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PartialFractions

عننعاه

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ebrahimnight39
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16 views

PartialFractions

عننعاه

Uploaded by

ebrahimnight39
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Partial Fraction

Partial Fractions
The partial fraction decomposition or partial fraction expansion is used to
reduce the degree of either the numerator or the denominator of a rational
function/algebraic fraction.

Proper and Improper Fraction Revisited

The fraction is proper, if


degree of the denominator > degree of the numerator
3x
Eg.
4x2 + 5

The fraction is improper, if


degree of the denominator ≤ degree of the numerator

Eg. x2 x3 −1
2x2 + 9 x+3
Partial Fractions

with a quadratic factor


Simple denominators

Repeated factor
Partial fraction with simple denominators:
ax + b
An expression in the form can be split into partial
( px + q )( rx + s )
A B .
fractions of the form +
px + q rx + s

7x − 8
Eg. Express in partial fractions.
( 2 x − 1)( x − 2)
7x − 8 A B
Let = +
( 2 x − 1)( x − 2) 2 x − 1 x − 2
7x − 8 A B
= +
( 2 x − 1)( x − 2) 2 x − 1 x − 2

7x − 8 A( x − 2) + B ( 2 x − 1)
=
( 2 x − 1)( x − 2) ( 2 x − 1)( x − 2)

7 x − 8 = A( x − 2) + B ( 2 x − 1)

Let x=2, 6 = A(0) + 3B, B = 2


Let x= 0, − 8 = A( −2) + 2( −1), A = 3

7x − 8 3 2
So, the partial fractions are = +
( 2 x − 1)( x − 2) 2 x − 1 x − 2
Try:

13 x − 6
1. Split into partial fractions.
3x 2 − 2 x
12 x
2. Split into partial fractions.
( x + 1)( 2 x + 3)( x − 3)
Try:

Answers
13 x − 6 3 4
1 = +
3x − 2 x x 3x − 2
2

12 x 3 8 1
2 = + +
( x + 1)( 2 x + 3)( x − 3) x + 1 2 x + 3 x − 3
Partial fraction with a repeated factor:
ax 2 + bx + c
An expression in the form 2 can be split
( px + q )( rx + s )

into partial fractions of the form


A B C
+ +
px + q ( rx + s ) 2 rx + s

x2 − 7x − 6 2 3 2
Eg. = 2+ −
x ( x − 3)
2
x x x−3
Express x 2
− 7 x − 6 in partial fractions.
x 2 ( x − 3)
Solution:
x2 − 7x − 6 A B C
= + +
x 2 ( x − 3) x2 x x − 3
x 2 − 7 x − 6 A( x − 3) + Bx ( x − 3) + Cx 2
=
x ( x − 3)
2
x 2 ( x − 3)
x 2 − 7 x − 6 = A( x − 3) + Bx ( x − 3) + Cx 2

Let x=3, − 18 = 9C , C = −2
x=0, − 6 = −3 A, A = 2
x= 1, − 12 = 2( −2) + B ( −2) + ( −2), B = 3

x2 − 7x − 6 2 3 2
= 2+ −
x ( x − 3)
2
x x x−3
Try:

9 + 4x2
Express in partial fractions.
(1 − 2 x ) 2 ( 2 + x )
Answer:

9 + 4x2 4 1
= +
(1 − 2 x ) ( 2 + x ) (1 − 2 x ) 2 + x
2 2
Partial fraction with a quadratic factor:

ax 2 + bx + c
An expression in the of the form ( px + q )( rx 2 + s ) , where

r and s have the same sign, can be split into partial fractions of the form

A Bx + C
+ 2
px + q rx + s

5x − 6 2 2x +1
Eg. =− + 2
( x + 2)( x + 4)
2
x+2 x +4
5x − 6
Express in partial fraction.
( x + 2)( x + 4)
2

Solution:
5x − 6 A Bx + C
= +
( x + 2)( x 2 + 4) x + 2 x 2 + 4
5x − 6 A( x 2 + 4) + ( Bx + C )( x + 2)
=
( x + 2)( x + 4)
2
( x + 2)( x 2 + 4)

5 x − 6 = A( x 2 + 4) + ( Bx + C )( x + 2)

Let x = -2, − 16 = 8 A, A = −2
x = 0, − 6 = −8 + 2C , C = 1
x = 1, − 1 = −10 + ( B + 1)(3), B = 2

5x − 6 2 2x +1
=− + 2
( x + 2)( x + 4)
2
x+2 x +4
Improper fractions:

Degree of numerator = Degree of denominator:


Eg. 3
x − x−4 B Cx + D
= A + +
( x + 1)( 2 x 2 + 3) x +1 2x2 + 3

Degree of numerator > degree of denominator:

Eg. x3 + 4 x−4
= x +
x2 +1 x2 +1
Try:

Decompose the following rational function into partial


fractions:

x3 + 4
x2 −1

Answer:

x3 + 4 5 3
= x+ −
x −1
2
2( x − 1) 2( x + 1)
Further information:

Factor in Term in partial


denominator fraction decomposition

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