Acceleration: Multidisciplinary Research Journal Vol. 02, No.

03, Year 2024

STRATEGIES FOR CONSECUTIVE INTERPRETING IN JOKO WIDODO'S

ASEAN BUSINESS AND INVESTMENT FORUM SPEECH

Okta Viana Dwi Lestari¹ , Ramadan Adianto Budiman²

Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Bahasa dan Sastra, Universitas Surakarta, Jawa
Tengah, Indonesia ¹,²
¹ [email protected] , ² [email protected]

Submitted: 2024-08-05 Published: 2024-09-30

Accepted: 2024-09-24 DOI: https://doi.org/10.70210/amrj.v2i03.79

Abstract
This study explores the consecutive interpreting strategies used in President Joko
Widodo's speech at the ASEAN Business and Investment Forum, focusing on how these
strategies contribute to enhancing the effectiveness of cross-cultural diplomatic
communication. This research provides valuable insights into professional interpreting
practices and contributes significantly to the development of interpreting studies,
particularly in the field of diplomacy and international communication. The main focus
of the research is on three strategies: modulation, transposition, and amplification. Using
a descriptive qualitative approach and data from YouTube, this study identifies and
analyzes the interpreter strategies applied in the interpretation of messages from
Indonesian to English. The results show that successful consecutive interpreting depends
not only on linguistic ability but also on a deep understanding of the cultural and political
context, as well as the ability to manage diplomatic nuances. This research provides
valuable insights into professional interpreting practices at high governmental levels and
is expected to contribute significantly to the field of interpreting studies, especially in the
context of diplomacy and international communication.

Keywords: presidential speech, consecutive interpreting, interpreting strategies,

Indonesian to English

Introduction
Consecutive interpreting plays a critical role in facilitating communication during high-
level diplomatic forums, such as the ASEAN Business and Investment Forum, where
nuanced and culturally sensitive messages must be conveyed accurately. This study
focuses on analyzing the consecutive interpreting strategies used by interpreters during
President Joko Widodo's speech, highlighting the importance of linguistic and cultural
adaptation in such contexts. Unlike written translation, interpreting requires specialized
skills as the interpreter must be able to understand and remember what was said, as
well as interpret it quickly and accurately into the target language. This process often
occurs in situations such as international conferences, business meetings, courts, and
medical situations. The interpreter must be able to interpret together or sequentially,

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depending on the context. Tobe can interpret well, it requires a deep command of the
language, knowledge of the subject at hand, multitasking skills, and the ability to remain
calm under pressure. Successive interpreting is a form of oral interpreting in which the
interpreter interprets the speech after the speaker has finished speaking in full or after
a few sentences. The interpreter should pay close attention, take brief notes, or use
certain memory techniques while the speaker is speaking. After the speaker finishes, the
interpreter will deliver the complete interpretation in the target language using notes
and memory.
Consecutive interpreting is usually used in situations such as business meetings,
conferences, and court hearings, where simultaneous interpreting is not necessary or
possible. In consecutive interpreting, the interpreter must have the ability to listen
carefully, remember important information, and retell the message completely and
accurately in the target language, while maintaining the meaning, style, and tone of the
original speaker. In this era, the role of interpreting has become increasingly important,
especially in the context of international diplomacy and cross-border business forums.
Consecutive interpreting, as the main method of interpreting, plays a very important role
in facilitating communication between state leaders and business people from different
languages and cultural backgrounds. This study focuses on analyzing the consecutive
interpreting strategies used by interpreters in President Joko Widodo'sspeech at the
ASEAN business and investment forum.
According to Ribas (2017), various obstacles or difficulties may occur in the
interpretation process, whether at the lexical, syntactic, or lexicon-syntactic level. One
important aspect in the syntactic context is the cohesive conjunction, which has a
significant influence on the structure of meaning. The complexity of interpretation
increases when the source language (SL) and target language (TL) have different
grammatical patterns or cultural values. Several studies have been conducted to explore
consecutive interpreting strategies in various contexts, such as conferences, training,
and church sermons. The argument presented regarding the role of a Conference
Sequential Interpreter as a cross-cultural mediator provides an alternative explanation
to the unclear role of the interpreter in the literature on conference interpretation.
The role of conference consecutive interpreters can be considered to contradict
existing concepts and principles related to interpreting, such as accuracy, neutrality,
precision, or accessibility. According to Pöchhacker (2020), consecutive interpreting is a
process in which the interpreter listens to part of the conversation, notes the key points,
and then provides the translation after the speaker stops. Performing this technique
requires a high level of concentration, quick analytical skills, and good memory
management skills. In the context of presidential speeches at international forums, the
complexity of this task is further increased due to the political sensitivities, diplomatic
overtones, and technical terminology often used.
In this study, the review of relevant literature provides an overview of research that
has been conducted by previous researchers and aims to determine the originality of the
research to be carried out. The results of previous studies found by researchers
regarding similarities and differences in research, as well as the findings of previous
studies will be used as relevant considerations. The following are the results of the
research. A study entitled "Consecutive Interpreting Strategies In The Police Filed
Investigation" by Irwandika and Lestari (2020) This study aims to investigate the
consecutive interpreting strategies used by an Indonesian interpreter, Putu Bellina, a

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student from Mahasaraswati Denpasar. This research examines police investigations

from Indonesian and translated into English. The similarity between the previous
research and the current research is that they both use consecutive strategies. The
previous study used the object of police filed investigation, but this study used the
president's speech as the object of research.
The formulation of problems in this study consists of two main questions, namely what
consecutive interpreting strategies are used by presidential interpreters in the ASEAN
business and investment forum, and how consecutive interpreting strategies are applied
by presidential interpreters when interpreting in the ASEAN business and investment
forum. To explore these issues, the research will use Vinay and Darbelnet's theory to
help analyze the strategies and challenges in the process of interpreting President
Jokowi's speech comprehensively. This study aims to analyze the strategies applied by
President Joko Widodo's interpreters in the ASEAN business and investment forum. The
main focus of this research is on the consecutive interpreting strategies from Indonesian
to English.

Method
This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach, utilizing video recordings of
President Joko Widodo's speech at the ASEAN Business and Investment Forum as
primary data. The analysis follows Vinay and Darbelnet's translation strategy framework,
focusing on identifying modulation, transposition, and amplification strategies. The
steps include transcribing the speech, categorizing interpreting strategies, and analyzing
the contextual relevance of each strategy used. The data is presented in narrative form
without statistical analysis. The main data collection method was video recording, which
proved to be effective in understanding the complexity of interactions, particularly the
interpreters' verbal utterances in the context of presidential speeches. The data
collection process consisted of two main stages. First, downloading and transcribing the
video of President Joko Widodo's speech at the ASEAN Business and Investment Forum
from the official YouTube channel. Second, analyzing and classifying the types of
consecutive interpreting strategies based on Vinay and Darbelnet's theory.
This method allows the researcher to carefully investigate important aspects of the
interpreting process in the ASEAN business and investment forum environment. The
process of identifying data involves a consecutive search, followed by note-taking to
accurately describe the data. This identifying stage involves analyzing the data in the
source language (SL) and target language (TL). After evaluating all the data that has been
analyzed, the researcher then concludes. These conclusions are expected to provide a
comprehensive picture of the consecutive interpreting strategies used in the context of
state speeches in international forums, as well as provide valuable insights into
professional interpreting practices at the governmental level.

Result and Discussion

This study explores the consecutive translation strategies practiced by interpreters in
President Joko Widodo's speech from Indonesian to English. The collected data is then
analyzed and interpreted to identify the various consecutive interpreting strategies used
by the interpreters. The analysis identified three key interpreting strategies: modulation,
transposition, and amplification. For instance, in one example, the phrase 'Kita harus
bergerak cepat untuk memulihkan ekonomi regional' was translated as 'Swift action is
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crucial for regional economic recovery,' showcasing the interpreter's skill in using
modulation to shift sentence structure while maintaining the original meaning and
urgency:

a. Modulation Strategy
This research uses modulation strategy which is a consecutive interpreting strategy
referring to a technique by which the interpreter changes the point of view, focus, or
cognitive categories about the source text. This approach involves a change in the way
the message is conveyed while maintaining the original meaning. In the context of
consecutive interpreting, where the interpreter listens to a segment of speech before
interpreting it, modulation allows the interpreter to adapt the message in a way that is
more natural and comprehensible to the target audience, while still maintaining fidelity
to the original speaker's intent.
In applying modulation strategies in consecutive interpreting, the interpreter needs to
have a deep understanding of both languages and the cultures involved. The interpreter
must be able to quickly analyze the linguistic and conceptual structures of the source
language, and then reconstruct them in the target language in ways that may be
different but still meaningfully equivalent. Some data examples can provide a better
understanding of modulation strategies:

Data 1
Source Language: Kita harus bergerak cepat untuk memulihkan ekonomi regional
Target Language: Swift action is crucial for regional economic recovery

In data 1, the interpreter demonstrates the interpreting skill of modulating the

sentence structure without sacrificing the essence of the message. The change of point
of view from an active sentence in the source language to a more passive construction
in the target language is a perfect example of the modulation strategy. Despite the
change in sentence structure, the interpreter manages to maintain the urgency and
importance contained in the original message. The use of the phrase "swift action" as
the subject of the sentence in English emphasizes the importance of quick action, which
is in line with the intention of "bergerak cepat" in the original statement. In addition, the
choice of the word "crucial" gives equal weight to the urgency implied by "harus" in the
Indonesian sentence. This strategy not only ensures the accuracy of the message but
also presents it in a more natural and digestible form for English-speaking listeners while
maintaining the tone and intensity of President Jokowi's original message.

Data 2
Source Language: Kita harus berjuang bersama untuk bangkit dari krisis ini
Target Language: Our collective efforts are crucial in overcoming this crisis

Then in data 2, more specific examples of how modulation strategies are applied in
the context of consecutive interpreting, particularly in state speeches, can be observed.
The first example illustrates how an invitational statement in Indonesian can be
transformed into a more formal yet powerful statement in English. When President Joko
Widodo says, "Kita harus berjuang bersama untuk bangkit dari krisis in.," A skilled
interpreter might use modulation to translate it into "Our collective efforts are crucial in

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overcoming this crisis." This change shows how modulation can shift the point of view
from a direct invitation to a statement that emphasizes the importance of collective
efforts, while still maintaining the essence of the original message about the importance
of unity in facing challenges.

Data 3
Source Language: Pintu investasi kami terbuka lebar
Target Language: We offer a welcoming environment for investments

In data 3, more specific examples of how modulation strategies are applied in the
context of consecutive interpreting, particularly in state speeches, can be observed. The
first example illustrates how an invitational statement in Indonesian can be transformed
into a more formal yet powerful statement in English. When President Joko Widodo says,
"Pintu investasi kami terbuka lebar." A skilled interpreter might use modulation to
translate it as "Our collective efforts are crucial in overcoming this crisis" This change
shows how modulation can shift the point of view from a direct invitation to a statement
that emphasizes the importance of collective efforts, while still maintaining the essence
of the original message about the importance of unity in facing challenges.

b. Transposition Strategy
Transposition strategy in consecutive interpreting is a strategy in which the interpreter
changes the grammatical structure from the source language to the target language
without changing the meaning of the message. This technique involves shifting word
classes, changing word order, or adjusting sentence structure to achieve a more natural
linguistic equivalence in the target language. In the context of consecutive interpreting,
where the interpreter listens to a speech segment before translating it, transposition
allows the interpreter to convey the message with a structure that is more in line with
the conventions of the target language, making it easier for the audience to understand
without sacrificing the accuracy of the original meaning. Examples of data on the
transposition strategy are as follows:

Data 4
Source Language: Reformasi regulasi adalah kunci untuk menarik investasi
Target Language: Regulatory reform is key in attracting investment

The data in the following shows clearly how transposition can produce a more natural
and effective. In this example, the interpreter makes some structural changes: the noun
phrase "regulatory reform" is changed to "regulatory reform," following the common
pattern in English where adjectives usually precede nouns. In addition, the structure "is
key to" is transposed into "adalah kunci untuk" which is a more idiomatic and concise
expression in English. These changes, though seemingly simple, are crucial in producing
a translation that is not only meaningfully accurate but also sounds natural and easily
understood by English-speaking listeners. The use of this kind of transposition strategy
allows the interpreter to bridge the linguistic differences between the two languages,
ensuring that the message conveyed in the speech can be well received by the target
audience without losing the power or nuance of the original.

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c. Amplification Strategy
Amplification strategies in consecutive interpreting refer to strategies where the
interpreter adds additional information or explanations that are not explicitly present in
the source text. The aim is to clarify meaning, provide richer context, or aid the
understanding of the target audience who may not have the same background
knowledge as the source audience. In the context of consecutive interpreting, where the
interpreter has a short period between hearing and delivering the message,
amplification strategies are used carefully to ensure the main message is conveyed
clearly without compromising accuracy. The use of this strategy requires high expertise
from the interpreter in understanding not only the language but also the cultural and
situational contexts of the two languages involved. Examples of generalization strategy
data are as follows:

Data 5
Source Language: ASEAN harus menjadi pusat pertumbuhan ekonomi
Target Language: ASEAN must position itself as the epicenter of economic growth in
the post- pandemic era

This data shows an interesting example of interpreting strategies used in a diplomatic

context. When President Jokowi delivered a short message that "ASEAN harus menjadi
pusat pertumbuhan ekonomi," the interpreter not only interpreted the message word
by word but also enriched the message. The results of the interpretation became "ASEAN
must position itself as the epicenter of economic growth in the post-pandemic era." The
phrase "in the post-pandemic era" by the interpreter is not just a casual addition but
provides a more relevant and specific context for international audiences. This shows
that the interpreter understands the language and the current global situation, in
addition to conveying the message more effectively and meaningfully to the
international audience.

Conclusion
This study highlights the critical role of modulation, transposition, and amplification
strategies in consecutive interpreting during high-stakes diplomatic events. The findings
underscore the importance of linguistic proficiency, cultural sensitivity, and political
awareness in ensuring effective communication. These results contribute to a deeper
understanding of interpreting strategies in diplomacy and offer practical insights for
interpreters working in international forums. Using a descriptive qualitative approach
and data from YouTube, this study successfully identifies and analyzes the various
interpreting strategies applied in the process of transferring messages from Indonesian
to English. The method of data collection through video recording proved effective in
understanding the complexity of verbal interaction in the context of presidential
speeches. An in-depth analysis of the transcription data revealed how the interpreter
skillfully used modulation strategies to change the point of view without changing the
meaning, transposition strategies to adjust the grammatical structure, and amplification
strategies to add relevant context, all aiming to produce a translation that is accurate,
natural, and easily understood by an international audience.

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The results of this study provide valuable insights into professional interpreting
practices at high levels of government, particularly in the context of international
forums. The analysis not only reveals the specific strategies used by interpreters but also
demonstrates how interpreters need to have a deep understanding of language, culture,
and the global situation to effectively interpret diplomatic messages. The research
findings show that successful consecutive interpreting in this context depends not only
on linguistic ability, but also on proficiency in managing diplomatic nuances, political
sensitivity, and the ability to convey messages in a way that is most appropriate for an
international audience. The conclusions drawn from this study are expected to make a
significant contribution to the field of interpreting studies, especially in the context of
diplomacy and international communication, as well as a reference for interpreting
practitioners and students interested in the field of consecutive interpreting.

References
Albl-Mikasa, M. (2017). Interpreting and Cognitive Load. In J. W. Schwieter & A. Ferreira
(Eds.), The Handbook of Translation and Cognition (pp. 295-316). Wiley-Blackwell.
Baker, M. (2018). In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation (3rd ed.). Routledge.
Faerch, C. & Kasper, G. (1983). Interlanguage Communication Strategies. London:
Longman.
Gile, D. (2009). Basic Concepts and Models for Interpreter and Translator Training
(Rev.ed.). John Benjamins
Publishing Company.
Hale, S., & Napier, J. (2013). Research Methods in Interpreting: A Practical
Resource.Bloomsbury Academic.
Jones, R. (2002). Conference Interpreting Explained (2nd ed.). St. Jerome Publishing.
Kenneth, O., Musyoka, N. & Matu, Peter. (2013). The impact of successive
interpretations on church sermons: a study of English to Kamba interpretation in
Machakos town, Kenya.
Pöchhacker, Franz. 2018. Introducing the Study of Interpretation. New York: Routledge.
Riccardi, A. (2005). On the Evolution of Interpreting Strategies in Simultaneous
Interpreting. Meta, 50(2), 753-767.
Russell, Shaw & Malcolm. 2018. Strategies Effective Teaching Consecutive Interpreting.
International Journal of Education Interpreting, 2, 111-119.
Seleskovitch, D., & Lederer, M. (1995). A Systematic Approach to Teaching
Interpretation. Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf.
Setton, R., & Dawrant, A. (2016). Conference Interpreting: A Complete Course. John
Benjamin Publishing Company.

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Acceleration: Multidisciplinary Research Journal Vol. 02, No. 02, Year 2024

EXPRESSIVE SPEECH ACTS TO REFLECT SOCIAL SUPPORT ABOUT

MENTAL HEALTH IN @GEMMACORRELL’S INSTAGRAM COMMENTS

Adwidya Yoga1*, Ni Gusti Ayu Roselani2

Master’s Program of Linguistics, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
1
*[email protected]

Submitted: 2024-09-10 Published: 2024-10-1

Accepted: 2024-09-24 DOI: https://doi.org/10.70210/amrj.v2i03

Abstract
This research was initially prompted by the language use in Instagram to address mental
issues in America. The American society tended to express the psychological or mental
states and experiences in social media, particularly Instagram. Hence, dealing with
psychological expressions, this research deployed the analysis of expressive speech acts
aimed at identifying the types of expressive speech acts and how they were delivered in
communication -strategies. The data were taken from @gemmacorrell’s selected
comment section. The analysis resulted in the finding of 7 out of 12 types of expressive
speech acts utilization with the most usage order was compliment (39), lament (11),
thank (7), congratulate (1), deplore (1), protest (1), and welcome (1). Further, most
utterances denoted explicit, direct, and literal strategies without covering implied
meanings. Regarding social dimensions, this research found that American society
tended to share their problems with unknown virtual relatives, as it can be a signal that
‘real’ humanity is declining to be replaced by ‘virtual’ humanity. It is such an irony
because in real life, people seem not to care about each other but in digital reality, they
obviously support each other. Hence, the researchers motivate scholars worldwide to
initiate advanced studies on the phenomenon of language, social media, digital society,
and mental health issues.

Keywords: language use; expressive speech acts; Instagram; digital society; mental
issues

Introduction
This research was motivated by the phenomenon of language use on Instagram to
promote mental issues particularly in American society. In this case, the expressive
speech acts analysis was primarily employed to investigate how Instagram users reveal
their feelings and emotions through their utterances in the comment section posted by
@gemmacorrell account. The expressive speech acts are functioned to unveil people’s
mental, psychological, and emotional stance (Parker & Riley, 2009). Another idea about
expressive speech acts is proposed by Searle (1976), emphasizing the psychological or
mental state of a person expressed by utterances with the speaker’s sincere intention to
reveal feelings and emotions. Further, Wijana (1996) states that expressive speech acts
are utterances which have a function to demonstrate the speakers’ feelings and other
psychological aspects. It can be inferred that expressive speech acts deal with the use of
language -utterances- to express speakers’ mental states or feelings upon something or
someone after passing personal appraisal. Hence, the expressive speech acts analysis

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was considered appropriate to investigate the utterances indicating mental issues in the
@gemmacorrell’s comment section as the mental issues are more related to expressions
of feelings. Expressive speech acts are beneficiary in pragmatic discourses and in human
communication in general. Studies related to expressive speech acts have been widely
conducted to reveal various linguistic and social phenomena. Belonging to one of the
functions of expressive speech acts, praise is considered less recognized by linguists and
scholars, an investigation was conducted to analyze how praise is shown in English and
Ugandan English (Meierkord, 2023). An investigation of the comments in
@lambe_turah's Instagram account unveiled that they function as expressive speech
acts to produce harmful emotion and hate speech against social groups and individuals
(Mubarok et al., 2024). Within the context of communication, expressive speech acts
normally result in action or behavior triggered by particular state of mind (Deamer,
2023). Meanwhile, a study revealed that African American women characters living in
Mississippi experienced educational, racial, economic, family, and political problems
through expressive speech acts analysis in Tate Taylor's The Help (Mianawati, 2013). In
tourism field, a study unmasked that English expressive speech acts can be tools to state
appraisals or reviews from hotel guests incorporating politeness strategies
(Radovanović, 2023).
Further, in America, the use of Instagram to respond to mental issues is quite increasing. It
indicates that American society is seriously facing mental issues in life. Studies reveal how
American society is currently struggling on mental issues. A study revealed self-perceived
burden to be deployed as a significant measurement in drawing decisions upon people with
chronic psychological conditions (Kuharic et al., 2024). Piatkowska et al. (2024) conducted a
study and inferred that the crimes in America is significantly increasing as an effect of the
increased mental illness in the country incorporating racial issues. After COVID-19 stroke, there
have been so many societal issues inhereted from the mental illness increasing in the US (James
et al., 2023; Kapp et al., 2023; Oblath et al., 2024). From the studies it can be inhereted that
American society is cureently struggling on mental issues affecting to major aspects in life. Thus,
there should be a serious attention to address mental issues faced by the country.
The social media particularly Instagram becomes a comfort virtual place for its users to express
their psychological conditions (Fajri et al., 2023). Several studies were conducted by Aarts et al.,
(2015) and Wiwatkunupakarn et al., 2022) and revealed that social network site was quite used
to respond depression and loneliness in lower levels. Griffith et al., (2021) through their
research, it is found that Instagram artists were eager to promote mental health even wider
through Instagram. It means that on the other hand, posts, comments, and captions suspected
reflecting mental illness is commonly found in Instagram. Kim et al., (2021) found that social
media can be used as tools for screening depressed and non-depressed people. Hence, social
media are valid tools to identify depression. Potential psychological aspects involved in the
relationship between Instagram use and indicators of mental health had also been investigated
by Faelens et al., (2021). Picardo et al., (2020) found that in Instagram, there were a quite large
number of contents concerning for self-harm risk although it was only one assessed to be
related to actual suicidal act. It means that Instagram is commonly used to express unpleasant
feelings of its users. In other research, it was reported by Brown et al., (2019) that 80% of their
research participants had seen instances of active suicidal ideation on Instagram utilizing
derogatory emotional terms. Further, Harvey (2012) conducted a study dealing with the
adolescent’s online mental health. It found that there are two kinds of utterances expressing
the depression: “I am depressed” and “I have depression”. The research was corpus-based
study. Armstrong et al. (2023) reported through their research that they found 441 suicide news
articles in Chhattisgarh during the period of February and July of 2019. It indicates that
depression is happening everywhere across the world caused by varied factors.

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Based on the background both linguistic aspect and American society context, this research
aims at investigating the types and strategies of expressive speech acts in @gemmacorrell’s
Instagram comment section. The account was selected because it explicitly states to concerns
mental issues in the US. The account also has broad followers proved by the sign of verified
account. Further the creator is affiliated to Mental Health America, a quite established
organization dedication its existence to mental health, well-being, illness prevention, and other
societal crises. Hence, the account @gemmacorrell represents the data core of this research.
This research is significant to be conducted because it is expected to provide reflections and
alternatives concerning mental illnesses through the utilization of language and digital
platforms in a more global context worldwide. Instagram content creators can later replicate
the pattern of style of @gemmacorrell’s content in reflecting mental issues using the frame of
expressive speech acts. Further, this research is also significant because the unification of
language use and digital platform can generate social support, particularly among those
experiencing mental issues as the issues tend to massively grow everywhere.

1 Conceptual Framework

1.1 Expressive Speech Acts

Speech act, according to Austin, (1962), indicates that in speaking, people mean to do
something. This notion is then become the basic core of a speech act theory formulated by Yule
(1996). In his theory, activities performed through utterances are considered as speech acts.
Further, Searle (1969) proposed the speech act components into three; the locutionary act
(words meaning); the illocutionary act (speakers’ intention); and the perlocutionary act
(listeners interpretation of the utterances). Regarding the illocutionary act, there are five basic
categories: representative, directive, commissive, declarative, and expressive. In this study, the
illocutionary act will be focused on the expressive speech act.
Going forward, the authors involves the theories of expressive speech act proposed by several
scholars. Norrick (1978) offers a notion that expressive illocutionary acts are constructed by
essential basic emotions behind and the illocutionary acts involve psychological condition of the
speakers. The Norrick’s notion is then followed up by Guiraud et al. (2011) that basic emotions
cover joy, sadness, approval, and disapproval. He also claimed that sadness is a situation when
speakers knowing that their desire is not about to come true. Ronan (2015) then draw
categorization of the expressive illocutionary acts which one of them is expressing sorrow. As its
name suggests, the category contains utterances expressing sorrow or sad feelings of the
speakers. Regarding with the utterance, it has been previously claimed that utterances can be
further analyzed to rethink and bring another dimension of informational analysis (Borchmann,
2018). It means that beyond the utterances, there are deeper and varied alternative meanings
that can be recovered.

1.2 Digital Discourse

Digital technology has successfully brought new spaces, realities and ways of life, influencing
the change of how people perceive and recognize the world surrounding (Zhang et al., 2024).
Digital discourse is defined as “a world of research that attends primarily to linguistic,
sociolinguistic and discursive phenomena in new/social media” by Thurlow, (2017). In addition,
Hafner, (2018) claims, “Digital discourses, that is, texts and interactions in digitally mediated
contexts, provide an additional site for applied linguistics research, presenting opportunities
and challenges.” Further, as the notion of social media and Instagram, the discussion cannot be
separated from digital society its discourse. Digital discourse in term of involving most up-to-
date technologies covers users interaction in instant messengers, web-blogs, photo or graphic
contents, handphones, social network websites, gaming platforms, and video contents Thurlow
& Mroczek, (2011). Hence, in short, it can be said that what can be read on Instagram in this
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case is seen as digital discourse. Digital discourse emphasizes the perspective of sociolinguistic
in terms of language use in digital technologies.

1.3 Instagram and Mental Issues

According to Kaplan & Haenlein, (2010), the core of social media is related to digital,
technologies, content, and interactions from users. Social media is also related to the
interaction through direct messengers or platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram
(Howard & Parks, 2012; Kent, 2010). Hence, the notion of social media can be defined as a
digital platform where users can put their content and interact with other users directly through
messengers or through the features of the contents. Further, one of the most popular social
media today is Instagram where users can create, share, like, and comment on photos that may
have captions attached (https://instagram.com/). Instagram was built to provide users platform
to share happiness they experience to the world immediately. Even further, social and mass
media play significant roles in people’s lives. As proposed by Turska-Kawa (2011), media is
utilized to by the society to build a social identities. Radovic et al., (2017) has outlined the
positive and negative social media uses caused by different moods. The positive use of social
media covers positive content for the purposes of entertainment, humor, content creation,
tourism, and the likes. On the contrary, the negative use of social media includes sharing risky
behaviors, cyberbullying, and making self-denigrating comparisons with others. In short, both
positive and negative uses of social media are significantly related to the language -utterances-
used, in addition to the graphic display or illustration. Depression as one of mental issues is
closely related to emotion as both are also parts of psychology. Currently, psychological
constructionists disclose that there is interconnectivity between language and emotion in the
context of empiric experiences and scientific assessments (Lindquist et al., 2015)

2 Method
This research was approached qualitatively to describe and reflect the use of expressive speech
acts in @gemmacorrell’s comment section. The data was taken from the Instagram comments
section of the @gemmacorrell’s account in the form of utterances. The comment section
referred to a content in a series of pictures posted in Mey 15, 2024, consisting of 151 comments
(see picture 1). The series of pictures was deployed as the context of the utterances in the
comment section. In this case, it was contextualized that mental illness had the varied
metaphors. The utterances in the 151 comments were shortlisted to find which of those
conforming to the frame of expressive speech acts. The shortlisted utterances were then
analyzed using the list of twelve expressive speech acts proposed by Searle & Vanderveken
(1985); apologize, thank, condole, congratulate, complain, lament, protest, deplore, boast,
compliment, greet, and welcome. The analysis also complied with the concept of expressive
speech acts offered by Guiraud et al., (2011), Norrick, (1978), and Ronan, (2015) to express
human’s mind, psychological, and mental states upon something, someone, and situation after
processing their personal appraisal. To strengthen the psychological aspects of the analysis, this
research also incorporated the list of Words for Emotions by Barron, (2021) providing various
emotional conditions both positive and negative.

3 Result and Discussion

3.1 Spotlighting the Types of Expressive Speech Acts

As mentioned in the method section, the context was the reflection of mental illness metaphor
in society’s real life. In other words, the creator intended to describe how mental illness looked
like in reality. Hence, the utterances in the comment sections tended to respond to the context
about mental illness reflections in real life based on their respective emotional states about the

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content. Picture 1 demonstrates the context of the discourse to see how IG users respond to
the notion of the context.

Picture 1. A Series of Pictures in @gemmacorrell’s IG Account Used as the Data Source

The initial stage of data analysis resulted the statistics in Table 1. From 151 total comments, 50
out of them were only mentions to other IG accounts that did not provide any meaningful
response. Hence, taken out of 50 comments, the data remained 101 comments consisting
meaningful responses among IG users. The 101 comments consisted of 83 verbal utterances
and 18 emojis ‘nonverbal text’. The existence of the emojis as nonverbal text to express
emotional states was interested to be further analyzed. However, this research only focused on
the verbal expressions.
Table 1. Initial Data Analysis in @gemmacorrell’s Comments

Total Comments Mentions Utterances Verbal Emojis

Expressive Non-Expressive
151 50 101 61 22 18
Source: Data Analysis, 2024
Further, referring to the list of expressive speech acts types proposed by Searle & Vanderveken
(1985) and list of emotion words by Barron (2021), it was confirmed that the data analysis
performed 7 out of 12 types of expressive speech acts with the most usage in order as follows;
compliment (39), lament (11), thank (7), congratulate (1), deplore (1), protest (1), and welcome
(1). Table 2 shows the statistics of types. Among the seven involved types, more than a half was
in the form of compliment toward the content, which was positive emotions. It indicated that
people saw the content of @gemmacorrell positively to address mental issues in America. The
positive emotional states were reflected in the forms of compliment, thank, congratulate, and
welcome with total number of 48 utterances. Meanwhile, 13 utterances performed negative
emotional states in the forms of lament, protest, and deplore. Table 2 shows how the types of
expressive spread in number.
Table 2. Types of Expressive Speech Acts in @gemmacorrell's Comments

Types of Expressive Speech Acts (Searle & Vanderveken, 1985)

apologize thank condole congratulate complain lament protest deplore boast compliment greet welcome
0 7 0 1 0 11 1 1 0 39 0 1
Source: Data Analysis, 2024

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Further, each type of expressive speech acts found in @gemmacorrell’s comments performed
various kinds of linguistic features as the expressive signifiers such as adjectives, verbs, adverbs,
phrasal words, and even complete sentences. Table 3 shows a recap about the expressive
signifiers.
Table 3. Verbal Expressions -Signifiers- in @gemmacorrell's Comments

Types of Expressive Verbal Expressions (Linguistic Features)

Speech Acts
compliment adjectives: amazing, powerful, wonderful, fantastic, happy, perfect,
accurate, cool, recognizable, excellent, very real, so good, awesome,
brilliant, so true, clever, amazing, inspiring, never gets old
verbs: love, amazed
adverbs: so well, perfectly
phrasal nouns: such an engaging way, a yes, all of this, a beauty
exclamation: wow!
lament adjectives: aching, worst
verbs: tired
phrasal nouns: what I tell myself to do every day, every one of these
sentences: My motivation is running away. Get outta my brain!!, I faced
mental health issue. I always have mental breakdowns.
thank verbs-sentence: thank, thank you
congratulate noun-sentence: congratulation!
deplore sentence: Mental health challenges are so misunderstood as it’s frankly
upsetting.
protest sentences: But I think that it's really sad the way how you represent
sinister and other bad feelings painted in Black.
As a Black person I feel really bad about this.
welcome sentence: Hope I will find out where to buy in switzerland.
Source: Data Analysis, 2024
From the data shown in Table 3, it can be inferred that compliments mostly involved positive
emotional words or expressions. It implied that users giving their comments in the IG post
possessed positive psychological states towards @gemmacorrell’s intended messages through
the post. The users were generally happy with @gemmacorrell’s works and the way they
portrayed mental issues in America. Other positive emotional expressions were found in the
types of congratulate, thank, and welcome. The user congratulated @gemmacorrell for creating
such a good illustrative work, welcomed @gemmacorrell’s work -book- to be distributed to
more countries, and thanked @gemmacorrell for concerning mental issues by creating such a
relatable illustration. Meanwhile, negative emotional words or expressions were found in the
types of laments, deplore, and protest. In the type of lament tended to describe and emphasize
how the IG users were struggling on facing mental illnesses and issues they had. The deplore
type showed how people were disappointed by their mental issues, and the protest type
spotlighted the color choices in @gemmacorrell’s content assumed by some people
disrespectful to a particular race -black people.

3.2 Strategy of Expressive Speech Acts Delivery

This section serves some examples of the use of expressive speech acts in utterances and how
they were delivered in @gemmacorrell’s comments in term of the strategy. In this case, the
strategy of speech acts delivery referred to the strategy proposed by Wijana (1996).
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4 Compliments
The examples of compliment demonstrated how IG users express their amazement and praises
toward @gemmacorrell’s content. Some of them were expressed in a complete syntactic
structure while others were not, as simply as ‘Wow’.
That's an amazing reflection, I love your work, Gemma!
The comment denotes a compliment towards @gemmacorrell’s illustrative work. It was
explicitly, directly, and literally expressed by the word ‘amazing’, indicating that the IG user
praised the gemma’s work. There was no implied meaning nor message behind the utterance.
Perfect, just perfect ❤️!
The word ‘perfect’ signified the compliment explicitly from the IG user to @gemmacorrell’s
work. In addition, the compliment was also delivered directly and literally as it had no other
hidden meaning or intention. Through this comment, the IG user claimed that gemma’s work
was totally flawless but ultimately good.
Amazed by your talent of story-drawing. 🙌❤
This comment showed an IG user’s admiration towards @gemmacorrell’s work. The word
‘amazed’ denotes how the IG user was excited about gemma’s skill in story-drawing -comics.
The speech act strategy was delivered explicitly regarding the word of expression, directly
regarding the modus of sentence, and literally regarding the meaning.
Wow.
This comment simply exposed the IG user’s amazement to @gemmacorrell’s post about mental
illness in America. It was explicitly expressed in direct way without ambiguous meaning -
literally.
5 Laments
Lament refers to any expression of sorrow, sadness, and other unpleasant feelings. The three
examples of lament would describe how IG users’ sorrows were expressed in @gemmacorrell’s
IG comments.
I feel all of these 😵💫I am so tired if being tired and all…
This comment revealed the IG user’s exhaustion represented by gemma’s work about mental
illness. The user explicitly agreed to what gemma illustrated in direct manner with no hidden
intention but literal. In other words, the comment unveiled the user’s exhausting life in any
way.
Constant, Aching Fatigue is basically my personality.
The word ‘aching fatigue’ became the key terms in this comment. The IG user intended to
explicitly express that s/he had recurring fatigue in life repeatedly. The word ‘personality’
inferred that fatigue had been embodied to her/his life. The expression speech act was directly
delivered in literal manner.
I think motivation is running away from me 😂
This comment was hopeless. It showed the IG user’s hopelessness as it said, ‘Motivation is
running away,’ implying that the IG user has nothing to bargain with in life. The desperation in
the comment was explicitly expressed and directly spelled out.
6 Thank
Thank you so much for being you and sharing these trials we go through everyday that so many
people (including me) have no words to express. THANK YOU.
All the messages in this comment were explicitly revealed. This comment denoted that the IG
user was totally thankful for seeing gemma’s excellent work. The repeated ‘Thank You’ told
everything about the user’s gratefulness expressed in explicit and direct way without hidden
intentions.

Wow. Literally my life in pictures. Thankyou ❤️

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Before showing thankfulness, this comment gave praise toward @gemmacorrell’s

content for the conformity with the IG user’s life experiences. The phrase ‘thank you’
denoted everything about the IG user’s gratitude exposed explicitly, directly, and
literally.
7 Congratulate
Fantastic book, congratulations 😍
The word ‘congratulations’ in this comment said it all that the IG user wanted to
congratulate @gemmacorrell for creating a fantastic work. The intention was explicitly,
directly, and literally expressed.
8 Welcome
Hope I will find out where to buy in Switzerland.
This comment indicated that the IG user would so much welcome gemma’s work distribution
to Switzerland. The IG user expressed hope and welcoming in explicit, literal, and direct
strategies.
9 Deplore
Mental health challenges are so misunderstood as it’s frankly upsetting.
This comment denoted the IG user’s disappointment indicated by the word ‘upsetting’. The
speech act strategies involved were explicit, direct, and literal ways without implying hidden
meaning.
10 Protest
But I think that it's really sad the way how you represent sinister and other bad feelings painted
in Black. As a Black person I feel really bad about this...
The IG user in this comment intended to protest Gemma for her color selection in her
illustrations. The IG user believed that black color strongly affiliated to black people
representation. This is what made the IG user was against gemma’s work despite admiring it.
The speech act strategy deployed explicit, direct, and literal manners. There was no implied
meaning in this comment.

11 CONCLUSION
From the finding and discussion, the authors draw the conclusion that American society tended
to share support for each other having mental issues by utilization of Instagram as it was
revealed by the analysis of @gemmacorrell’s IG comments. At least there were seven out of
twelve types of expressive speech acts deployed by the utterances in particular
@gemmacorrell’s IG comments. They were compliment (39), lament (11), thank (7),
congratulate (1), deplore (1), protest (1), and welcome (1). The compliment more dealt with
gemma’s excellent works in campaigning mental issues in America, in illustration. They also
thanked Gemma for creating related content to their respective life experiences. Meanwhile,
most of the expressive speech acts in particular @gemmacorrell’s IG comments utilized explicit,
direct, and literal strategies, indicating that the American people were quite clueless about their
mental issues. They could just reveal their mental issues openly without any boundary. It also
implies that they really need help for their mental issues. Moreover, this research implies that
people tend to share their feelings on social media. It is an interesting phenomenon and ironic
as well because people start avoiding each other to share their feelings. Is it a humanity
decrease? More advanced investigations need to be conducted to dig deeper into the
phenomenon of language, social media, digital society, and mental health issues.

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