WORKSHEET-2
CLASS: XII DATE:(14-03-2025 to 27-03-2025)
SUBJECT: BIOLOGY CH-1 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS
CH-2 HUMAN REPRODUCTION
General information
1) Q1 to Q25 carry 1-mark questions
2) Q26 to Q41 carry 2 marks questions
3) Q42 to Q52 carry 3 marks questions
4) Q53 to Q61 carry 5 marks questions
5) Q62 to Q63 carry 4 marks question
Q1 to Q25 carry 1-mark questions
1. Which one of the following is not found in a female gametophyte of an angiosperm?
(a) Germ pore
(b) Synergids
(c) Filiform apparatus
(d) Central cell
2.Select the plant species, where emasculation is not required for artificial
hybridisation experiment.
(a) Castor
(b) Maize
(c) Papaya
(d) Wheat
3.Which of the given statements are correct with respect to pollination in Vallisneria?
(i) Pollen grains are light and non-sticky.
(ii) Female flowers reach the surface of water by long stalks.
(iii) Pollen grains are carried passively by water currents.
(iv) Female flowers remain submerged in water.
Choose the correct option.
(a) (i) and (iv)
(b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (ii)
(d) (ii) and (iii)
4. Self-pollination is fully ensured if
(a) the flower is bisexual
(b) the style is longer than the filament
(c) the flower is cleistogamous
(d) the time of pistil and anther maturity is different.
5. Cleistogamous flowers are self-pollinated because
(a) they are bisexual flowers which do not open at all
(b) they are bisexual and open flowers
(c) they are unisexual
(d) their stigma mature before anthers dehisce.
6. The given figure of an egg apparatus of an angiosperm shows the entry of pollen
tube for releasing the two male gametes. Which of the two from ' 𝑿 ', ' 𝒀 ' and ' 𝒁 ',
the two male gametes fuse with?
(a) 𝑋 and 𝑍
(b) 𝑋 and 𝑌
(c) 𝑌 and 𝑍
(d) Z and 𝑍
7. Select the correct statements with respect to the development of endosperm in a
typical angiosperm plant.
(i) Embryo development precedes endosperm development.
(ii) Endosperm cells divide repeatedly to form a triploid endosperm.
(iii) Endosperm tissue has scanty reserves of food materials.
(iv) PEN undergoes successive division to form free-nuclear endosperm.
Choose the correct option.
(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (iv)
(d) (ii) and (iv)
8.Select the option that shows the correctly identified 'U,' ' 𝑿 ', ' 𝒀 ' and ' 𝒁 ' in a
developing dicot embryo.
(a) X-Plumule (2n), 𝑌 - Suspensor (n), 𝑍- Cotyledon (2n), U - Radicle (2n).
(b) X-Plumule (2n), 𝑌-Suspensor (2n), 𝑍 - Radicle (2n), U - Cotyledon (2n).
(c) X-Suspensor (2n), 𝑌 - Cotyledon (2n), 𝑍 - Radicle (2n), U - Plumule (2n).
(d) X-Cotyledon (2n), 𝑌 - Radicle (n), Z - Plumule (n), U - Suspensor (n).
9. Match the correct structures given in column I with the fruit in column II in the
given chart:
Column I Column II
(Structure) (Fruit)
P. Perisperm i. Maize
Q. Thalamus ii. Black pepper
R. Pericarp iii. Strawberry
S. Endosperm iv. Mango
(a) P-i, Q-ii, R-iii, S-ii
(b) P-ii, Q-iii, R-iv, S-i
(c) P-iii, Q-i, R-i, S-iii
(d) P-iv, Q-i, R-ii, S-iv
10. Endosperm is completely consumed by the developing embryo in
(a) castor and coconut
(b) coconut and groundnut
(c) groundnut and pea
(d) castor and pea.
11. The floral part that develops into a fruit in strawberry
(a) pedicel
(c) thalamus
(b) calyx
(d) bracts.
12. In which of the following combinations of seeds/ grains of different plants, residual
endosperm will be present at maturity?
(a) Groundnut, Barley, Beans
(b) Castor, Groundnut, Maize
(c) Wheat, Maize, Barley
(d) Pea, Groundnut, Beans
13. Seeds of an orange when taken out and squeezed, show many embryos of different
sizes and shapes. The reason for this is as many embryos have developed from
(a) egg cells fusing with different male gametes forming embryos
(b) PEN fusing with different male gametes forming embryos
(c) nucellar cells dividing and developing into embryos
(d) synergids dividing and developing into embryos.
14. The coconut water from tender coconut is
(a) cellular endosperm
(b) free nuclear endosperm
(c) both cellular and nuclear endosperm
(d) free nuclear embryo
15. The thalamus contributes to the fruit formation in
(a) banana
(b) orange
(c) strawberry
(d) guava.
ASSERTION AND REASON
16. Assertion (A): In flowering plants, double fertilization is a unique feature.
Reason (R): One male gamete fuse with the egg cell, and the other fuses with the polar
nuclei to form the endosperm.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
17. Assertion (A): Cleistogamous flowers always undergo self-pollination.
Reason (R): Cleistogamous flowers remain closed, preventing cross-pollination.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
18. Assertion (A): The pollen tube carries two male gametes to the embryo sac.
Reason (R): One male gamete fuse with the antipodal cells, while the other fuses with
the central cell.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
19. Assertion (A): Pollination and fertilization are the same processes in flowering
plants.
Reason (R): Pollination refers to the transfer of pollen grains, while fertilization is
the fusion of gametes.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is false, but R is true.
(d) Both A and R are false.
20. Assertion (A): Endosperm development precedes embryo development in
flowering plants.
Reason (R): The endosperm provides nutrition for the developing embryo.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
21. Assertion (A): In flowering plants, double fertilization is a unique event where one
male gamete fuses with the egg, and the other fuses with the polar nuclei.
Reason (R): Double fertilization leads to the formation of a diploid zygote and a
triploid primary endosperm nucleus.
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true, but R is false.
d) A is false, but R is true.
22. Assertion (A): In angiosperms, the pollen tube carries two male gametes.
Reason (R): One male gamete fuses with the egg cell, and the other fuses with the
secondary nucleus to form the endosperm.
Options:
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true, but R is false.
d) A is false, but R is true.
23. Assertion (A): In angiosperms, the ovule develops into a seed after fertilization.
Reason (R): The ovary wall of the flower develops into the fruit enclosing the seed.
Options:
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true, but R is false.
d) A is false, but R is true.
24. Assertion (A): Cleistogamous flowers always produce assured seed sets.
Reason (R): Cleistogamous flowers remain open, allowing cross-pollination to
occur.
Options:
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true, but R is false.
d) A is false, but R is true.
25. Assertion (A) : Apomictic embryos are genetically identical to the parent plant.
Reason (R) : Apomixis is the production of seeds without fertilisation.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (𝐴).
(c) (A) is true but ( 𝑅 ) is false.
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true.
Q26 to Q41 carry 2 marks questions
26. Express the process of pollination in Vallisneria. Epihydrophily.
27. What is Cleistogamy? Write one advantage and one disadvantage of it, to the plant.
28. List the different types of pollination depending upon the source of pollen grain.
29. Angiosperms bearing unisexual flowers are said to be either monoecious or dioecious.
Explain with the help of one example of each.
30. A single pea plant in your kitchen garden produces pods with viable seeds, but the
individual papaya plant does not. Explain.
31. Why do hermaphrodite angiosperms develop outbreeding devices? Explain any two such
devices with the help of examples.
32. (a) You are given castor and bean seeds. Which one of the two would you select to
observe the endosperm?
(b) The development of endosperm precedes that of embryo in plants. Justify.
33. A non- biology person is quite shocked to know that apple is a false fruit, mango is a true
fruit and banana is a seedless fruit. As a biology student how would you satisfy this person?
34. Banana fruit is said to be parthenocarpic whereas turkey is said to be parthenogenetic.
Why?
35. Suggest the advantage to a farmer for using apomictic seeds of hybrid varieties.
36. It is said apomixis is a type of asexual reproduction. Justify.
37. What is apomixis? How is the phenomenon useful to the farmer?
38. How many meiotic divisions are required to produce 76 seeds in a guava fruit?
39. Why does endosperm development precede embryo development?
40.How does an ovule develop into a seed after fertlization?
41. What is endosperm? Write its function.
Q42 to Q52 carry 3 marks questions
42. Explain double fertilisation in an angiosperm. OR
Explain the phenomenon of double fertilisation
43. Make a list of any three outbreeding devices that flowering plants have developed and
explain how they help to encourage cross-pollination.
44. Angiosperm flowers may be monoecious, cleistogamous or show self-incompatibility.
Describe the characteristic features of each one of them and state which one of these
flowers promotes inbreeding and outbreeding respectively.
45. Describe the development of endosperm after double fertilisation in an angiosperm. Why
does endosperm development precedes that of zygote?
46. Draw a labelled mature stage of a dicotyledonous embryo.
OR
Draw a labelled diagram of a matured embryo of a dicotyledonous plant.
47. (a) Identify the figure given below and also identify the parts 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 and 𝐸.
(b) State the function of E
48. Draw a diagram of L.S. of an embryo of grass and label any six parts.
49. Differentiate between parthenocarpy and parthenogenesis. Give one example of each.
50. Explain the post-pollination events leading to seed production in angiosperms.
51. Double fertilisation is reported in plants of both castor and groundnut. However, the
mature seeds of groundnut are non-albuminous and castor are albuminous. Explain the
post fertilisation events that are responsible for it.
52. State what is apomixis. Write its significance. How can it be commercially used?
Q53 to Q61 carry 5 marks questions
53. (a) Explain any four devices that flowering plants have developed to encourage cross-
pollination.
(b) Why do plants discourage self pollination? State any one reason.
54. (a) Describe any two devices in a flowering plant which prevent both autogamy and
geitonogamy.
(b) Explain the events upto double fertilisation after the pollen tube enters one of the
synergids in an ovule of an angiosperm.
55. (i) Double fertilisation is an event unique to all flowering plants. Explain the process.
(ii) Give a reason for the following:
(1) A seed of an orange has many embryos.
(2) Cashew is a false fruit but guava is a true fruit.
56. (a) Describe the process of double fertilisation in angiosperms.
(b) Trace the development of polypoidal cell that is formed after double fertilisation in a
non-albuminous seed and albuminous seed.
57. Read the following statement and answer the questions that follow: "A guava fruit has
200 viable seeds."
(a) What are viable seeds?
(b) Write the total number of:
(i) Pollen grains
(ii) Gametes in producing 200 viable guava seeds.
(c) Prepare a flow chart to depict the postpollination events leading to viable-seed
production in a flowering plant.
58. A flower of tomato plant following the process of sexual reproduction produces 200
viable seeds.
Answer the following questions giving reasons.
(a) What would have been the minimum number of ovules present in per pollinated
pistil?
(b) How many microspore mother cells would minimally be required to produce
requisite number of pollen grains? (c) How many pollen grains must have minimally
pollinated the carpel?
(d) How many male gametes would have used to produce these 200 viable seeds?
(e) How many megaspore mother cells were required in this process?
59. A flower of brinjal plant following the process of sexual reproduction produces 360
viable seeds.
Answer the following questions giving reasons:
(a) How many ovules are minimally involved?
(b) How many megaspore mother cells are involved?
(c) What is the minimum number of pollen grains that must land on stigma for
pollination?
(d) How many male gametes are involved in the above case?
(e) How many microspore mother cells must have undergone reduction division prior to
dehiscence of anther in the above case?
60. (a) Explain the events after pollination leading to the formation of a seed in
angiosperms.
(b) Mention the ploidy levels of the cells of different parts of an albuminous seed.
61. (a) When a seed of an orange is squeezed, many embryos, instead of one are observed.
Explain how it is possible.
(b) Are these embryos genetically similar or different? Comment.
Q62 to Q63 carry 4 marks question (CASE BASED)
62. Read the following and answer any four questions from 62(i) to 62(v) given
below:
Embryo develops at the micropylar end of the embryo sac where the zygote is situated.
Most zygotes divided only after certain amount of endosperm is formed. The early stages
of embryo development are similar in both monocotyledons and dicotyledons. The zygote
gives rise to the proembryo and subsequently to the globular heart-shaped and mature
embryo. A typical dicotyledonous embryo consists of an embryonal axis and two
cotyledons. Embryo of monocotyledons possess only one cotyledon.
(i) True embryo develops as a result of fusion of (a) two polar nuclei of embryo sac
(b) an egg cell and a male gamete
(c) synergid and male gamete
(d) a male gamete and antipodals.
(ii) Refer to the given diagram of the embryo of an angiospermous plant with parts
labelled P, Q and R. Select the correct statement(s) regarding this. P Q R
(i) Part ‘P’ supplies nutrition to the developing embryo.
(ii) Part ‘Q’ is the protective sheath of radicle and root cap.
(iii) Part ‘R’ is the protective sheath of shoot apex and leaf
primordia.
(iv) The embryo shown in the diagram is present in members of
Family Poaceae.
(a) (iv) only (b) (ii) and (iii) only
(c) (i) and (iv) only
(d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(iii) Which of the given statements are true?
(i) During the development of a dicot embryo, heart-shaped embryo
is followed by globular embryo.
(ii) The part of embryonal axis above the level of cotyledons is epicotyl, while the part below
the level of cotyledons is hypocotyl.
(iii) Monocot seeds possess a single cotyledon represented by scutellum.
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (iii)
(d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(iv) Consider the following parts of an embryonal axis of a dicot seed.
(i) Hypocotyl (ii) Epicotyl (iii) Radicle (iv) Plumule
In which of the following the above parts are correctly arranged from top to base?
(a) (iii) → (i) → (ii) → (iv)
(b) (ii) → (i) → (iii) → (iv)
(c) (iv) → (ii) → (i) → (iii)
(d) (iii) → (iv) → (ii) → (i)
OR
(v) In grass family, the cotyledon is called
(a) epiblast
(b) plumule
(c) scutellum
(d) perisperm.
63. Read the following and answer any four questions from 63(i) to 63 (iv) given
below:
A typical angiospermic ovule is a small structure attached to the placenta by means of a
stalk called funicle. The body of the ovule fuses with funicle in the region called hilum.
Each ovule has one or two protective envelopes called integuments. Integuments encircle
the nucellus except at the tip where a small opening called the micropyle is formed.
Mature ovules are classified on the basis of funiculus. It can be Orthotropous, anatropous,
hemitropous, campylotropous, etc.
(i) The body of the ovule consists of a mass of parenchymatous cells called
(a) integuments (b) nucellus (c) hilum (d) funiculus.
(ii) Refer to the given figure and select the correct statement regarding it.
a. This type of ovule is found in cactus.
b. The micropyle comes to lie close to the funiculus due to unilateral growth of ovule.
c. It is most common type of ovule found in the members of Chenopodiaceae.
d. It is half inverted ovule.
(iii) Identify the parts labelled as A, B, C and D in the given figure and select the
correct option.
A B C D
(a) Chalaza Female gametophyte Embryo sac Micropyle
(b) Chalaza Nucellus Embryo sac Micropyle
(c) Micropyle Egg Embryo sac Chalaza
(d) Micropyle Nucellus Embryo sac Chalaza
(iv) Mature ovules are classified on the basis of funiculus. If micropyle lie close to the
funiculus, the ovule is termed as
(a) Orthotropous
(b) anatropous
(c) hemitropous
(d) campylotropous.
Ch-2 Human reproduction Worksheet
Q1 to Q13 carry 1-mark questions
1. In human female the blastocyst
(a) Forms placenta even before implantation
(b) Gets implanted into uterus 3 days after ovulation
(c) Gets nutrition from uterine endometrial secretion only after implantation
(d) Gets implanted in endometrium by the trophoblast cells
2. Umbilical cord has
(a) Two arteries carrying blood to placenta and one vein returning blood to foetus
(b) One artery carrying blood to placenta and two veins returning blood to foetus
(c) Two arteries bringing blood to foetus and one vein carrying blood to placenta
(d) One artery bringing blood to foetus and two veins carrying blood to placenta
3. What happens during fertilisation in humans after many sperms reach close to the ovum?
(a) Cells of corona radiata trap all the sperms except one
(b) Only two sperms nearest the ovum penetrate zona pellucida
(c) Secretions of acrosome helps one sperm enter cytoplasm of ovum through zona
pellucida
(d) All sperms except the one nearest to the ovum lose their tails
4. The chemical substance found in the surface layer of cytoplasm of spermatozoa is:
(a) fertilizin
(b) agglutinin
(c) antifertilizin
(d) hyaluronidase
5. The phase of menstrual cycle in humans that lasts for 7-8 days, is
(a) follicular phase
(b) ovulatory phase
(c) luteal phase
(d) menstruation
6. Which one of the following hormones is secreted by the human placenta that helps in the
maintenance of pregnancy:
a) Relaxin
b) Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
c) Oxytocin
d) Human Placental Lactogen
7. During embryonic development the limbs and digits are formed in the human fetus by the end
of
a)15 days of pregnancy
b) 30 days of pregnancy.
c) 45 days of pregnancy
d) 60 days of pregnancy.
8. Which of the following are true in respect of chorionic villi in humans?
(i) It appears after implantation of human embryo in the uterus.
(ii) It becomes interdigitated with cervical tissue of the female reproductive tract.
(iii) It increases the surface area for exchange of materials.
(iv) It develops from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst.
Choose the correct option.
a)(i) and (ii)
b)(i) and (iv)
c) (ii) and (i)
d) (i) and (iii)
9. The sex of the foetus will be decided at
(a) fertilization by male gamete
(b) implantation
(c) fertilization by female gamete
(d) the start of cleavage
10. Which one of the following is the correct matching of the events occurring during menstrual
cycle?
(a) Proliferative phase: Rapid regeneration of myometrium and maturation of Graffian
follicle.
(b) Development of corpus luteum : Secretory phase and increased secretion of
progesterone.
(c) Menstruation: Breakdown of myometrium and ovum not fertilised.
(d) Ovulation: LH and FSH attain peak level and sharp fall in the secretion of progesterone.
11. Match Column-I with Column-II and select the correct option from the codes given below.
Column-I Column-II
A. Cleavage (i) Fertilization
B. Morula (ii) Mitotic divisions
C. Polyspermy (iii) Endometric
D. Implantation (iv) Little mulberry
(a) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(i), D-(iii)
(b) A-(i), B-(iv), C-(ii), D-(iii)
(c) A-(iv), B-(ii), C-(i), D-(iii)
(d) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(iii), D-(i)
12. Receptors for sperm binding in mammals are present on
a) Corona radiata
b) Vitelline membrane
c) Perivitelline space
d) Zona pellucida
13. Assertion (A): Endometrium is necessary for implantation of blastocyst.
Reason (R): In the absence of fertilisation, the corpus luteum degenerates that causes
disintegration of endometrium.
Q14 to Q21 carry 2 marks questions
14. How is the entry of only one sperm and not many ensured into an ovum during fertilization in
humans?
15. Identify the given figure and the part labeled ‘A’. Explain the function of umbilical cord.
16. What is monospermy? How is polyspermy prevented in humans.
17. Draw a labeled diagram of ovum and label its four parts. Why is the human placenta referred
to as haemochorial type? Explain.
18. In the given figure, give the name and functions of parts labeled A and B.
19. A fertilized egg is the blue print of future development. Explain.
20. A blood test reported positive for hCG. What does negative hCG imply? Name the tissue which
produces hCG.
21. Where is morula formed in humans? Explain the process of its development from zygote.
Q22 to Q25 carry 3 marks questions
22. (a) Explain the events taking place at the time of fertilization of an ovum in a human female.
(b) Trace the development of zygote upto its implantation in the uterus.
(c) Name and draw a labeled sectional view of the embryonic stage that gets implanted.
23. Describe the post-zygotic events leading to implantation and placenta formation in humans.
Mention any two functions of placenta.
24. Explain the process of fertilization in human female. Trace the post-fertilization events in
sequential order upto implantation of the embryo.
25. Where does fertilizations take place in a woman? What helps the sperm to gain entry
eventually. What is the significance of the point of entry of sperm.
Q26to Q30 carry 5 marks questions
26. a) Arrange the following hormones in the sequence of their secretion in a pregnant women LH,
FSH, Relaxin, hCG.
b) Mention their source and the function they perform.
27. a) The first half of the menstrual cycle is called follicular phase as well as proliferative phase.
b) The second half of the menstrual cycle is called luteal phase as well as secretory phase.
28. (a) Draw a labeled diagram of the human female reproductive system.
(b) Enumerate the events in the ovary of a human female during
(i) Follicular phase (ii) Luteal phase of menstrual cycle.
29. Explain the events in a normal woman duing her menstrual cycle on the following days.
(i) Ovarian event from 13-15 days.
(ii) Ovarian hormones level from 16-23 days.
(iii) Uterine events from 24-29 days.
30. Study the graph given below and answer the questions that follow.
(i) Name the hormones 'X' and 'Y'.
(ii) Identify, the ovarian phases during given days of menstrual cycle.
a) 6th-13th day of the cycle.
b) 14th day of the cycle.
c) 15th-28th day of the cycle.
(iii) Explain the ovarian phases (a), (b) and (c) under the influence of hormones 'X' and 'Y.
Q31to Q34 carry 4 marks questions (CASE BASED)
31. Read the following and answer any four questions from given below:
Cleavage is a series of rapid mitotic divisions in the zygote, resulting in the formation of a
blastula. The cells produced during this process, at stages of 2, 4, 8, and 16 cells, are called
blastomeres. When the embryo reaches 64 blastomeres, it is referred to as a blastocyst, which
contains a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastocyst then implants into the uterine
wall, initiating pregnancy.
(i) What is the solid mass of cells with 16 blastomeres called? Describe its role in embryonic
development.
(ii) At which stage of embryonic development does the trophoectoderm develop? Explain its
function and importance in implantation.
(iii) What is the site of implantation in the female reproductive system? Describe its
significance in pregnancy.
32. Read the following and answer the questions from 2(i) to 2(vi).
To answer the questions, study the graphs below for subject 1 and 2 showing different levels of
certain hormones.
(i) The peak observed in Subject 1 and 2 is due to
(a) estrogen
(b) progesterone
(c)luteinising hormone
(d) follicle stimulating hormone.
(ii) Subject 2 has higher level of hormone B, which is
(a) estrogen
(b) progesterone
(c) luteinising hormone
(d) follicle stimulating hormone.
(iii)If the peak of hormone A does not appear in the study for subject 1, how will it affect the
peak of hormone B? Will the peak of hormone B be observed at a higher point in the graph or
at a lower point than what is given? Explain your reasoning.
33. In a human female, the reproductive phase starts on the onset of puberty and ceases around
middle age of the female. Study the graph given below regarding menstrual cycle and answer
the questions that follow:
(i) Name the hormones and their source organ, which are responsible for menstrual cycle at
puberty.
(ii) For successful pregnancy, at what phase of the menstrual cycle an early embryo (upto 3
blastomeres) should be implanted in the uterus (IUT) of a human female who has opted for
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)? Support your answer with a reason.
(iii) Name the hormone and its source organ responsible for the events occurring during
proliferative phase of menstrual cycle. Explain the event.
34. Riya, a 15-year-old girl, recently started experiencing her menstrual cycle. She noticed that her
periods last for about 4–5 days, accompanied by mild cramps. Curious about the biological process,
she asked her teacher about the different phases of the menstrual cycle. Her teacher explained that
the cycle begins with the menstrual phase, where the uterine lining sheds due to a drop in
progesterone and estrogen levels, while FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) starts to rise. This
phase is followed by the follicular (proliferative) phase, during which FSH stimulates follicle
growth, and estrogen helps regenerate the uterine lining.
At ovulation, a mature Graafian follicle ruptures, releasing the secondary oocyte due to a surge in
LH (Luteinizing Hormone). After ovulation, the follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, which
secretes progesterone to support a possible pregnancy.
1. What happens during the menstrual phase, and what are the levels of ovarian and
pituitary hormones during this phase?
2. Why is the follicular phase also called the proliferative phase?
3. What events occur in a Graafian follicle during ovulation, and what happens to it
afterward?
OR
Draw a labelled diagram of a Graafian follicle, indicating the antrum and secondary
oocyte.
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