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Citations, Plagiarism and Different citation styles
What is a citation? Citation is way of giving credit when certain material in your work came
from another source; gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again-- it
provides an important roadmap to your research process.
Why do researchers cite? Purposes of Citations
To show your reader you've done proper research by listing sources you used to get
your information
To be a responsible scholar by giving credit to other researchers and acknowledging
their ideas
To avoid plagiarism by quoting words and ideas used by other authors
To allow your reader to track down the sources you used by citing them accurately in
your paper by way of footnotes, a bibliography or reference list
Standard elements of citation
- author name(s)
- titles of books, articles, and journals
- date of publication
- page numbers
- volume and issue numbers (for articles)
Plagiarism - act of using someone else’s work—such as words, ideas, data, or creative
expressions—without proper acknowledgment or citation, presenting it as one’s own. Although
widely addressed in academic and professional standards, “plagiarism” is not expressly named
as a specific offense in the Philippine legal code. It is, however, covered under the broader
umbrella of copyright infringement if the plagiarized work is protected by copyright and if the
unauthorized use violates the exclusive rights of the copyright owner.
Ethical vs. Legal Dimensions
Ethical/Academic Violation: Many institutions (universities, publishers, professional bodies)
have guidelines imposing sanctions on plagiarism, ranging from academic penalties (failing
grades, expulsion) to reputational damage.
Legal Violation (Copyright Infringement): When someone reproduces or uses a protected
work—without authorization or without adhering to the “fair use” or other exemptions—this may
constitute copyright infringement, which can be actionable under the Intellectual Property Code
of the Philippines (R.A. 8293) and related laws.
Plagiarism vs. Copyright Infringement
Although plagiarism and copyright infringement are often discussed together, they are not
legally identical:
Plagiarism Copyright Infringement
1. Primarily an ethical breach or moral wrong. 1. A legal violation of the Intellectual Property
Code.
2. Involves failing to credit the author or 2. Focuses on the unauthorized use,
passing off someone else’s work as one’s reproduction, or distribution of a copyrighted
own. work.
3. Remedied often by academic or 3. The central question is whether the
professional disciplinary processes. plagiarist violated an exclusive right of the
owner (e.g., reproduction without
permission).
Legal Framework: Copyright Law in the Philippines
Republic Act No. 8293 (The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines)
Enacted in 1998, R.A. 8293 consolidated and revised the country’s laws on intellectual property.
Pertinent aspects related to plagiarism include:
- Exclusive Rights of the Copyright Owner (Section 177)
The author of a literary, scholarly, artistic, or other original work is granted the exclusive
right to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute copies, perform or display the
work publicly, and to allow or prohibit any of these acts.
- Original Works (Section 172)
Copyright extends to original intellectual creations in the literary and artistic domain,
Legal Research and Writing – Thu 7:30-9:30pm | Atty. Kristy Jane M. Balino
Prepared by: BURCE, ROJANE MAE P.
including books, lectures, letters, musical works, paintings, drawings, and other literary,
scholarly, scientific, and artistic works, irrespective of mode or form of expression.
- Moral Rights (Sections 193-198)
Authors have the right to:
1. Require that their authorship be properly attributed to them.
2. Object to any distortion or modification of the work that could harm their reputation.
3. Withdraw the work from circulation if it no longer reflects their convictions.
- Fair Use (Section 185)
Certain acts, such as quoting excerpts for scholarly, research, or news purposes, can be
considered fair use, provided they are compatible with fair practice and that the source,
including the author’s name, is properly acknowledged.
Possible Legal Actions and Penalties
Civil Liability – An author or copyright holder may file a civil action for damages if their
exclusive rights are violated. Under R.A. 8293, the copyright owner may seek:
- Injunction (court order to prevent further infringement).
- Actual Damages (loss caused by unauthorized use).
- Moral Damages (for injury to reputation or honor, especially relevant to moral rights
violations).
- Exemplary Damages (to set an example when infringement is committed with malice).
- Attorney’s Fees.
Criminal Liability – In extreme cases where the infringement is willful or carried out on a
commercial scale, criminal charges may be filed, potentially resulting in fines and imprisonment.
The penalties depend on the extent of the infringement and any aggravating circumstances,
such as repeated violations or piracy.
Moral Rights Cases: Courts have affirmed that failing to acknowledge the creator of a work can
violate moral rights, subjecting the violator to damages. Even minor works that are
“transformations” or “adaptations” could be scrutinized if the author’s right to attribution is
ignored.
*To Avoid Plagiarism and Copyright Infringement in academic, journalistic, or
professional contexts, always acknowledge the original source.
Seeking Permission - If the portion of the work to be used is substantial or not covered by the
fair use exceptions, obtain written permission or a license from the copyright owner or publisher.
Fair Use Guidelines is typically evaluated on four factors (mirroring the concept found in many
jurisdictions):
- Purpose and character of the use (whether for commercial or nonprofit educational
purposes).
- Nature of the copyrighted work.
- Amount and substantiality of the portion used.
- Effect of the use on the market for or value of the original work.
Role of the Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines (IPOPHL) - Accepts complaints
and aids in administrative enforcement proceedings; offers alternative dispute resolution (ADR)
services, such as mediation, to resolve copyright-related disputes before escalating to court.
Court Proceedings
Civil Cases: Initiated by filing a complaint in the proper Regional Trial Court with jurisdiction
over intellectual property disputes.
Criminal Cases: Typically commence with a complaint filed with the Department of Justice or
local prosecutors, followed by a preliminary investigation to determine probable cause.
Administrative Proceedings
For minor infractions or less complex cases, administrative remedies through IPOPHL may
suffice, leading to cease-and-desist orders or fines without a full trial.
Practical Implications
Academic Setting: Universities may penalize students or faculty for plagiarism without
necessarily resorting to legal action. However, if significant copyrighted material is used (e.g.,
large sections of a book or article) without permission, the publisher or author could pursue
copyright infringement claims.
Professional and Creative Industries: Writers, designers, photographers, and other content
creators must remain vigilant about properly licensing and attributing source material.
Commercial use of plagiarized/copyrighted material is more likely to draw legal scrutiny.
Legal Research and Writing – Thu 7:30-9:30pm | Atty. Kristy Jane M. Balino
Prepared by: BURCE, ROJANE MAE P.
Online and Digital Media: With the rise of digital content creation, including blogs, social media
posts, and YouTube videos, plagiarism can quickly escalate into copyright infringement.
Attribution and permission are crucial, especially where the market for digital works is well-
monitored.
Conclusion
In the Philippines, plagiarism is primarily an ethical or academic offense, but it can give rise
to legal liability when it constitutes copyright infringement. The Intellectual Property Code (R.A.
8293) grants authors exclusive rights over their works, including the right to be recognized as
the creator (moral right) and to control the reproduction and distribution of their works (economic
rights). Using another’s work without proper attribution may violate these rights, especially if it
goes beyond the scope of fair use or lacks permission.
The popular citation formats
Modern Language Association (MLA)
Commonly used in Humanities fields such as English and Philosophy
Places emphasis on exact words of other writers; quotes are often important
Page numbers used in in-text citations to help readers quickly find quotes and ideas
Author names written out completely in Works Cited list
No cover page or abstract required
American Psychological Association (APA)
Used mainly in Social Sciences such as Psychology, Sociology, Education, and Criminal
Justice
Formal structure often used, including specific subheadings
Cover page and abstract often required
General ideas usually more important than exact words; avoid too many quotations,
paraphrase (link) ideas
Dates important in in-text citations and Reference list; places importance on most
current research
Author’s first names not written out; ideas and research more important than researchers
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)
Commonly used in History and other Humanities fields
There are two types: Author and Date, and Notes and Bibliography
Notes and Bibliography uses footnotes and/or endnotes to elaborate on source material
Title page may be used in either format but usually not required; subheadings not
required
MLA style (print journal article): MLA (Modern Language Association) widely used in
the humanities, especially in writing on language and literature; uses brief parenthetical
citations in the text that refer to an alphabetical list of works cited appearing at the end of the
work; used most heavily in disciplines that engage deeply with specific texts, including English,
Literatures, Languages and Philosophy.
Note: the 9th edition of the MLA Handbook was released in May 2021. Many sites and
citation generators may not yet be updated to reflect changes in this edition.
-Whisenant, Warren A. "How Women Have Fared as Interscholastic Athletic
Administrators Since the Passage of Title IX." Sex Roles Vol. 49.3 (2003): 179-182.
APA style (print journal article): APA (American Psychological Association) Style is widely
used in the social sciences, business, and some of the life sciences. APA Style uses brief in-text
citations in the text that refer to an alphabetical list of references appearing the end of the work.
Disciplines using APA Style include Business, Communication, Education, and Psychology.
-Whisenant, W. A. (2003) How Women Have Fared as Interscholastic Athletic
Administrators Since the Passage of Title IX. Sex Roles, 49 (3), 179-182.
Chicago style (print journal article):
-Whisenant, Warren A. "How Women Have Fared as Interscholastic Athletic
Administrators Since the Passage of Title IX." Sex Roles 49, no. 3 (2003): 179-182.
When should I use a citation? It should be used when content that did not originate with you is
used to support your writing.
Content includes words (quotations, phrases, sayings, etc.), thoughts or ideas (summarizations
and paraphrases), audio or visual material (photos, videos, screen captures, power point slides,
social media content, audio recordings, etc.)
Legal Research and Writing – Thu 7:30-9:30pm | Atty. Kristy Jane M. Balino
Prepared by: BURCE, ROJANE MAE P.
What to cite?
- Facts, figures, ideas, or other information that is not common knowledge
- Ideas, words, theories, or exact language that another person used in other publications
- Publications that must be cited include: books, book chapters, articles, web pages,
theses, etc.
- Another person's exact words should be quoted and cited to show proper credit
What you don't need to cite, No need to cite what is known as common knowledge.
Common Knowledge & Plagiarism
If information is very well known to most people, it may be considered “common knowledge,”
and it does not need to be cited.
Examples of common knowledge:
January is the first month of the year.
Tokyo is the capital of Japan.
The earth revolves around the sun.
Philippine Legal Citations and Online Legal Databases
Considering all the sources of Philippine legal information from the 1900s to present, uniform
standard of Philippine citation is needed for clarity and consistency. Available manuals of legal
citation as a guide in citing Philippine legal information namely:
- Feliciano, Myrna. Philippine Manual of Legal Citations. Q.C.: University of the Philippines
Law Complex (2013) 117p.
- Santos-Ong, Milagros. Legal Research and Citations in the Philippines. Manila: Rex
Book Store (2013). 208p.
- Supreme Court’s Manual of Judicial Writing (2005).
- Fundamentals of Decision Writing for Judges. Manila: Philippine Judicial Academy
(2009)
- Ateneo De Manila School of Law through its Ateneo Law Journal came out with its
version of the Legal Citation Primer (2008) 33p.
The legal citation provided below considers the complexity of Philippine legal information and a
standard to conform to both international and Philippine citations. Please see, Santos-Ong,
Milagros. Legal Research and Citations in the Philippines. Manila: Rex Book Store (2013) page
80.
Constitution: Cited by reference to the article, section and the paragraph. The year is placed in
parenthesis when the Constitution is no longer in force. For example:
Const. (1935), Art. VIII, Sec. 1
Const. (1973), Art. X, Sec. 1
Const, (1987), Art. VIII, Sec. 1
Other legal citations provide that when the current law is cited, the date is not included. Taking
into consideration the number of times the Philippine Constitution was revised; it is important to
include the date. At present, there is a move to revised again the Philippine Constitution either
through a Constitutional Convention (Con-Com) or a Constitutional Assembly (Con-Ass).
Statutes: Laws passed by the Legislative Department from 101 to present are cited as follows:
For Laws 1901-1934: Act No. 136 (1901)
- Commonwealth Acts (1935-1945): Com. Act No. 35 (1935)
- Republic Acts (1946-1972, 1987-present): Rep. Act No. 88 (1946)
- Presidential Decrees (September 21, 1972 – February 1986): Pres. Decree No. 442
(1972)
- Batas Pambansa (January 1979- February 1, 1986): Batas Blg. 129 (1980)
- Citation of Statutes by Publication Source:
- Printed Source: Rep. Act No. 3019 (1960), 57 O.G., No. 22, 4072 (May 29, 1961) or 4
PPGS 85 (Rev. ed., 1978).
The printed sources are the Official Gazette (O.G.) or the Philippine Permanent and General
Statutes (PPGS)
Electronic Sources: Rep. Act No. 3019 (1960) (last visited August 29, 2012); the Ombudsman
((last visited August 29, 2012); The Central Bank (last visited August 29, 2012).
Treaties: This includes treaties entered into by the Philippines whether it be bilateral or
multilateral. Cited by the name of the treaty and the date when the treaty was signed. For
example:
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Printed source: Philippines Extradition Treaty with the United States, signed November 13,
1994. 8 PTS 978.
8 cited in the source represents the volume number of the Philippine Treaty Series and 978 is
the page where the treaty was printed.
Electronic Sources: Philippines Extradition Treaty with the United States, signed November
13, 1994 (last visited January 02, 2020).
Executive/Presidential Issuances: Presidential issuances are cited by the number of the
issuance and followed by the date of issuance. The date is important for each year, the number
starts with the first number (No. 1).
Executive Orders: Exec. Order No. 200 (1986).
Proclamations: Proc. No. 1081 (1972)
Administrative Orders: Adm. Order No. 200 (2005)
Special Presidential Issuances under Martial law as follows:
- General Orders: Gen. Order No. 1 (1972)
- Letters of Instructions: L.O.I. No. 2 (1972)
- Letters of Implementation: L.O. Impl. No. 1 (1972)
- Letters of Authority: L.O.A. No. 1 (1972)
Administrative Rules and Regulations: Government offices and agencies promulgate their
own rules and regulations. They are cited by the abbreviation of the name of each agency,
followed by the name of the specific rule or regulation. It is important to indicate the year in
parenthesis for each year, the number of the rules and regulations start with the first number
(No.1). For example:
Administrative Order No. 1 promulgated by the Department of Energy on January 5, 2006 is
thus cited as: DOE Adm. Order No. 1 (2006).
SC Adm. Order No. 1 (2005). This is the citation for Supreme Court Administrative Order No. 1
adopted in 2005.
Abbreviations as to the names of the Different Government Agencies are through the Acronyms
of the Agencies, which is also reflected on their website address.
Name of Agency Abbreviation
Department of Agrarian Reform DAR
Department of Agriculture DA
Department of Budget and Management DBM
Department of Education DEPED
Department of Energy DOE
Department of Environment and Natural Resources DENR
Department of Finance DOF
Department of Foreign Affairs DFA
Department of Health DOH
Department of Interior and Local Government DILG
Department of Information and Communications Technology DICT
Department of Justice DOJ
Department of Labor and Employment DOLE
Department of National Defense DND
Department of Public Works and Highways DPWH
Department of Science and Technology DOST
Department of Tourism DOT
Department of Trade and Industry DTI
Department of Social Welfare and Development DSWD
Department of Transportation DOTr
Legal Research and Writing – Thu 7:30-9:30pm | Atty. Kristy Jane M. Balino
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Civil Service Commission CSC
Commission on Elections COMELEC
Commission on Audit COA
Commission on Human Rights CHR
Office of the Solicitor General OSG
Ordinances: The laws passed by the city, municipal or provincial government (local
government) are in the form of ordinances. They are cited by providing the name of the city,
municipality or the province, followed by the ordinance number and the date. For example:
City ordinance No. 1 of the city of Manila passed on June 21, 2004 is cited as: Manila
Ordinance No. 1, June 21, 2004.
Court Rules: The Rules of Court is cited like any ordinary code by its name, followed by the
rule number and section. For example:
- Rule of Court, Rule 14, sec.1.
- Jurisprudence – Court Decisions: The Supreme Court through the proposal of the
Committee of Revision of Rules Courts amended the Rules of Court by subject, such as
Civil Procedure, Criminal Procedure, Evidence, and Special Proceedings. They are now
cited by said amendments as follows:
Criminal Procedure, Rule 115, se. 1 (2000)
Civil Procedure, Rule 70, sec. 1 (1997)
Court decisions from the Supreme Court down to the lower courts can be identified through their
case number and are cited as follows:
Supreme Court decisions: G.R. No. ___, date of promulgation.
Court of Appeals decisions: C.A.-G.R. NO. ___-R, CV, CR or SP, date of promulgation
Sandiganbayan decisions: Sandiganbayan Crim Case No. ____, date of promulgation
Court of Tax Appeals decisions – CTA Case No.____, date of promulgation
Metropolitan Trial Courts: Me TC (Place & Branch No.) Civil or Criminal Case No. ___, date of
promulgation. Example:
People v. Santiago, Me TC (Quezon City, Branch II) Crim. Case No. 4444, May 10, 2005
Municipal Trial Courts and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts decisions: MTC or MCTC (Place)
Criminal or Civil Case No.______, date of promulgation
Shari’ah District and Circuit Courts: Shari’ah Dist/Circ. Ct. (Place) Case no.___, date of
promulgation
For all decisions of the Supreme Court, a specific G.R. No or General Register No. is assigned.
Each case is cited with a G.R. No. The L (G.R. No. L) after the word No. In some decisions
represents those decision after the war or L is for Liberation. This will differentiate those that
were decided before the war and those decided after.
There is no printed compilation for Sandiganbayan, Court of Tax Appeals and lower court
decisions. The full text of important decisions is found in the internet like the decision of the
Sandiganbayan against former President Joseph Estrada.
The citation of Court decisions depends upon whether the printed court reports are a primary or
a secondary source. Those found in primary sources such as the Philippine Reports or the
Official Gazette are cited by the family name of the parties, the volume number, Court Report
title, page of the court report, and the year of promulgation in parenthesis.
For example:
Ong v. People, 399 Phil. 686 (2000) [The Ong case is found in volume 399 of the Philippine
Reports page 686]
Ong v. People, 399 Phil. 686, 688 (2000) [686 is the page where the case started and 688 is the
specific page where the doctrine used is found.]
Those found in secondary sources such as the Supreme Court Reports Annotated (SCRA) are
cited by family name of the parties, case no. (G.R. No.), date of promulgation, volume number
of the court reports and page. For example:
Ong v. People, G.R. No. 139006, November 27, 2000, 346 SCRA 117.
The case names are cited using the surnames of the parties. Exception to the general rule of
using family names are Islamic, Chinese names, which are cited in full. Those with Christian first
names follow the general rule. For example:
Sy Chin v. Tang Ching Heng & Co., 399 Phil. 442 (2000).
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When the party is a company, agency corporation, etc., the complete name must be included.
For example:
Mactan-Cebu International Airport Authority v. Chiongbian, 399 Phil. 695 (2000).
When the party is the Government of the Philippines, the court decisions are cited as follows:
- Government v. ________, date of promulgation, Source
- Commonwealth v. ________, date of promulgation, Source
- Republic v. ______, date of promulgation, Source
- In criminal cases wherein the case if filed for the People of the Philippines, it is cited as:
People v. ______, date of promulgation, Source
Citation of Electronic Sources
Ong v. People, G.R. No. 139006, November 27, 2000 (last visited January 2, 2020)
Administrative decisions: Cited by the name of the agency (abbreviated form), case number and
date of promulgation. For example:
Santos v. Dizon, CSC Adm. Case No. 12345, January 6, 2006. [Civil Service Commission
Decision]
Citations Repeatedly Used
a. “Ibid”- use for successive citation of the same volume and the same page or exactly the same
document
b. “Id”- more popularly used for successive citations; used in citing the same citation but has a
different page etc.
c. “Supra” - used to identify a citation that has been previously cited whether it be on the same
page or the preceding page
d. “Supra note”- used when the citation previously cited is too far.
Bibliography - a list of all of the sources you have used in the process of researching your work.
In general, a bibliography should include: the authors' names. the titles of the works.
Why Use Legal Research Databases?
Legal research databases solve several key challenges faced by lawyers, law students, and
legal professionals:
EFFICIENCY: Manually searching through physical law books is time-consuming. Digital
databases provide quick and reliable access to legal materials. Online databases consolidate
primary and secondary legal sources, such as jurisprudence, laws, and legal commentaries.
ACCURACY AND CREDIBILITY: Unlike general search engines, legal databases ensure that
users access credible, authoritative, and updated legal resources.
ACCESSIBILITY: Many of these tools are available 24/7, making legal research possible
anywhere and anytime.
CASE PREPARATION AND STUDY: For law students, these tools aid in preparing for exams,
writing case digests, and understanding legal doctrines.
Top 5 Legal Research Databases in the Philippines
1. Supreme Court E-Library (Free, for lawyers, law students, and the public)
The Supreme Court E-Library is one of the most reliable free legal research databases in the
Philippines. It provides access to Supreme Court decisions, laws, circulars, bar matters, and
administrative issuances.
Key Features:
Free access to Supreme Court decisions from 1901 to the present;
Contains the full text of laws, executive orders, and administrative rules; and
Searchable by case title, citation, or keywords
How It Helps:
Lawyers can cite authoritative case law in legal pleadings.
Law students can use it for case digest preparation and legal research.
Website: http://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/
2. LawPhil Project (Free, for lawyers and law students)
LawPhil is a widely used free legal research tool in the Philippines, providing access to
jurisprudence, statutes, and legal commentaries.
Key Features:
Updated database of Supreme Court decisions;
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Full text of Philippine laws, including the Constitution and the Civil Code; and
Free access to case law and legal articles.
How It Helps:
Lawyers can quickly retrieve and cite cases in court.
Law students can use it to review laws and analyze legal doctrines.
Website: https://lawphil.net/
3. Chan Robles Virtual Law Library (Free and Paid, for lawyers and law students)
Chan Robles is a well-known legal research database offering both free and premium content. It
provides legal resources, including laws, Supreme Court decisions, and legal forms.
Key Features:
Free access to Philippine laws, Supreme Court decisions, and legal commentaries; and
Premium services include advanced search features and exclusive legal materials.
How It Helps:
Lawyers can draft contracts and legal pleadings using sample templates.
Law students can access codified laws for study and research.
Website: http://www.chanrobles.com/
4. CD Asia Online (Central Books Legal Research) (Paid, for law firms and legal practitioners)
CD Asia Online is a premium legal research database offering digitized legal materials, including
Supreme Court decisions, books, and law journals.
Key Features:
Access to an extensive collection of Philippine legal books and jurisprudence; and
Advanced search capabilities for pinpointing relevant cases
How It Helps:
Law firms can conduct in-depth legal research efficiently.
Lawyers can access exclusive commentaries and legal books not available elsewhere.
Website: https://www.cdasiaonline.com/
5. Digest PH (Paid, with free features, for law students and bar examinees)
Digest PH is a specialized legal research platform aimed at law students and Bar exam takers.
It provides case digests and reviewers for Bar subjects.
Key Features:
Database of nearly 100,000 case digests;
Bar exam-focused reviewers and study materials; and
AI-powered legal chatbot for answering legal questions
How It Helps:
Law students can prepare efficiently for the Bar exams.
Bar examinees can access summarized cases without reading full texts.
Website: https://www.digest.ph/
References:
https://guides.lib.uw.edu/research/citations/citation-basics
https://owl.excelsior.edu/plagiarism/plagiarism-how-to-avoid-it/plagiarism-common-
knowledge/
https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/cite-a-
book/#:~:text=APA%20Style%20is%20the%20most,be%20used%20in%20the%20sciences.
Ong, M. (2013). Legal Research and Legal Citations of the Philippines. (pp. 80-90)
https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/philippines1_part2.html
https://www.digest.ph/blog/best-legal-research-databases-in-the-philippines-a-guide-for-
lawyers-and-law-students
https://libguides.mit.edu/citing
https://www.respicio.ph/commentaries/copyright-law-on-plagiarism-in-the-philippines
https://pitt.libguides.com/c.php?g=12108&p=64732
https://pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp/mla9thedition
https://pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp/apa7
https://louisville.edu/writingcenter/for-students-1/common-writing-questions-1/my-professor-
wants-me-to-cite-my-sources-using-mla-apa-chicago-but-i-don2019t-know-what-that-means
Legal Research and Writing – Thu 7:30-9:30pm | Atty. Kristy Jane M. Balino
