Resources
Resources
and
Development
and
Key Points Development
Everything available in our environment which can be
Resources used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically
accessible, economically feasible and cul turally
acceptable can be termed as 'Resource'.
Types of Resources
Biotic Human beings, flora and fauna,
resources fisheries, livestock, etc.
Based on Origin
Abiotic
Rocks and Metals.
resources
Renewable
Solar and Wind Energy, etc.
Resources
Based on exhaustibility
Non
renewable Minerals and fossil fuels
Resources
Potential
Uranium , Solar Power Etc.
resources
Developed
Forests , Petroleum Etc.
resources
Based on status of
development
Stock Coal And Petroleum
Reserves Water In The Dams, Minerals Etc.
International
Mountains, Seas, Volcanoes Etc.
resources
National Oil, Coal, Natural Gas Etc.
resources
Based on Ownership
Community Public Parks, Playgrounds, Etc.
owned
resources
Individual
House, Car, Book, Etc.
resources
DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES
Problems that arose due to indiscriminate use of resources
Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals
Accumulation of resources in few hands, which, in turn, divided
the society into two segments i.e. rich and poor.
Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological
crises such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental
pollution, and land degradation.
Therefore, resource planning is essential for sustainable existence
of all forms of life.
Sustainable Development
Sustainable economic development means 'development should take
place without damaging the environment, and development in the
present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations.
Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992
· The first International Earth Summit took place in Rio De Janeiro in
1992, to address urgent problems of environmental protection and
socioeconomic development at the global level.
· It endorsed the global Forest Principles and adopted Agenda 21 for
achieving Sustainable Development in the 21st century.
Agenda 21
· It is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), which
took place at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
· It aims at achieving global sustainable development.
· It is an agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty, disease
through global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs, and
shared responsibilities.
Resource Planning
Resource planning is a complex process which involves
Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the
country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative
estimation and measurement of the resources.
Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill
and institutional set up.
Matching the resource development plans with overall national
development plans.
Conservation of Resources
Gandhiji told “There is enough for everybody's need and not
for any body's greed.”
He thought that exploitative nature of modern technology is the
root cause for depletion at global level.
He believed in the production by masses and not in the mass
production.
Land Resources
India comprises of many types of land.
Mountains – About 30% of land area in India is in the form of mountain.
Mountain supports the perennial flow of rivers, which carry fertile soils,
facilitate irrigation and provide drinking water.
Plains – About 43% of land area in India is in the form of plains.
Plateau – About 27% of land in India is in the form of plateau which
provides many types of minerals, fossil fuels and forest.
Land Utilization
Forests Other uncultivated land
Net sown area
(excluding fallow land)
Land not available Fallow land Area which is
for cultivation sown at least
once in a year
Barren and is called net
waste land sown area.
Permanent pastures
Lands used for buildings, and grazing land
roads, factories, etc.
i.e for non-agriculture
Land under miscellaneous
purpose.
tree crops groves
Culturable waste land
Land Use Pattern in India
Pattern of land use depends on – Physical factors such as climate,
topography etc. and human factors such as population, technology etc.
India – 3.28 million sq.km. land use data, out of which 93% is available.
Land under permanent pasture is decreasing
Total net sown area – 54% approx.
Land other than fallow – poor quality.
Variable net sown area in different states.
Factors Responsible for Land Degradation
Mining Overgrazing Water Logging
The factors that contribute to the formation and fertility of the soil are
Soil parent rocks, climate, plant, animal, and local topography.
Types of Soil
· Most widespread soil in India.
· In upper part of river valley,soil is coarse, such soil are
Alluvial soil common in piedmont plain such as Duars, Chos and Terai.
· Further classified in to Old Alluvial or Bhangar and New
Alluvial or Khadar
· Develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in
crystalline and metamorphic rocks.
Red and · It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form.
Yellow soil · Found in Tamil Nadu, Parts of Karnataka, South east
Maharastra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and on the Chhota
Nagpur, Plateau of Jharkhand.
· They are made of extremely fine material i.e., clayey
material.
Black soil · Rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate,
magnesium, potash and lime and poor in phosphoric
contents.
· Also known as regur soil.
· Mainly found in Maharastra, Western Madhya Pradesh,
part of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Tamil
Nadu.
Types of Soil
· They are loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained
in the upper slopes.
· Suitable for plantation of tea, coffee, spices, and tropical
Forest soil fruits.
· Found in hilly regions of Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim,
Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh.
· Colour ranges from red to brown.
· Lacks humus and moisture due to dry climate and high
temperature.
· Lower layer of the soil contains Kankar due to calcium
Arid Soil content.
· With irrigation facilities soil becomes cultivable.
· Found in Western Rajasthan, Northern Gujarat, and
Southern Punjab.
· Laterite has been derived from Latin word 'later' which
means brick.
· It is a result of intense leaching owing to heavy tropical
rains.
Laterite soil
· Due to lack of nitrogen, potassium, and organic elements
laterite soil lacks fertility.
· Red laterite soils in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and
Kerala are more suitable for crops like cashew nut.
Soil Erosion and Conservation
It is the removal of soil by the forces of nature like wind and water,
more rapidly than the various soil forming process can replace it.
Types of soil erosion
Gully erosion Sheet erosion Wind erosion
Soil Conservation
Contour
ploughing
Ploughing along the contour lines reduces the flow of water
on the slope.
Terrace
farming
Steps are cut on the slopes making terraces to check soil
erosion. This is found in western and central Himalayas.
Strip
farming
Large fields are divided into strips and grass is allowed to
grow between the crop.
Planting of
shelter belts
Lines of trees are grown, stabilization of sand dunes and
deserts in western India to check wind erosion.
