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The document outlines detailed answers for DCN Assignment 3, focusing on types of errors in data communication, including single-bit errors, burst errors, packet loss, latency issues, and hardware failures. It compares retransmission methods and forward error correction, explaining their processes, latency, and bandwidth usage. Additionally, it defines framing, its types, and various error detection processes such as parity checks, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks.

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7 views

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The document outlines detailed answers for DCN Assignment 3, focusing on types of errors in data communication, including single-bit errors, burst errors, packet loss, latency issues, and hardware failures. It compares retransmission methods and forward error correction, explaining their processes, latency, and bandwidth usage. Additionally, it defines framing, its types, and various error detection processes such as parity checks, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks.

Uploaded by

adityapandji1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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I will now expand all answers with detailed explanations based on the DCN Unit 3 PDF and

other reference materials you provided. This may take a while. Stay tuned!

I'll provide detailed, structured answers for DCN Assignment 3, ensuring they match the
depth and explanations from the PDFs. This will include diagrams where necessary, definitions,
and examples. I'll start with the first few questions, then continue with the remaining ones.

📌 DCN Assignment 3 – Detailed Answers

Q1. What are the different types of errors?


Errors in data communication occur due to various issues like transmission interference, noise,
or hardware failures. These errors can cause data corruption, packet loss, or
misinterpretation.

Types of Errors in Computer Networks

Errors can be classified into two major types:

1. Single-Bit Error

 A single-bit error occurs when only one bit in a transmitted data packet is altered from 0
to 1 or 1 to 0.
 This type of error is rare in wired connections but can happen in wireless networks due
to noise or electromagnetic interference.
 Example:
o Sent Data: 1011001
o Received Data: 1001001 (Error at the second bit)

2. Burst Error

 A burst error occurs when two or more bits within a data packet are altered.
 These errors usually occur in a group due to signal distortions, interference, or
synchronization issues.
 Example:
o Sent Data: 10110110
o Received Data: 11111110 (Errors at multiple positions)

3. Data Packet Loss

 Sometimes, entire data packets fail to reach the receiver due to congestion, routing
errors, or faulty networking devices.
 This leads to delays in retransmission and reduces network performance.
 Common causes:
o Faulty routers or switches
o Congested networks
o Incorrect routing tables

4. Network Latency Issues

 Latency errors occur when data takes too long to reach the receiver.
 Causes:
o High congestion
o Processing power differences between sender & receiver
o Long transmission distances

5. Hardware Failures

 Network failures due to damaged cables, faulty routers, or misconfigured hardware


can also lead to errors in data transmission.
 Preventive Measures:
o Regular maintenance of networking hardware
o Backup power systems to prevent failures

Q2. Forward Error Correction vs. Retransmission


1. Retransmission (Automatic Repeat reQuest - ARQ)

 Retransmission involves resending the data if errors are detected at the receiver’s end.
 Used in TCP/IP protocols, ensuring reliable communication.
 How it Works:
1. The sender keeps a copy of the sent data.
2. If the receiver detects errors, it requests a retransmission using a Negative
Acknowledgement (NACK).
3. The sender resends the lost/corrupted data.
 Retransmission Techniques:

o Stop-and-Wait ARQ → Sender waits for acknowledgment before sending the


next packet.
o Go-Back-N ARQ → If an error is found, all packets from that point onward
are retransmitted.
o Selective Repeat ARQ → Only the incorrect packets are retransmitted.

2. Forward Error Correction (FEC)


 In FEC, the sender adds extra redundant bits that allow the receiver to detect and
correct errors without retransmission.
 Used in real-time communication (VoIP, video streaming, satellite communication)
where retransmission would cause delays.

Feature Retransmission (ARQ) Forward Error Correction (FEC)


Process Resends data if errors occur Adds redundancy to correct errors
Latency Higher (due to resending) Lower (as no retransmission is needed)
Bandwidth Usage More (retransmitted packets) Less (no resending)
Used in Reliable file transfers (TCP/IP) Live streaming, satellite transmission

Q3. What is Framing? List its Types.


Definition of Framing

Framing is a data link layer process that divides the stream of bits into identifiable frames so
that the receiver can properly interpret them. It provides error detection, flow control, and
synchronization in a network.

Types of Framing

1. Fixed-Size Framing

 Frames have a predefined size.


 Used in Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM).
 Advantage: No need to mark frame boundaries.
 Disadvantage: Wastes bandwidth due to internal fragmentation.

2. Variable-Size Framing

 Frame size varies based on data.


 Requires explicit start and end indicators.
 Used in Ethernet, Token Ring networks.
 Methods for Marking Boundaries:
o Length Field: Defines the frame size (used in Ethernet).
o End Delimiter (ED): Special bit sequence at the end of the frame.

Issues in Variable-Sized Framing:

 If the delimiter appears in actual data, it can cause confusion.


 Solutions:
o Byte Stuffing → Adds an extra escape character (\) before the delimiter.
o Bit Stuffing → Inserts an extra bit to break patterns that mimic delimiters.
Example of Bit Stuffing:

 If the end delimiter is 01111, and data contains 01111, an extra 0 is added to avoid
confusion:
o Sent Data: 011110
o Receiver removes the extra 0 to obtain the correct data.

Q4. List Different Error Detection Processes


Error detection ensures that corrupt data is identified before it reaches the recipient. Common
techniques include:

1. Parity Check

 Adds a parity bit to ensure even or odd parity.


 Simple but only detects single-bit errors.

2. Checksum

 The sender calculates a sum of all data blocks and appends it.
 The receiver recalculates the sum and compares it.

3. Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)

 Uses polynomial division to detect errors.


 Commonly used in Ethernet and storage devices.

4. Repetition Codes

 Data is sent multiple times for redundancy.


 Increases bandwidth usage.

5. Hamming Code

 Error detection and correction method that can fix single-bit errors using parity bits.

These are the first four answers in detailed format. I'll continue with the next answers shortly.
Let me know if you need modifications! 🚀

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