Principle of

Mass &
Energy
Balance
B T E N 2 31 3 / C H E N 1 315

DR SAKINAH ENGLIMAN
INSTRUCTORS FOR THIS
COURSES

Dr Nurul Sakinah Engliman

Office: E2-4-9.4
Email: [email protected]
Textbook Use for this course
 Medium of communication
Notes  GDrive
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Announcement Telegram
LEARNING OUTCOME OF THIS
COURSE
1. Apply the basic principles of chemical processes applied in chemical and biochemical engineering
and biotechnology, including to apply skills of units and dimensions in engineering calculations.

2. Examine material balance problems involving single and multiple units with and without chemical
reaction using the law of conservation of mass.

3. Analyze material balance problems involving recycle, bypass and purge streams, with and
without chemical reaction.
4. Apply the law of conservation of energy to solve problems involving energy balance for open and
closed systems with and without chemical reaction.

5. Analyze material and energy balances for transient processes.

 Assessment Method
Methods Percentage
(%)
Quizzes 10
Assignment 5
Midterm 25
Integrated Mini project (IMP) 10
Final Exam 50
TOTAL 100
Condition for passing COURSE - “As stated by BEM for EAC certified, the Engineering
students are required to obtain 50% grade for their final exam in order to pass the course.”
 Rules for this course
•80% of attendance is required.
•Please be on time to class.
•Condition for passing FINAL EXAM
“As stated by BEM for EAC certified, the Engineering students are required to
obtain 50% grade for their final exam in order to pass the course.”
•Please give full attention in class and participate in class activities. Be responsible
with your duty as student.
 Class Schedule
Week 1 – Engineering Calculation & Process Variables
Week 2 – Mass Balance – Part 1
Week 3 – Mass Balance - Part 2
Week 4 – Mass Balance – Part 3
Week 5 – Multiple Unit Process – Part 1
Week 6 – Multiple Unit Process – Part 2
Week 7 – MID TERM EXAM (23/4/2025 or 24/4/25 – Class time)
Week 8 – Single Phase system
Week 9 – Multiple Phase system
Week 10 – Energy Balance – Part 1
Week 11 – Energy Balance - Part 2
Week 12 – Unsteady State - Part 1
Week 13 –Unsteady State - Part 2
Week 14 – Revision
 What is Chemical Engineering?
Chemical engineering is a multidisciplinary course that links chemistry, physics with
biochemistry, biology, microbiology along with math and economics to devise, develop,
produce, modify, operate and manage the manufacturing processes that convert raw
materials into useful products.

Chemical engineers use their knowledge to improve processes and equipment used in
processing chemicals/products and find solutions to the problems many industries
face. This include designing equipment, systems and methods for refining raw
materials, compounding and processing chemicals.

They analyze processes and data, perform research and tests, and develop plans to
optimize plant operations.
Why should With so many degree options out there, here are some top reasons
why you should study Chemical Engineering:
you study Wide Options
engineering? A degree in Chemical Engineering can land you jobs in the
manufacturing, mining, oil and gas, managerial and production
areas easily. Basically, you can apply for any jobs that have
something to do with chemicals.
Chemical Engineers are primarily
concerned with the construction, Can Change the World
operation, implementation and Chemical Engineers strive to improve the quality of people’s lives
maintenance of chemical and the ecosystem. The items people use every day; toothpaste,
processes for macro-level detergent, petrol, and even the things we eat, all need Chemical
manufactures such as large-scale Engineers to produce them. Because of this, they are needed to
cheese production. facilitate the development of technologies that will help end
starvation, disease, overcome lead pollution and the effects of
greenhouse gases.
Chemical Engineer Responsibilities:
•Using scientific, mathematical, and engineering principles to solve problems and improve
processes.
•Designing, proposing, implementing, reviewing, and correcting plans to ensure company
goals are achieved.
•Observing production processes, conducting research, and finding ways to increase
efficiency and quality.
•Using computers to compile and analyze data.
•Establishing safety and waste management procedures.
•Traveling to work sites and locations to learn about project needs and design, implement,
troubleshoot, test, and improve processes, equipment, and facilities.
•Assisting with establishing budgets and timelines.
What skills do you need for a course in
Chemical Engineering?
A love of Maths and Chemistry
You like math! You like chemistry! The only issue? You can’t choose which one you like more. Chemical
engineers use numbers and knowledge of chemicals in almost equal parts, and of equal importance.
Eye for detail
You’re the kind of person who notices the odd stain on an otherwise clean shirt or t-shirt and don’t want to
wear on a date or an important meeting because even if they don’t notice, you’ll know! Suffice to stay, you pay
attention to the smallest of details. In fact, the smaller the detail, the bigger the significance it has, to you at
least.
Economical
When you’re headed out with friends, you know exactly how much you’re going to spend, and you try to have
as much fun as possible within that same amount. They aim to get the best results at the least cost and with
the lowest impact on the environment possible.
INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING
CALCULATION
DR SAKINAH ENGLIMAN
Learning Outcome
At the end of this class, student able to do:

1. Identify the common unit used in engineering calculation

2. Do a unit conversion of one set of units into its equivalent in any dimensionally consistent
units
Unit & Dimensions
All measured or counted quantity has a value and unit

Dimension – is a property that can be measured, examples: length, time, mass, temperature

Unit – specific values of dimensions that have been define by custom or law, such as g or kg for mass, min
or sec for time
Primarily two types of units are used in this text:

1. SI Unit, formally called Le Système Internationale d’Unités and informally called SI or, more often
(redundantly), the SI system f units
2. AE, or American Engineering system f units, not to be confused with what is called the
U.S.Conventional System USCS) or the English system f units
Dimensions and their respective units are classified as fundamental or derived:
Fundamental (or basic) dimensions/units are those that can be measured
independently and are sufficient to describe most physical quantities such as
length, mass, time, and temperature.
Derived dimensions/units are those that can be developed in terms of the
fundamental dimensions/units.
RUL ES OF USING TH E UNIT
• When quantities with units are added or subtracted, they need to be expressed
in the same units. For example,
2 cm + 7 cm = 9 cm 23kg + 0.87kg = 23.87kg
On the other hand,
25cm + 7.2m ≠ 4.2kg + 198g ≠
cannot be evaluated until both of the measurements of length are expressed in
the same units.

When quantities with units are multiplied or divided, the numerical result is
equal to the product or division of the numerical values, and the net units are
equal to the product or division of the units
themselves. For example,
Unit Conversion
Important for Engineer to know how to convert one unit to another unit.

A measured quantity can be expressed in terms of any units having the appropriate dimension.

Conversion factors are statements of equivalent values of different units in the form of ratios.
Exercise 1
Complete the unit equation for each of the following exact metric
equivalents:
(a) 1 Mm = ? m
(b) 1 kg = ? g
(c) 1 L = ? dL
(d) 1 s = ? ns
 Exercise 2
If a Mazda Miata is traveling at 95 km/h, what is the speed in meters per
second (given that 1 km = 1000 m, and 1 h = 3600 s)?
Exercise 3
A village in Kuala Kedah was devastated by a flood that cause the supply of fresh
water disrupted. 7 tanks of fresh water were delivered to the village. Each tank
contains 1050 litre of water. If the village requires about 430 litres of water each
day, approximately how long (in days) will this supply of fresh water in the tank
able to provide an adequate supply for the village?
Significant Figures
The no. of significant figures in the reported value of a measured/calculated quantity indicate the
precision/accuracy of the quantified value.
In engineering calculation, it is enough to represent
your answer or value up to 2 significant figure only.
So you are required to round your answer to the
nearest value.

Example: 0.0876m  0.088m

213.023kg  213.02kg
Hope you will enjoy being a chemical engineering
student in IIUM.
BTEN 2313/
CHEN 1315
Principle of Mass &
Energy Balance
Dr Sakinah Engliman

PROCESS
VARIABLES
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this class, student able to do:
1. Identify the common unit used in engineering calculation
2. Do a unit conversion of one set of units into its equivalent in any
dimensionally consistent units
3. Apply the suitable significant figures and scientific notation to express
the measured/quantified value.
4. Able to calculate the mole, mole fraction and concentration related to
the chemical process.
Process variables
Operation is the work process that carry out everyday in order to achieve a goal.

Continuous
Process Variables
Density

Flow rate

Chemical composition

Pressure

Temperature
Density, SV & SG
• Density is a measure of mass per volume (unit: kg/m3, g/cm3, lbm/ft3)

Specific volume is defined as the number of cubic meters occupied by one kilogram of matter. It is
the ratio of a material's volume to its mass, which is the same as the reciprocal of its density. (Unit:
m3/kg, cm3/g, ft3/lbm)

• The density of a substance can be used as a conversion factor to relate the mass and the volume
of a quantity of the substance.
 Exercise 1
1. Find a mass for 20 cm3 of chloroform (ChCl3) if the density of
ChCl3 is 1.49 g/cm3
2. Volume of 6.20 lbm of ChCl3
• Specific gravity is the ratio between the density of an object, and a reference
substance.
The specific gravity can tell us, based on its value, if the object will sink or float
in our reference substance.
Usually, our reference substance is water which always has a density of 1 gram
per milliliter or 1 gram per cubic centimeter.
Exercise 2
Calculate the density of mercury in lbm/ft3 as the specific gravity of the mercury at
20℃ is 13.546. Then, find the volume in ft3 occupied by 215 kg of mercury
Mass & Volumetric Flow Rate
• Flow rate – is the rate at which a material is transported through a process line.

• The flow rate of a process stream may be expressed as:

◦ mass flow rate (mass/time)
◦ volumetric flow rate (Volume/time)
• The density of fluid can be used to convert a known volumetric flow rate of a process stream to the mass
flow rate of that stream or vice versa
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Force and Weight
Force - mass proportional to acceleration (kg.m/s2)
SI unit – Newton or kg.m/s2 .or g.com/s2
U.S customery– pound-force (lbf) or product of unit mass (lbm)
Weight of an object is the force exerted on the object by gravitational attraction. (W=mg), as g is
gravitational acceleration and m is the distance between the centres of mass of the attracting body
and object being attracted.
Gravitational acceleration (g) varies directly with the mass and inversely with the square of the
distance between the centre of mass of the attracting body and the object being attracted. The
value of g at sea level and 45⁰ latitude is
g = 9.8066 m/s2
= 980.66 cm/s2
= 32.174 ft/s2
Pressure
• Absolute pressure - a pressure relative to a complete vacuum
• Gauge pressure – a measured pressure measure by the device, this also known as relative
pressure. This pressure is measured relative to atmospheric pressure.
• Absolute pressure can be calculated by this equation:

• Atmospheric pressure - or known as barometric pressure, is the pressure within the

atmosphere of Earth.
• The standard unit for atmospheric pressure is defined as1 atm or 101,325 Pa, which is
equivalent to 760 mmHg, or 14.696 psi.
Exercise 5
Temperature
• A standard condition for temperature is always 0℃

• The following relationship may use to convert a temperature expressed to its equivalent
unit.
Exercise 6
Convert the temperature of the coldest area in a freezer, −10 °F, to degrees Celsius and
kelvin.

Ans: −23 °C & 250 K