Project management software

Project management software are computer programs that help plan, organize, and
manage resources.

Depending on the sophistication of the software, it can manage estimation and

planning, scheduling, cost control, budget management, resource allocation,
collaboration software, communication, decision-making, quality management, time
management and documentation or administration systems.

Numerous PC and browser-based project management software and contract

management software products and services are available.

History

Predecessors
The first historically relevant year for the development of project management software
was 1896, marked by the introduction of the Harmonogram. Polish economist Karol
Adamiecki attempted to display task development in a floating chart and laid the
foundation for project management software as it is today.[1] In 1912, Henry Gantt
replaced the Harmonogram with the more advanced Gantt chart, a scheduling diagram
that broke ship design tasks down for the purposes of Hoover Dam in early 1931.
Today's Gantt charts are almost the same as their original counterparts and are a part of
many project management systems.

Emergence of the term "project management" and modernized

techniques
The term project management was not used prior to 1954 when US Air Force General
Bernard Adolph Schriever introduced it for military purposes. In the years to follow,
project management gained relevance in the business world — a trend that had a lot to
do with the formation of the American Association of Engineers AACE (1956), and Rang
and DuPont's Critical Path Method, which has been used to calculate project duration
ever since 1957.[2]

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 The trend is also related to the appearance of the Program Evaluation Review Technique
(PERT) in 1958. PERT advanced project monitoring, enabling users to simultaneously
monitor tasks, evaluate their quality, and estimate the time needed to accomplish each
of them. Like Gantt charts and CPM, PERT was invented for military purposes, this time
for the US Navy Polaris missile submarine program.[3]

In 1965, there was a new improvement in project management technology. The US

Department of Defense presented the work breakdown structure (WBS) to dissolve
projects into even smaller visual units, organizing them in a hierarchical tree structure.
WBS was an inspiration for Winston Royce’s Waterfall Method (1970) where
management phases are organized in a way that doesn’t allow a new task to begin before
the previous ones are completed.[4]

The first project management products and associations

In the period between 1965 and 1969, two of the leading project management
associations were formed: the International Project Management Association (IPMA) in
Europe, and the Project Management Institute (PMI) which trains project management
professionals and issues certificates. With businesses shifting towards technology-based
and paperless methods, the first project management systems started to emerge.[5]
Oracle and Artemis launched their project managers in 1977, while Scitor Corporation
did the same in 1979.[6][7] Many improvements followed in the upcoming decades. In
1986, Carnegie Mellon University’s Software Engineering Institute introduced capability
maturity software, a five-level project management method for rapidly maturing
processes, while in 1988, users were introduced to earned value management which
added processes’ scope and cost to the schedule.[8] The trend continued with PRINCE2
(1996) which increased the number of processes to seven, because of which developers
considered designing products for managing complex projects. In 2001, they adopted
the Agile project management concept and focused on adaptive planning and flexible
response to changes. In 2006, users were already able to trigger total cost management,
a framework that helps control and reduce costs in project management.[9]

Tasks and activities

Scheduling
One of the most common project management software tool types is scheduling tools.
Scheduling tools are used to sequence project activities and assign dates and resources
to them. The detail and sophistication of a schedule produced by a scheduling tool can

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 vary considerably with the project management methodology used, the features
provided and the scheduling methods supported. Scheduling tools may include support
for:[10]

Multiple dependency relationship types between activities.

Resource assignment and leveling
Critical path
Activity duration estimation and probability-based simulation
Activity cost accounting.

Providing information
Project planning software can be expected to provide information to various people or
stakeholders, and can be used to measure and justify the level of effort required to
complete the project(s). Typical requirements might include:

Overview information on how long tasks will take to complete.

Early warning of any risks to the project.
Information on workload, for planning holidays.
Evidence.
Historical information on how projects have progressed, and in particular, how actual
and planned performance are related.
Optimum utilization of available resources.
Cost maintenance.
Collaboration with each teammate and customer.
Instant communication with collaborators and customers.

Types

Collaborative
A collaborative system is designed to support multiple users modifying different
sections of the plan at once; for example, updating the areas they personally are
responsible for such that those estimates get integrated into the overall plan. Web-based
tools, including extranets, generally fall into this category, but have the limitation that
they can only be used when the user has live Internet access. To address this limitation,
some software tools using client–server architecture provide a rich client that runs on
users' desktop computer and replicates project and task information to other project
team members through a central server when users connect periodically to the network.

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 Some tools allow team members to check out their schedules (and others' as read only)
to work on them while not on the network. When reconnecting to the database, all
changes are synchronized with the other schedules.

Visual
A common problem in project management is a difficulty with both viewing and
understanding large amounts of fluctuating project data.[11] To tackle this, some project
management software utilize information visualization, so that users can more easily
find, analyze and make changes to their data. To avoid information overload,[12] the
visualization mantra of “overview first, zoom and filter, then details on demand” is often
followed.[13]

See also
Comparison of project management software
Project management
Project management information system
Project portfolio management

References
1. "The Harmonogram" (http://projectmanagementhistory.com/The_Harmonogram.htm
l), projectmanagementhistory.com,
2. "About UsAACE International: The Authority for Total Cost Management" (http://ww
w.aacei.org/aboutUs/), aacei.org,
3. "PROGRAM EVALUATION AND REVIEW TECHNIQUE (PERT)" (http://www.referen
ceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Per-Pro/Program-Evaluation-and-Review-Techniqu
e-PERT.html), referenceforbusiness.com,
4. "“Breaking Down” The Work Breakdown Structure" (http://www.dau.mil/pubscats/pub
scats/pm/articles02/lit-ma2.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161221132
113/http://www.dau.mil/pubscats/PubsCats/PM/articles02/lit-ma2.pdf) 2016-12-21 at
the Wayback Machine, dau.mil,
5. Sandro Azzopardi, "THE EVOLUTION OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT" (https://www.
projectsmart.co.uk/evolution-of-project-management.php), projectsmart.co.uk,
6. Sandro Azzopardi, "Oracle's History: Innovation, Leadership, Results" (http://www.or
acle.com/us/corporate/history/index.html), oracle.com,
7. "Metier Artemis" (http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/14416/Metier-Artemis/),
computinghistory.org.uk,
8. "Technical Report" (https://www.sei.cmu.edu/reports/93tr024.pdf), sei.cmu.edu,

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 8. "Technical Report" (https://www.sei.cmu.edu/reports/93tr024.pdf), sei.cmu.edu,
9. "TOTAL COST MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK" (http://www.aacei.org/tcmfree/tcmfr
amework_webedition.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160530211731/h
ttp://www.aacei.org/tcmfree/tcmframework_webedition.pdf) 2016-05-30 at the
Wayback Machine, aacei.org,
10. Nevogt, Dave (17 September 2013). "31 Project Management Solutions" (http://blog.
hubstaff.com/31-project-management-solutions/). Hubstaff. Retrieved 3 November
2013.
11. "| Marketing Technology" (https://www.marketingtechblog.com/pms-problems/).
Marketing Technology. Retrieved 2016-01-08.
12. Wurman, From the book "Information Anxiety" by Richard Saul Wurman Copyright
1989 by Richard Saul (1989-01-22). "INFORMATION OVERLOAD : What to Do
When Anxiety Cripples You" (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-01-22-t
m-1044-story.html). Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035 (https://search.worldcat.or
g/issn/0458-3035). Retrieved 2016-01-08.
13. Shneiderman, Ben (1996). "The Eyes Have It: A Task by Data Type Taxonomy for
Information Visualizations". University of Maryland, Human Computer Interaction
Laboratory.

Further reading
Project Time Management. (2008). In A guide to the project management body of
knowledge (PMBOK guide) (4th ed., p. 145). Newtown Square, Pa: Project
Management Institute. ISBN 978-1933890517

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