duro
Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin,
Poland
Nancy E. Dávila-Guzmán
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento
de Ingeniería Química, Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo
León, México
L. Carolina Espinoza
Laboratorio de Biosensores, Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de
investigación de Procesos Redox, CIPRex, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas,
Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Bruna Silva de Farias
School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil
Marina Barbosa de Farias
University of Campinas, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Processes and Products
Design, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
K.Y. Foo
River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Center (REDAC), Universiti Sains Malaysia,
14300, Penang, Malaysia
 Contributors xxi

José T. Freire
Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP,
Brazil
Soliu O. Ganiyu
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB,
Canada
Juan García
Catalysis and Separation Processes Group (CyPS), Chemical Engineering and Materials
Department, Faculty of Chemistry Sciences, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
Alejandra Garcia-Garcia
Group of synthesis and modification of nanostructures and bidimensional materials, Advanced
Materials Research Center (CIMAV), Apodaca, NL, Maxico
Dimitrios A. Giannakoudakis
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Nilay Gizli
Ege University Chemical Engineering Department, Turkey
Dibyajyoti Haldar
Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore,
Tamil Nadu, India
El Barbary Hassan
Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
Fatima Iqbal
Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad,
Pakistan
Shuai Jiang
College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, PR China; The Key Lab of Textile Science &
Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, PR China
Juliana John
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India
S. Keerthanan
Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri
Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
Ki-Hyun Kim
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of
Korea
Fatoş Koç
Ege University Chemical Engineering Department, Turkey
Vanish Kumar
National Agri Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
xxii Contributors

Marcos Larriba
Catalysis and Separation Processes Group (CyPS), Chemical Engineering and Materials
Department, Faculty of Chemistry Sciences, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
Cristina A. De León-Condés
Industrial Engineering Department, Technological of Higher Studies of Tianguistenco
Mengmeng Li
College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, PR China; The Key Lab of Textile Science &
Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, PR China
Lifang Liu
College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, PR China; The Key Lab of Textile Science &
Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, PR China
Dragan Manojlović
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Belgrade,
Serbia
Gonzalo Martínez-Barrera
Laboratory for Research and Development of Advanced Materials (LIDMA), Faculty of Chemistry,
Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, San Cayetano, Mexico
Lucas Meili
Laboratory of Processes (LaPro), Center of Laboratory of Processes, Center of Technology,
Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
Inna Melnyk
Department of Chemisorption and Hybrid Materials, Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry of
NASU, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of Physical and Physico-Chemical Methods of Mineral
Processing, Institute of Geotechnics SAS, Kosice, Slovak Republic
Elsa Mesquita
Water Quality and Treatment Laboratory, Urban Water Unit, Hydraulics and Environment
Department, LNEC — National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal
Ana S. Mestre
Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e
Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
Ahmad Mukhtar
Department of Chemical Engineering, NFC Institute of Engineering and Fertilizer Research,
Faisalabad, Pakistan
Amol Naik
Chemistry R and D, VerdeEn Chemicals Pvt. Ltd, Hapur District, Uttar Pradesh, India
Natasha
Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari, Pakistan
Nabeel Khan Niazi
Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad,
Pakistan
 Contributors xxiii

Puthiya Vetil Nidheesh

CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
Mehmet A. Oturan
Université Gustave Eiffel, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (LGE), Marne-la-Vallée,
France
Mohammed Kayes Patoary
College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, PR China; The Key Lab of Textile Science &
Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, PR China
Bernard Pawlak
Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin,
Poland
Ligy Philip
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu,
India
Katarzyna Piatkowska-Sawczuk
˛
Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin,
Poland
Dorota Pietras-Ożga
Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Life Sciences of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
Luiz Antonio de Almeida Pinto
School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil
Sandra Pioquinto-García
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento
de Ingeniería Química, Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo
León, México
Mihir Kumar Purkait
Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India;
Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
Kheerthana Ramesh
Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
Alan A. Rico-Barragán
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento
de Ingeniería Química, Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo
León, México
Gabriela Roa-Morales
Joint Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of
Mexico - National Autonomous University of Mexico (UAEM-UNAM), Mexico
Goran Roglić
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Applied Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
xxiv Contributors

Maria João Rosa

Water Quality and Treatment Laboratory, Urban Water Unit, Hydraulics and Environment
Department, LNEC — National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal
Eva Sanz-Santos
Catalysis and Separation Processes Group (CyPS), Chemical Engineering and Materials
Department, Faculty of Chemistry Sciences, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
Slađana Savić
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Applied Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
Pamela Sepúlveda
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Santiago,
Chile; Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), University
of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile; Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of
Santiago of Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
Muhammad Shahid
Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari, Pakistan
Nidhi Sharma
Advanced Materials Group, Materials Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East
Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative
Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Ponchami Sharma
Advanced Materials Group, Materials Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East
Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India; Pragya Academy, Jorhat, Assam,
India
Meuris Gurgel Carlos da Silva
University of Campinas, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Processes and Products
Design, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
Thiago Lopes da Silva
University of Campinas, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Processes and Products
Design, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
Anamália F. Silva
Laboratory of Processes (LaPro), Center of Laboratory of Processes, Center of Technology,
Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
Luiz D. Silva Neto
Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
Rupesh Singh
Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
Eduardo Soto-Regalado
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento
de Ingeniería Química, Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo
León, México
 Contributors xxv

Marcela Pires Spaolonzi

University of Campinas, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Processes and Products
Design, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
Dalibor M. Stanković
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Belgrade,
Serbia
Nataliya Stolyarchuk
Department of Chemisorption and Hybrid Materials, Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry of
NASU, Kyiv, Ukraine
K.L. Tan
River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Center (REDAC), Universiti Sains Malaysia,
14300, Penang, Malaysia
Veronika Tomina
Department of Chemisorption and Hybrid Materials, Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry of
NASU, Kyiv, Ukraine
Fernando Ureña-Núñez
National Institute for Nuclear Research, La Marquesa Ocoyoacac, Mexico
Kowsalya Vellingiri
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu,
India
Rui M.C. Viegas
Water Quality and Treatment Laboratory, Urban Water Unit, Hydraulics and Environment
Department, LNEC — National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal
Melissa Gurgel Adeodato Vieira
University of Campinas, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Processes and Products
Design, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
Kumar Vikrant
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Meththika Vithanage
Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri
Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of
Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
Sherif A. Younis
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of
Korea; Analysis and Evaluation Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI),
Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
Meiling Zhang
College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, PR China; The Key Lab of Textile Science &
Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, PR China
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I would like to wholeheartedly dedicate this book to my parents as a small piece of
gratitude for realizing how demanding and hard they had to fight in order to provide me
and my brother the opportunities, skills, and freedom to follow our own life trail. And
above all, for learn us to fight fairly our fights toward the accomplishment of the goals,
with self-confidence and without closing the eyes and avoiding the difficult pathways.
Dimitrios A. Giannakoudakis

This book is dedicated to my wife Patrícia and my son Heitor who has been a constant
source of love, support, and inspiration.
Prof. Dr. Lucas Meili

This book is dedicated to the loving memory of my mother: my guiding light, my shining
star, forever. I dedicate this book to my beloved father, my hero, for his love and support
throughout my life. He is always an inspiration to me for everything. I also thank my
brother for his love and support. I would also like to dedicate this book to my beloved
nephew Panagiotakis.
Also special thanks to all the professors, researchers, and colleagues who inspired and
taught me the science of Soil and Water Chemistry.
Prof. Dr. Ioannis Anastopoulos
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
"It's the puddlers, after all!" he said. "We'll have to hail them and get
them to send that ass of a boatman. Wouldn't you think that
Emerson Riley would have had sense enough to wait and see that
we got over safely?"
I fairly clutched at his arm.
"You'll do nothing of the sort," I said. "They'll know you if they're
from your mill, and they'll know I am not Ida! It will be in the
papers!"
Ferd looked sulky.
"What am I to do, then?" he demanded. "Swim to the bank?"
"Couldn't you swim to the other island and steal one of their boats?"
He did not want to. I could see that; but what else was there to do?
"It's a good way off," he said. "It won't help things any for me to be
drowned, you know."
"It would be better than a scandal, wouldn't it?"
He threw up his hands.
"Oh, if that's the way you feel——"
"That isn't half the way I feel!"
He went off at that in a fury, leaving me alone on the little dock in a
state of frenzy. I kept thinking of Day's getting home sooner than he
expected and finding me gone, and calling up the police; and my
wandering in about daylight with my slippers worn through. I made
up a story—if the worst happened—about having had an attack of
loss of memory, coming to myself seven miles from town and
walking in.
There was no sign of Ferd. The puddlers' picnic was noisier than
ever; they had brought a phonograph, too, and were dancing.
When I had waited for what seemed half the night I got frightened
about Ferd. He had said it was a good way to go; and if he was
drowned—and Ida really fond of him, and welcome to him so far as I
was concerned—it was all up with me. Day would loathe the very
sight of me. I knew that.
The grass looked snaky in the moonlight and I felt I was taking my
life in my hands; but, somehow or other, with my hair pulled down
by branches, and ankle-deep in mud every now and then, I got to
the place where the two islands faced each other, end to end. There
was not a sign of Ferd.
I just sank down on the ground and hoped for death. There was no
way out. Jane and the others would think we had the boat and could
hire a machine or something to get to the city, and they would not
give us another thought. Even if I hailed the puddlers and told them,
they would never believe my story. And, of course, there was poor
Ferd in the river mud—sure to float in and spoil any story I could
make up about loss of memory.
It was when I had reached that point that pandemonium broke loose
on the other island. I could hear shouting—men and women
together—and, in a pause, the frantic splashing of oars. The next
moment a boat appeared round the corner of the island, with Ferd
rowing like mad, and a perfect pandemonium from the shore. He
had stolen their boat and they had found it out. I was almost crazy. I
waded out to my knees and called to him; and he saw me. There
was no other boat after him yet, but some one was yelling to follow
him.
Ferd was rather steadied by the excitement, I think. He reached over
and dragged me in without a word, and the next instant we were
pulling for the shore in the moonlight, with the entire puddlers'
picnic on their bank, calling awful things to us.
That was not all, though. One of the men had got into their other
boat and was coming after us. He could row, too. I implored Ferd to
hurry—hurry. And I kept turning round to see whether he was
gaining. That was how I discovered why they were so wrought up.
There were two dozen quart bottles of champagne in the stern of
that boat! We were carrying off the picnic! I told Ferd. "Throw it
overboard!" he said. "It'll lighten the boat."
So I did, basket after basket; and, whether it lightened the boat or
not, we drew ahead. Ferd rowed like a demon. In the moonlight his
face was white and set, with the queerest expression.
We struck the shore with a bump that sent me on my knees, but
Ferd grabbed my hand and jerked me out.
"Now run—if you ever ran in your life!" he said. "Make for that grove
over there, and bend over. The bushes will hide us."
"I can't," I panted after a minute. "And why should I, Ferd? He's got
his old boat by this time——"
"Run!" gasped Ferd. And I ran.
We crouched down in the grove. My teeth were chattering, but I was
nothing to Ferd. He was pallid. The puddler landed just then. We
heard him throw his oars into the boat and drag it up on the beach,
and I knew he was examining the other boat and finding that the
wine was gone. We could hear him breathing hard, and he even
made a start toward us, beating the bushes with an oar. He was in a
red fury, muttering to himself in the most horrible manner. I had
been in Ferd's mill once or twice, and I remembered the enormous
shoulders the men had, and how they simply toyed with steel rails;
and I was paralysed. A puddler turned Berserk!
He gave it up just in time, however, and started back for the boat. I
could see him moving about—a huge creature in white flannels. And
he seemed to have cut himself on a branch or something, for he was
tying a handkerchief round his forehead.
We did not dare to move until he had started back and was safely
out from shore. Ferd's voice had lost its strained quality and he
looked a little less like death. We could hear the picnic party calling
to the man in the boat about the wine, and his calling back that we
had got away with it, but for some of them to come over and they
could beat the bushes. They couldn't come, of course, until he took
the boat back.
"We've got to get out of here, Fan," Ferd said. "In ten minutes the
whole shooting match will be here. Can you run any more?"
"Not a foot—I'm all in. And I lost a shoe in the water at the island."
Ferd groaned.
"They'll have us up for stealing their champagne," he said. "I
suppose you can walk."
"I can limp along, I dare say." I was wet and cold, and horribly
miserable. "Don't let me detain you. They can't arrest me for
stealing their wine. You did that."
He turned to me suddenly.
"Fan," he said solemnly, "don't ask me why, but we must get out of
here quick. Must! If you can't walk, roll. Now come on!"
There were no houses in sight. The trolley line ends there, and I
think it is a picnic grove. He took my hand and dragged me along. I
lost my other slipper, but he paid no attention when I told him of it;
and just when I was about to sink down and die we reached a road.
"Now," said Ferd, "they came in something—machines probably—for
they'll have to get back, and there are no more cars. Ah, there they
are!"
There were two machines. I gripped Ferd's arm and held him back
desperately.
"The chauffeurs?" I gasped.
"We'll kill 'em, if necessary," he said between clenched teeth.
We were loping down the road toward the machines—Ferd sloshing,
rather, with each step; and we could hear loud calling from the
islands and the banging of oars in oarlocks.
"F-Ferd," I managed to say, "c-can—you—drive—a—car?"
"Why, you can, can't you?"
"I—can—d-drive—my—own car. I d-don't—know about—any other."
"They're all alike. The principle's the same."
"I don't know anything about the principles," I said despairingly.
"And I won't touch a strange machine."
"Oh, very well!" said Ferd sulkily. "We'll make a deuce of a stir—
arrested here for stealing a case of champagne; but never mind. It'll
blow over."
"We can tell the whole story."
"We cannot!" he said gloomily. "We can't tell on Jane and Annette
and Catherine. We'll have to take our medicine, that's all. We
needn't give our own names. That's one thing."
I was perfectly crazed with fright and exhaustion. I leaned up
against a fence, and I remembered the time Lily Slater asked Ollie
Haynes to see her off to Chicago, her husband being out of town;
and how Ollie was carried two hundred miles before the train would
stop to let him off; and how Harry never believed the story and was
off shooting big game at that very minute; and Lily getting gray over
her ears as a result, and not even going out to lunch with anybody
for fear there were detectives watching her.
And, compared with Day, Harry Slater was an angel of mildness.
The boat was almost across by that time and Ferd was wringing the
ends of his trousers. A sort of frenzy seized me. It seemed to me it
would be better to be found crushed under a strange car than to be
arrested for stealing champagne. I started on, rather tottery.
"I'll try it, Ferd," I said. "I think we'll be killed; but come on!"
For once luck was with us. It was a car exactly like my own! I almost
cried for joy. I leaped in and pressed the starter, and the purr of the
engine was joyous, absolutely. I let in the clutch and the darling slid
along without a jerk. We were saved! I could drive that car. I
snapped the gear lever forward into high and the six cylinders
leaped to our salvation. We were off, with the white road ahead; and
the puddlers were only beaching their boat. Ferd sat half turned and
watched for pursuit.
"They'll search the bushes first," he said. "They'll not think of the
machines for a few minutes. We can hit it up along the highway for
four or five miles; then we'd better turn into a side road and put out
the lights and take off the license plates. They'll telephone ahead
possibly and give the license number."
We were going pretty fast by that time and just at that moment I
saw a buggy ahead in the road. Ferd called to me; but it was too
late—I had pressed the siren and the very hills echoed.
"Good heavens, Fan!" he said. "You've done it now!"
We topped a rise just then and Ferd looked back. The puddlers were
running along the road toward the place where they had left their
cars. It was a race for life after that. Ferd bent over and pressed the
button that put out the tail light, and I threw on all the gas I could.
"It's getting pretty serious," Ferd said. "We'll go up for a year or two
for this, probably. Stealing a machine is no joke."
"If it comes to that I'll steer the thing over a bank and die with it!" I
said, with my jaw set. "Ferd, there's something wrong somewhere!
Listen to that knocking!"
The engine was not behaving well. It was not hitting right and it was
telling on our speed. As we topped a long rise Ferd saw the lights of
another car appear over the crest of the last hill. Down in the valley
ahead lay a village, sound asleep. We raced through it like mad. A
man in his shirt-sleeves rushed out of a house and yelled something
to us about stopping, that we were under arrest. We almost went
over him.
The race would be over soon, that was clear. The car was making
time, but not better time than the other machine. I do not know how
I got the idea, but we went limping and banging along until we had
reached the edge of the town, and just beyond, beside the road,
was a barn, with the doors open. I turned the car in there, shut off
the engine and put out the lamps. Ferd caught the idea at once and
leaped out and closed the doors.
"Good girl!" he said. "Unless the farmer heard us and comes out to
investigate, this is pretty snug, lady-love. They'll pass us without
even hesitating."
They did not, though. It gives me gooseflesh merely to remember
the next half-hour. We waited inside the door for the car to pass. We
could hear it coming. But just at the barn it stopped and we could
hear them arguing. It seems the road forked there and they were
not certain which way we had gone. My knees were shaking with
terror and Ferd was breathing hard.
When I look back I think I should have noticed how queer Ferd was
during the whole thing; and, when you think of it, why did he steal
the boat at the beginning and not just borrow it? But I was
absolutely unsuspicious; and as for noticing, there was no time.
I lost my courage, I'll admit, when they stopped; and I ran to the
back of the barn. There was a horse there and I squeezed in beside
the thing; it was company anyhow and not running about the
country trying to arrest people who were merely attempting to get
home. It seemed uneasy and I tried to pat its head to soothe it—and
it had horns! I almost fainted. Somehow or other I climbed out, and
Ferd was coming toward me.
"Sh!" he whispered. "They've roused the farmer, and—holy smoke!—
they're coming in!"
Somebody had opened one of the doors about six inches. That made
a path of moonlight across the board floor.
"I dunno why they closed the barn doors to-night," said the farmer
from the opening—"mostly we leave 'em open. Now, gentlemen, if
you want water for your automobile there's a pail inside the door
here, and the pump's round the corner in the pig yard."
Ferd clutched my arm. The moonlight path was slowly widening as
the door swung open. "Quick!" he said; and the next minute I was
climbing a ladder to the haymow, with Ferd at my heels.
One thing saved us and one only: the farmer did not come inside to
see the car; and whoever did come clearly thought it belonged to
the place and never even glanced at it. As for us we lay face down in
that awful haymow with openings in the hay big enough to fall
through, and watched and listened. I shall never be the same person
again after that experience.
Whenever I get cocky, as Day would say, and reflect on my own
virtues, and how few things I do that any one could find fault with,
not playing bridge for more than two and a half cents a point, and
stopping a flirtation before it reaches any sort of gossipy stage, I
think of Ferd and myself in that awful haymow, with a man below
searching round that miserable machine for a pail, and Ferd oozing a
slow drip-drip on the floor below that was enough to give us away—
like the blood dropping from the ceiling in that play of David
Belasco's.
There was one awful moment before it was all over, when the farmer
had gone back to bed and the man returned the pail. The others
were all in their machine, yelling to be off.
"They've had time to be gone twenty miles," one of them snarled.
"The next time we see them, shoot at their tires. It's the only way."
The man with the pail stood in the doorway and glanced in.
"Pipe the car!" he said. "The farmers are the only folks with real
money these days."
He came in with the pail and one of the drops from Ferd's clothes hit
him directly on top of the head! I heard it splat! He stopped as if he
had been shot and looked up. I closed my eyes and waited for the
end; but—nothing happened. He put away the pail and hurried out,
and the machine went on.
It was Ferd who spoke first. He raised himself on an elbow and
listened. Then he drew a long breath, as if he had not breathed for
an hour.
"Well," he said, "I may not be a thief and a robber, as well as an
abductor of young married women, but I feel like one." He looked
about the haymow, and at me, crumpled in my corner. "Really, you
know," he said, "this sort of thing isn't done, Fanny."
"If it only doesn't get into the papers!" I wailed. "And if only Day
doesn't hear of it! Ferd, I must look a mess."
He glanced at me. The moonlight was coming through a window.
"You do look rather frowzy," he said.
I think, if there is a psychological moment for such things, that was
the moment. My affair, mild as it was, was dead from that instant.
Day would never have said such a thing. Day never takes his
irritation out on me; the worse I look the more certain Day is to
reassure me. For instance, Day never says that—to him—I am as
pretty as the day he first met me. He says that I am prettier than I
ever was, and that every one thinks so. Day has a positive talent for
being married.
Well, we sat in the haymow and quarrelled. We thought it best to let
them go on, give up the search and go back to the island for their
women companions, before venturing out. So we sat and fought.
"It was stupid," I said, "to have stolen the boat and not borrowed
it."
"I'd have had to explain you," said Ferd.
"You need not have mentioned me. What is a lie for, if not for such
an emergency? Couldn't you have found that boatman? That would
have explained everything."
"I couldn't find the boatman."
"Did you try?"
He turned sulky.
"I did my best," he said. "I risked my life. I'll probably have a sick
spell as it is. I've got a chill. How did I know the infernal boat had
champagne in it?"
I sat and thought. A lot of things came to me that I had not thought
of before, such as Ferd having got up the party and put me in my
present position, and having been a stupid in more ways than one.
And what if Day had got home unexpectedly? I said this to Ferd.
"Why didn't you think of that sooner?" he demanded brutally.
"What time is it?" I asked, as sweetly as I could.
He held his watch up in the moonlight, but of course it was full of
water and not running. His matches and cigarettes were wet, too,
and he grew more beastly every minute.
"Ferd," I said finally, "I'm afraid lately you've been thinking that I—
that I cared for you. It was my fault. I let you think so. I don't,
really. I only care for one man and I think you ought to know it. I've
been a shameless flirt. That's all."
Instead of being downcast, he rather brightened up at that remark.
"You'll break my heart if you say that," he said, trying not to be too
cheerful.
"There's only one man for me!" I said firmly. "It's not fashionable,
but it's very comforting. It's Day."
"I'll never be the same man again, Fanny," he replied. "Am I not to
call you up, or send you flowers, or look forward to seeing you at the
Country Club on Sunday afternoons? Is life to lose all its joy?"
"Oh, we'll have to meet, of course," I said largely; "but—the other is
off for good, Ferd! I find I can't stand too much of you. You're too
heady."
Well, he was almost blithe over it, and sat talking about Ida, and
what a trump she was about the time he lost so much on copper,
and the way she came home from Nice when he had typhoid. It was
stupid; but if you can understand me it seemed to put a cachet of
respectability on our position. The more we talked about Day and
Ida, the more we felt that the tongue of scandal could never touch
us. We made a pact of platonic friendship, too, and shook hands on
it; and it shows how dead the old affair was when Ferd never even
kissed my hand.
About an hour afterward the other car went back toward the island
and we got up stiffly and crawled down the ladder. Ferd had had a
nap, and he slept with his mouth open!
We slipped out of the barn in the moonlight and reconnoitered.
There was no one in sight and the house across the road was dark.
Ferd took off the license plates and put them under one of the seat
cushions and I looked for the short circuit. I found it at last, and
Ferd fixed it with his pen-knife. Then he threw the doors open and
we backed into the road. The last thing I remember is that as we
started off a window was raised in the farmhouse and somebody
yelled after us to stop.
"Damnation!" said Ferd between his teeth. "He'll telephone ahead
and they'll cut us off!"
"We needn't stick to the main road. We can go back through the
country."
We found a lane leading off half a mile farther along and I turned
into it. It was rough, but its very condition argued for safety. As Ferd
said, no one in his sane mind would choose such a road. The secret
of the lane came out a mile or so farther on, however, when it came
to an end in a barnyard. It was a blow, really. We did not dare to go
back and we could not possibly go ahead.
"I can go up to the house and ask about the road," Ferd said. "The
old stage road ought to be round here somewhere. If we can't find it
there's nothing to do but to walk, Fan."
"I can't walk," I said, "and I won't walk. I'm in my stocking feet. I'm
through. Let's just go back and get arrested and have it over. I can't
stand much more."
"It's only twelve miles or so to town."
"I couldn't walk twelve miles to escape hanging!"
Ferd crawled out of the car and through a pig yard. I heard the pigs
squealing. And then for five awful minutes I heard nothing except
his distant knock and muffled voices. Then there was a silence, and
out of it came Ferd headlong. He fell over the fence and landed in
the mud beside the car.
"Quick!" he panted. "Turn round and get back to the main road.
They've got him on the telephone, and in another minute——"
Did you ever try to turn an automobile in a panic and a small
barnyard, with broken mowing machines and old wagons
everywhere? I just could not do it. I got part way round, with Ferd
begging me for Heaven's sake to get some speed on, when we
heard people coming from the house on a run, and a woman yelling
from a window that she could see us and to shoot quick.
There was a field next the barnyard—a pasture, I suppose—and the
bars were down that led into it. I just headed the car for it and shut
my eyes. Then we were shooting forward in a series of awful bumps,
with Ferd holding on with both hands, and the noise behind was
dying away.
I do not recall the details of that part of the trip. Ferd says we went
through two creeks and a small woods, and entirely through and
over a barbed-wire fence, which was probably where we got our
punctures. However that may be, in five minutes or so we drew up
just inside a fence on the other side of which was a road. And we
had two flat tires.
Ferd tried to take the fence down, but he could not; so I did the only
thing I could think of, and butted it down with the car. The glass in
the lamps was smashed, but we were too far gone by that time to
care. I had just one thought; if the gas only held out!
Ferd was quite sure he knew the way to town, but it turned out he
did not. For hours and hours we bumped along on two tires and two
rims, until my shoulders felt torn from their sockets. The worst of it
was the noise we made. Every now and then we passed a
farmhouse where the lights were going and everybody had been
roused for the automobile thieves; and, instead of slipping past, we
bumped by like a circus parade with a calliope.
The moon was gone by that time; and, our lamps being broken,
more than once we left the road entirely and rolled merrily along in
a field until we brought up against something. And, of course, we
met a car. We heard it coming, but there was nothing to do but
bump along. It was a limousine, and it hailed us and drew up so we
could not pass.
"In trouble?" a man called.
"Nothing serious," Ferd said peevishly.
"Glad to give you a hand. You're cutting your tires to bits."
"No; thanks."
"I can take you back to town if you like."
It was Bill Henderson, Jane's husband, on his way from the club to
his mother's in the country! I could not even breathe. Ferd knew it
too, that minute.
"We are getting along all right," he snapped, trying to disguise his
voice. "If you'll get your car out of the way——"
"Oh, all right, Ferd, old chap!" said Bill, and signalled his man to go
on.
We sat as if petrified. Bill was Ida's cousin! The way of the
transgressor is hard; though why one should have to lose a
reputation built up by years of careful living just for one silly
indiscretion is what gets me. I put a hand on Ferd's arm.
"I'm gone!" I wailed. "It will be all over town to-morrow. Bill's the
worst old gossip. Oh, Ferd!"
"He didn't see you," Ferd snapped. "For goodness' sake, Fan, shut
up! This is my mess. There isn't any limit to the things he can say
about me."
We bumped on a little farther. I was crying, I'll admit; my head
ached and my spine was jarred numb.
"You'll have to do one thing," he said at last. "You'll have to tell Ida it
was you. Heaven knows what she'll think."
"I'll die first!" I snapped.
Well, we got into town finally and it was three-thirty by the first
clock we saw. Ferd got out and looked at the car, and then climbed
in again.
"Better get along a few blocks and then leave it," he said. "It looks
something fierce, and so do we."
And at that instant, before I could even start the engine, we were
arrested for stealing the miserable thing!
"There is some mistake," Ferd said loftily, but looking green in the
electric light. "This is Mrs. Day Illington and this is her own
machine."
"Are you Mr. Illington?"
"Yes!" said Ferd.
The man looked very strange, as well he might, considering—well,
considering the facts that came out later.
"I'll have to trouble you to come with me," he said, politely enough.
"It will be only a short delay and we'll get this straightened out. But
a car answering this description was stolen out the road a few miles
and headed toward town, and there's a reward offered."
He stood on the step and I drove to the station house. I had it fixed
in my own mind to go home and write a letter to Day confessing all,
and then pack a few things and hide my wretched self for the rest of
my life. I even planned what to take; my jewelry and my checkbook,
and only a dinner dress or two; and I wrote the letter to Day—in my
mind—and one to Ida, telling her it was only a lark, but it had gone
wrong without any fault of mine. Then we drew up at the station.
Ferd got out and went in, and the officer turned on the pavement to
help me out. But it was my chance and I took it; I just threw on the
gas full and shot ahead down the street. He yelled after me and
then began shooting. One bullet must have struck the good rear tire,
for it collapsed and almost turned the car round. But I was
desperate. I never looked back. I just drove for all I was worth down
the street to its end, and after that down other streets, and still
others. All the time I was saying I would rather die, and going round
corners on two wheels, or one wheel and a rim.
Finally I got into a part of town I knew and pulled up half a block
from my own house. I recall that and leaving the engine still going,
and that hideous nightmare of a machine standing by the curb, with
its tires lying out on the road in ribbons and its lamps smashed; and
I remember going up the steps and finding the hall door unlocked.
Then I recall nothing more for a while. I fainted.
It was Martha, one of the housemaids, who found me, I believe, as
she was going out to early mass. They got me upstairs to bed and
there was no use trying to run away that night; I could hardly stand.
They got me some hot tea and a doctor and a trained nurse, and in
the morning before breakfast Day came back. He tiptoed into my
room and tried to kiss me, looking awfully frightened; but I would
not let him.
"Send the nurse out!" I whispered. So he did; and still I would not
let him kiss me. "Not until I've told you something," I said feebly.
"You may not care to when you've heard it all."
He looked so big and so dependable and so worried that I could
have screamed; but I had to tell him. Bill Henderson might have
recognised me; and Ferd, as like as not, would be goose enough to
tell Ida the whole story. And, anyhow, there's nothing like perfect
honesty between husband and wife.
"Day," I said tremulously, "I'm a felon—a thief! I—I stole a lot of
champagne last night and an automobile, and broke down fences,
and almost ran over a policeman, and was arrested—or Ferd was—
Day, don't look like that!" For his face was terrible. He had gone
quite white.
"You!" he said.
"Get up and stand by the window, looking out," I implored him. "I
can tell you better if I can't see your eyes."
So he did and I told him the whole thing. He never moved, and I
kept getting more and more frightened. It sounded worse,
somehow, when I told it. When I had finished he did not come to
me as I had hoped. He said:
"I'd like a few minutes to get used to it, Fan. I'll go out and walk
about a bit. It's—it's just a little hard to grasp, all at once."
So he went out, and I lay and cried into my pillow; but when the
nurse had brought me some tea and raised the shades, and the sun
came in, I felt a little better. He had not been noisy, anyhow; and in
time perhaps he would forgive me, though probably he would never
really trust me again. I got up in a chair and had my hair tied with a
ribbon and my nails done, and put on my new negligée with lace
sleeves; and I felt pretty well, considering.
At nine o'clock the policeman on the beat asked to see me. I sent
down word that I was indisposed; but he said it was urgent and
would only take a moment. The nurse put a blanket over my knees
and a pillow behind me, and the officer came in. I was frightened;
but after all my only real fear had been Day, and now that he knew,
Fate could hardly have a fresh blow. But it had, all right.
"Sorry to disturb you, ma'am," said the officer, "but it's about your
car."
"Yes?" My lips were trembling.
"It's been found; I found it—and only a block or so away, ma'am;
but it's in bad shape—lamps smashed and tires chewed to ribbons.
It's a sight, for sure!"
"But that's not my car!" I exclaimed, forgetting caution.
"I guess there's no mistake about it, ma'am. Those fellows that stole
it, up the river, must have climbed fences with it."
"How do you know it is my car?" I was absolutely bewildered.
"These are your license plates, aren't they? I found them under the
seat."
They were my license plates!

Day came in shortly after and tiptoed into the room. The nurse was
out. He came over to me and stooped down.
"It took me a little by surprise, honey," he said; "but that's over now.
You've been foolish, but you've had your lesson. Let's kiss and be
friends again."
"Just a moment, Day," I said calmly. "Have you had your lesson?"
"Just what do you mean?"
He followed my eyes to the table and the license plates were there.
He actually paled.
"Where did you get them?"
"Under the seat of the car Ferd and I stole last night at Devil's Island
—my car, which you said was being overhauled!"
He drew a long breath. Then he got down on his knees and put his
head in my lap.
"I've had my lesson—honest, honey!" he said. "Some darned fool
suggested a picnic on one of those islands—mixed couples—and I
was ass enough to agree. I took Ida Jackson. We didn't have any
picnic—the champagne was stolen——"
"Ferd and I——" I put in.
"And then my car went——"
"My car—and I took it."
"And we spent all the evening and part of the night chasing the
thing for fear you'd hear of it!" He looked up at me and there were
dark circles round his eyes. "I haven't been to bed at all, honey," he
said humbly. "It's been a rotten night! I've had enough affinity for
the rest of my life. There's nobody like you!"
I would not kiss him just then, but I let him lie down on my couch
and hold my hand until he dropped asleep. Somehow the words of
Ferd's silly card kept running through my head:

Another woman now and then

Is relished by the best of men.

My little affair with Ferd had seemed harmless enough and the picnic
had been a lark; but Day and Ida had had a picnic and it had been a
lark—only the shoe was on the other foot, and it hurt!
And somehow, as I sat there, it seemed to me that the affinity
business was only fun because it was dangerous. We were all
children, and life was a Fourth of July, enchanting because it was
risky.
Day was sleeping, with his mouth shut! I leaned over and kissed him
as he dozed.
Sitting there, with Day asleep, I went over the events of the night,
and I knew that Ferd had had his lesson, too, and that, having been
burnt, he would not play with fire again—at least not until the blister
had healed; for Ferd had seen the island picnickers and had learned
that they were not puddlers. He had seen Ida and Day and, worst of
all, he had known that it was Day who was pursuing us.
I thought of that hour in the haymow, with Day and the others
below, and Ferd dripping; and very quietly, so as not to waken my
husband, I went into a paroxysm of mirth.
 THE FAMILY FRIEND
I
I've thought the thing over and over, and honestly I don't know
where it went wrong. It began so well. I planned it out, and it went
exactly as I'd expected up to a certain point. Then it blew up.
There's no argument about it, a girl has to look out for herself. The
minute the family begin mixing in there's trouble.
The day after I came out mother and I had a real heart-to-heart
talk. I'd been away for years at school, and in the summers we
hadn't seen much of each other. She played golf all day and I had
my tennis and my horse. And in the evenings there were always kid
dances. So we really got acquainted that day.
She rustled into my room and gazed at what was left of my ball
gown, spread out on the bed.
"It really went rather well last night," she said.
"Yes, mother," I replied.
"I've sent the best of the flowers to the hospital."
"Yes, mother."
"You had more flowers than Bessie Willing."
I shrugged my shoulders, and for some reason or other that irritated
her.
"For heaven's sake, Kit," she said sharply, "I wish you'd show a little
appreciation. Your father has spent a fortune on you, one way and
another. The supper alone last night——But that's not what I came
to talk about."
"No, mother?"
"No. Are you going to continue to waste your time on Henry
Baring?"
"I rather enjoy playing round with him. That's all it amounts to."
"Not at all," said mother in her best manner. "It keeps the others
away."
"As, for instance?" I asked politely.
She was getting on my nerves. I didn't mean to marry Henry, but I
did mean to carry on my own campaign.
"You know very well that there are only three marriageable men in
town. There are eleven débutantes. And—I don't care to be unkind,
but at least four of them are—are——"
"I know," I said wearily—"better looking than I am. Go ahead."
"You're not at all ugly," mother put in hastily. "A great many people
said nice things about you last night. The only thing I want to
impress on you is that Madge will have to come out next year, and
that you've been reared with expensive tastes."
"I've got brains. Most of the other eleven haven't."
"Brains are a liability, not an asset."
"That's an exploded idea, mother. The only times they are a liability
is when they are ruined by too much family interest."
"That sounds impertinent," she said coldly.
"Not at all; it's good business. If I'm to put over anything worth
while, I shall have to work along my own lines. I can't afford to have
my style cramped."
She raised her eyebrows at that, for she hates slang. But she looked
relieved too. When I think of how sure of myself I was that day I
could rave!
"Then you're not going to waste any more time on Henry?"
"I think," I said reflectively, "that I'm going to use Henry quite a lot.
But I don't intend to marry him."
Yes, that's what I said. I remember it perfectly well. I was putting a
dab of scent behind my ears at the time. I feel that I shall never use
the stuff again.
Well, mother went out quite cheered. It was the first real mother-
and-daughter talk we'd had for a long time. When she had gone I
went into my bathroom and locked the door and opened the
windows and smoked two cigarettes, thinking things out.
The family is opposed to my smoking, and no one knows except
mother's maid, who fixes my hair, and the gardener. When for the
third time he had seen smoke coming out of my bathroom window,
and had rushed upstairs with a fire grenade and all the servants at
his heels, I was compelled to take him into my confidence.
Well, I smoked and thought things out. I am not beautiful, but I'm
extremely chic, and at night, with a touch of rouge, I do very well. I
have always worn sophisticated clothes. I thought they suited my
style. But so did all the others. If I was to do anything distinguished
it would have to be on new lines.
"Early Victorian?" I said to myself.
But the idea of me Lydia-languishing, prunes-and-prisming round the
place was too much.
Athletics? Well, they were not bad. There's a lot of chance in golf,
although tennis is blowzy. I look well in sport clothes too. But if a girl
is a dub at a game a man is apt to tell her so, and I know my own
disposition. If he criticised me, before I knew it I'd be swatting my
prey with a mashie or a niblick, and everything over. Three men,
mother had said. I knew who they were. They had all sent me
flowers and danced with me, without saying a word, and then taken
me back to mother and rushed for the particular married woman
they were interested in.
Oh, I'm not blind! All the men I knew, old enough to amount to
anything, were interested in some married woman. I drive my own
car, and I used to meet them on lonely back roads, Lillian Marshall
and Tom Connor, Toots Warrington and Russell Hill, and the rest of
them.
I ask you, what chance had a débutante among them? There were
two things to decide that afternoon, the man and the method. I was
out now. The family had agreed to let me alone. I had a year before
me, until Madge came out. And I knew I could count on Henry
Baring to help me all he could. He was a sort of family friend. When
he couldn't get me he would take Madge to kid picnics, and mother
used to call on him to make a fourth at bridge or fill in at a dinner.
You know the sort.
He worked at something or other, and made enough to keep him
and pay his club bills, and to let him send flowers to débutantes, and
to set up an occasional little supper to pay his way socially. But
nobody ever thought of marrying him. He was tall and red-headed
and not very handsome. Have I said that?
So I counted on Henry. It makes me bitter even to write it. His very
looks were solid and dependable, although I underestimated his hair.
I've said I had brains. Well, I had too many brains. Mother was right
—the world doesn't come to the clever folks, it comes to the
stubborn, obstinate, one-idea-at-a-time people.
I'm going to tell this thing, because a lot of people are saying I
threw away a good thing, and mother——
I have a certain amount of superstition in me. I remember, when I
was about to be confirmed at school, I was told to open the Bible at
random and take the first verse my eyes fell on for a sort of motto
through life. Mine was to the effect that as a partridge sits on eggs
and fails to hatch them, so too the person who gets riches without
deserving them. It rather bothered me at the time. Well, it never will
again.
So I took three cigarettes and marked each one with the initials of
an eligible. Then I shook them up in a box and drew Russell Hill. I
knew then that I had my work cut out for me. Even with Henry's
help it was going to be a hard pull. Russell Hill was spoiled. Probably
out of the other eleven at least nine had Russell in the backs of their
heads. And he knew every move of the game. They'd all been tried
on him—golf and moonlight and 1830 methods and pro and anti
suffrage and amateur theatricals and ingénue technique and the
come-hither glance. So far they had all failed.
The girls were coming in for tea and to talk things over, and as I
dressed I was thinking hard. Mother had gone out for a golf lesson,
so I sent the rest of my cigarettes down to the drawing room and
picked up a book. I remember only one line of that book. Believe
me, as a matrimonial text it had the partridge one going. The girl in
the story had been crazy about a man.
"I always had my hand in his coat pocket!" she said.
Don't misunderstand, she was not robbing him. She slipped her
hand into his coat pocket to let him know how fond she was of him.
And after a moment, she said, he always put his hand in, too, over
hers. And he ended her slave. He was a very sophisticated man, up
to every move of the game, and he ended her slave!
But Russell would take tact. A man likes to be adored, but he hates
to look foolish. The first thing was, of course, to get his attention. I
was only one of a dozen. True, he had sent me flowers, but he
probably did what all the others did—had a standing order and a box
of his cards at the florist's. I wasn't fooled for a minute. To him I was
a flapper, nothing else. Whether flapper is a term of reproach or one
of tribute depends on whether the girl is a débutante or in the first
line of the chorus of a musical show. Oh, I wasn't very old, but I
knew my way about.
Margaret North came first and the rest trailed in soon after.
Everybody talked about the ball, and said it had been wonderful, and
I sat there and sized them up. I had a fight on my hands, and I
knew it.
There was a picture of Madge sitting round, and Margaret North
picked it up and took it to the light. Margaret is one of the four
mother had so delicately referred to.
"You'll have to hurry, Kit," she said. "Sister's a raving beauty."
"Oh, I don't know," I observed casually. "Beauty's not everything.
The girl in the book had not been a beauty."
"It's all there is," said Margaret. "Figure doesn't count any more.
Anybody can have a figure who has a decent dressmaker."
"How about brains?" I asked.
There was a squeal at that.
"Cut 'em out," said Ellie Clavering. "Hide 'em. Disguise 'em. Brains
are—are clandestine."
"Anyhow," somebody put in, "Kit isn't worrying; she's got Henry."
That's how they'd fixed me. I knew what it meant. It was a cheap
game, but they were playing it. They were going to tie me to Henry.
They would ask us together, and put us together at dinners, and talk
about us together. In the end everybody would think of us together.
I'd seen it done before. It's ruined more débutantes than anything
else. They'd put me out of the running before I'd started.
I sat back with my cup of tea and listened, and it made me positively
ill. It wasn't that they were clever. They were just instinctive. I could
have screamed. And having disposed of me, having handcuffed me
to Henry Baring and lost the key, so to speak, they went on to the
real subject, which was Russell.
Mother had said there were three eligibles. But to those little idiots
round the tea table there was only one. They'd been friendly enough
as long as Henry and I were on the rack. But the moment Russell's
name was mentioned there was a difference. They didn't talk so
much and they eyed each other more. Ella Clavering put both lemon
and cream in her tea, and drank it without noticing. Somebody said
very impressively that she understood the affair with Toots was off,
and that Russell had said, according to report, that he was glad of it.
He'd have a little time to himself now.
"That means, I dare say," I said languidly, "that Russell is ready to
bring his warmed-over affections to some of us!"
There was a sort of electric silence for a minute.
"It will take a very sophisticated person to land Russell after Toots,"
I went on. "He's past the ingénue stage."
"If a girl is pretty she always has a chance with Russell." Margaret,
of course. She was standing in front of a mirror and I had my eyes
on her. Evidently what I had said made an impression, for she
cocked her hat down an inch more over her right eye and watched
to see the effect.
"You ought to wear earrings, dear," I said. "You need just that dash
of chic."
Just for a moment I could see in every eye a sort of vision of Toots
Warrington, with the large pearls she always wore in her ears—
Toots, who had had Russell tame-catting for her off and on for
years!
Oh, they fell for it all right! I poured myself another cup of tea to
hide the triumph in my face. Little idiots! If he was sick of Toots he'd
hate everything that reminded him of her. I could see the crowd of
them swaggering in at the next party, in their best imitation of Toots
Warrington, with eyes slightly narrowed, and earrings. And I could
see Russell's soul turn over in revolt and go out and take a walk. I
knew a lot about men even then, but not enough. I know more now.

II
That night Henry Baring came to call. Being a sort of family friend he
had a way of walking in unexpectedly, with a box of candy for
whoever saw him first. If mother and I were out, he played chess
with father. If there was no one in, he was quite likely to range
round the lower floor, and ask the butler about his family, and
maybe read for an hour or so in the library. The servants adored
him, but he was matrimonially impossible.
That night he came. I was at home alone.
"You will take two full days' rest after your ball," mother had said. "I
have seen enough débutantes looking ready for the hospital the first
week they came out."
So I was alone that evening, and mother and father had gone to a
dinner. I was sulky, I don't mind saying. At six o'clock a box of
flowers had come, but they were only from Henry and not exciting.
"Thought I'd send them to-day," he wrote on his card. "Didn't like
the idea of my personal offering nailed to the club wall."
About nine o'clock I put on my silk dressing gown and went down to
the library for the book about the girl who always had her hand in
the man's coat pocket. I had got clear in when I saw Henry's red
head over the top of a deep chair.
"Come in!" he called. "I was told there was no one at home, but
methinks I know the step and the rustle."
"Don't look round," I said sharply. "I'm not dressed."
"Can't you stay a few minutes?"
"Certainly not."
"If I don't look?"
Well, it seemed silly to run. I was more covered up than I'd been the
night before in my ball gown. Besides, it had occurred to me that
Henry could be useful if he would. A sort of plan had popped into my
head. Inspiration, I called it then.
"Pretty nice last night, wasn't it?" he asked, talking to the fireplace.
"You looked some person, Kit, believe me."
"Considering that I've spent nineteen years getting ready, it should
have gone off rather well."
"I suppose I'll never see you any more."
"This looks like it! Why?"
"You'll be so popular."
"Oh, that! I'm not sure, Henry. I'm not beautiful."
He jumped at that, and almost turned round.
"Not beautiful!" he said. "You're—you're the loveliest thing that ever
lived, and you know it."
It began to look to me as if he wouldn't help after all. There was a
sort of huskiness in his voice, a—Oh, well, you know. I began on the
plan, however.
"You'll see me, all right," I said. "I'll have other friends, of course. I
hope so anyhow. But when one thinks who and what they are——"
"Good gracious, Kit! What are you driving at?"
"I'm young," I said. "I know that. But I'm not ignorant. And a really
nice girl with ideals——"
"I'll have to get up," he said suddenly. "I'll stand with my back to
you, if you insist, but I'll have to get up. What's all this about
ideals?"
"You know very well," I put in with dignity. "If every time I meet a
nice man people come to me with stories about him, or mother and
father warn me against him, what am I to do?"
"Can't you stand behind a chair and let me face you? This is
serious."
"Oh, turn round," I said recklessly. "If I hear any one coming I can
run. Anyhow, it may be unconventional but I'm fully clothed."
"Are you being warned against me?" he threw at me like a bomb.
"Because, if—if you are, it's absurd nonsense. I'm no saint, and I'd
never be fit for you to—What silly story have you heard, Kit?"
He was quite white, and his red hair looked like a conflagration.
"It's not about you at all; it's about Russell Hill."
It took him a moment to breathe normally again.
"Oh—Russell!" he said. "Well, that's probably nonsense too. You
don't mean to say your people object to your knowing Russell?"
"Not quite that," I said. "But I can't have him here, or go round with
him, or anything of that sort."
"Do they venture to give a reason?"
"Toots Warrington."
It's queer about men, the way they stand up for each other. Henry
knew as well as he knew anything that most of the girls we both
knew were crazy about Russell. And if he cared for me—and the way
he acted made me suspicious—he had a good chance to throw
Russell into the discard that night. But he didn't. I knew well enough
he wouldn't.
"That's perfect idiocy," he said sternly. "Society is organised along
certain lines, and maybe if you and I had anything to do with it we'd
change things. But there is no commandment or social law or
anything else against a man having a married woman for a friend."
"Friend!"
"Exactly—friend."
"I don't care to have anything to do with him."
"You needn't, of course. But you owe it to Russell to give him a
chance to set things straight. Any how he and Mrs. Warrington are
not seeing each other much any more. It's off."
"The very fact that you say it is 'off' shows that it was once 'on.'"
He waved his hands in perfect despair. If I'd rehearsed him he
couldn't have picked up his cues any better.
"I'm going to tell him," he said. "It's ridiculous. It's—it's libellous."
"I don't want him coming here explaining. I am not even interested."
"You're a perfect child, a stubborn child! Your mind's in pigtails, like
your hair."
Yes, my hair was down. I have rather nice hair.
"If he comes here," I said with my eyes wide, "he will have to come
when mother and father are out."
"I'll bring him," said Henry valiantly. "I'm not going to see him
calumniated, that's all." Then something struck his sense of humour
and he chuckled. "It will be a new and valuable experience to him,"
he said, "to have to come clandestinely. Do him good!"
I went upstairs then. It had been a fair day's work.
But it's hard to count on a family. Mother sprained her ankle getting
out of the car that night and was laid up for three days. I chafed at
first. Henry might change his mind or one of the eleven get in some
fine work. We declined everything that week, and I made some
experiments with my hair and the aid of mother's maid. I wanted a
sort of awfully feminine method—not sappy but not at all
sophisticated. Toots Warrington is always waved and netted, and all
the girls by that time had got earrings and were going round waved
and netted too.
I wanted to fix my hair like a girl who slips her hand into a man's
coat pocket because she can't help it, and then tries to get it out,
and can't because his hand has got hold of it.
Then one night I got it. Henry had dropped in, and found mother
with her foot up and the look of a dyspeptic martyr on her face, and
father with a cold and a thermometer in his mouth.
"I've come to take Kit to the movies," he announced calmly. "Far be
it from me not to contribute to the entertainment of a young lady
who is just out!"
"Full of gerbs!" father grunted, referring to the movies of course, not
me. But mother agreed.
"Do take her out, Henry," she said. "She's been on my nerves all
evening."
So we went, and there was a girl in one of the pictures who had
exactly the right hair arrangement. She had it loose and wavy about
her face, and it blew about the way things do blow in the movies,
and in the back it was a sort of soft wad.
It shows the association of ideas that I found my hand in Henry's
coat pocket, and he grabbed it like a lunatic.
"You darling!" he said thickly. "Don't do that unless you mean it. I
can't stand it."
I had to be very cool on the way home in the motor or he would
have kissed me.
Mother and I went to a reception on the following Tuesday, and I
wondered if mother noticed. She did. Coming home in the motor she
turned and stared at me.
"Thank heaven, Kit," she said, "you still look like a young girl. All at
once Ellie and the others look like married women. Earrings! It's
absurd. And such earrings! I am quite sure," she went on, eying me,
"that some of them had been smoking. I got an unmistakable whiff
of it when I was talking with Bessie Willing."
Well, I had rinsed my mouth with mouth wash and dabbed my lips
with cologne, so she got nothing from me. But I tasted like a drug
store.
I am not smoking now. I am not doing much of anything. I—but I'm
coming to that.
I'm no hypocrite. I'd been raised for one purpose, and that was to
marry well. If I did it in my own way, and you think my way not
exactly ethical, I can't help it. This thing of sitting back and letting
somebody find you and propose to you is ridiculous. There is only
one life, and we have to make the best we can of it.
Ethical! Don't girls always have the worst of it anyhow? They can't
go and ask the man. They have to lie in wait and plan and scheme,
or get left and have their younger sisters come out and crowd them,
and at twenty-five or so begin to regard any man at all as a
prospect. Maybe my methods sound a bit crude, but compared with
the average girl I know, I was delicate. I didn't play up my
attractions, at least not more than was necessary. I was using my
mind, not my body.

III
On Tuesday night I was going to a dance. Mother and father were
dining out and were to meet me later, so I was free until ten o'clock.
That night Henry brought Russell Hill.
I kept them waiting a few minutes, and came down ready for the
car. At the last minute I pulled my hair a bit loose over my face, and
the effect was exactly right.
Henry was horribly uncomfortable, and left in a few minutes. He was
going with some people to the dance, and would see us later. About
all he said was with his usual tact.
"You two ought to get together," he said. "There's a lot too much
being whispered these days, and not enough talking out loud."
With that he went, and we two were left facing each other.
"This is one of Henry's inspirations, Miss Katherine," Russell said. "I
—I don't usually have to wait until the family is out before I make a
call."
"Families are queer," I said non-committally. There was a window
open and I stood near it, under a pink lamp, and let my hair blow
about.
"Are we going to sit down, or am I to be banished as soon as I've
explained that I am a safe companion for a débutante?"
He was plainly laughing at me, although he was uncomfortable too.
And I have some spirit left.
"I am afraid you are giving me credit for too much interest," I said.
"This is Henry's idea, you know. You needn't defend yourself to me.
You look—entirely safe."
He hated that. No man likes to look entirely safe. He put his hands
in his pockets and half closed his eyes.
"Humph!" he said. "Then I gather that this whole meeting is a
mistake. I'm respectable enough to be uninteresting, and the ban
your people have placed on me doesn't particularly concern you!"
"That's not quite true," I said slowly. "I—if I ever got a chance to
know you really well, I'm sure we'd be—but I'll never get a chance,
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