Module 1 Foundation of Security in Computing Notes - Kerala Notes
Module 1 Foundation of Security in Computing Notes - Kerala Notes
www.keralanotes.com
KTU STUDY MATERIALS
FOUNDATIONS OF SECURITY IN
COMPUTING
CSL 332
Module 1
Related Link :
www.keralanotes.com
https://www.keralanotes.com/
23ÿ56789ÿ7
om
978ÿ3 3ÿ98ÿ5
.c
es
010
ot
! "#$%#"&'
an
()*+,-,./.0+12,+03 4)*+,-,.5060708*9:06070;0<0+=9
l
>.,/+,7+?8228*:06078.@>?:A9BC3<05D7/<-8.0+12E8.
ra
>?:9BF+,*5,5GHIJKLMN/<-8.0+129O0*,/.:08P1/*+0*,
ke
BQC/+08*7R
( S85C< /./.0+12,+034TP,./+08*79U.8P,.+0,7R
( V< -,;./037+.C3+C.,74>.8CP79W0*-79X0,<579X0*0+,
E0,<579>X@PA9>X@Y*AR
Z[\
]^^_`abcad aed fgdbcahfi` cij gbfgdbahd` fkc^ldmbchn
`ab_na_bd`ohiadldbcbhaepdahncij pfj_^cbcbhaepdahnq
rZflihahsdtifu^djldvdsd^wxijdb`acijy
01 For More Study Materials : www.keralanotes.com
https://www.keralanotes.com/
343ÿÿÿ6789 9 ÿ 68 986
!"!#$! %
!"!!"!&'(
!&)! !!%#
D!"ÿÿÿÿ!F
*+*+* ,-.ÿ01ÿ23.-4-56
*+*+7 893:5;ÿ<=-5:.9036
*+*+> 23.-4-5ÿ?9@96903
om
*+*+A ?9@969B9C9.; .c
es
012
L#L#LÿÿMÿ!ÿ
ot
an
D! !&'H!%%%
l
ra
N94O5-ÿ*+*ÿÿDÿÿ!ÿ
om
.c
es
012
2 494
ot
,-./01%ÿ'('
an
34%561167!8"94679:4%$%9#1:965:4%:4$%%;!8.$<60%$.:!689
l
ra
68:76!8:%"%$9(=%>.#9%%.>4!80#:>.8;%%!:4%$069!:!?%6$
ke
8%".:!?%@7%>.84.?%56#$>.9%956$%.>460%$.:!68(
"#ÿ%&'(ÿ)
om
.c
es
012
=>?@A
ÿÿB0 465
47
ot
6ÿ89C
an
548675554 8956
ke
om
.c
es
012
34345ÿÿÿ789 9
ot
)*+,-.ÿ/
an
01234+56,-76+5+.5.+768+29:+2+7;
l
ra
31242+7;<635+23+--.=7147576271+7
29476>-647;?@146.76244,-.8395,2771
ke
;+.6A:>=+293+9971;+.6A97676,+B7
-647;
&'()*+,ÿ./0
an
(/34,567,8,90:5;5:,<74,567,8,9=>?,@(A<,=>BCD0/E,
l
ra
<4FG745<(<
ke
?/34,6A)?,9C:F,<6F7:5;5:,74,6A)?,90>?,@(A<,
0>BHDCI./34,9,5<(9,)(56:,9J74,6A)?,9>J5674,
,KA(75F6/E,<4FG745<(<
ABCD67ÿEFG
l an
ra
ke
om
.c
es
0102
ÿÿÿ
ot
l an
ra
;
ke
ÿ!ÿ"#$ÿ%&$'$(ÿÿ#)ÿ*&+,ÿ*&$
-%.%)*(/ÿ%)$+01
ÿ2!ÿ3&,ÿ4*)%%.$ÿ%&$'$(ÿ#)ÿÿ+$)ÿ
5*ÿ-%.%)*()/ÿÿ&-ÿ%)$+0ÿ678ÿ%
&ÿ#.$ÿ9*($:1
010 For More Study Materials : www.keralanotes.com
34345ÿÿÿ789 9 https://www.keralanotes.com/
ÿÿÿ7889ÿ8ÿ8ÿ8ÿ9
om
.c
es
0102
34345ÿÿÿ789 9
ot
an
Q8 L%)M)ÿN(++(&ÿOPM(
l
ra
H>?ÿ3<?-/?A/ÿ.DBBDCÿ4@F@AD<ÿDEÿ/=Dÿ
ke
IDA@/@F?ÿ@C/?3?<Aÿ@Aÿ/>?ÿJ-<3?A/ÿ@C/?3?<ÿ
/>-/ÿ.-Cÿ4@F@4?ÿ;D/>ÿ@C/?3?<AK
Q8 !"#$%&ÿ'#()*+
,-./ÿ12ÿ3.4ÿ5-6ÿ78ÿ9ÿ-
,-./ÿ:2ÿ3.4ÿ5-6ÿ;8ÿ9ÿ3.4ÿ5;6ÿ<86ÿ=>?<?ÿ<ÿ@A
/>?ÿ<?B-@C4?<ÿDEÿ4@F@4@C3ÿ-ÿ;Gÿ;
010 For More Study Materials : www.keralanotes.com
34345ÿÿÿ789 9 https://www.keralanotes.com/
ÿÿÿ 9ÿ8 !
<8
om
"#$%ÿ'()ÿ*+,ÿ-.ÿ/ÿ0,ÿ1$ÿ2+3ÿ4#+4ÿ+ÿ+%)ÿ-ÿ
+5$ÿ5$6+478$63ÿ957:$;
.c
es
0102
34345ÿÿÿ789 9
ot
l an
ra
ke
<8
"#$%ÿ'()ÿ*+,ÿ-.ÿ/ÿ0,ÿ1$ÿ2+3ÿ4#+4ÿ+ÿ+%)ÿ-ÿ
+5$ÿ5$6+478$63ÿ957:$;
om
.c
es
0120
ÿÿÿ
ot
3456789ÿ2
an
9 !959"#$66$%"$!$&'35*)
l
ra
0$81$
ke
+95%9 #,'3-*3./3
om
.c
es
0123
ÿÿÿ!
ot
07ÿ1.2.ÿÿ34!!ÿ356!&ÿ&6789:;ÿ<&8ÿ&
l an
ra
ke
om
.c
es
0123
45456ÿÿÿ89
ot
()*+,-ÿ.
an
/0123*14&2567148496&:*14;<0*-=>7?
l
ra
*14
ke
C>-;>1
@;849365:2A6?2B*14 23
om
.c
es
0123
ÿÿÿ
ot
456789ÿ
an
6"
ke
1.9,*.
0 &*&'"($34) 34$/ $6"
/ 8ÿ086ÿ1
l
ra
2"ÿ377ÿ7ÿ7 86ÿÿ2ÿÿ2ÿ!ÿ2ÿÿ8886ÿ
ÿ87ÿÿ7ÿ7 86ÿÿ"ÿ$8ÿ8ÿ87ÿ77ÿÿ
887ÿÿÿ6ÿÿÿ7ÿ9 86"
4"ÿ07ÿÿÿ6ÿÿ86ÿ7ÿ786ÿ2ÿÿ2ÿ!ÿ2ÿ86ÿ7ÿ
7767ÿ876ÿ89"ÿ
5"ÿ$7ÿ 8ÿ86ÿ6ÿ7ÿ61
8ÿ861ÿ6ÿ!ÿ&7'ÿ6ÿ6ÿ!ÿ&7'
01,- For More Study Materials : www.keralanotes.com
34567589 https://www.keralanotes.com/
959 ÿ486745
69ÿ7575ÿ69ÿ 678 ÿ486745ÿ69ÿ959 ÿ
486745ÿ5ÿ9ÿ485
ÿ"#$%&#"'ÿ(ÿ)ÿ(*ÿ+ÿ,ÿ-./01ÿ0ÿ2ÿ)ÿ2*ÿ3ÿ,ÿ-/01ÿ
499ÿ5ÿ7ÿ5ÿ75699
om
.c
es
0120
34567589
ot
an
7899ÿ:
l
ra
486745ÿE9ÿF9ÿÿAÿ G=:ÿ:?HÿAÿIDÿ759ÿIJBCÿ69ÿ
9<86745ÿÿ5ÿ7575769ÿ5899ÿ4ÿ486745D
E9ÿ5ÿ7F79ÿ46ÿ79ÿ@ÿIÿ64ÿ75ÿ69ÿ9<86745ÿB8ÿ>ÿ
=@ÿAÿCDÿ
K75ÿ69ÿ986959ÿ78795ÿ4769ÿ49ÿ75ÿÿ5ÿ6ÿ
8ÿÿBÿ>ÿ=6ÿAÿ:Dÿ
LÿMNÿ"ÿ)ÿOÿ0ÿ%ÿ)ÿ3OPÿ
QMÿ"#$%&#"ÿÿQMR#Sÿ%Mÿ"#$%&#"ÿÿ-TSÿ3T1Sÿ-USÿ
3V1Sÿ-WSÿ3OO1SÿPÿPÿPÿLÿXÿ"&2ÿ%"%ÿ%M%ÿXMÿ#Rÿ%M"ÿ
486745ÿ6779ÿ69ÿ4775ÿ9<86745Dÿ
0126 For More Study Materials : www.keralanotes.com
34567589 https://www.keralanotes.com/
9ÿ
ÿ9ÿ75699675ÿ76745ÿ75ÿ9ÿ79ÿ7ÿ95ÿ9ÿ 56ÿ
64ÿ75ÿ79956ÿ4756745ÿ4ÿ496ÿ75ÿ79956ÿ
89ÿ!4ÿ9 9"ÿ7 759ÿ9ÿ 56ÿ64ÿÿÿ#$%%ÿ
9&ÿ5ÿ96ÿ49ÿ#%ÿ5ÿ49ÿ#'ÿ7ÿ(9ÿ9ÿ 5ÿ
479"ÿ7ÿ9ÿ5ÿ75ÿÿ475ÿ69ÿ494575ÿ
)7456759ÿ9*86745ÿ%ÿ+ÿ'ÿ,ÿ$%%ÿ-759ÿÿ,ÿ .%"ÿ
'/ÿ,ÿ'ÿ5ÿ'0$%%"ÿ69ÿ9*86745ÿÿ5ÿ7575769ÿ589ÿ4ÿ
486745"ÿ86ÿ45ÿÿ9ÿ4ÿ69ÿ9ÿ969ÿ75ÿ67ÿ
9ÿ.45ÿ59ÿ75ÿ7ÿ46ÿÿ5ÿÿ9ÿ
om
54559679ÿ75699/ÿ .c
es
0122
34567589
ot
an
(9ÿ779ÿ46ÿ79ÿÿ'ÿ64ÿ96ÿ2ÿ+ÿÿ,ÿ%ÿ(9ÿ695ÿ
l
ra
49ÿ69ÿ9*86745ÿ2ÿ+ÿ6ÿ,ÿ$ÿ(9ÿ5ÿ75ÿÿ,ÿ%ÿ5ÿ6ÿ,ÿ$ÿ
875ÿ69ÿ96959ÿ8795ÿ476ÿ39ÿ678ÿ
ke
486745ÿ9ÿ%ÿ,ÿ%ÿ4%ÿ,ÿ%ÿ5ÿ%ÿ,ÿ$ÿ4%ÿ,ÿ%ÿ39ÿ
959ÿ486745ÿ76ÿÿ5ÿÿ54559679ÿ9ÿ.%"ÿ%/"ÿ
.$"ÿ$5/"ÿ."ÿ$/"ÿ.6"ÿ7/"ÿ.2"ÿ2/"ÿ.'"ÿ%/ÿ39ÿ96ÿ4ÿ69ÿ
486745ÿ9ÿ546ÿ969ÿ989ÿÿ949ÿ59679ÿ
39ÿ699ÿ6ÿ69ÿ5&ÿ599ÿ64ÿ&ÿ7ÿ4ÿ69ÿ49ÿ
4756745ÿ9ÿ 56ÿ39ÿ76ÿÿ54ÿ#%ÿ78ÿ69ÿ6ÿ
ÿ54ÿ#'ÿ7
23ÿ56789ÿ7
om
978ÿ3 3ÿ98ÿ5
ÿÿ898398ÿ738777
.c
es
010
ot
!"#$%&'&()*+!)(,-
an
./0123245461782169 :/012324;6<6=6>0?@6<6=6A6B61C?
l
D42512=1E>88>0@6<6=>4FDE@G?HI9B6;J=5B3>46178K>4
ra
DE@?HL120;2;MNOPQRST5B3>46178?U60254@6>V7501602
ke
HWI516>0=X
. Y>;IB 545461782169:ZV24516>0=?[4>V24162=X
. \B 32A4569=14I91I42=:D4>IV=?]603=?^62B;=?^60612
K62B;=?D^FVG?D^F_0GX
`ab
cddefghigj gkj lmjhignlof iop mhlmjhgnjf lqidrjshint
fghetgehjfunogjrjhihngkvjgntiop vlpedihihngkvjgntw
x`lrongnyjzol{djprj|jyjd}~opjhfgiop
01 For More Study Materials : www.keralanotes.com
https://www.keralanotes.com/
345ÿÿÿ789 ÿ 7
!"#$%&'(
(')(!&)
((!#&*+,(,'-)
./((-,*
om
.c
es
012
1*2*1ÿÿ4(ÿ5
ot
an
,(),*'(
l
ra
!&',((*(('
(*
ke
6789:;ÿ=>?ÿÿ@ÿA,ÿÿ,(ÿ
om
94ÿÿÿ678797:;ÿ+Lÿ>?ÿ<MÿABCDEFCÿ7:ÿAÿGÿ+L4ÿHIFBAÿJ997:;ÿFKBÿ
NO9DEDCÿFOÿ+LPÿAÿGÿQ4ÿ .c
es
012
bcgcgÿÿiÿXÿjVV
ot
an
TU1VWXUYWZ1[\UYWVV
l
ra
1X11[VUVXW[V1VVYWe1fc
"9ÿ -ÿÿiYÿfVV
om
.c
es
012
&'(ÿÿ* 494
ot
,-./01ÿ3433ÿÿ* 4589ÿÿ54645
l an
ra
ke
om
.c
es
012
BÿÿC957ÿÿ>
ot
an
34456758957:47;:<::=54:
l
><77?:6==54:>345:?@78
ra
6@799>:A4@9575
ke
D!E9ÿ FÿÿG758ÿ957:ÿÿ>
om
.c
es
0100
7ÿÿÿ
ot
2345678ÿ ,
an
88''!()
ra
4*++ ,4,!'-
ke
/0%/4&-15 4!'1
&2%7673 41/38 5!'9
07%!
om
.c
es
0102
ÿÿÿ
ot
947ÿÿÿ!"!#ÿ$ÿ%ÿ"!&!
l an
ra
ke
988!"##$95778%5$!$95&'97(79($9#)
*+,-.+./01-+-/+2/0364 5* 12364 56
*+,-.+./07-+-/+2/0364 65* 72364 5 8
.*+,-.+./09-+-/+2/0364 65* 92364 56
om
.c
es
0102
ÿÿÿ
ot
3456789ÿ 2
l an
;!5($69$%+9$9!!994$!4$9(965!49(79(#
ra
89!4'494&<5! !$9"9(
ke
om
.c
es
0102
/ÿÿÿ01233
ot
an
5##$!$" "79%5!$"7"%56,8!$78$&5!$9$9%+96%985!$9!"5
6,8!$78$&5!$" "79%5!$"7
>9
'(ÿ*+,-./0ÿ/0123*42156ÿ4/53ÿ1(24740ÿ3/8ÿ
/(ÿ/,,12194ÿ1(94084:ÿ;34ÿ8-*ÿ+<ÿ/(ÿ
1(24740ÿ/(,ÿ128ÿ/,,12194ÿ1(94084ÿ18ÿ
5+(70-4(2ÿ2+ÿ=ÿ*+,-.+ÿ(: om
.c
es
0102
34546ÿÿÿ89 H
ot
ABCDÿEFGE
l an
ra
IDD!!CEJF
ke
KD
L$BC"!!MJJNMEONMGPNMQRN
MSTNMUUNF
B9
)*ÿ,-./012ÿ12345,64378ÿ1*ÿ3*46962ÿ,1:ÿ-2ÿ
,1:ÿ*-4ÿ51;6ÿ1ÿ,/043<037143;6ÿ3*;62=6>
?56*ÿ34ÿ.-6=8ÿ456ÿ<2-./74ÿ-@ÿ456ÿ3*46962ÿ
1*.ÿ34=ÿ,/043<037143;6ÿ3*;62=6ÿ3=ÿ
om
7-*92/6*4ÿ4-ÿAÿ,-./0-ÿ*>
.c
es
0120
34346ÿÿÿ89 H
ot
an
CD#!ÿEFGG
l
ra
I"!"#!"$"%"%&J"EKF
ke
L!"
M "!"#!"$"%"%$N$OEKJPQGREF
$&"SKT
$ !"#!"SJ!"$NEF
CD#!ÿEFGU
I"!!!"#!"$"%"%"EKF
LM!
"!S#"VOEEPOUWPOTTPFM
KGXYZJ %!"#!"$"%
"%F
0122 For More Study Materials : www.keralanotes.com
ÿÿÿhttps://www.keralanotes.com/
456789ÿ
6997!9"89#6"$ $%& 86%&'
()9!")
* +6$ &$86%&,-. /.-.0/.-1./.-2.3/.-4.5/.-3.3/.
6 -6.6/
om
.c
es
0123
ÿÿÿ
ot
l an
ra
W
ke
89:ÿ:<=:>?:?ÿ@ABCD?:E>ÿECFGHD=9IÿJD>?Kÿ
=9:ÿIAC=DLCDBE=DM:ÿD>M:HK:KÿGJÿNÿD>ÿO>
P9:>ÿ>ÿE>?ÿNÿEH:ÿFDM:>ÿE>?ÿ
FB?ÿQ>RÿNSÿTÿUV
89:ÿIAC=DLCDBE=DM:ÿD>M:HK:ÿGJÿNÿDKÿ=9:ÿ
MECA:ÿGJÿ=ÿEJ=:HÿN:D>FÿIELL:?ÿ=GÿO>V
0127 For More Study Materials : www.keralanotes.com
45657ÿÿÿ9 https://www.keralanotes.com/
ÿÿÿ ÿÿ!"ÿ"!#$%ÿÿ
& ÿ%!'!"(ÿ (#
om
.c
es
0123
45657ÿÿÿ9
ot
*+,-./ÿ0
an
1234-/3./5,36167891:0;
l
ra
<8/381
ke
=452>0;?@7A34167897B8C
012) For More Study Materials : www.keralanotes.com
ÿÿÿhttps://www.keralanotes.com/
456789ÿ
!" 7#9!89$6!% %&' ()*+,,
-(9#!(
om
." /$ 0,,1*2' 3!" %&' ()*' *(&45
.c
es
0123
ÿÿÿ
ot
456789ÿ5
an
-(9#!(
ke
om
.c
es
0123
ot
l an
ra
ke
*+ÿ-./01ÿ2/3
455156/06ÿ7+89:558+ÿ10ÿ;-<
;8==:>:ÿ89ÿ<0>10::+10>ÿ?/+@0/>/AA/==B
!"#$%&'#$()*&
+$,%%'#$%-+,'.&/0)"1$)%
2% +,'&/3"" 456789:; )%&<
'%= />0%$?@%"0) !
A=%$&B%=$?
C) ( $00$!+%0=$&D$&E)"$&E
2)"$&+E-=.&+E-F.?
GHI
om
JKKLMNOPNQ NRQ STQOPNUSVM PVW TOSTQONUQM SXPKYQZOPU[
MNOL[NLOQM\UVNQYQOPOUNR]QNU[PVW ]SWLKPOPOUNR]QNU[^
.c
_GSYVUNÙQaVSbKQWYQcQ`QKdeVWQOMNPVWf
es
012
ot
{p|8j8q
an
h4ÿ8j8kÿ8ÿ4l8mÿ4nÿ7o8p ÿq668q
l
ra
h4ÿ58nl8ÿl5ÿoj8ÿq48ÿ8rm78qÿ4nÿo46mq
ke
h4ÿ58nl8ÿl5ÿoj8ÿq48ÿ8rm78qÿ4nÿloq
h4ÿ58nl8ÿl5ÿoj8ÿq48ÿ8rm78qÿ4nÿn875q
h4ÿ8mqs8ÿ8ÿnl8ÿn875qÿ4nÿtm8ÿuvwx
ÿ y8ÿÿm4qqp78ÿ4ÿm8n4ÿ4m8 4lqÿq6
qÿ554lzÿq6p 4lzÿ67m74lzÿl5
5jq4lÿ4lÿx9pÿk45qÿlÿ458lÿp74yÿm8q
01g1g For More Study Materials : www.keralanotes.com
https://www.keralanotes.com/
45674ÿÿÿ9 9ÿ
!!!" #!#$!%"%
#! $"#$ "! !!&'
%()##"!#$#!
*$*(#!"!!%**$#*)%
!%&+#!%,--**$"#%((#
*)%!%!.!,#!,#$"*$!&
'%!ÿ$!%!!$ÿ#ÿ!ÿ!%#.
om
0121010345678
0121019:;<=8 .c
0121012>;?@A8
es
01213
C&D&C ##$
ot
l an
ra
>;=64?ÿ01210ÿÿ((#ÿ*)%ÿ!%
ke
!"#
$ ! %&
'("%
#)'(#*
+*
'(#*
+(#*
,%'-#*
,%'(*
om
.c
es
01213
4565454ÿÿÿÿÿ89
ot
l an
/0123456ÿ89ÿ:ÿ:;<ÿ=ÿ:45ÿ505>5;?2ÿ19ÿ@Aÿ?B5;ÿCÿDÿ:ÿ$ÿ=ÿE2ÿ:021ÿ:;ÿ
ra
ÿÿ&ÿG!ÿÿ!ÿ!ÿÿÿ#ÿ!ÿÿÿ
ke
#ÿ ÿÿÿ!ÿÿÿ!ÿÿÿ!ÿ&ÿ
H221CE:?EIE?J6ÿ89ÿ:Aÿ=Aÿ:;<ÿCÿ:45ÿ505>5;?2ÿ19ÿ@Aÿ?B5;ÿK:ÿ$ÿ=Lÿ$ÿCÿDÿ:ÿ$ÿ
K=ÿ$ÿCLMÿ8;ÿ1?B54ÿN14<2AÿE?ÿ<152ÿ;1?ÿ>:??54ÿE;ÿNBECBÿ14<54ÿN5ÿ:OO0Jÿ?B5ÿ
ÿÿÿ!ÿ ÿ&
/1>>3?:?EIE?J6ÿP14ÿ:00ÿ:ÿ:;<ÿ=ÿE;ÿ@AÿN5ÿB:I5ÿ:ÿ$ÿ=ÿDÿ=ÿ$ÿ:MÿQ1?5ÿ
!ÿ!ÿ#ÿ-ÿÿ"ÿ-ÿ#ÿÿÿ'(ÿ&
,%'ÿÿ-#*ÿRÿÿÿÿ)ÿ!ÿ%ÿÿÿ)ÿ
C:005<ÿ?B5ÿE<5;?E?Jÿ505>5;?Aÿ23CBÿ?B:?ÿ5ÿ$ÿ:ÿDÿ:ÿ$ÿ5ÿDÿ:Mÿ
STE2?5;C5ÿ19ÿE;I54256ÿP14ÿ5:CBÿ:ÿE;ÿ@Aÿ?B545ÿ5TE2?2ÿ:;ÿ505>5;?ÿ:UAÿ
0121.
C: 0
05< ÿ?B5ÿE;I54
For
25ÿ
1 9
More
ÿ:Aÿ23C
Study
Bÿ?B:?ÿ:ÿ$
Materials
ÿ:
:
Uÿ
Dÿ:U
ÿ$
ÿ: ÿ
D ÿ
5 M
ÿ
www.keralanotes.com
4565454 789 9https://www.keralanotes.com/
ÿÿÿ8
om
.c
es
01213
4565454 789 9
ot
!"#$%
an
$#(*$(+$%#&$"#$%"$,#&($-"
ke
"$-$"#$%("( $%"(#&."%'(($-"!&
$#&
89"*ÿ
/&(#$-(+%#(,#&#&"++#$%$"#$)
01239)45)
("!$**#"#'$6!"%-$*"++#$%"%+(7#"!#$%
$%#&*%#($-#&((#,#&$#*$'%$#$-#&(#
om
.c
es
012103
4565454 789 9
ot
*+ÿ-).)-).
an
9:;((()
l
ra
2!1<;(
2 )
ke
om
.c
es
012103
4565454 789 9
ot
ÿ?
an
-./01234567860489/0/6/4:15//34.6
l
83/0/0;4463/34.41/34.36<145036336/0/563.<
ra
/8415//34.64.:/1.4/01;..4/6/1.</0./06;513/=
ke
4:;3017;568;.8=6:3.915//34./0/;.94
/06>4;564:/0;4651141/=
0&
l
ra
ÿ&ÿ1ÿ#ÿÿÿÿÿÿ&ÿ#ÿÿ#ÿ1ÿ!#ÿÿÿÿ($ÿ
ke
ÿÿ$ÿÿÿ-ÿ.ÿ$ÿ(")ÿ#ÿÿ2345ÿ7ÿ8ÿÿÿÿ)ÿ
9ÿ2ÿÿ3:5ÿ78ÿ;<ÿ=ÿ>?@ABÿACDE?ÿFGEÿ<=HEÿ@BE?=F;@C5ÿ=CDÿ:ÿ;<ÿ=ÿ
%Iÿ&ÿ#ÿ0)ÿ$ÿ1ÿÿÿ&ÿ#ÿ-ÿ
+$ÿ&Jÿ"#ÿ%!ÿ$ÿ
KLÿMNÿ=ÿ=CDÿOÿ=?EÿHEHOE?<ÿ@NÿO@FGÿ>?@AB<5ÿFGECÿPÿ2ÿ=ÿ7ÿOÿ;<ÿ=Q<@ÿ=ÿ
%%&ÿ#ÿ&$ÿ-ÿ
R-ÿ+$ÿÿ$ÿ$ÿ%ÿ"Iÿ!%-ÿ
S-ÿ.#ÿÿÿÿ%%&ÿ#ÿ&$ÿ)ÿ$ÿJÿ#ÿÿÿ!ÿÿ%%&ÿ
#ÿ&$ÿ-ÿ
T-S-ÿ+$ÿÿ% "ÿ#ÿ$ÿ"Iÿ!%ÿ#ÿ)ÿ1ÿUÿ)ÿÿÿ
&ÿ#ÿ-ÿ
V-ÿW $ÿÿÿÿ&ÿ#ÿ!#-
01210/ For More Study Materials : www.keralanotes.com
4565454 789 9https://www.keralanotes.com/
()"*+ÿ-.-/
!"#$%& !'
0+12
3"2412-5+ 1"#$%"12
6$126$4"61$$2-3"12121
"66112*6+7"1212%1"66112*6+&-
om
.c
es
012103
4565454 789 9
ot
9:;+1;ÿ0#
an
$"#$";"2#2"612
l
ra
4$"2+*2#1;"++6;:;+1;
ke
#-
om
.c
es
012103
4565454 789 9
ot
45ÿ.+3+<
an
om
.c
es
012134
5676565 9
ot
;<('ÿ.%4%6
an
+,-./ 012%!#*''('#3.04050#)6%&!'
$'7.+,8.901207:+,8.0690120#)74+%
ke
%&!'+,-=0>2"! "'#'0
?+.#)?+@%
$%&!'+,-./ 012"! "'#'0
?+4#)?+5%
9;#)5ÿ<0=0<>
an
(',F>G?<*(',F<G?B*(',FHG?=*(',F=G?H*(',F<0=G?=*
ke
(',FIG?B0
.01+!" &'()$ ?@A<>J*KD*!" (','(/!" 5 +!#'E
(',F<G?<*(',F=G?<0=*(',FLG?<0=*(',FMG?H0
om
.c
es
012134
5676568 ./0 123
ot
456(ÿ+),)++
an
7& #8%#&#%''(#'99#'96$#("#'
l
ra
ÿ "#$%&&'$(
)*+,%,,#%-)$#$##$(
-)-)#),)#-)$.%-,$,
,)#-)$,$#()#/
*')ÿ0/1/2ÿÿ9
om
.c
es
012134
5676567 456768
ot
ÿ#ÿ
an
9$##,+,$)$
,'&)
l
ra
&##,':6+,):#$-)&$6#$
ke
-#(*)/
Q57
;ÿ=>?@ABÿCAD?EFÿ=GH
I JKF
ÿA
Bÿ>ÿ
CA
LAM
DÿC
AD?
Eÿ
NAMOÿIJD?DPDLMB1
om
.c
es
012134
5676565 89
ot
672-!ÿ#8#9
an
"(00-1(0%""(0"2=!(-!&(0%%0
ke
<=1#8#>#
<=1ÿ#8#>ÿÿ?@A5BÿDE
om
.c
es
012123
4565456 89
ot
:-+;
l an
ra
89 :-+;
ke
QRA?S<Gÿ56765567
l
ra
TGIKBUGV@>GAFWX88YV@G<U@>Z[@\[I[GBGI[ABV;KH8]^@IZ;HUB_
ke
`aaba5b5ab55c6dG\A>HGUGV@>GAUU@I@;>A>U?K<I@S<@\AI@;>V;H
I[@BV@G<U@>BK\[AZA=I[AIA<<SH;SGHI@GB;VI[GBG;SGHAI@;>BAHG
BAI@BV@GUbABB[;Z>@>W@DKHG5676e6
W@DKHGÿ5676eÿÿfÿ!g)*!ÿ"ÿ01'22,ÿ"&!*#
&%'"($%$%$"((($
$%$%$)
om
.c
es
012123
4565754 + ,-./
ot
0#ÿ!)2)!3
l an
ra
45!)2)6"%&%&&("$$%789$&:!;;!!;;!<
5"")
ke
#//("!""#$%&"'(!66666
om
.c
es
012123
4565754 89
ot
89:7;ÿ9!/
an
X9
l
ra
ke
<=>?@=ABC>DÿFGHFGDG@IB@JÿKLMBIÿN=FODÿ
PDGÿIN=ÿQBG>ODRÿSTUVWÿC@OÿSTUVKW1
om
.c
es
012123
4565754ÿ 89
ot
>&&
l an
R9
ra
ke
?@@ABACDÿFD@ÿGHIBJFKBACDÿCLMJFBACDGÿCDÿ
LCNODCPAFNGÿFJMÿBQMÿGFPMÿCLMJFBACD1
om
.c
es
012134
5676865 9
ot
ÿ,
an
) .6(9:"5#;<='"5(")>"16)6(9:"5
ke
.1"1"5!?0( 0/0(?"4.5@).59("
?A$%A&%A(BBBBB)!A%A&%(BBBBB2.
5(BBBB"5()"/)"()"(")A$%A%A%
om
.c
es
012134
5676865 9
ot
45ÿ)7
an
$"+!%1831&31' %1931)31)31&31'#$%&:'
l
ra
,++"0*%1:31)31)313';,
ke
!!*0 !,,*!
<
"+!/"="*"-+&0*
*"-+ : % "!' " > *
+ "+$-+)?!,!+!!"=!
012132 For More Study Materials : www.keralanotes.com
4565754 89 https://www.keralanotes.com/
ÿÿÿ99ÿ!"9ÿ# $ÿ%9&&% "ÿ ÿ'()7*
om
.c
es
012133
4565754 89
ot
,-./01ÿ2
an
345627894:;<4=>?96@2A7/?:1?6@A@A7
l
ra
ke
B?1;?4
C<.4>J>6@A@A7.>><?J44C.D1E
C.D1ÿEÿÿF %ÿG9H$ÿ&9HÿF@H%"ÿ45657I
34ÿ5ÿÿ6789ÿ98;<=>ÿ?<ÿ60<7@ÿ567685
om
.c
es
012134
5676865 9
ot
F/(&&C(&-ÿG,&DÿH-/(+
an
3)C-/(+&((&-/,,4((+D-+&()$
l
ra
+('E/(&E&D+'/C'-E-&4E0
ke
om
.c
es
012134
5676865 9
ot
ÿ9
l an
ra
om
.c
es
012134
5676865 9
ot
ÿ
l an
&7"&!3JKJK4"2 ,&5,22!!&""2!!6!&"
ke
om
.c
es
012134
5676865 9
ot
ÿ9
an
ÿ+ÿÿ,$-$." ÿ"#$ÿ%&ÿ'()87*
l
ra
ke
om
.c
es
012134
5676865 + ,-
ot
./0"ÿ2*3*&4
an
#!"!"#$%&2*3'()!(56"
l
ra
0"7 "89:';:2*3<:<2*
ke
"(
=!">?>?2?&?35 6"7)?65(
!7!2*3@60>?2?:&?:3*."2*3
!()!22*3?A!5!0:2*3!()!:22*3 6B
67!(56"0"7 "*=B!0"7"B?
!" 89';2*3<<2;>5 6(% /"'*
om
.c
es
012134
5676865 9
ot
ÿ
l an
#*)%#&(/
ke
om
.c
es
012134
5676867ÿÿÿÿÿ011234
ot
an
!('#!$&! ++#'#!$:&)9'(*'#!$:)'##*'#!$$+
ke
+#,#&#!$!,( ;9#'"!(+&!$<(&'(#*'#!$#&''
+#,#&#!$9<=(!#&$!'+#$+