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The Scientific Approach to Behaviour 42 Looking for Flaws: Evaluating Research 62
Goals of the Scientific Enterprise 42 Meta-Analysis 63
Steps in a Scientific Investigation 42 Sampling Bias 63
Placebo Effects 64
FEATURED STUDY Can Fear Increase Sexual Attraction? 44
Distortions in Self-Report Data 65
Advantages of the Scientific Approach 46 Experimenter Bias 66
Looking for Causes: Experimental Research 46 Looking at Ethics: Do the Ends Justify the Means? 66
Independent and Dependent Variables 47 Ethical Guidelines for Research in Psychology in Canada 68
Experimental and Control Groups 47
Extraneous Variables 48
Putting It in Perspective: Themes 1 and 7 69
Variations in Designing Experiments 49 PERSONAL APPLICATION Finding and Reading Journal
Advantages and Disadvantages of Experimental Research 50
Articles 71
Looking for Links: Descriptive/Correlational Research 51 The Nature of Technical Journals 71
Naturalistic Observation 51 Finding Journal Articles 71
Case Studies 51 Reading Journal Articles 71
Surveys 52
Advantages and Disadvantages of Descriptive/Correlational Research 52 CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION The Perils of Anecdotal
Evidence: ..I Have a Friend Who ••• n 74
Looking for Conclusions: Statistics and Research 53
Descriptive Statistics 53 Recap 76
An Illustrated Overview of Key Research Methods Practice Test 77
in Psychology 54
Inferential Statistics 61
••
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Communication in the Nervous System 80 The Endocrine System: Another Way to Communicate 11 O
Nervous Tissue: The Basic Hardware 80
Heredity and Behaviour: Is It All in the Genes? 112
The Neural Impulse: Using Energy to Send Information 82
Basic Principles of Genetics 11 2
The Synapse: Where Neurons Meet 83
Investigating Hereditary Influence: Research Methods 114
Neurotransmitters and Behaviour 86
The Interplay of Heredity and Environment 116
Organization of the Nervous System 89 Epigenetics 116
The Peripheral Nervous System 90
The Evolutionary Bases of Behaviour 118
The Central Nervous System 90
Darwin's Insights 118
Looking Inside the Brain: Research Methods 92 Subsequent Refinements to EvolutionaryTheory 11 9
Electrical Recordings 92 Behaviours as Adaptive Traits 120
Lesioning 93
Putting It in Perspective: Themes 1, 4, and 6 120
Electrical Stimulation of the Brain 94
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 94 PERSONAL APPLICATION Evaluating the Concept
Brain-Imaging Procedures 95 0
of Two Minds in One" 121
FEATURED STUDY The Neuroscience of Time Travel 98 Cerebral Specialization and Cognitive Processes 121
The Brain and Behaviour 99 Complexities and Qualifications 122
The Hindbrain 99 CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION Building Better Brains:
The Midbrain 99 The Perils of Extrapolation 124
The Forebrain 101
The Limbic System: The Centre of Emotion 101 The Key Findings on Neural Development 124
The Plasticity of the Brain 105 The Risks of Overextrapolation 125
•••
VIII CONTENTS NEL
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Psychophysics: Basic Concepts and Issues 130 FEATURED STUDY Decoding Speech Prosody: Do Music
Thresholds: Looking for Limits 130 Lessons Help? 161
Signal-Detection Theory 131
Our Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell 162
Perception without Awareness 131
Taste: The Gustatory System 162
Sensory Adaptation 132
Smell: The Olfactory System 165
Our Sense of Sight: The Visual System 133
Our Sense of Touch: Sensory Systems in the Skin 166
The Stimulus: Light 133
Feeling Pressure 166
The Eye: A Living Optical Instrument 133
Feeling Pain 166
The Retina: The Brain's Envoy in the Eye 135
Vision and the Brain 138 Our Other Senses 169
Vision for Perception and Vision for Action 141 The Kinesthetic System 169
Viewing the World in Colour 142 The Vestibular System 170
The Visual System: Perceptual Processes 146 Putting It in Perspective: Themes 2, 5, and 7 170
Perceiving Forms, Patterns, and Objects 146
Looking at the Whole Picture: Gestalt Principles 149 An Illustrated Overview of Five Major Senses 172
Perceiving Depth or Distance 151
PERSONAL APPLICATION Appreciating Art and Illusion 174
Perceptual Constancies in Vision 153
The Power of Misleading Cues: Optical Illusions 153 CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION Recognizing Contrast
Effeds: It's All Relative 180
Our Sense of Hearing: The Auditory System 156
The Stimulus: Sound 156 Recap 182
Human Hearing Capacities 157
Sensory Processing in the Ear 157 Practice Test 183
Auditory Perception: Theories of Hearing 159
Music and Its Effects 160
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The Nature of Consciousness 186 Hypnotic Phenomena 21 O
Variations in Awareness and Control 186 Theories of Hypnosis 211
Unconscious Thought Effects 187 Meditation: Pure Consciousness or Relaxation? 212
Consciousness and Brain Activity 187 Physiological Correlates 213
FEATURED STUDY Merits of Unconscious Thought 188 Long-Term Benefits 213
Biological Rhythms and Sleep 189 Altering Consciousness with Drugs 215
The Role of Circadian Rhythms 189 Principal Abused Drugs and Their Effects 215
Ignoring Circadian Rhythms 190 Factors Influencing Drug Effects 218
Realigning Circadian Rhythms 192 Mechanisms of Drug Action 219
Drug Dependence 220
The Sleep and Waking Cycle 192 Drugs and Health 221
Cycling through the Stages of Sleep 193
Repeating the Cycle 195 Putting It in Perspective: Themes 2, 3, 5, and 7 223
Age Trends in Sleep 196 PERSONAL APPLICATION Addressing Practical Questions
Culture and Sleep 197
about Sleep and Dreams 225
The Neural and Evolutionary Bases of Sleep 197
Doing Without: Sleep Deprivation 198 Common Questions about Sleep 225
Problems in the Night: Sleep Disorders 201 Common Questions about Dreams 226
CONTENTS NEL
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Classical Conditioning 234 FEATURED STUDY The Long-Term Effects of Watching
Pavlov's Demonstration: "Psychic Reflexes" 234 Violence on TV 268
Terminology and Procedures 236 Observational Learning and the Brain: Mirror Neurons 269
Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life 236
Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning 241 An Illustrated Overview of Three Types of Learning 270
Stimulus Generalization and the Mysterious Case of Little Albert 242
Putting It in Perspective: Themes 3 and 6 272
Cognition and Classical Conditioning 244
Evolutionary and Biological Effects on Conditioning 245 PERSONAL APPLICATION Achieving Self-Control through
Operant Conditioning 248 Behaviour Modification 273
Thorndike's Law of Effect 248 Specifying Your Target Behaviour 273
Skinner's Demonstration: It's All a Matter of Consequences 248 Gathering Baseline Data 273
Terminology and Procedures 250 Designing Your Program 274
Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning 251 Executing Your Program 275
Reinforcement and Superstitious Behaviour 254 Ending Your Program 275
Schedules of Reinforcement 255
CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION Manipulating Emotions:
Positive Reinforcement versus Negative Reinforcement 257
Punishment: Consequences That Weaken Responses 258 Pavlov and Persuasion 276
Cognitive Processes in Conditioning: Latent Learning Classical Conditioning in Advertising 276
and Cognitive Maps 261 Classical Conditioning in Business Negotiations 276
Evolutionary and Biological Effects on Conditioning 262 Classical Conditioning in the World of Politics 277
Observational Learning 263 Becoming More Aware of Classical Conditioning Processes 277
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Encoding: Getting Information into Memory 282 Systems and Types of Memory 311
The Role of Attention 283 Implicit versus Explicit Memory 311
Levels of Processing 284
FEATURED STUDY Long-Term Implicit Memory 312
Enriching Encoding 285
Declarative versus Procedural Memory 314
Storage: Maintaining Information in Memory 286
Semantic versus Episodic Memory 315
Sensory Memory 286 Prospective versus Retrospective Memory 316
Short-Term Memory 288
Long-Term Memory 290 Putting It in Perspective: Themes 2, 4, and 7 317
How Is Knowledge Represented and Organized in Memory? 291
PERSONAL APPLICATION Improving Everyday Memory 318
Retrieval: Getting Information Out of Memory 294 Engage in Adequate Rehearsal 318
Using Cues to Aid Retrieval 294 Schedule Distributed Practice and Minimize Interference 318
Reinstating the Context of an Event 295 Engage in Deep Processing and Organize Information 318
Reconstructing Memories and the Misinformation Effect 295 Enrich Encoding with Mnemonic Devices 319
Source Monitoring and Reality Monitoring 297 Enrich Encoding with Visual Mnemonics 319
Forgetting: When Memory Lapse 298 CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION Understanding
How Quickly We Forget: Ebbinghaus's Forgetting Curve 298 the Fallibility of Eyewitness Accounts 321
Measures of Forgetting 299
WhyWe Forget? 300 The Contribution of Hindsight Bias 322
The Repressed Memories Controversy 303 The Contribution of Overconfidence 322
Seven Sins of Memory: How Memory Goes Wrong 305 Strategies to Reduce Overconfidence 322
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XII CONTENTS NEL
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Language: Turning Thoughts into Words 328 Behavioural Economics 355
What Is Language? 328 Evolutionary Analyses of Flaws in Human Decision Making 355
The Structure of Language 328 Thinking Fast and Thinking Slow: Two Systems of Thought 356
Milestones in Language Development 329 Putting It in Perspective:Themes 1, 5, 6, and 7 357
FEATURED STUDY Babbling in the Manual Mode 331 PERSONAL APPLICATION Understanding Pitfalls in
Learning More than One Language: Bilingualism 334 Reasoning about Decisions 358
Can Animals Develop Language? 337
The Gambler's Fallacy 358
Language in an Evolutionary Context 338
The Law of Small Numbers 358
Theories of Language Acquisition 338
Overestimating the Improbable 359
Culture, Language, and Thought 340
Confirmation Bias, Belief Perseverance, and the Overconfidence
Problem Solving: In Search of Solutions 341 Effect 359
Types of Problems 341 The Effects of Framing 360
Barriers to Effective Problem Solving 343 Loss Aversion 361
Approaches to Problem Solving 344 CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION Shaping Thought with
Culture, Cognitive Style, and Problem Solving 348
Language: uonly a Naive Moron Would Believe Thatn 362
Decision Making: Choices and Chances 350
---
Semantic Slanting 362
Making Choices: Basic Strategies 350 Name-Calling 362
Making Choices about Preferences: Quirks and Complexities 351
Taking Chances: Factors Weighed in Risky Decisions 352 Recap 364
Heuristics in Judging Probabilit ies 353
Practice Test 365
The Tendency to Ignore Base Rates 353
The Conjunction Fallacy 354
•••
NEL CONTENTS XIII
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Key Concepts in Psychological Testing 369 The Interaction of Heredity and Environment 391
Principal Types of Tests 369 Cultural Differences in IQ Scores 392
Standardization and Norms 370 FEATURED STUDY Racial Stereotypes and Test
Reliability 370 Performance 396
Validity 371
The Evolution of Intelligence Testing 373 New Directions in the Assessment and Study
Galton's Studies of Hereditary Genius 373 of Intelligence 397
Binet's Breakthrough 374 Exploring Biological Correlates of Intelligence 397
Terman and the Stanford-Binet 374 Investigating Cognitive Processes in Intelligent Behaviour 399
Wechsler's Innovations 375 Expanding the Concept of Intelligence 400
Measuring Emotional Intelligence 401
The Debate about the Structure of Intelligence 375
Basic Questions about Intelligence Testing 378 Putting It in Perspective: Themes 3, 5, and 6 402
What Do Modern IQ Scores Mean? 378 PERSONAL APPLICATION Understanding Creativity 404
Do Intelligence Tests Have Adequate Reliability? 379
The Nature of Creativity 404
Do Intelligence Tests Have Adequate Validity? 379
Measuring Creativity 404
Are Individuals' IQ Scores Stable over Time? 380
Correlates of Creativity 405
Do Intelligence Tests PredictVocational Success? 381
Are IQ Tests Widely Used in Other Cultures? 381 CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION The Intelligence Debate,
Extremes of Intelligence 382 Appeals to Ignorance, and Reification 408
Intellectual Disability 382 The Appeal to Ignorance 408
Giftedness 385 Reification 409
•
XIV CONTENTS NEL
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Motivational Theories and Concepts 414 The Behavioural Component: Nonverbal Expressiveness 444
Drive Theories 414 Culture and the Elements of Emotion 445
Incentive Theories 414 Theories of Emotion 448
Evolutionary Theories 41 5 James-Lange Theory 448
The Range and Diversity of Human Motives 415 Cannon-Bard Theory 448
The Motivation of Hunger and Eating 416 Schachter's Two-Factor Theory 449
Biological Factors in the Regulation of Hunger 416 Evolutionary Theories of Emotion 449
Environmental Factors in the Regulation of Hunger 418 Putting It in Perspective: Themes 2, 3, 4, 5,
Eating and Weight: The Roots of Obesity 420 and6 451
Sexual Motivation and Behaviour 425
PERSONAL APPLICATION Exploring the Ingredients
The Human Sexual Response 425
of Happiness 452
Evolutionary Analyses of Human Sexual Behaviour 427
Factors That Do Not Predict Happiness 453
FEATURED STUDY Can Women Judge Men's Mate Potential Moderately Good Predictors of Happiness 453
in Just One Glance? 430 Strong Predictors of Happiness 454
The Controversial Issue of Pornography 430 Conclusions about Subj ective Well-Being 454
The Mystery of Sexual Orientation 433 CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION Analyzing Arguments:
The Need to Belong: Affiliation Motivation 435 Making Sense Out of Controversy 456
----------
Ostracism and the Fear of Rejection 436 The Anatomy of an Argument 456
Achievement: In Search of Excellence 436 Common Fallacies 457
Evaluating the Strength of Arguments 457
Individual Differences in the Need for Achievement 436
Situational Determinants of Achievement Behaviour 438 Recap 458
The Elements of Emotional Experience 439 Practice Test 459
The Cognitive Component: Subjective Feelings 440
The Physiological Component: Diffuse and Multifaceted 441
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© Masterfile RF
Progress before Birth: Prenatal Development 462 Aging and Physiological Changes 498
The Course of Prenatal Development 462 Aging and Neural Changes 499
Environmental Factors and Prenatal Development 464 Aging and Cognitive Changes 500
The Wondrous Years of Childhood 467 An Illustrated Overview of Human Development 502
Exploring the World: Motor Development 467 Putting It in Perspective: Themes 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 506
Easy and Difficult Babies: Differences in Temperament 469
Early Emotional Development: Attachment 471 PERSONAL APPLICATION Understanding Gender
Personality Development in Childhood 475 Differences 507
The Growth of Thought: Cognitive Development 477
How Do the Sexes Differ in Behaviour? 507
The Development of Moral Reasoning 485
Biological Origins of Gender Differences 508
The Transition of Adolescence 488 Environmental Origins of Gender Differences 51 O
Physiological Changes 488 Conclusion 511
Neural Development: The Teen Brain 489 CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION Are Fathers Essential
Time of Turmoil? 490
to Children's Well-Being? 512
FEATURED STUDY Youth Suicide in Canada's First Nations 492
The Basic Argument 512
The Search for Identity 493 Evaluating the Argument 512
Emerging Adulthood as a New Developmental Stage 494
Recap 514
The Expanse of Adulthood 495
Practice Test 515
Personality Development 495
Transitions in Family Life 495
CONTENTS NEL
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NEL CONTENTS XVII
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Person Perception: Forming Impressions of Others 566 FEATURED STUDY ··1 Was Just Following Orders'' 594
Effects of Physical Appearance 567 Cultural Variations in Conformity and Obedience 596
Cognitive Schemas 568
Stereotypes 569 Behaviour in Groups: Joining with Others 597
Subjectivity and Bias in Person Perception 571 Behaviour Alone and in Groups: The Case of the Bystander Effect 598
An Evolutionary Perspective on Bias in Person Perception 571 Group Productivity and Social Loafing 599
Decision Making in Groups 600
Attribution Processes: Explaining Behaviour 572
Internal versus External Attributions 572 Social Neuroscience 602
Attributions for Success and Failure 572 A Neuroscience Perspective on Social Psychology 602
Bias in Attribution 573 Topics in Social Neuroscience 602
Culture and Attributional Tendencies 575 Putting It in Perspective: Themes 1, 5, and 7 604
Close Relationships: Liking and Loving 576
PERSONAL APPLICATION Understanding Prejudice 605
Key Factors in Attraction 576
Perspectives on the Mystery of Love 577 Stereotyping 605
Culture and Close Relationships 579 Biases in Attribution 606
An Evolutionary Perspective on Attraction 580 Forming and Preserving Prejudicial Attitudes 606
Implicit Prejudice 606
Attitudes: Making Social Judgments 581 Competition between Groups 607
Components and Dimensions of Attitudes 581 Dividing the World into lngroups and Outgroups 607
Attitudes and Behaviour 582 Remedial and Affirmative Action by the Disadvantaged 607
Implicit Attitudes: Looking beneath the Surface 583
CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION Whom Can You Trust?
Trying to Change Attitudes: Factors in Persuasion 584
Theories of Attitude Formation and Change 587 Analyzing Credibility and Social Influence ladies 609
•••
XVIII CONTENTS NEL
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The Nature of Stress 617 Health-Impairing Behaviour 641
Stress as an Everyday Event 617 Smoking 641
Appraisal: Stress Lies in the Eye of the Beholder 618 Lack of Exercise 642
Alcohol and Drug Use 643
Major Types of Stress 618
Behaviour and AIDS 643
Frustration 618 How Does Health-Impairing Behaviour Develop? 644
Conflict 61 9
Change 620 Reactions to Illness 645
Pressure 621 Deciding to Seek Treatment 645
Communicating with Health Providers and Adhering
Responding to Stress 622
to Medical Advice 646
Emotional Responses 622
Physiological Responses 624 Putting It in Perspective: Themes 4 and 7 646
Behavioural Responses 626
PERSONAL APPLICATION Improving Coping
The Effects of Stress on Psychological Functioning 631 and Stress Management 648
Impaired Task Performance 631
Reappraisal: Eiiis's Rational Thinking 648
Burnout 631
Using Humour as a Stress Reducer 649
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 632
Releasing Pent-Up Emotions and Forgiving Others 649
Psychological Problems and Disorders 633
Managing Hostility and Forgiving Others 649
The Effects of Stress on Physical Health 634 Learning to Relax 649
Type A Personality, Hostility, and Heart Disease 634 Minimizing Physiological Vulnerability 649
Emotional Reactions, Depression, and Heart Disease 635 Summary 651
Stress, Other Diseases, and Immune Functioning 635 CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION Thinking Rationally
FEATURED STUDY Is Depression a Risk Factor about Health Statistics and Decisions 652
for Heart Disease? 636 Evaluating Statistics on Health Risks 652
Sizing Up the Link between Stress and Illness 638 Thinking Systematically about Health Decisions 652
•
NEL CONTENTS XIX
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Abnormal Behaviour: Myths, Realities, Etiology of Schizophrenia 691
and Controversies 658 Personality Disorders 695
The Medical Model Applied to Abnormal Behaviour 659 Diagnostic Problems 696
Criteria of Abnormal Behaviour 660 Antisocial Personality Disorder 696
Stereotypes of Psychological Disorders 661
Psychodiagnosis: The Classification of Disorders 662 An Illustrated Overview of Three Categories
DSM-5: Changes and Continuing Challenges 663 of Psychological Disorders 698
The Prevalence of Psychological Disorders 664
Disorders of Childhood 700
Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Post-Traumatic Autism Spectrum Disorder 700
Stress Disorders 666
Psychological Disorders and the Law 702
Anxiety Disorders 666
Insanity 702
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 668
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 670 Culture and Pathology 704
Etiology of Anxiety and Anxiety-Related Disorders 671 Are Equivalent Disorders Found around the World? 704
Dissociative Disorders 674 Are Symptom Patterns Culturally Invariant? 705
CONTENTS NEL
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The Elements of the Treatment Process 716 Blending Approaches to Treatment 744
Treatments: How ManyTypes Are There? 716 Increasing Multicultural Sensitivity in Treatment 744
Clients: Who Seeks Therapy? 717
FEATURED STUDY Combining Insight Therapy
Therapists: Who Provides Professional Treatment? 718
and Medication 745
lnsightTherapies 719
Psychoanalysis 719 Institutional Treatment in Transition 747
Client-Centred Therapy 722 Disenchantment with Mental Hospitals 748
Therapies Inspired by Positive Psychology 724 Deinstitutionalization 748
Group Therapy 726 Mental Illness, the Revolving Door,
Couples and Family Therapy 726
and Homelessness 749
How Effective Are Insight Therapies? 727
Putting It in Perspective: Themes 2 and 5 750
Behaviour Therapies 728
Systematic Desensitization 729 PERSONAL APPLICATION Looking for a Therapist 751
Aversion Therapy 730
Where Do You Find Therapeutic Services? 751
Social Skills Training 731
Is the Therapist's Profession or Sex Important? 751
Cognitive-Behavioural Treatments 731
Is Treatment Always Expensive? 751
How Effective Are Behaviour Therapies? 733
Is the Therapist's Theoretical Approach Important? 752
Biomedical Therapies 734 What Should You Look for in a Prospective Therapist? 752
Treatment with Drugs 735 What Should You Expect from Therapy? 753
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) 739 CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION From Crisis to
New Brain Stimulation Techniques 740
Wellness-But Was It the Therapy? 754
An Illustrated Overview of Five Major Approaches
to Treatment 742 Recap 756
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Welcome to the fourth Canadian edition of new edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
Psychology: Themes and Variations. In the first three of the American Psychiatric Association, the DSM-5,
Canadian editions published in 2006, 2010, and afforded the opportunity for an extensive revision
2013, respectively, we decided to build on the con- of Chapter 15, "Psychological Disorders," to accom-
siderable strengths of the U.S. text by increasing modate these changes in diagnostic classification of
its relevance to a Canadian college and university psychological disorders and new developments in
audience. We added more than 300 new references the field. The new DSM also necessitated changes
to Canadian research and the Canadian context in other chapters of the book where discussion of
in the first edition, 900 to the second, 1700 to the psychopathology was relevant, such as Chapter 14,
third, and over 800 to the fourth. We supplied rel- "Stress, Coping, and Health."
evant Canadian statistics, and highlighted issues In this edition, we have added new Featured
of particular concern to Canadians, such as bilin- Studies executed by prominent researchers, and
gualism, cultural diversity, First Nations peoples' revised several introductory vignettes to provide an
issues, and the contribution of women to Canadian immediate and compelling Canadian context for the
psychology and Canadian life. We also highlighted chapter's material.
the narrative structure of psychology by telling If we had to sum up in a single sentence what
students a little about the background and context we hope will distinguish this text, that sentence
of research and theory and of some of the scholars would be this: We set out to create a paradox
involved in this work. instead of a compromise. To elaborate, an introduc-
Our revisions to the fourth Canadian edition are tory psychology text must satisfy two disparate
based on our own survey of the developing literature audiences: instructors and students. Because of the
in psychology and on the extensive critical feed- tension between the divergent needs and prefer-
back we received from instructors and students ences of these audiences, textbook authors usually
across the country. We appreciated receiving all of indicate that they have attempted to strike a com-
your comments and suggestions regarding the pre- promise between being theoretical versus practical,
vious Canadian editions; you caught grammatical comprehensive versus comprehensible, research-
and text errors and told us what was clear in the oriented versus applied, rigorous versus accessible,
book and what wasn't. Thank you so much for your and so forth. However, we believe that many of
participation in this revision: You will see evidence these dichotomies are false. As Kurt Lewin once
of many of your comments in this new edition, remarked, "What could be more practical than a
including changes in the sequence of topics. We good theory?" Similarly, is rigorous really the oppo-
invite you to send us your comments so you can site of accessible? Not in our teaching. We think
impact future editions. We would greatly appreciate that many of the disparate goals that we strive for
your feedback on this new edition, as well. Please feel in our textbooks only seem incompatible and that
free to contact Doug Mccann at dmccann@yorku we may not need to make compromises as often as
.ca. Doug responds to every email he receives about we assume.
the book. In our estimation, a good introductory textbook
In this fourth Canadian edition, we not only is a paradox in that it integrates characteristics and
updated the information already covered in the goals that appear contradictory. With this in mind,
first, second, and third editions, but also added a we have endeavoured to write a book that is para-
significant amount of new material, including over doxical in three ways. First, in surveying psychol-
800 new references to research, theory, application, ogy's broad range of content, we have tried to show
and context in psychology from all over the world. that its interests are characterized by both diver-
This new work was integrated into the existing text sity and unity. Second, we have emphasized both
sometimes as updates, and sometimes as entire new research and application, and how they work in har-
sections. We also highlighted emerging trends such mony. Finally, we have aspired to write a compelling
as the increasing focus on neuroscience in most book that is challenging to think about and easy to
areas of psychology. The publication in 2013 of a learn from. Let's take a closer look at these goals.
•••
NEL TO THE I NSTRUCTOR XXIII
Copyright 2016 Nelson Education Ltd . All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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Goals questions, to examine their assumptions about
behaviour, and to apply psychological concepts to
1. To show both the unity and the diversity of their own lives. Our goal is not simply to describe
psychology's subject matter. Students entering an psychology but to stimulate students' intellectual
introductory psychology course are often unaware growth.
of the immense diversity of subjects studied by Admittedly, these goals are ambitious. If you're
psychologists. We find this diversity to be part of skeptical, you have every right to be. Let us explain
psychology's charm, and throughout the book we how we have tried to realize these objectives.
highlight the enormous range of questions and
issues addressed by psychology. Of course, psy- Special Features
chology's diversity proves disconcerting for some
students, who see little continuity between such The book contains a variety of unusual features,
disparate areas of research as physiology, motiva- each contributing in its own way to the book's para-
tion, cognition, and abnormal behaviour. Indeed, doxical nature. These special elements include uni-
in this era of specialization, even some psycholo- fying themes, Featured Studies, Personal Application
gists express concern about the fragmentation of sections, Critical Thinking Application sections, a
the field. Since we believe that the subfields of didactic illustration program, an integrated running
psychology overlap considerably, we emphasize glossary, Concept Checks, Preview Questions, interim
their common core, portraying psychology as an Reviews of Key Points, and Practice Tests.
integrated whole.
2. To illuminate the process of research and its inti- Unifying Themes
mate link to application. For us, a research-oriented Chapter 1 introduces seven key ideas that serve as
book is not one that bulges with summaries of many unifying themes throughout the text. The themes
studies but one that enhances students' appreciation serve several purposes. First, they provide threads
of the logic and excitement of empirical inquiry. of continuity across chapters that help students see
We want students to appreciate the strengths of the the connections among various areas of research
empirical approach and to see scientific psychology in psychology. Second, as the themes evolve over
as a creative effort to solve intriguing behavioural the course of the book, they provide a forum for a
puzzles. For this reason, the text emphasizes not relatively sophisticated discussion of enduring issues
only what psychologists know (and don't know) but in psychology, thus helping to make this a "book
how they attempt to find out. The book examines of ideas." Third, the themes focus a spotlight on a
behavioural processes in some detail, and encourages number of basic insights about psychology and its
students to adopt the skeptical attitude of a scientist subject matter that should leave lasting impressions
and to think critically about claims regarding behav- on your students.
iour. Throughout the book, we also share the prac- In selecting the themes, the question we asked
tical implications of the work of psychologists, ourselves (and other instructors) was "What do we
satisfying students' desire for concrete, personally really want students to remember five years from
useful information. now?" The resulting themes are grouped into two
3. To make the textbook challenging to think about sets.
and easy to learn from. Perhaps most of all, we have
sought to create a book of ideas rather than a com- THEMES RELATED TO PSYCHOLOGY AS A FIELD
pendium of studies. We consistently emphasize OF STUDY
concepts and theories over facts, and focus on Theme 1: Psychology is empirical. This theme is
major issues and tough questions that cut across the used to enhance the student's appreciation of psy-
subfields of psychology (e.g., the extent to which chology's scientific nature and to demonstrate the
behaviour is governed by nature, nurture, and their advantages of empiricism over uncritical common
interaction), as opposed to parochial debates (e.g., sense and speculation. We also use this theme to
the merits of averaging versus adding in impres- encourage the reader to adopt a scientist's skeptical
sion formation). Challenging students to think also attitude and to engage in more critical thinking
means urging them to confront the complexity and about information of all kinds.
ambiguity of psychological knowledge. Hence, the
text doesn't skirt around grey areas, unresolved Theme 2: Psychology is theoretically diverse.
questions, and theoretical controversies. Instead, Students are often confused by psychology's
it encourages readers to contemplate open-ended theoretical pluralism and view it as a weakness. We
Language: Spanish
COLECCIÓN UNIVERSAL
GIOVANNI VERGA
CALPE
MADRID, 1920
INDICE
"La loba"
Nedda
Capricho (Fantastichería)
Jeli el pastor
Guerra de Santos
"Pucherete" (Pentolaccia)
Era alta, delgada; tenía, eso sí, un seno firme y vigoroso, de morena
— aunque ya no era joven —, pálida como si tuviera siempre la
malaria, y en aquella palidez, unos ojos así de grandes y unos labios
frescos y rojos que te comían.
En el pueblo la llamaban "La Loba" porque nunca ni con nada se
saciaba. Las mujeres se santiguaban al verla pasar sola como un
perro, con aquel andar errante y desconfiado de loba hambrienta;
robaba hijos y maridos en un abrir y cerrar de ojos, con sus labios
colorados y se los llevaba tras de sus faldas, con aquella mirada de
Satanás, aunque estuviesen ante el altar de Santa Agripina. Por
fortuna, "La Loba" no iba nunca a la iglesia, ni por Pascua ni por la
Navidad, ni a oír misa, ni a confesarse. El padre Angel de Santa
María de Jesús, un verdadero siervo de Dios, había perdido el alma
por ella.
La pobre Marica, muchacha buena y lista, lloraba a hurtadillas,
porque, hija de "La Loba", nadie la quería por mujer, a pesar de
tener su ropita en la cómoda y sus cuatros terrones como cualquier
otra moza del pueblo.
Un buen día, "La Loba" se enamoró de un guapo mozo que había
vuelto del servicio y que segaba el heno con ella en los prados del
notario; pero lo que se dice enamorarse, sentir que le ardían las
carnes bajo el fustán del corpiño y tener al mirárle a los ojos la sed
de las cálidas tardes de junio, en medio del llano. Pero él seguía
segando tranquilamente, atento al la gavilla, y le decía:
— ¿Qué tiene, "señá" Pina?
En los campos inmensos, donde sólo se oía el canto de los grillos,
cuando caía el sol a plomo, "La Loba" gavillaba manojo tras manojo
y haz tras haz, sin cansarse jamás, sin enderezar un momento al
cuerpo, sin acercar los labios a la botella, con tal de estar siempre
pisándole los talones a Nanni que, segaba y segaba, y preguntábale
de cuando en cuando:
— ¿Qué quiere, "señá" Pina?
Una noche se lo dijo, mientras los hombres dormitaban en la era
cansados de la larga jornada, y vagaban los perros por el campo
vasto y negro.
— ¡Te quiero... a ti, que eres guapo como un sol y dulce como la
miel! ¡Te quiero a ti!
— Y yo quiero a tu hija, que es mocita — respondió Nanni riendo.
"La Loba" llevóse las manos a la cabeza, rascóse las sienes sin decir
palabra y, marchándose luego, ya no volvió más por la era. Pero en
octubre se encontró de nuevo con Nanni, según hacían el aceite,
porque trabajaba junto a su casa, y el chirrido de la prensa no le
dejaba dormir en toda la noche.
— Coge el saco de las aceitunas — le dijo a su hija — y ven
conmigo.
Nanni empujaba con la pala las aceitunas bajo la muela, y gritábale
"¡ohí" a la mula para que no se parase.
— ¿Quieres a mi hija Marica? — le preguntó la "señá" Pina.
— ¿Qué le da usted a su hija Marica? — respondió Nanni —. Tiene lo
de su padre, y a más le doy mi casa; a mí me basta con que me des
un rincón de la cocina donde tender un jergón.
— Si es así, para Navidad hablaremos — dijo Nanni.
Nanni estaba todo untado y sucio del aceite y de las aceitunas
puestas a fermentar, y Marica no le quería en modo alguno; pero su
madre la agarró por los pelos, delante del hogar, y le dijo, apretando
los dientes:
— ¡Si no te casas con él, te mato!
"La Loba" parecía enferma, y decía la gente que el diablo cuando se
hace viejo se mete a fraile. Ya no iba de aquí para allá; ya no se
ponía a la puerta con aquellos ojos de endemoniada. Su yerno,
cuando ella se le plantaba delante con aquellos ojos, echábase a reír,
y sacaba el escapulario de la Virgen para persignarse. Marica
estábase en casa amamantando a sus hijos, y su madre andaba por
los campos trabajando con los hombres, como un hombre
enteramente, escardando, cavando, conduciendo el ganado,
podando las cepas, ya soplase el gregal, ya levante de enero o
siroco de agosto, cuando los machos agachaban la cabeza y los
hombres dormían de bruces al resguardo de la pared a tramontana.
"En esa hora entre véspero y nona, en que no anda hembra bona",
la señá Pina era la única alma viviente a quien se veía errar por el
campo, sobre los guijarros abrasados de los senderos, entre los
secos rastrojos de los campos inmensos, que se perdían en el
caliginoso ambiente, lejos, muy lejos, hacia el Etna neblinoso, donde
el cielo pesaba sobre el horizonte.
— Despierta — dijole "La Loba" a Nanni, que dormía en la cuneta,
junto al seto polvoriento, con la cabeza entre los brazos —.
Despierta, que te he traído el vino para que refresques el gañote.
Nanni abrió los ojos lacrimosos, entre dormido y despierto, y se la
encontró derecha, pálida, prepotente el pecho, los ojos negros como
el carbón, y extendió a tientas las manos.
— ¡No; "no anda hembra bona entre véspero y nona"! — sollozaba
Nanni, escondiendo la cara en la hierba seca de la cuneta y
arañándose los pelos — ¡Vete, vete; no vuelvas más a la era!
Y se marchó "La Loba", en efecto, anudándose otra vez las
hermosas trenzas, fija la mirada ante sus pasos en los cálidos
rastrojos, con los ojos negros como el carbón.
Pero volvió varias veces a la era, y Nanni no le dijo nada. Antes bien:
cuando tardaba en ir a esa hora, entre véspero y nona, íbase a
esperarla a lo alto de la senda blanca y desierta, con el sudor en la
frente, y después se llevaba las manos a la cabeza y repetíale
siempre:
— ¡Vete, vete, y no vuelvas más a la hora!
Marica lloraba día y noche, y plantábase ante su madre, ardiéndole
los ojos de lágrimas, como una lobezna a su vez, siempre que la veía
volver del campo pálida y muda.
— ¡Mala madre! — le decía —. ¡Mala madre!
— ¡Calla!
— ¡Ladrona, ladrona!
— ¡Calla!
— ¡Iré a decírselo al brigadier!
— ¡Ve!
Y fué de veras, con sus hijos en brazos, sin miedo, sin verter una
lágrima, como una loca, porque ahora también ella quería a aquel
marido que le habían dado a la fuerza, untado y sucio de las
aceitunas puestas a fermentar.
El brigadier mandó llamar a Nanni, y le amenazó incluso con el
presidio y la horca. Nanni se dió a llorar y a tirarse de los pelos. ¡No
negó nada! ¡No intentó disculparse!
— ¡Es la tentación — decía —; es la tentación del infierno!
Y se arrojó a los pies del brigadier, suplicandole que le mandase a
presidio.
— ¡Por caridad, señor brigadier, sáqueme de este infierno! ¡Que me
matan! ¡Que me maten en la cárcel; pero que no la vea nunca más!
— ¡No! — respondióle, por el contrario, "La Loba" al brigadier —. Yo
me reservé un rincón de la cocina donde dormir cuando les di mi
casa en dote. La casa es mía. ¡No quiero marcharme!
Poco después, a Nanni le atizó una coz el macho, y estuvo a la
muerte; pero el párroco se negó a darle el Señor si "La Loba" no
salía de la casa. "La Loba" se marchó, y su yerno entonces pudo
prepararse a irse también como buen cristiano, y confesó y comulgó
con tales muestras de arrepentimiento y de contrición, que todos los
vecinos y curiosos lloraban junto al lecho del moribundo. Mejor
habríale sido morirse aquel día, antes de que el diablo volviese a
tentarlo y a metérsele en alma y cuerpo cuando estuvo curado.
— ¡Déjame! — decíale a "La Loba" —. ¡Por caridad, déjame en paz!
¡He visto con estos ojos a la muerte! La pobre Marica está
desesperada. ¡Ya lo sabe todo el pueblo! Cuando no te veo es mejor
para ti y para mi...
Habría querido sacarse los ojos para no ver los de "La Loba", que
cuando se clavaban en los suyos haciénle perder el alma y el cuerpo.
No sabía qué hacer para librarse del embrujamiento. Pagó misas a
las ánimas del Purgatorio; fué a pedirles ayuda al párroco y al
brigadier. Por Pascua se confesó y se arrastró públicamente,
lamiendo los guijarros del sagrado, delante de la iglesia, en
penitencia, y luego, como "La Loba" volviese a tentarlo:
— Oye — le dijo —; no vuelvas a buscarme a la era, porque si
vuelves, como hay Dios que te mato.
— Mátame — respondió "La Loba" —, no me importa; pero sin ti no
quiero estar.
Como la divisó de lejos, en medio de los verdes sembrados, dejó de
cavar la viña y fué a arrancar el hacha del olmo. "La Loba" le vió
acercarse, pálido, con ojos extraviados, con el hacha brillando al
sólo, y no se echó atrás un solo paso; no bajó los ojos; siguió
andando a su encuentro, llenas las manos de manojos de rojas
amapolas, comiéndoselo con sus ojos negros.
— ¡Ah, maldita sea tu alma! — balbució Nanni.
NEDDA
El hogar doméstico era siempre a mis ojos una figura retórica, buena
para encuadrar los afectos más dulces y serenos, como el rayo de
luna para besar las rubias cabelleras; pero me sonreía al oír que el
fuego de la chimenea es casi un amigo. Parecíame, en verdad, un
amigo harto necesario, a las veces fastidioso y despótico, que poco a
poco quisiera atarnos de pies y manos y arrastrarnos a su antro
humoso para besarnos a la manera de Judas. No se me alcanzaba el
pasatiempo de atizar al fuego, ni la voluptuosidad de sentirse
inundado por el resplandor de la llama; no comprendía el lenguaje
del leño crepitando desdeñoso o rezongando en llamaradas; no tenía
acostumbrados los ojos a los caprichosos dibujos de las chispas,
corriendo como luciérnagas sobre los ennegrecidos tizones a las
fantásticas formas que al carbonizarse asume la leña, a las mil
gradaciones de claroscuro de la llama azul y roja, que ora lame
tímida o acaricia graciosamente, ora se eleva con orgullosa
petulancia. Cuando me inicié en los misterios de las tenazas y el
fuelle, me enamoré con grandes transportes de la voluptuosa
ociosidad de la chimenea. Abandono pues, mi cuerpo sobre la
butaca, junto al fuego, como dejaría un traje, encomendando a la
llama el cuidado de hacer que mi sangre circule más cálida y que mi
corazón lata con más fuerza, y a las chispas fugitivas que revolotean
como mariposas enamoradas el que mantengan abiertos mis ojos, y
hagan al par errar caprichosamente mis pensamientos. El
espectáculo del propio pensamiento revoloteando vagamente en
nuestro derredor, o abandonándonos para correr lejos, e infundir, sin
que nos demos cuenta, soplos de dulzura y amargura en el corazón,
tiene indefinibles atractivos. Con el cigarro medio apagado,
entornados los ojos, las tenazas escapándose de los flojos dedos,
vemos venir de lejos una parte de nosotros mismos y recorrer
distancias vertiginosas; parécenos que pasen por nuestros nervios
corrientes de atmósferas desconocidas; probamos, sonrientes, sin
mover un dedo ni dar un paso, el efecto de mil sensaciones que nos
harían encanecer y surcarían de arrugas nuestra frente.
Y en una de esas peregrinaciones vagabundas del espíritu, la llama,
que se elevaba acaso sobrado cerca, me hizo ver de nuevo otra
llama gigantesca, que había visto arder en el hogar inmenso de la
hacienda del Pino, en las faldas del Etna. Llovía, y el viento bramaba
encolerizado; las veinte o treinta mujeres que recogían la aceituna
de la finca hacían humear sus faldas mojadas de la lluvia, ante el
fuego; las alegres, las que tenían cuartos en el bolso, o estaban
enamoradas, cantaban; las otras charlaban de la cosecha de
aceituna, que había sido mala, de las bodas de la parroquia, o de la
lluvia que les robaba el pan de la boca. La vieja mayorala hilaba,
aunque no fuese más que porque el candil colgado de la campana
del hogar no ardiese en balde; el perrazo color de lobo alargaba el
hocico sobre las patas hacia el fuego, enderezando las orejas a cada
gemido del viento. Luego, en tanto que hervía la sopa, el mayoral se
puso a tocar un aire montañés, que se iban los pies tras él, y las
mozas empezaron a saltar sobre el inseguro pavimento de la vasta
cocina humeante, en tanto el perro rezongaba con miedo de que le
pisaran el rabo. Revoloteaban las faldas alegremente, y las habas
bailaban a su vez en la olla, murmurando entre la espuma que hacía
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