Introduction

A computer is an electronic machine that processes raw data to give information as output. An
electronic device that accepts data as input, and transforms it under the influence of a set of
special instructions called Programs, to produce the desired output.

Components of a Computer
Any kind of computer consists of HARDWARE, SOFTWARE and LIVEWARE.
Hardware
Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system.
Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer such as a monitor,
mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard drive disk (HDD), system unit (graphic cards,
sound cards, memory, motherboard, and chips), etc. all of which are physical objects that can be
touched.
The input device is any peripheral (a piece of computer hardware equipment to provide data and
control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or other information
appliance. Input device Translates data from a form that humans understand to one that the
computer can work with. The most common are keyboard and mouse.
Example of Input Devices: - 1. Keyboard 2. Mouse (pointing device) 3. Microphone 4. Touch
screen 5. Scanner 6. Webcam 7. Touchpads 8. MIDI keyboard 9. 10. Graphics Tablets
11.Cameras 12.Pen Input 13.Video Capture Hardware 14.Microphone 15.Trackballs 16.Barcode
reader 17.Digital camera 18.Joystick 19.Gamepad 20.Electronic Whiteboard.
Note: The most common use keyboard is the QWERTY keyboard. Generally standard Keyboard
has 104 keys.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

A CPU is the brain of a computer. It is responsible for all functions and processes. Regarding
computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system.
The CPU is comprised of three main parts:
* Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Executes all arithmetic and logical operations. Arithmetic
calculations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. A logical operation like
comparing numbers, letters, or special characters.
* Control Unit (CU): controls and coordinates computer components. 1. Read the code for the
next instruction to be executed. 2. Increment the program counter so it points to the next
instruction. 3. Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory. 4. Provide the
necessary data to an ALU or register. 5. If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized
hardware to complete, instruct the hardware to perform the requested operation.
* Registers: Stores the data that is to be executed next, "very fast storage area".

Memory

Primary Memory Secondary Memory

ROM RAM

Primary Memory:-
1. RAM: Random Access Memory (RAM) is a memory scheme within the computer system
responsible for storing data on a temporary basis, so that it can be promptly accessed by the
processor as and when needed. It is volatile in nature, which means that data will be erased once
the supply to the storage device is turned off. RAM stores data randomly and the processor
accesses these data randomly from the RAM storage. RAM is considered "random access"
because you can access any memory cell directly if you know the row and column that intersect
at that cell.

2. ROM: ROM (Read Only Memory) is a permanent form of storage. ROM stays active
regardless of whether the power supply to it is turned on or off. ROM devices do not allow data
stored on them to be modified.
Secondary Memory:- Stores data and programs permanently: it’s retained after the power is
turned off.
1. Hard drive (HD): A hard disk is part of a unit, often called a "disk drive," "hard drive," or
"hard disk drive," that stores and provides relatively quick access to large amounts of data on an
electromagnetically charged surface or set of surfaces.

2. Optical Disk: an optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses laser light as part of the
process of reading or writing data to or from optical discs. Some drives can only read from discs,
but recent drives are commonly both readers and recorders, also called burners or writers.
Compact discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are common types of optical media that can be read and
recorded by such drives. The optical drive is the generic name; drives are usually described as
"CD" "DVD", or "Bluray", followed by "drive", "writer", etc. There are three main types of
optical media: CD, DVD, and Blu-ray discs. CDs can store up to 700 megabytes (MB) of data
and DVDs can store up to 8.4 GB of data. Blu-ray discs, which are the newest type of optical
media, can store up to 50 GB of data. This storage capacity is a clear advantage over the floppy
disk storage media (magnetic media), which only has a capacity of 1.44 MB.
3. Flash Disk: A storage module made of flash memory chips. Flash disks have no mechanical
platters or access arms, but the term "disk" is used because the data are accessed as if they were
on a hard drive. The disk storage structure is emulated.

Output devices
An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results
of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as a computer) which
converts the electronically generated information into human-readable form.

Example on Output Devices: 1. Monitor 2. LCD Projection Panels 3. Printers (all types) 4.
Computer Output Microfilm (COM) 5. Plotters 6. Speaker(s) 7.

Projector Note Basic types of monitors are A. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT). B. Liquid Crystal
Displays (LCD). C.light-emitting diode (LED).
Printer types: 1-Laser Printer. 2-Ink Jet Printer. 3-Dot Matrix Printer

Software

Software is a generic term for organized collections of computer data and instructions, often
broken into two major categories: system software which provides the basic non-task-specific
functions of the computer, and application software which is used by users to accomplish
specific tasks.

Software Types
A. System software is responsible for controlling, integrating, and managing the individual
hardware components of a computer system so that other software and the users of the system
see it as a functional unit without having to be concerned with the low-level details such as
transferring data from memory to disk, or rendering text onto a display. Generally, system
software consists of an operating system and some fundamental utilities such as disk formatters,
file managers, display managers, text editors, user authentication (login) and management tools,
and networking and device control software.
B. Application software is used to accomplish specific tasks other than just running the computer
system. Application software may consist of a single program, such as an image viewer; a small
collection of programs (often called a software package) that work closely together to
accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet or text processing system; a larger collection (often
called a software suite) of related but independent programs and packages that have a common
user interface or shared data format, such as Microsoft Office, which consists of closely
integrated word processor, spreadsheet, database, etc.; or a software system, such as a database
management system, which is a collection of fundamental programs that may provide some
service to a variety of other independent applications.
Classification of Computers
Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows, though there is
considerable overlap:
• Personal Computer: A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. In addition to
the microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for
displaying information, and a storage device for saving data.
• Workstation : A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but
it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor.
• Minicomputer : A multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users
simultaneously.
• Mainframe : A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or
thousands of users simultaneously.
• Supercomputer : An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of
instructions per second.

Further Note on Personal Computers

Laptop and Smartphone Computers
Laptop: A laptop is a battery or AC-powered personal computer that can be easily carried and
used in a variety of locations. Many laptops are designed to have all of the functionality of a
desktop computer, which means they can generally run the same software and open the same
types of files. However, some laptops, such as netbooks, sacrifice some functionality in order to
be even more portable.

Netbook: A netbook is a type of laptop that is designed to be even more portable. Netbooks are
often cheaper than laptops or desktops. They are generally less powerful than other types of
computers, but they provide enough power for email and internet access, which is where the
name "netbook" comes from.

Mobile Device: A mobile device is basically any handheld computer. It is designed to be

extremely portable, often fitting in the palm of your hand or in your pocket. Some mobile
devices are more powerful, and they allow you to do many of the same things you can do with a
desktop or laptop computer. These include tablet computers, e-readers, and smart phones the
same things you can do with a desktop or laptop computer. These include tablet computers, e-
readers, and smartphones.

Tablet Computers: Like laptops, tablet computers are designed to be portable. However, they
provide a very different computing experience. The most obvious difference is that tablet
computers don't have keyboards or touchpads. Instead, the entire screen is touch-sensitive,
allowing you to type on a virtual keyboard and use your finger as a mouse pointer. Tablet
computers are mostly designed for consuming media, and they are optimized for tasks like web
browsing, watching videos, reading e-books, and playing games. For many people, a "regular"
computer like a desktop or laptop is still needed in order to
use some programs. However, the convenience of a tablet computer means that it may be ideal as
a second computer.

Smartphones: A smartphone is a powerful mobile phone that is designed to run a variety of

applications in addition to phone service. They are basically small tablet computers, and they can
be used for web browsing, watching videos, reading e-books, playing games, and more.

Data and Information

Data: Facts and figures which relay something specific, but which are not organized in any way
and which provide no further information regarding patterns, context, etc. So data means
"unstructured facts and figures that have the least impact on the typical manager."
Information: For data to become information, it must be contextualized, categorized, calculated,
and condensed. The information thus paints a bigger picture; it is data with relevance and
purpose. It may convey a trend in the environment, or perhaps indicate a pattern of sales for a
given period of time. Essentially information is found "in answers to questions that begin with
such words as who, what, where, when, and how many".

Formatting Your Document (ANNEX 01)

Please type this paragraph.

What is child rights?

A child means every human being below the age of eighteen years.

Children's rights are human rights specifically unique to children under 18 years of age. They
reflect the vulnerability and potential of every child, along with their developmental needs.
These rights are children’s universal entitlement to:

 Access essentials – e.g. food, education, clean water, a birth certificate

 Act in a certain way – e.g. express their opinions, choose their religion
 Develop as they grow – e.g. receive age-appropriate education and opportunities
 Receive protection – e.g. from physical, emotional, and psychological harm
 Speak out – e.g. to form their own opinions, share them with adults, and be listened to
  These rights are not special privileges that some children receive, and for which
others must struggle. Each child has the same rights, whether or not they are
acknowledged by their families, communities, and governments.

Student no Student name Telephone no Address

001 Tom 0779967876
002 Peter 0777543265
003 Jhon 0774536876

We are planning to cover:

Fonts, Font size, Bold, Bullets, Italic, Inserting a picture, underline, wrap text, columns, Header
- footer and line space.

Preparation of the Content Page Using MS Word (Annex 02)

Internet
What is the Internet?
The Internet is a vast computer network linking together millions of smaller networks all over
the place.
What are the basic needs to get internet?
Example for web browsing software.
Example for search engines.
How to send an Email?

Slide show using power point ( Annex 03)